VOLUME VI WHOLE NUMBER 9MONTHLY NUMBER 2UniversityFRIDAY,REPORTS FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL CLUB.*Prepared by Dr. C. M. CHILD. .The first meeting of the quarter, January 9, wasdevoted to a paper by Assistant Professor F. R.Lillie, entitled "A Comparison of the Power ofRegeneration in Three Genera of Planarians, viz.,Planaria, Phagocata and Dendrocoeluni." Thefollowing is an abstract of the paper :The greater part of the large volume of recentwork on regeneration of planarians having beencarried out on a single genus, Planaria, attentionshould be called to the importance of comparativemethod in studies of this kind. This may beillustrated by some results of observations on twoother genera, Phagocata and Dendrocoeluni. Thesethree genera are found living together in a singlepond in Falmouth, Mass. Planaria is especiallyabundant in this pond, in some parts of which asmany as twenty or thirty individuals may befound on the under surface of single large stone.Scattered about among these individuals one findsusually from one half to one third this number ofindividuals of Phagocata and two or three specimens of Dendrocoeluni. Planaria is thus muchmore abundant than Phagocata, and the latterthan Dendrocoeluni. The last is more abundantrelatively in portions of the pond where there isa large amount of vegetation growing on the bottom. The habits of life of the three genera inquestion are, however, very similar.Phagocata was found to resemble Planaria veryclosely both in the modes of, and capacity for,regeneration. Dendrocoeluni, however, offers the* Meetings of the Winter Quarter, 1901. Record.31. 1901greatest contrast to both Planaria and Phagocata.My first experiment was to cut a single specimenin half through the pharynx. The cut surfaceshealed and the farther fate of the parts was as follows : The posterior part formed no new tissue,althoughrlt lived for some days ; from the anteriorpart, on the other hand, there grew out a pointedpiece which acquired the characters of a tail. Twoweeks after the operation this piece also diedwithout any extensive remodeling of the wholehaving taken place. I afterward repeated theexperiment several times with a similar result.Thinking that the failure to regenerate a headmight be due to the presence of the pharyngealpouch, I then cut fourteen specimens transverselybehind the pharynx. Two days after the operation an interesting difference in the reactions ofthe anterior and posterior parts was noticeable.While the former reacted in all respects like normal individuals, the latter showed no definite reactions of any sort, but remained scattered over thebottom, some with the ventral surface up. In sixdays all of the posterior pieces were dead withouthaving shown any signs of regeneration, while allof the anterior pieces, kept in the same dish, wereliving and regenerating new tails. This experiment was afterward repeated with similar results,and I soon became convinced that, in this form,while a tail might regenerate at any place fromthe pharynx back, a new head could not be formedin this region of the body.The question was, now, could a new head beregenerated in front of the pharynx ? So specimens were cut in two immediately in front of thepharynx. The result of these experiments wasthat while a very narrow border of new tissuemight be formed at the cut border of the posterior10 UNIVERSITY RECORDpiece there was never any regeneration or eventhe semblance of a head. The anterior pieces, onthe other hand, regenerated a new tail as before,and also a new pharynx.In the next experiment the heads of fiYt individuals were removed by a transverse cut just behind the eyes. The heads did not regenerate,but in five days it was apparent that the decapitated pieces were regenerating new heads ; in onepiece the eyes could already be seen. On thenext day eyes had appeared in all. The capacityfor regeneration of a head was thus demonstrated.Two questions now remained : Was the regeneration of a new head due to the size of the piece,or to the position of the cut ? and, how far backdoes the capacity for regeneration of a head extend ? The first question received a very simpleanswer ; the head was first cut off just back of theeyes, and then from the anterior end of the majorpiece a small transverse piece was cut. In sixdays a rudimentary head with eyes developed onthe front end of the small piece in one of threespecimens.How far back does the capacity for regeneration of a head extend ? We have seen, that itcannot be formed from tissue just in front of thepharynx, but that it can be formed just back ofthe eyes. Twelve specimens were cut transverselyabout half way between the front end of thepharynx and the anterior end of the body. Thereactions of both parts were perfectly normalthough the headless parts reacted much lessrapidly than the parts with heads. In seven daysboth parts were rapidly regenerating and eyes hadappeared in the headless parts ; in the head-bearing parts the new pharynx was regenerating inthe new tails. Both kinds of parts then completedthe regeneration rapidly, though even after nineteen days the normal proportions were not restored.Thus in Dendrocoeluni new tissue may growout' in the form of a tail at any transverse levelof the body, excepting only the most anteriorpart to a very short distance back of the eyes ; thecapacity for regeneration of a head, however, islimited to the anterior third or fourth of the body.I do not mean to assert that the formation of anew head back of this level is completely impossible. Someone may at any time demonstrate, bytaking suitable precautions, that a new head maybe formed back of this level. But it is shown veryclearly by these experiments that the power of regenerating a new head is largely, if not entirely,confined to the prepharyngeal part of the body inDendrocoelum, and that it is always greater at anymore anterior transverse level.Thus it is demonstrated that in Dendrocoelum :i. The power of regenerating a head is limited toa small part of the body. 2. That a new tail maybe regenerated at any transverse level. 3. Thatthe capacity for remolding regenerating partsinto normal proportions is very limited (Limitation of "morpholaxis," Morgan). 4. That thereis a relation between the power of regenerationin this form and the power of performing theusual coordinated movements, the latter poweralways being slight in parts incapable of regeneration. This last fact leads me to think that thenervous system plays an important part in regeneration of planarians. A paper, soon to appear,will deal more fully with these facts and the interpretation of them.At the second session of the club, held* onJanuary 23, Miss Elizabeth Meek gave the resultsof a statistical study of variation in the mandiblesof the stag-beetle. An abstract of this paper hasalready appeared in Vol. XIII of "Science."At the meeting of February 6 the programmeconsisted of a paper by Dr. C. M. Child, entitled," Regulation in Stenostoma."This paper dealt chiefly with some of thephenomena of regulation following the cuttingof an asexual chain of Stenostoma- zooids at variouspoints. Some of the more important points areas follows :The changes which occur after cutting a chainof Stenostoma -zooids differ greatly according tothe position of the cut with respect to the zonesof fission and according to the stage of development of the latter.Pieces above a certain relative size, cut withinthe limits of a single zooid, regenerate the anteriorand posterior ends without the formation of adistinct bud of new tissue, although proliferationoccurs at the cut surfaces. A very rapid changeof form occurs, the piece becoming longer andmore slender and acquiring the "normal " form of aStenostoma individual. The time required forthe completion of the regulation varies with trietemperature, but is in all cases very short. At atemperature of 750 F. it is only three or four days.UNIVERSI1 Y RECORD 11If the piece consists of parts of two or morezooids, i. e., if it contains one or more zones offission, the processes of regulation are more complex. In pieces consisting of the posterior portion of one zooid and the anterior portion of thesucceeding zooid the changes depend on the stageof development of the organs about the zone offission. If the zone of fission be in a very earlystage of development it may disappear entirely,the whole piece becoming a single individual withhead and tail at the two ends. In this case thepart which was destined to become the posteriorhalf of an individual becomes, in consequence ofits separation from the chain, the anterior half,while the portion behind the zone of fission, whichwas destined to become the anterior half of an individual, now becomes the posterior half.If the zone of fission is older, i. e., if the newbrain behind it is well established, all that portionof the piece which lies in front of the zone offission is absorbed by the part posterior to it,which possesses the brain. This occurs eventhough the anterior piece is much the larger.As the anterior piece is absorbed it is reduced insize, and the zone of fission and the brain appearto migrate in the anterior direction until finallythey reach the anterior end of the whole piece, i. e.,until the anterior part is completely absorbed.In a recent paper (Proc. Cal. Acad, of Sciences,Ser. Ill, Zoology, Vol. I, No. 6, 1901), Ritterand Congdon have asserted that the brain actuallydoes migrate in pieces of this kind. This seemsto be an error of interpretation. Continuousobservation of the pieces shows that the facts areas stated above. Indeed the migration of theintestine out of the anterior piece can be observed.If the zone of fission has reached a late stageof development, so that the brain of the posteriorzooid is well formed and the pieces are morenearly ready to separate, little or no absorptionof the anterior piece occurs, and the two piecesseparate as they would under normal conditions,the anterior piece developing a new head andthe posterior piece a new tail at the respectivecut surfaces.The absorption, when it occurs, is always inthe posterior direction, /. e., the part deprived ofa brain is absorbed by the part which still retainsthe brain. The actual disappearance of the zoneof fission occurs only in the early stages when thebrain posterior to it is not developed or is at a very early stage of development. In general theresults depend upon the presence or absence, orthe relative development of the brains in theparts of zooids which make up the pieces.In sexual individuals of Stenostoma asexualmultiplication ceases, though the single individual may attain a length as great as a chain ofeight or more sexual zooids. The power of regeneration in sexual individuals is not as great asin the asexal chains. The energy of the bodyappears to be directed in large part toward theelaboration of the sexual products, the consequences of this condition being the cessation ofasexual multiplication and the reduction of thepower of regeneration.The next session of the Club, held February20, was devoted to an account by Mr. E. H.Harper of " Regeneration in Nais L'acustris."The paper comprised the results of experimentson both sexual and asexual individuals of thisspecies. The following is a brief abstract :These Annelids have a pharyngeal region offiwt segments. In the sexual animals the clitel-lum covers the fifth and sixth segments, in whichthe sexual organs are located.In the asexual forms, when from one to fiwtanterior segments are removed, the same numberis regenerated as was cut off. In this region inthe sexual forms the head segment alone is regenerated, or frequently the surface heals over without regenerating.When more than the five anterior segments areremoved in the asexual forms a pharyngeal regionof five segments is regenerated. In the sexualanimals the process is much slower and in an advanced sexual stage a dwarfed region of five veryshort segments is produced. The clitellum andsexual organs may be regenerated after a considerable time.So far as could be determined mutilation nevercauses the disappearance of the sexual organs.But the formation of a regenerating region willunder certain conditions inhibit the process ofasexual multiplication and cause the disappearanceof a zone of fission. This effect may be producedby a cut anterior to the zone of fission, less oftenby a cut posterior to it, and occurs only when thezone is embryonic. The zone of fission is alsomore likely to disappear if the cut is near to it.12 UNIVERSITY RECTORDThe band of embryonic tissue rediff erentiates andthe energy of growth is transferred to the regenerating region.In the asexual individuals the power of regeneration is less in the anterior specializedregion, and also in the posterior budding regionthan in the middle of the body. Short posteriorpieces may live a considerable time, but do notregenerate. Anterior pieces of eight to nine segments may survive a short time without regenerating, but pieces of the same length from the middle of the body regenerate freely.Internal conditions favorable to proliferation,such as the exposure of cut surfaces of intestineand bloodvessels, are present in nearly all possible experiments. But if a corner of the headsegment, including the prostomium, be removedwithout injuring the pharynx, the ectoderm willclose over the surface and regeneration will nottake place. In the sexual forms failure to regenerate may occur when the pharynx is cut through.Here the tendency to proliferation is slight, andit may be that the epithelium differentiatescompletely over the cut surface before any appreciable amount of regeneration has occurred.And it is probable that after the epithelium isformed there is no further tendency to regenerate.Growth takes place at right angles to a cutsurface, and if the cut is oblique the bud willgrow out at an angle to the axis of the body.Straightening is effected after the penetration ofthe lumen of the intestine into the region underthe influence of its peristaltic motions.Many of the internal phenomena of regeneration may be observed in the living animal onaccount of the transparency of the body wall.Migration of pigmented cells from the intestinetoward a regenerating region can be seen. If acorner of the head segment, including one eye,be cut off the pigmented portion of the other eyeis usually fragmented and the pigment migratesin various directions.It has been stated that the regenerative powerof these animals varies with the season of theyear, being less in autumn and winter. No evidence of this has been observed, but, as we haveseen, the evidence points rather to an inverse correlation between regenerative power and sexualactivity ~ Asexual animals regenerate freely andcompletely in December. The sexual forms arefound from October to December. The programme for the meeting of March 6consisted of two papers, " The Excretory Systemof the Bryozoa," by Miss A. W. Wilcox, and" Montgomery on the Spermatogenesis of Peripa-topsis," by Mr. E. R. Downing.Miss Wilcox reviewed the literature upon theexcretory organs of the Bryozoa, and gave theresults of some work of her own on the Phylacto-laemata. Her paper will appear in full elsewhere.Mr. Downing's paper consisted of a review anddiscussion of Montgomery's recent study of thespermatogenesis of Peripatopsis.THE DANO-NORWEGIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. -CLOSING EXERCISES, 1901,BY C. J. OLSEN.The Dano-Norwegian Theological Seminary ofthe University of Chicago closed its seventeenthschool year with appropriate exercises at t> Scandinavian Pilgrim Baptist Church on May j. The -church was beautifully decorated with ants and,flowers, and filled to its utmost capac ,.We had the pleasure of having wi us on thisoccasion Dean E. B. Hulbert and I . C. E. Hewitt of the Divinity School. Dea Hulbert ad-vdressed the graduating class in . vigorous buttender and impressive way. He emphasized thenecessity that ministers take die best care ofthemselves physically, mentally, and spiritually.Dean Hulbert has always been a true friend andwilling helper to the Dano-Norwegian Seminary ;it is therefore but natural that he is held in thehighest esteem and is dearly beloved by the Danish and Norwegian brethren.Dr. Hewitt in a genial and clear way dwelt onthe thought that the great aim of all ministerial. care and discipline is to become successful winnersof men to Christ.Two of the graduating brethren delivered shortaddresses. Mr. J. O. Gotaas spoke on " Athana-sius," and Mr. M. A. Wesgaard presented thethought: "Paul as a Pattern for the Minister.''UNIVERSITY RECORD 13Both these addresses were scholarly and welldelivered.Professor H. Gundersen in a few tender wordslaid upon the hearts of the departing brethren thenecessity of remaining faithful to Christ and tothe o-ospel. Thereafter he presented the graduates with the certificate of the seminary.The following men graduated : J. Christensen,who becomes pastor at Pine Creek, Iowa; J. O.Gotaas, who has accepted a call to St. Paul,Minn.; C. Grogaard, who enters upon the workat Walworth and Richwood, Minn.; M. A. Wes-gaard, who is pastor at Chicago, 111.; A. Taranger,who becomes missionary in the state of Washington : and F. S. Jensen, who enters upon thepastorate at Saxeville, Wis.THE ALUMNI.NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS.H. Frederick Fuller, '83, is an engineer andaccountant in New London, Conn.Adolph C. Norden, '00, is in the insurancebusiness in Chicago.James W. Ross, '00, is in the insurance businesswith James L. Ross & Co., of Chicago.Paul G. W. Keller, '01, has been appointedprincipal of the high school at New London, Wis.Maude L. Radford, '94, A.M., '96, and her sisterAlice E. Radford, '00, are in Europe for the year.Charles A. Hodges, '97, is instructor in philosophy and literature in Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pa.Rev. J. M. Coon, '69, is field secretary for theAmerican Home Finding Association, with officesin Chicago.W. C. Kern, '98, of the firm of W. C. Kern &Co., has greatly increased his business quarters onFifty-seventh street.Ralph L. Peck, '98, student of law in Washington, D. C, is preparing to take the bar examination in. the near future. George E. Congdon, '99, genealogist, is writinga history of his own town, Waterville, 111., withgenealogies of the prominent families.Rev. E. O. Taylor, '68, lecturer on "GoodCitizenship and Scientific Temperance," has spentthe winter months in Texas lecturing.Charles E. Carey, '00, who married Miss CarrieS. Gilman, a former student of the University, isengaged in the dry goods business in Glenwood,Iowa.Harvey A. Peterson, '97, who has held a scholarship in pedagogy at Harvard University for thepast two years, will spend the summer in a German university.Burt B. Barker, '97, law student in HarvardUniversity, will spend the summer in England,and then return to Chicago to begin the practiceof his profession.- The April number of the Journal of PoliticacEconomy has an article entitled "The Place ofAdvertising in Modern Business," by EmilyFogg Meade, '97.Rev. C. H. D. Fisher,. '74, who has been amissionary in Japan for more than twelve years,has returned to Chicago for a year's rest. Mr.Fisher's daughter is a student in the University.Stacy C. Mosser, '97, formerly assistant sporting editor on the Chicago Record, accepted asimilar position on the Evening News, when theRecord was consolidated with the Times-Herald.George G. Tunell, Ph.D., '97, statistician forthe Chicago and Northwestern railroad, recentlypublished a book entitled Railway Mail Service,which is attracting considerable attention amongrailroad men.A New York school journal for April containsa sketch of the life of C. H. Gordon, Ph.D., '95,Superintendent of Schools at Lincoln, Neb. Thewriter speaks in high terms of his work andmethods. Dr. Gordon publishes a monthlypaper devoted to the interests of the Lincolnpublic schools.14 UNIVERSITY RECORDHowell E. Davies, Ph.D., 'oo, is taking a medical course at Rush Medical College. Mr. Davieswas president of the Graduate Club in '99-'o'o.Pearl Louise Hunter, '99, instructor in philosophy in Southwest Kansas College, at Win-field, Kan., has recently been appointed Sagescholar in philosophy in Cornell University forthe year 190 1-2.In the last issue of the Record, in the report ofthe Eastern Alumni Association banquet, creditshould have been given to the untiring efforts ofSecretary Franklin D. Elmer, '98, in securing thesuccess of the meeting.James W. Linn, '97, assistant in the Departmentof English, has a short story in the May numberof Lippincotf s Magazine entitled " Head Marshalat the University," in which he portrays studentlife at the University of Chicago.Frank R. White, '01, who has been connectedwith the Chicago Bureau of Charities, has taken aposition in the educational system establishedin the Philippine Islands. Mr. White was givena farewell dinner recently by his fraternity, theDelta Tau Delta. He sails for Manila June 1.Eugene Parsons, '83, wrote an article for theApril number of the Popular Science Monthly on"What the University of Chicago Stands For."He recently furnished an introduction and notesfor Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," soon toappear in Crowell's Handy Volume Series. Mr.Pardons is a careful and thorough student ofTennyson.1fn dfcemoriannLaura Willard Taft, S.M., '96.The sad news of the death of Mrs. Laura Willard Taft, S.M., '96, at her home, 7919 Escanabaavenue, Chicago, has been received at the University. A sketch of her life will appear in a laterissue of the Record. Granville C. Shirk, D.B., '77.Rev. Granville Carey Shirk, '77, who was bornat Oxford, O., November 21, 1841, died at hishome in Michigan City, April29, 1901. He wasa student in the Baptist Union Theological Seminary, located at Morgan Park, and graduated in1877 with the D.B. degree. He held pastoratesin several places, the last being Michigan City.Mr. Shirk was a man of the highest Christiancharacter and of considerable ability, though hewas too modest and retiring to display that abilityto its fullest extent. His last illness was verybrief. Dr. C. E. Hewitt, of the Divinity School,conducted the services, which were attended by anumber of pastors and friends from Chicago.John J. Coon, '79.John Jackson Coon, '79, youngest son of the lateR. R. Coon, was born in Peoria, 111., May 6, 1851,and died in Monterey, Mexico, March 31, 1901,He had been there several years for his health,but found only temporary relief from his lifelongdisease, asthma. He was in his forty-ninth year,and was a brother of. Hon. R. W. Coon, of Wau-kegan, 111.; Rev. J. M. Coon, '69, of Chicago, andRev. R. R. Coon, '74, of Stromsburg, Nebraska.Mr. Coon received his education in ShurtleffCollege and the University of Chicago. Graduating from the University in 1879, he entered theprofession of journalism, and was an editor successively in Chicago, Gilman, and Belvidere, 111.,and in Flint, Mich. He had a fine literary tasteand a true journalistic instinct, and despite his.limitations from disease he achieved large successin his chosen profession. At the time of hisdeath he was manager of a large printing officein Monterey. Mr. Coon was well known in Chicago and the Northwest, and even in his limitedstay in Monterey he had won many friends bothsocial and commercial. Among these was Hon.Philip C. Hanna, American consul-general inMonterey, who was with him at the time of hisdeath.UNIVERSITY RECORD 15THE FACULTIES.Professor C. R. Henderson was recently electeda member of the Phi Beta Kappa society.Dr. E. J. Goodspeed was recently elected amember of the Society of Hellenic Studies.Assistant Professor G. E. Fellows will deliverfivt lectures at the Lake Madison Chautauqua,Madison, S. D., June 27-July 2, 1901.Dr. A. W. Moore has been offered, and has declined, the headship of the department of Psychology in the Chicago City Normal School.Professor E. H. Moore was elected AssociateFellow in the American Academy of Arts andSciences, and also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.Dr. Isabelle Bronk, of the Romance Department of the University of Chicago, has recentlybeen appointed Head of the French Departmentat Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa.Associate Professor Charles Zueblin was appointed a member of the Special Park Commission by Mayor Harrison, and has been elected amember of the Committee on Civic Education ofthe Civic Center of Washington, D. C, and appointed on the Committee on Municipal Instruction of the National Municipal League.Recent addresses by members of the Faculties :" Education and Everyday Experience," by John Dewey,at St. Thomas, Canada, May 10, 1901."An Educational Retrospect and Prospect," by JohnDewey, at Richmond, Va., May 3, 1901." Social Aspects of Education," by A. W. Moore, beforethe County Teachers' Association, Bloomington, 111., April1901." Functions of Literature in the Life of the Child," byElla A. Moore, before the Illinois Child-Study Congress,Chicago, 111., May 4, 1901." The Teacher and the Work," by G. H. Locke, beforethe Southern Wisconsin Teachers' Association, Platteville,Wis., March, 1901. " Nature Study in the Elementary Schools," by John M.'Coulter, before the Northern Illinois Teachers' Association,at Moline, 111., April 27, 1901." The Mission of Science in Education," by J. M. Coulter,before the Chicago and Cook County High School Association, May 11, 1901." Woman in the Club," by Ella Adams Moore, before theThird Annual Congress of the Disciples of Christ, March28, 1901." Indians of Southern Mexico," by Frederick Starr, before the Sons of the American Revolution, May 25, 1901." Indians of Southern Mexico," by Frederick Starr, before All Souls' Church, May 12, 190 1." Municipal Art in Neglected Neighborhoods," by C. R.Henderson, before the Annual Meeting of the ChicagoMunicipal Art League."Neglected Children in Neglected Neighborhoods," byC. R. Henderson, before the National Conference of Charities and Correction, at Washington, D. C, May 10, 1 90 1."Foreign Missions," by C. R. Henderson, before theThird Annual Congress of the Disciples of Christ, March 28,1901." Travels in Palestine," by E. J. Goodspeed, before theCulver Military Academy, February 17, 1901.Professor John Henry Barrows has delivered 160 lecturesand addresses since March 1, 1901. He has spoken at AnnArbor, Boston, New York, Chicago, Washington, and otherplaces. He delivered four sermons before the University ofPennsylvania at Philadelphia, Pa." The Popular Ballads of England and Scotland," by A.H. Tolman, before the University College, February 23,1901." The Kalevala, the Epic Poem of Finland," by A. H.Tolman, before the Chicago and Cook County High SchoolAssociation, May 11, 1901." The Merchant of Venice," by F. M. Blanchard, Wina-mac, Ind., May 10, 1901." Culture and Success," by F. M. Blanchard, Buda, 111.,May 17, 1901." On the Validity of the Method of Computing AbsolutePerturbations," by F. R. Moulton, before the AmericanMathematical Society, April 6, 1901." Light," by R. A. Millikan, before the Chicago Sectionof the American Chemical Society, March 15, 190 1 (two lectures)."Light," by R. A. Millikan, at New Harmony, Ind.,March 4 and 5, 190 1.Recent articles by members of the Faculties :" Psychology of Literary Expression," by A. W. Moore,Child-Study Monthly, May 1901." The School and the People," by John Dewey, Educational Review, May 1 90 1.16 UNIVERSITY RECORD"The Situation as Regards the Course of Study," by JohnDewey, The Proceedings of the Department of Superintendence, National Educational Association, May 1 90 1."Outline of Study for Officers of Reformatory Institutions," by Professor Henderson."The Gaming Instinct," by W. I. Thomas, American Journal- of Sociology, May 1 90 1." On the Progress of Toleration in the Nineteenth Century," by John H. Barrows, in the New York Tribune, December 2, 1900."The City of the Future," by Charles Zueblin, EthicalRecord, New York, December 1900."The Book of Thekla," Ethiopic text and translation,by E. J. Goodspeed, American Journal of Semitic Languagesand Literatures, January 1901." The Acts of Paul and Thecla," by E. J. Goodspeed,Biblical World, March 1901."Is there Still a Latin Potential ? " by W. G. Hale, Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. XXXI(1900)."The Genitive and Ablative of Description," by W. G.Hale, Proceedings of the American Philological Association,Vol. XXXI (1900)." The gui-Cla.use after dignus, etc., once more," by W.G. Hale, The Latin Leaflet, Vol. I, No. 24 (190 1)." Characterizing Clauses in Latin," by W. G. Hale, TheLatin Leaflet, Vol. I, No. 25 (1901)."Correlation of the Kinderhook Formations of Southwestern Missouri," by Stuart Weller, Journal of Geology, Vol.IX, No. 2, pp. 130-48."The Cross-Ratio Group of 120 Quadratic CremonaTransformations of the Plane. Part Second : CompleteForm-System of Invariants," by H. E. Slaught, The American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April 1901."Canonical Forms of Quaternary Abelian Substitutionsin an Arbitrary Galois Field," by L. E. Dickson, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. II, pp.103-38, April 1901."Concerning Real and Complex Continuous Groups," byL. E. Dickson, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society,Vol. VII, pp. 340-50, May 1901."The Place of the Church in Modern Civilization," by C.R. Henderson, published in Theology at the Dawn of theTwentieth Century, edited by Mr. Morgan ; Small, Maynard& Co., Boston." The Finer Structure of the Spinal Ganglion Cells in theWhite Rat," by S. Hatai, in the Journal of ComparativeNeurology, April 1901." On the Presence of the Centrosome in Certain NerveCells of the White Rat," by S. Hatai, in Journal of Comparative Neurology, April 190 1." State Supervision of Public Libraries," by Z. A. Dixson,Public Libraries, May 1901. Recent reviews by members of the Faculties :Davidson: "A History of Education," G. H. Locke,Annals of the American Academy of Political and SocialScience, March 1901.Ladd : " The Higher Education," G. H. Locke, ibid.Swett : " American Public Schools," by G. H. Locke, ibid'Chapman : " Practical Agitation," by Charles Zueblin,National Journal of Ethics, January 1901.Parsons : " The City for the People," by Charles Zueblin,ibid.Harnack : " Die Pfaffschen Irenaus-Fragmente als Fal-schungen Pfaff's nachgewiesen," by E. J. Goodspeed, American Journal of Theology, January 1901.Volter : " Die Visionen des Hermas," by E. J. Good-speed, ibid.Harris : "The Gospel of the Twelve Apostles," by E. J.Goodspeed, ibid.Hauler: " Didascaliae Apostolorum Fragmenta Uero-nensia Latina," by E. J. Goodspeed, ibid." Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Tetradenbildung," by C. J.Chamberlain, Botanical Gazette, April 7, 190 1.Books published by members of the Faculties :" Introduction to the Study of the Dependent, Defective,and Delinquent Classes," second edition, entirely rewrittenand enlarged. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, 1901."Strange Peoples" (Ethno-Geographic Reader, No. 1), byFrederick Starr, pp. 16 + 186. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston,1 90 1. Second of a series of three " Supplementary Readers " for grammar schools."Easy French Short Stories," by H. P. Williamson.Scott, Foresman & Co."Byron, Selections from the Poetry of," with Introductionand Notes, by F. I. Carpenter. Holt & Co., New York." Poems," by W. V. Moody. Houghton, Mifflin & Co." Morphology of Spermatophytes, Part I, Gymnosperms,"by J. M. Coulter with C. J. Chamberlain. D. Appleton & Co.REPORT OF ACTIONS OF UNIVERSITY RULING BODIESFOR APRIL 1901.1. The Faculty of the Junior Colleges :Meeting of April 20. — 1) The following persons accepted with advanced standing:Amberg, A. A.; Anderson, Nettie C; Canfield Emily;Foreman, H. S.; Hall, Frances S.; Hill, Leila D.; Kellor,Frances A.; Perce, Elsie G.; Pierce, Florence L.; Smart,W. M.; Wynekoop, W.2) The regulation adopted by the Faculty ofthe Senior Colleges respecting claims for advancedUNIVERSITY RECORD 17standing was approved by the Faculty for theJunior Colleges. (Cf Vol. V, p. 453). 3) Thefollowing committees for the year, recommendedby the chairman were approved :On Scholarships — Mr. A. W. Moore, Chairman; Mr.Chandler, Miss Ballou, Mr. Bechtel and Mr. Hill.On Advanced Standing — Mr. Slaught, Chairman ;Messrs. Kern, Millikan, Davis, and Thompson.On title of Associate — Mr. Catterall, Chairman ; Messrs.Boyd, Moody, Blanchard and Triggs.On Curriculum — Mr. Vincent, Chairman ; Messrs. Hill,Lengfeld, Laing, and Young.2. The Faculty of the Senior Colleges :Meeting of April 20.— 1) The following persons accepted with advanced standing :Cole, Stella L.; Eckermann, C. J. E.; Ellison, Phoebe ;Goheen, R. H.; Gookin, Grace F.; Greer, Mattie W.; Hauk,Gertrude; Leach, H. V.; Rice, R. H.; Thompson, E. E.;Travis, G. B.2) The following report of the Committee onthe College of Commerce and Administrationwas approved :The Committee on the College of Commerce and Administration beg leave to report as follows :I. That in accordance with the vote of the Faculty at itsmeeting January 12, 1901, a careful study has been made ofthe curriculum laid down in the circular of the college witha view to removing any inconsistencies with other announcements of the University. It was found that so far as theSenior colleges are concerned there is but one, namely, theomission from the requirements of the College of Commerce and Administration of the two required courses inpsychology and ethics, which in accordance with all otherannouncements of the University are stated as requirements for every candidate for a bachelor's degree. Thecommittee, therefore, recommends that these two courses beadded to the requirements of this college.2. That in considering desirable additions to the curriculum an examination was made of the list of subjectssuggested by the Faculty at the meeting held January 13,1 90 1, where sixteen distinct subjects were recommended;the committee found that courses are now offered by theUniversity covering eleven of these sixteen, namely :Spanish prose composition, Spanish prose reading, Frenchprose composition, government of colonies, technique oftrade and commerce, industrial combinations, industrialhistory of the United States, commercial geography, commercial history, commercial treaties, merchant shipping.They also found that three additional new courses have been established, namely : Commercial statistics, colonialeconomics, industrial development of Europe. In otherwords, that fourteen new courses suitable to the curriculumdesired for this college have already been established bythe University. In addition the committee suggests thatthe Faculty recommend to the Department of PoliticalEconomy a consideration of the desirability of offering acourse in Accounting to be made part of the curriculum ofthis college.3. The committee is not yet ready to report upon therevision of the printed announcements, preferring to receivethe approval of the members of the departments included inthe history group before making definite recommendations tothis Faculty.3) The following recommendation was approved : That in the organization of medicalwork all students who are candidates for thebachelor's degree be included as at present in thegeneral body of undergraduates, and be underthe administration of the Junior and Senior College Faculties.The following committees for the year wererecommended by the chairman and approved :On Admission — Mr. Barnes, chairman ; Mrs. Young,Messrs. Mann, Tolman, and Davenport.On Scholarships — Mr. Iddings, chairman; Messrs.Angell, Votaw, R. F. Harper, and Howland.On Curriculum — Mr, Tufts, chairman ; Messrs. Jordan,Shepardson, Stieglitz, and Tarbell.On College of Commerce and Administration — Mr. A. C.Miller, chairman ; Messrs. Freund, Hatfield, Shepardson,Zueblin, James, and Laughlin.3. The Faculties of the Graduate Schools :Meeting of April 2j. — 1) The following committees, for the year, recommended by the chairman were approved :1. The Faculty of Arts and Literature:On Admission to Candidacy and Higher Degrees — Mr.W. G. Hale, chairman; Messrs. Schmidt- Wartenberg, andTerry.On Theses — Mr. Blackburn, chairman; Messrs. Price,and Tarbell.On Docentships — Mr. Judson, chairman ; Messrs. Dewey,and James.On Fellowships — Mr. Cutting, chairman; Messrs. Buck,and A. C. Miller.18 UNIVERSITY RECORD2. The Faculty of the Ogden School of Science :On Admission to Candidacy and Higher Degrees — Mr.Coulter, chairman ; Messrs. Bolza, and Michelson.On Theses — Mr. Maschke, chairman; Messrs. Lengfeld,and Whitman.On Docentships — Mr. Donaldson, chairman; Messrs.Michelson, and Nef.On Fellowships — Mr. E. H. Moore, chairman; Messrs.Loeb, and Iddings.2) The following persons were accepted as candidates for the degrees named :Master of Arts: Irving King, Philosophy and Education ;May E. Cook, English; Benjamin F. Armitage, Education,Philosophy, and Public Speaking; Bruce McCully, English ;Clinton S. Osborn, Education and Philosophy. Master ofPhilosophy: Sydney A. Campbell, English and History;Walter R. Smith, History. Master of Science: Mary L.Didlake, Zoology and Bacteriology; Clarence L. Holtzman,Botany and Bacteriology. Doctor of Philosophy : Ralph W.Webster, Physiology and Chemistry; John M. Prather,Zoology and Botany ; Robert S. Padan, Political Economyand Mathematics ; Wm. B. Owen, Greek and Latin ; VirgilE. McCaskill, Zoology and Physiology; Maxwell Adams,Chemistry and Physics.3) The following recommendations of the committee on fellowships approved :1. That the fellowship fund be left, as heretofore, forannual readjustment by the President, and Trustees uponthe recommendation of the different departments.2. That this Faculty recommend both to departments andto the President and Trustees that" in their selections andappointments, the number of fellowships with a high stipendbe increased, as rapidly* as' may seem desirable, and maintained at a rate enabling us to compete in this matter withother universities of the land.3. That it is the sense of this Faculty that no departmental Faculty should recommend as a candidate for afellowship one who at the same time might not be availableas a candidate for the doctor's degree. (Reaffirmation ofthe action of the Faculties on March 19, 1898.)4. That the Trustees be requested to establish, in additionto the fellowship funds already appropriated, five doctoratefellowships of $750.00 each, to be assigned only to those whohave taken the doctor's degree with distinction, and whogive promise of exceptional ability for investigative work.4. The Faculty of the Divinity School :Meeting of April 20. — 1) The following personswere accepted as candidates for the degreesnamed : For the degree of Ph.D., Messrs. P. P. Bruce and H. F. Alien ; for the degree of A.M.,Mr. Yoshizaki ; for the degree of D.B., Messrs.Boeye, Eyles, F. A. Beyl, Atkinson, Finn, Anderson, and Corbett ; for the English certificate, Mr.Wakeham. 2) The following resolutions uponthe death of Professor J. S. Tanner, of BaylorUniversity, a former student in the DivinitySchool, were approved :Whereas, We have learned of the death of ProfessorJohn S. Tanner, A.M., formerly a student in this DivinitySchool, and for some years previous to his death Professorof Biblical Literature and Philosophy in Baylor University,Resolved, That we place on record our high appreciationof Mr. Tanner's Christian character, intellectual ability, andfine scholarly spirit, our sincere sorrow in the loss which issustained in his death 'by his own immediate family, theuniversity of whose faculty he was a member, our own university, and the cause of Christian scholarship.Resolved, That these resolutions be spread on our records,and that copies be transmitted to the family of Mr. Tannerand to the faculty of Baylor University.3) The following report on making sociologythe principal subject in candidacy for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy was adopted :To the Faculty of the Divinity School:Your committee, appointed to consider the question ofgiving the degree of Ph.D. to graduates of the DivinitySchool who have made Sociology the principal subject,recommend as follows :The present rules relating to required subjects, admissionto candidacy by vote of the faculty of the Divinity School,and the attitude of the Department of Sociology are adequateguarantees that no student will graduate in this school without acquaintance with all the usual subjects necessary for awell-equipped pastor and preacher.There is no sufficient reason in the situation for makingspecial rules which place the Department of Sociology in aninferior or suspected position in the Divinity School ; and itis, therefore, recommended that the present rules stand asthey are, and that possible abuses be prevented by administrative action under these rules.5. The University Council:Meeting of April 13. — 1) In response to arequest for a ruling received from the Board ofPhysical Culture and Athletics the followingaction was taken :UNIVERSITY RECORD 19That the Council deems it unwise to make an exceptionto the general principle forbidding a representative of theUniversity to appear in public athletic exhibitions onMemorial Day.6. The University Senate:Meeting of April 2j. — i) Invitations receivedon behalf of the University, to be represented atcelebrations at Mount Holyoke College and theUniversity of Glasgow were accepted, and thepresident empowered to designate representativesof the University to be present ; similar actiontaken in regard to an invitation to the celebrationof the millenary anniversary of Alfred the Great.2) It was recommended to the Board of Trustees :I. That on and after July 1, students, two thirds of whosework is* in connection with the School of Education, shallbe classified as a separate division of students in the University, coordinate with the divisions now existing.2. That there be established the faculty of the School ofEducation, which shall be coordinate with other facultiesof the University, and shall consist ofa) Five or more members of the University at large, to berecommended by the President and appointed annually forone year of service by the Board of Trustees ;b) Officers of the School of Education of the rank ofassociate and above.3. That this faculty be given charge, under the generalstatutes of the University, of the curriculum, and students ofthe School of Education.4. That a director be appointed for the general administration of the School of Education, and that he be given aseat in the Senate of the University.5. That the Faculty of the School of Education be authorized to make recommendations for certificates.3) Plans looking toward the organization ofmedical work were approved. 4) It was votedthat a committee of five be appointed to considerand report on the question of the advisability oforganizing the work of the School of Commerce'and Administration upon a scheme similar tothose of the School of Education and the work inMedicine.GERMANIC STUDIES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.At the request of Mr. Wever, the German Consul stationed at Chicago, the Germanic department has just presented to him a report of the work in Germanic languages and literatures (exclusive of English) at the University. This reportincludes statistics as to the present staff of instruction, the nature and extent of the courses givenby the department to students in the Juniorand Senior Colleges and Graduate School, thenumber of registrations for these courses duringthe past four quarters, the library and laboratoryequipment of the department, the departmentalorganizations, the departmental publications(Germanic Studies), and the Doctors of the University whose principal subject has been Germanics, with titles of their dissertations.The report will be forwarded by the Consul tothe Prussian Ministry of Education, as a contribution to the general subject of German as a factor in American university work.BRIEF ON THE PROPOSITIONTO BE CONSIDERED BY THE UNIVERSITY CONGREGATION AT ITS TWENTY -FIFTH MEETING, JUNE 14, 1901.Proposition : That in the interests of scholarship andjustice the degree of Doctor of Philosophy be hereafterconferred without grade.I. Statement of Facts.i. So far as the legislation of the Universityis concerned, the grading of degrees rests uponan action of the general Faculty taken June 15,1893. The minutes show the following entry:The Faculty, on motion of Mr. Hale, voted that blanksbe left on the engraved forms of diplomas to be given fordegrees of Master and Doctor, in which the special grade ofexcellence of the individual candidate may be inserted, givingthus four grades of degrees : rite, cum laude, magna cumlaude, summa cum laude; the grading to be based bothupon thesis and examination.At the same meeting this motion was reconsidered, and it was voted that "the Master's degreebe assimilated to the Bachelor's degree, and thatonly the Doctor's degree be graded."The printed rules and regulations of the University contain nothing upon this matter.2. In order to discover the custom of otheruniversities as regards grading the Doctor'sdegree, the following questions were submitted to20 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe Secretaries of fourteen leading universitiesof the United States :i) What grades are given in your institutionwith the degree of Ph.D.?2) Are these grades given wholly upon the basis•of an examination ? If not, upon what other•basis ?3) Are the grades, if given, announced either tothe public or to the candidates ?4) If grades are not formally given, is thereany ranking or other method of estimating thevalue of the student's work in connection withhis taking the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ?5) What regulations govern the giving ofgrades ?6) Do various departments differ markedly inassigning grades to their various candidates ?7) Has the giving of grades ever been abolished by your institution ? If so, for what reasons ?8) Is there any disposition in your institutionto abolish the giving of grades with the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy?From replies returned it appears that the following universities do not give any grade withtheir degree : Brown, Clark, Columbia, Cornell,Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Leland Stanford, Jr.,Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,Yale. Of these. Brown and Cornell formerlygave such grades, but have abolished the custom.On the other hand, there is some intimationthat Wisconsin and Minnesota may consider theintroduction of grades in degrees.Princeton and the University of Californiagive the grades. At Princeton the practice wasintroduced only last year. In answer to Question3 the report from Princeton is that, though it wasnot intended that the grades should be announcedto the public, such announcement was made at thelast commencement. The University of California recognizes the grades in the degree, but inanswer to Question 5 it is stated that "there is anunderstanding that, although the diploma form admits of grades in practice, all degrees shall be given rite." In answer to Question 7 the statement ismade that the giving of grades is " practicallyabolished, as the tendency was apparently to giveall candidates a high grade, perhaps throughsentiment." In answer to Question 8 it is statedthat " the giving of grades will not be resumedunless a candidate of very extraordinary andunusual and phenomenal ability should appear."While it has been impossible to make any complete inquiry, it is understood that it is the common practice of German universities to give thegrades with the degree.3. The following table states the facts as to thegrades in the University of Chicago, in so far asthey can be ascertained from cards and reports onfile in the Recorder's office :DepartmentPhilosophy Pedagogy Political Economy Political Science.History Archaeology Sociology Anthropology • . .Comparative Religion.Semitics [O. T.]..Bib. and Pat. [N. T.] .Sanskrit Greek. Latin. . . . ,Romance . ....German English •,Mathematics Astronomy Physics Chemistry ,Geology. Zoology ,Anatomy Physiology Neurology Palaeontology Botany Theology Church History .Total 18CD > CD1Isss-3 to0 a0<uAn 3Is3 0 s3OC5s«8 SShCD 6S3(72II 2 18 2 18 5 46 22 I 1II 4 36 2 18 4 36 I5 3 212 2 17 4 33 1 6 5011 1 10 6 54 2 18 22 22 1 115 4 27 7 46 4 274 I 1 1 I5 2 1 27 2 57 2 2 2 I8 2 4 27 1 4 29 2 5 210 1 10 ¦3 30 4 40 21 I6 1 3 214 2 14 5 36 7 505 3 218 2 II 9 50 7 396 1 3 21 11 17 1 5 16 1 3 23 1 2196 39 75 72 10 181018UNIVERSITY RECORD 21The significance of these facts may be statedthus :Cum MagnaRite laude cumlaude SummaApproximate per cent, of distribution of different gradesin the University as a whole 20 38 37 5Approximate per cent, of distribution of different gradesin departments which havegiven ten or more degrees 18 36 38 84. In order to ascertain the general method ofthe different departments in the giving of grades,the following questions were submitted to theheads of departments :1) In giving grades is the decision based chieflyupon the candidate's {a) examination, (b) thesis,(c) previous work in class ?2) Are the grades determined by a majority ofthe examining committee or by the members ofthe two departments concerned ?3) When the candidate's secondary subject isin your department, is it your custom to let thedecision as to grade remain largely with the department in which the candidate has his principalsubject ?The facts elicited by these inquiries fromtwenty-four departments are as follows :(1) Number of departments basing grades uponExamination, thesis, and class work 7" and thesis - - - - - 2" and thesis, emphasis on thesis - - • - I" and thesis, emphasis on examination - - I" and thesis, modified by class work - - - 6" modified by thesis and class work - - - 1Thesis, modified by examination and class work - - - 1" and class work - I" and class work, modified by examination - - - 1Class work 1Examination 25 %, thesis and class work 75 % - - - IExamination 1, thesis 3, class work 2 IThis table shows that for the purpose of determining the grade of a degree :(a) Five departments ignore or subordinatethe examination.(&) Eleven departments give equal weight tothe class work with one or both of the other factors. (e) Seven departments lay equal stress on alBthree.(d) Four departments base the grade entirelyon thesis and examination.(e) One department bases the grade upon class,work.(/) Twenty- two departments make the examination a principal or subordinate factor.(g) The thesis, except in possibly two cases, is,always a principal factor.(2) Grades determined :By majority of the examining committee 18*By majority of the departments concerned - - - - 6,(3) Grades largely determined :By principal department - - 20 *Unsatisfactory work in secondary subject prevents highgrade 1Noncommittal - - 3(6. In consequence of the fact that until veryrecently the class-room work of graduate students.,was not graded in the quarterly reports of instructors, it has been impossible to determine from,the records the relation of class work to grade in.degrees.7. As to the value of the grade in obtainingpositions as teachers, inquiries have been madeof various officials, but without obtaining anydefinite information. It would seem, however,,.that in many cases of recommendation the factwas mentioned that a high grade had been received.Of nineteen Doctors of the University who havebeen appointed to positions in the Universityfive have received summa, five magna, six cumlaude, three rite.II. Conclusions from the Above Facts:1. The University of Chicago is one of the fewleading universities of the United States to givegrades with the Doctor's degree. To abolish the-grades would not therefore put graduates of the*University of Chicago at a disadvantage, norwould it tend to lower scholarship, as comparedwith other universities.22 UNIVERSITY RECORD2. No positive conclusion can be drawn as tothe bearing of the existing custom of givinggrades upon scholarship.3. The differences between departments in thematter of grading, though considerable, are notso pronounced as to argue that injustice has beendone the recipients of degrees. The facts at thedisposal of your committee, therefore, do notfurnish positive proof that the interests of justicewould be furthered by abolishing grades. .4. The records show that the rules of the University intended to govern the grading of degreesare disregarded in two particulars : (a) The gradeis not given exclusively on the basis of the examination and thesis, and in a large number ofdepartments these two elements are not given theweight they were intended to have, (b) Thegrade rite is not inserted in the diplomas, so thatin many cases it does not appear that the University has adopted the system of grading.The committee suggests that, if the system isretained, such action be taken by the appropriatebody or bodies as will bring the rules into conformity with the practice, or the practice intoconformity with the rules.III. Arguments and Considerations.1. In favor of retaining the system of grading:(a) The custom in German universities, (b) Theadvisability of adhering to an established rule inthe absence of positive proof that it has worked injustice, (c) The possibility of recognizing markedexcellence in scholarship, (d) The possible aida high grade may render graduates in obtainingsuperior positions as teachers.2. In favor of abolishing the grade: (a) Theconformity to the general practice of Americanuniversities, (b) The unavoidable differences inthe severity of examinations, as well as in thestandards of judgment and the circumstances attending examinations, notwithstanding the lackof positive evidence of injustice, (c) The. factthat the thesis, one of the two main factors indetermining the grade, is generally read by only a portion of the examining committee, (d) Thedanger of introducing the element of competitioninto tests of scholarly attainment, (e) The possibility that the existence of the grade rite maylead to the granting of a degree that otherwisemight be refused. Shailer Mathews.Ernst Freund.Committee.THE CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THECHRIST/ AN UNION.At a recent meeting of the Christian Union theorganization was changed so that it is henceforthto be directed by a Board established as one ofthe Administrative Boards of the University.The revised constitution now reads as follows :CONSTITUTION.PREAMBLE.Whereas, It is highly desirable to unite all the membersof the University in a single, harmonious organization onthe basis of those elements of religious faith which are heldin common ; and,Whereas, All may unite upon this common ground without inconsistency with the maintenance of individual religious conceptions ; and, .Whereas, In the spirit and purpose of the above it hasseemed good to form such an organization, to be known asthe CHRISTIAN UNION ; therefore be itResolved, That membership in the Union, with privilegeof voting at all meetings, shall belong to all instructors andstudents of the University without any subscription or otherformal act, and without payment of fees.REGULATIONS.1. The officers of the Christian Union shall be a president,chosen from the faculties of the University ; a vice-president,chosen from the student body; and a secretary-treasurer,chosen at large.2. The direction of the Christian Union shall be in chargeof a University Board, constituted as follows :a) Ex officio, the President and Recorder of the University,the Chaplain of the University, the officers of the ChristianUnion, the president and secretary of the Board of the University Settlement and of each religious society of the University recognized by the Board.b) Five members of the faculties, recommended by thePresident of the University and appointed by the Trustees.c) Two representatives of each distinct student division.UNIVERSITY RECORD 28The administrative work of the Board shall be in thehands of the Chaplain and the president of the ChristianUnion, in consultation with the President of the University.3. The elections shall be by ballot, and, with the exceptionof the president and secretary-treasurer, from a double listof nominees presented to the Union one week before theannual meeting by a nominating committee of five appointedby the president. In the case of the piesident there shallbe only one name presented by the committee ; but ten ormore persons may unite in presenting (through the committee) another name, if they so desire. The secretary-treasurer shall be chosen by the Board, subject to the approvalof the University Council.4. The Board shall direct the work of the Christian Unionin all its departments, appointing such standing committeesas may be found necessary for the purpose of conductingpublic worship, Bible study, work in philanthropy, and suchother work as the Union may see fit to undertake. Thepresidents of the represented organizations shall be chairmen of the committees in their respective departments.The committee on philanthropy is identical with the incorporated board of the University of Chicago Settlement.This board has power to fill vacancies in its membershipaccording to its own rules. 5. The president and secretary-treasurer of the ChristianUnion shall be ex officio members of all committees.6. No work shall be undertaken in the various departments of the Christian Union without the previous consentof the Board.7. Each committee appointed for continuous service shallmake, through its chairman, a monthly report to the Board ofall work done in its department.8. There shall be a regular monthly meeting of theBoard.9. At a regular time in each quarter, which the Board mayfix, the Board shall present a report of its work to the Christian Union.10. The officers of the Union shall be elected annually inMarch at a special meeting to be called for that purpose bythe president, and they shall take office at the first regularmeeting of the Board in April.n. These regulations maybe altered or amended by atwo-thirds vote' of the Union at any regular meeting, providing a week's notice of the proposed change shall have beengiven.12. Fifteen members of the Union shall constitute aquorum for the transaction of business.AccuracySkillQuality These are thefactors to which weattribute ourPharmaceuticalSuccessJ. J. GILLRosalie Pharmacy 274 E. 57th St.Golf and TennisSuppliesAt theUniversity Book StoreCobb Lecture Hall THE PROSPECTSOF THE SMALLCOLLEGEBy WILLIAM R. HARPERRECAST from an address delivered before the National Educational Association, at Charleston, South Carolina, July 10, 1900.The substance of the book was alsogiven as a course of lectures at TheUniversity of Chicago, during thepast summer.Now Ready, J2mo, paper, 25c (postpaid),sent on receipt of price by the publishersThe University of Chicago PressCHICAGO, ILLINOISA complete Catalogue of Publications sent onrequest.Methods in Plant HistologyBY CHARLES J. CHAMBERLAIN, A.M., Ph.D.Instructor in Botany in the University of ChicagoREADY JUNE 15. ILLUSTRATED* PRICE $ J ,50, NETThis book contains directions for collecting and preparing plant material formicroscopic investigation. It is based upon a course in botanical microtechnique and is the first complete manual to be published on this subject.It is the result of several years' work with classes in residence at the University of Chicago and with University Extension classes away from the University. It aims, therefore, to meet the requirements not only of the studentwho has the assistance of an instructor in a fully equipped laboratory, but,also, the student who must work by himself and with limited apparatus. Freehand sectioning, the paraffin method, the collodion method, and the glycerinemethod are treated in considerable detail. In later chapters specific directionsare given for making such preparations as are needed by those who wish tostudy the plant kingdom from the Algae up to the flowering plants. Specialattention is paid to the staining of Karyokinetic figures, because the studentwho masters this problem will find little difficulty in differentiating otherstructures. 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