VOLUME V NUMBER 47University RecordFRIDAY, FEBRUARY 22, igoijM. COQUELIN'S VISIT TO THE UNIVERSITY.During the engagement of the celebratedFrench actor M. Coquelin in Chicago he acceptedan invitation to visit the University and addressthe students. His visit was made on Friday,February i, when he spoke in Kent Theater to anoverflowing house. His subject was Art and theComedian, on which he discoursed in French formore than three quarters of an hour with greatenergy and vivacity. At the close of the addressa reception was tendered him at the QuadrangleClub.ART AND THE COMEDIAN*BY M. COQUELIN.The old prejudice which refuses comedians aplace among artists and in society is yet alive,and if people no longer say as much, some stillthink that it ought to be so Art is the interpretation of nature, of truth,interpretation suffused with a glow which, whilenot destroying proportions, accentuates and colors certain features, so as to make a deeper andmore vivid impression. And that is just what thecomedian, like all artists, does. The poet useswords, the sculptor marble, the musician sounds:the comedian works upon himself; he is his ownkeyboard, he kneads himself like clay * A condensation of M. Coquelin's address, made by Assistant Professor Ingres. The comedian does creative work. Hugo saidof Mademoiselle George : "In the poet's creationshe brings something to light which astonishesand ravishes the author himself." Marmontel,Voltaire, Lamartine, Dumas, all are of the sameopinion The poet creates a soul, but that is not enough.This soul has to be put into a body which becomes the souPs expression, its real individuality,and that is the comedian. Some say that the comedian is not a creator because nothing remains ofhis work after his death. That is indeed the misfortune of our art, but it is, after all, the fate ofevery art. What is there left of Apelles and theancient painters ? A remembrance like that ofthe actor Callipides, contemporary of Phidias.Creation and fixation are two things. Fixationis a matter of more or less time, and time ultimately destroys everything If the actor is forgotten sooner than otherartists, it is his misfortune, not his undoing. Itis a reason why we should be pitied, why weshould be loved the better, dear public, since yeare our present and our future, since our immortality vanishes with the echo of your applause !Of what use are comedians ?Well, one could say in general that their mission is that of women — to please. An actorworthy of his art must please the noble and delicate instincts of the public, provoke healthy409410 UNIVERSITY RECORDlaughter and serious thinking. It would be foolish to doubt the usefulness of an art which satisfies such a manifest craving of humanity The theater puts man face to face with himself;its utility is diverse and ranges from simpleamusement to the highest moral lessons. Cor-neille's plays are more valuable than the besttreatise on man's duty — are a source of nationalcourage and dignity. The theater shows us ourcommon shortcomings, teaches us mutual forbearance, makes us more sociable and more humane One question divides people : Should the actorfeel the passions of the character he is impersonating, or should he, according to Diderot's paradox, remain impassive in order to move thepublic more surely ?I hold this paradox to be the truth and I amconvinced that a man is a great actor only if hecan express, at his will, sentiments which he doesnot feel, will, never feel and could never feel inhis own nature. And that is why our professionis an art, and that is why we do creative work.The comedian is his own creation. It is fromwithin that he plays upon the strings ; thesestrings are his nerves, and he must hold them inhis hand and play upon them as he likes. Thecomedian composes his character with what hegets from the author, from tradition, from nature,from his own knowledge of men and things, fromhis experience and his imagination. His workdone, he is master of the character, not in dependence upon it. That is why the true actor isalways ready. He commands emotion at anymoment without being himself touched by it.Does that prevent him from being natural ? Notin the least. But hfs brain must remain freefrom emotion, even from his own ; his head andheart should always be in mutual independence.He should never be moved. He needs not to beany more than a pianist should be in mourningin order to play Chopin's funeral march. Thenatural effect of passion is to carry us out ofourselves, and why should we be expected to do well rather than badly when we no longer knowwhat we are doing ?I do not deny what is called the spark of genius;but I believe that genius shows itself better by afull and continuous self-possession than by intermittent flights, even if they be sublime. Allreally great actors have taken the same positionin this Then comes the much discussed question ofconventionality at the theater. I think that thereis no beauty, no greatness outside of nature. Butplaying is an art and can represent nature onlywith the accentuation essential to any art. Themere copying of nature produces a lamentableeffect on the stage. Do what you please, spend allthe money and all the energy you may, the milieuof the play is not that of reality. If, on the stage,you copy the action of the street or of the home,you will have the effect of a life-sized statue atthe top of a column; it would no longer seemlife-sized. The voice, for instance, has to beraised in order to be heard by 1500 or 2000 persons who all have the same right to hear. Inflections and accentuations have to be introducedwhich are unnecessary in the street or the home.Similar conventionalities in the gestures are indispensable according to certain optical laws. Theillusion of life has to be produced on 1500 or2000 spectators; their state of mind and thedegree of their culture have to be considered. AParisian public is not to be treated like an audience of Blackfoot Indians. At the theater truthshould not be destroyed by conventionalities,neither should realism destroy illusion, or better,the pleasure derived from the illusion of a realaction, mixed with a sentiment of personal security and the constant and intimate knowledgethat the action is but a fiction. This sentimentof security must be preserved. The pleasure ofthe theater is like that of Lucretius's Sage wholoves to see storms from the shore. Then givethe illusion of truth, but only the illusion.Many sentiments and sensations are best keptaway from the theater for the peremptory reasonUNIVERSITY RECORD 411that they would prevent people from going to thetheater. That sounds perhaps rather bourgeois,but I fail to conceive a theater without a public.I always bear in mind the motto, Castigatridendo mores. Note the ridendo. If you suppressthis simple gerundive you suppress the theater.A box, even if it be grilled, is not a confessional,and if some people go to church in search of thepleasures of the theater, nobody ever thought ofgoing to the theater in order to find the edifications of the church Let us see what place the actor occupies insociety. In Greece he was highly esteemed. Cal-lipides commanded the fleet without renouncinghis art. The reason is because theatrical performances had then a religious and patriotic character.In the Middle Ages the theater retained thischaracter. The mysteries were played at thechurch, and the Confreres de la Passion are thedirect ancestors of the Theatre Francais.Why then has the church so completely changedher attitude toward us ? The quarrel dates backto dear Gringoire with whom I must have livedin a previous life. Yes, the quarrel begins withmy unhappy and excellent friend Gringoire'sdaring satires which represent the church asMother-Fool and the pope as the Obstinate Man.The things went from bad to worse until Molierecame and reconciliation was made impossible.In the hatred of the church it is difficult not tosee the feeling of "Tartuffe." This immortalmasterpiece explains the change in the church'sattitude from Genest's canonization to Moliere'sexcommunication. It is fair to say that sinceMoliere she has yielded somewhat. She toleratesus and consents to bury us — perhaps even withpleasure !But numerous traces of the excommunicationare still existing in the minds of many people ;the prejudice still continues with the mitigationof our more humane habits since the French Revolution. After all, it is quite natural that a formof thought so Quivering with life as the theatershould be looked upon with distrust by such an old and conservative body which feels frightenedat any sign of thought.But how is it that even the enlightened people,those who invite and adore us— I speak for theactresses — still secretly deny us complete equality ? I do not want to speak of the rights theyclaim against us. I do not protest against hissing,that most horrible of all noises; nor against thethrowing of eggs and cabbages, which is a regrettable waste of food (these are rare incidents evenin country towns); nor against the apologieswhich a despotic public sometimes demands froma poor actor or, worse, from an enervated andsuffering actress who forgets her cues. All theseare, however, signs of the sort of slavery inwhich the public unconsciously still claims tohold us.Is the reason for this social inferiority becauseactors expose themselves to hissing as well as toapplause? But they are not alone in doing so.Distinguished professors have received eggs, androtten ones too. Orators, preachers not excepted,go before the public much as we do and use manyof our means - — I was going to say tricks.Or is it because, though rid of the antic mask,we are still obliged to paint and make up ? Butwhat about all your own rouge, ladies and gentlemen, and your wigs, and your false teeth, and therest? No, the sole and only reason why thecomedian is not completely and definitely rehabilitated is a purely instinctive one which, in concluding, I will try to bring out.In renouncing his personality the comediandoes, so to speak, abdicate his own dignity. Inceasing to be himself it seems to you that heceases to be a man. To this argument, in myopinion the only serious one, I oppose two answers. First, it is not true that he ceases to be aman, and, secondly, if it were true, the actor wouldnot be responsible for it. His abdication is forcedupon him by the poet, and if there were a lowering you would have to set it down exclusively tothe special conditions of our art which make thelowering necessary. You cannot make us alone412 UNIVERSITY RECORDresponsible ; you must extend your blame to theauthor who exposes us to this disgrace, to themanager, who opens his house to it, and aboveall to yourselves, ladies and gentlemen, who takepart in it.But I deny that there is a lowering, becausethere is no abdication. The actor, it is true,enters into another skin, but he keeps his soul,his talent, his courage, for at the first performance he feels like a soldier going into battle — hegoes there with his ego, his directing and creatingego, and by means of this ego he arouses in youthe deepest feelings. He does not abdicate, hedirects. Therefore he keeps his dignity, he remains a man, and he is an artist.REPORT OF ACTIONS OF UNIVERSITY RULING BODIESFOR JANUARY 1901.1. The Board of the University Press :Meeting of January ig. — i) Dr. H. E. Slaughtwas permitted to publish his thesis in the American Journal of Mathematics, and Dr. R. F. Earharthis thesis in the Philosophical Magazine, of London, both on the usual conditions. 2) A committee consisting of Messrs. Miller, Mathews andVincent, appointed by the chairman to considerthe plans for the building contemplated for theUniversity Press.2. The Board of Student Organizations :Meeting of January ig. — i) On petition theDelta Upsilon house was accepted as a Universityhouse at 5 7 35 Madison avenue. Mr. J. W. Thompson was accepted as head of the house, and Mr.B. S. Terry approved as counselor. 2) Permissiongiven to certain students to organize a studentorganization under the name of the Alpha Pi.Meeting of January 30. — 1) Request for approval of a temporary musical organization ofstudents for a trip to the South refused. 2) Wilbur M Kelso approved as Manager of the Musical Clubs. 3) Schedule of Glee Club concertsapproved. 3. The Board of University Affiliations :Meeting of January 5 .— -1) Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Affiliations held with theDeans and Principals of Affiliated Schools approved. 2) Resolution adopted expressing toDean Miller the appreciation of the Board forhis work at the recent meeting of Affiliated andCooperating Schools and the publication of theproceedings of the same in the UniversityRecord. 3) Appointment of William L. Fisherto teach Mathematics and Physical Culture inHarvard School approved.4. The Board of Physical Culture and Athletics :Meeting of January 3. — 1 ) On recommendation of the Director an eastern trip for the baseball team June ^-8 approved. 2) Schedule ofbaseball games and track meets approved. 3)The chairman announced that the Trustees hadapproved the election of Lieut. Col. Brinkerhoffto have charge of military science in the University, and of Professor Senn to give certain coursesof medical lectures.5. The Faculty of the Junior Colleges :Meeting of January 12. — 1) Committee onCertificates reported the condition of the question concerning the degree or title of Associate.It was voted that the action of the Faculty onthis subject be so modified as to substitute theword "title" for that of "degree." 2) Dean ofthe Junior Colleges requested to arrange to securea statement of the preparatory work in Englishof each individual entering the University at thebeginning of last quarter.6. The Faculty of the Senior Colleges :Meeting of January 12. — 1) Report of theCommittee on Curriculum approved, as follows :a) At the last meeting of this body a letter from theDirector of Music proposing that three Majors in the Theoryof Music be allowed to count as elective studies in theSenior College was referred to the Curriculum Committee.Your committee would report that, until a Department ofMusic has been established by the Board of Trustees, it doesnot seem proper to take any further action in the matter. ,UNIVERSITY RECORD 413b) Your committee would also recommend the adoptionby this Faculty of the recommendation made by this committee at a previous meeting and referred back to it forfurther consideration. The recommendation in question is,"that the regulation on p. 63 of the Register for 1899-1900{§1, subsection 2) reading: "A student may not select hiscourses during any three consecutive quarters of SeniorCollege work from more than four departments" be repealed.7. The Faculties of the Graduate Schools (in jointsession) :Meeting of January 26. — 1) A report of thejoint Committees on Theses was adopted in thefollowing form :[To go into effect July 1, 1901.]1. For the Doctor's degree: d) The candidatefor the doctorate shall be admitted to final examination only when the thesis is complete andready for the printer.* ft) The degree shall berecommended only on a written certificate of thedepartment concerned in the doctorate, that thethesis is ready for the printer, and on the writtenevidence of some responsible journal or publisherthat the required number of printed copies willbe furnished the University within a reasonabletime.2. For the Master's degree: The degree ofMaster of Arts, Philosophy or Science shall berecommended only after five printed or typewritten copies of the thesis of the candidate havebeen deposited with the Librarian of the University.2) The following persons admitted to candidacy, a) for the degree of Ph.D.: Max Batt (Germanic, English), Myron L. Ashley (Philosophy,Experimental Psychology), James B. Overton(Botany, Zoology), William Findlay (Mathematics, Physics), Anne Moore (Physiology, Zoology),Ida M. Schottenfels (Mathematics, Astronomy),Thomas M. Putnam (Mathematics, Astronomy) ;b) for the Master's degree : A. N. Todd, FrankE. Lutz.* By "complete" is meant that every chapter or considerable subdivision of the document shall be worked out withsuch fullness, that it shall be practicable to make all thenecessary corrections and additions on the proof. 8. The University Council :Meeting of January 12. — 1) The Chairmanreported that the Board of Trustees has approvedthe plan for the change in dates of the Springand Summer Quarters. 2) A report of a committee on Regulations for Unclassified Students, appointed by the University Council, was approvedby that body in the following form to go into effectOctober 1, 1901 :Section 4, "Requirements," on page 61 of theUniversity Register for 1 899-1900, is changedto read as follows: "Unclassified students aresubject to all the regular regulations of the University pertaining to undergraduate students,including Division meetings and lectures, ChapelAssembly, and Physical Culture, unless more thanone half their work is in the Senior Colleges orGraduate Schools."There is added to the rules found on page 113of the University Register for 1899- 1900 the following :31 Unclassified students having admission andcollege credits amounting to thirteen units areeligible to undergraduate contests and public exhibitions excepting University prize contests onthe same conditions as other undergraduate students. Unclassified students who do not havecredit to the amount of thirteen units are noteligible to any intercollegiate contest or publicexhibition as above defined until after a residenceof one quarter at the University, during whichtime the work has been satisfactorily completed.4. Eligibility for membership in any athleticteam or musical or dramatic club implies eligibility to any office or honor within the gift of theteam or club. f3) Action of the Board of Physical Culturemaking unclassified students ineligible for captaincy in University teams disapproved. 4) Marchexaminations for entrance ordered omitted henceforth, this regulation to go into effect in March1902.Meeting of January 26. — 1 ) A recommendationof the Committee on Buildings and Grounds disapproving making provision for women in the newgymnasium adopted and forwarded to the Boardof Trustees. 2 ) The following report of the414 UNIVERSITY RECORDcommittee on reports concerning the Universityin the daily press was approved :The committee deems it undesirable to pass any generalegislation, but thinks that if specific cases can be investigated in which there is clear evidence of falsification or otherconduct unworthy of a gentleman, it would be advisablethat these should be officially treated. It recommends thatany investigation and action upon such cases be undertakenby the Council and not by the separate Faculties, in orderthat there may be uniformity in their treatment.3) The Dean was authorized to announce thatclass exercises would be omitted on January 28from 10:30-1:00, it being the Day of Prayer forColleges.9. The University Senate :Meeting of January 5. — 1) After a statement ofthe chairman respecting the preparation of a letter to Professor Northrup, it was voted that acommittee be appointed to draft a suitable letterin connection with the death of Professor Northrup.THE FACULTIES.Assistant Professor Sparks made the Washington's Birthday address at Des Moines, Iowa.Assistant Professor Sparks addressed the Kansas State Teachers Association in Topeka, December 28, 1900.Mr. Frederick M. Blanchard has just returnedto the University after a seven weeks' absence inthe far West. •Dr. Oscar L. Triggs lectured on "Browning'scontribution to literature," at Freeport 111., onFebruary 8, 1901.Mr. O. C. Farrington was awarded a silvermedal as collaborates in Group XI, Mines andMining, Paris Exposition, 1900.President Harper will represent the Universityat the formal installation of President Alderman,of Tulane University, New Orleans. Professor Shailer Mathews is making a vacationtrip through some of the southern states. He willmake addresses at a number of colleges.Mr. Clarence A. Torrey read a paper beforethe Chicago Library Club, February 14, 1901, on"State Supervision of Public Libraries."Mr. William Vaughn Moody has just published The Masque of Judgment : A Lyrical Drama,from the press of Small, Maynard & Co.Professor John M. Coulter lectured on "TheMission of Science in Education" before theUniversity of Wisconsin on January 24, 1901.Professor J. Laurence Laughlin spoke on "Economics in Schools" before the New York CitySchoolmasters' Association on February 9, 1901.Under the editorship of Mr. Newman Miller,Director, The University of Chicago Press hasjfist issued a complete catalogue of its publications.Associate Professor Alexander Smith visitedWabash College at Crawfordsville, Ind., January17, 1 90 1, and lectured on the "Balance Sheet ofScience."Assistant Professor Julius Stieglitz addressedthe students of Lewis Institute on February 1,1901, on "Organic Chemistry in the Arts andIndustries."Dr. Edgar J. Goodspeed gave an account ofhis "Personal Experiences in Palestine" before: the Men's Club of the Hyde Park Baptist Churchon January 21.Mr. D. G. Elliot, of the Field Columbian1 Museum, made the memorial address on Dr., Elliott Coues in Nash Hail, Harvard University,November 13, 1900.UNIVERSITY RECORD 415Professor John M. Coulter and Dr. Charles J.Chamberlain are joint authors of The Morphologyof Spermatophytes, Part I. Gymnosperms, publishedby D. Appleton & Co.Professor John M. Coulter was the speakerbefore the February meeting of the Men's Clubof the Hyde Park Baptist Church, his topic being"A Study in Plant Sociology."Professor Harry Pratt Judson was the officialrepresentative of the University on the occasion ofthe installation of President McClelland, of KnoxCollege, on February 15, 1901.Publication 45 (Vol. II, Zoological Series) ofthe Field Columbian Museum, just ready, is "ASynopsis of the Mammals of North America andthe Adjacent Seas," by D. G. Elliot.Assistant Professor Francis W. Shepardsongave the Washington's Birthday Address beforethe four American history classes of the HydePark High School, February 22, 190 1.Dr. James H. Boyd addressed the teachers ofmathematics in the Chicago High Schools onFebruary 21, 190 1, his theme being "The Fundamental Notions in Common Algebra."Assistant Professor Lengfeld was recently honored by being made chairman of the Chicago section of the American Chemical Society, and alsoone of the vice presidents of the society.Associate Professor Young has given an addresson " Habit " several times of late ; on December 4,1900, before the Illinois State Normal Universityat Normal, on January 12, 1901, before the CookCounty Teachers' Association, and on February 5,1961, before the May wood (Illinois) TwentiethCentury Club. On January 23, 1901, she spokeon "Memory" before the Milwaukee CollegeEndowment Association in Milwaukee. Assistant Professor F. W. Shepardson gave theUniversity College lecture on February 2, 1901,his theme being " The Religious Conceptions ofAbraham Lincoln as set forth in his Writings."The latitude and longitude of the Yerkes Observatory, as determined by the U. S. Coast andGeodetic Survey last October, are as follows :Latitude, N. 42 ° 34' i2f64; longitude, W. 5h54m 13.243s.At the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society held in New York December 28,1900, Professor E. Hastings Moore was honoredwith election as president of the society for thecurrent year.Professor Edmund J. James read a paper on" McKendree College," at the meeting of the Illinois State Historical Society in Springfield, onDecember 31, 1900. Mr. James is a member of theexecutive committee of the society.Before the meeting of the Social EconomicsClub of Chicago, on February 5, 1901, Mr. GeorgeH. Locke discussed the question, "Should theMembers of the Board of Education of the Cityof Chicago be Appointed or Elected ?"Professor Barnard has been awarded the Jans-sen medal of the Paris Academy of Sciences forhis discovery of the fifth satellite of Jupiter.Professor Hale received this medal in 1893 for hisinvention and use of the spectroheliograph.Mr. O. C. Farrington, of the Field ColumbianMuseum, was one of the speakers at the meetingof the Northwestern Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology December 17,1900, his subject being "A History of PresentOpinions regarding the Age of the Earth." Hediscussed " The Wyandotte and Marengo Caves "before the Chicago Academy of Sciences on February 1, 1901.416 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor George E. Hale addressed the Boston Society of Arts, January 31, 1901, and theNew York Academy of Sciences, February 4,1 90 1, on "Astronomical Photography with thegreat Visual Telescope of the Yerkes Observatory."At the annual meeting of the Northwesternassociation of Johns Hopkins University alumniheld in Kinsley's Restaurant, February 22, Professor Donaldson reviewed the career of the retiring president of the University Dr. Daniel C.Oilman.Dr. Ira W. Howerth discussed " The ProbableEffect of American Civilization upon the Filipinos" before the Chicago Anthropological Society on February 3, 1901. On January 17, 1901,he lectured before the University College on"What is Religion."Professor Albion W. Small has been making anextended trip through the western states, visitingmany colleges and high schools in Colorado,Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, California,and New Mexico. He represented the Universityat the annual meeting of the Nebraska AlumniAssociation on February 22, 1901.Dr. Charles E. Hewitt visited St. Anne, 111., onFebruary 4, on the occasion of the dedication ofa new house of worship for the Baptist Church,just erected under the leadership of Rev. J. O.Bentall, a recent student of the Divinity School,and made an address on "The True Significanceof the Church."Dr. F. R. Moulton spoke in All Souls' Churchon December 31, 1900, reviewing "The Advancein Science during the Nineteenth Century." OnDecember 27, 1900, he read a paper before theChicago section of the American MathematicalSociety on " The Straight Line Solutions of theProblem of n Bodies:" Miss Talbot and Miss Wallace are to giveaddresses in connection with the annual reception, tendered by the Chicago Association ofCollegiate Alumnse to the girl members of thegraduating classes of college preparatory schoolsin Chicago, which will be held in the rooms ofthe Woman's Club, Fine Arts Building on February 23.The new spectrograph for the 40-inch telescope, the^construction of which was rendered possible by a gift from the late Miss Catherine Bruceand an appropriation from the Rumford Fund, isnow ready for trial. It will be used principallyby Professor Frost and his assistants, in photographing stellar spectra for the determination ofthe motions of the stars in the line of sight.Professor Barnard left Chicago February 7 forSumatra, where he will observe the total eclipseof the sun on May 18. His principal object isto photograph the corona with the 62-foot horizontal telescope, which gives images on a scale ofseven inches to the sun's diameter. This instrument, which was constructed in the Yerkes Observatory shops, was used with great success byProfessor Barnard and Mr. Ritchey at the totaleclipse of May 28, 1900. .The method of adapting the 40-inch telescopefor photographic work, which was developed lastsummer by Mr. Ritchey, has yielded some veryvaluable results. Mr. Ritchey's photographs ofthe moon and of various star-clusters are un-equaled in their superb definition and in their representation of minute detail. On account of itssimplicity and cheapness, the method, will doubtless be applied to many large visual telescopes,which are now unsuitable for photography. Thevalue of the photographs for purposes of exactmeasurement will appear from an investigation ofthe plates to be undertaken by the measuring andcomputing staff of the Columbia University Observatory.UNIVERSITY RECORD 417Recent articles by members of the Faculties include :" The Scope of Social Technology," by C. R. Henderson,American Journal of Sociology, January 190 1." The Suppression of Vice and Crime in Chicago," by C.R. Henderson, The Sunset Club Publications, January 1901." On the Adjustment of the Equatorial Telescope, II," byKurt Laves, Popular Astronomy, December 1900-January1901." Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae," by J.M. Coulter (with J. N. Rose), Contributions U. S. NationalHerbarium, December 31, 1900."The Cross-Ratio Group of 120 Quadratic CremonaTransformations of the Plane. Part I : Geometric Representation." By H. E. Slaught, American Journal of Mathematics, October 1900." On the Detection of Bacillus coli communis in Water,"by Edwin O. Jordan, Journal of Boston Society of MedicalScience, Vol. IV, 1900." Some Observations upon the Bacterial Self-Purificationof Steam," by Edwin O. Jordan, Journal of ExperimentalMedicine, Vol. V, 1900."Development of the Social Aim in Education" (thirdpaper), by I. W. Howerth, Journal of Pedagogy, December1900."A New Discovery at Petra," by Ira M. Price, BaptistUnion, February 2, 1901." Linear Substitutions Commutative with a given Substitution," by L. E. Dickson, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. XXXII, 1900." The Alternating Group on Eight Letters and the Quaternary Linear Congruence Group, modulo 2," by L. E. Dickson, Mathematische Annalen, Vol. LIV, 1901." Distribution of the Ternary Linear Homogeneous Substitutions in a Galois Field into Complete Sets of ConjugateSubstitutions," by L. E. Dickson, A?nerican Journal ofMathematics, Vol. XXXIII, 1 90 1."A Century of American Poetry," by Oscar L. Triggs,The Forum, January 1901.Shakespeare Papers : " Graphic Method in ShakespeareStudy," " Cymbeline," " Much Ado about Nothing,""Maeterlinck, the Belgian Shakespeare," "Caliban inShakespeare and Browning," by Oscar L. Triggs, ChicagoRecord, December 1900 and January 1901." Baptism the Door to the Lord's Supper " (three articles),by Franklin Johnson, Religious Herald, July 12, 19, 26, 1900."The Atonement," by Franklin Johnson, HomileticReview, September 1900."A Century of the Study of Meteorites," by O. C. Far-rington, Poptdar Science Monthly, February 1901. " The Worship and Folk-lore of Meteorites," by O. C.Farrington, Journal of American Folk-lore, July-September1900." Nature of the Metallic Veins in the Farrington Meteorite," by O. C. Farrington, American Journal of Science,January 1901."The Structure of Meteorites," by O. C. Farrington,Journal of Geology, Vol. IX, No. 1."Jesus and John : A Suggestion for Reformers," by ShailerMathews, Biblical World, January."Variable Star Observations with the 12-inch and 40-inchRefractors," by George E. Hale, Yerkes Observatory BulletinNo. 13."Observations of the Total Solar Eclipse of May 28,1900, at Wadesboro, N. C," by George E. Hale, YerkesObservatory Bulletin No. 14."James Edward Keelef," by George E. Hale, Science,Vol. XII, No. 297."Photographs of the Cluster M 13 Herculis with the40-inch Visual Telescope," by George E. Hale, YerkesObservatory Bulletin No. 1 5." On Some Attempts to Detect the Corona in Full Sunlight with a Bolometer," by George E. Hale, AstrophysicalJournal, December 1900."Note on the Double Star /3 107," by George E. Hale,Popular Astronomy, December 1 900."The Proper Motion of £ 182," by George E. Hale,Popular Astronomy, December 1900." Note on the Companion of 0 Cassiopeiae," by GeorgeE. Hale, Popular Astronomy, December 1900."Some Abnormal Stars in the Cluster M 13 Herculis,"by E. E. Barnard, Astrophysical Journal, October 1900."Discovery and Period of a Small Variable Star in theCluster M 13 Herculis," by George E. Hale, AstrophysicalJournal, October 1900." Spectroscopic Results Obtained at the Total Eclipse ofMay 28, 1900," by E. B. Frost, Astrophysical Journal,December 1900." Celestial Photography with the 40-inch Visual Telescopeof the Yerkes Observatory," by G. W. Ritchey, Astro-physical Journal, December 1900." The Structure of Hosea 1 : 2-3 : 5," by William R. Harper, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, October." Constructive Studies in the Priestly Element in the OldTestament," by William R. Harper, a series of articles begunin the January 1901 number of the Biblical World.Recent reviews by members of the Facultiesinclude :Goebel's "Organography of Plants," by Charles J.Chamberlain m. Journal of Applied Microscopy, December.418 UNIVERSITY RECORDWobersin's " Die Echtheit der Bil'eamspriiche, Num. 22-24," by I. M. Price, American Journal Theology, January.Happel's "Der Psalm Nahum (Nahum I)," by I. M.Price, American Journal Theology, January.Budde's "Der Kanon des Alten Testaments," by I. M.Price, American Journal Theology, January.Mitchell's "Amos: An Essay in Exegesis," by I. M.Price, American Journal Theology, January.Steuernagel's "Allgemeine Einleitung in den Hexa-teuch," by I. M. Price, American Journal Theology, January.Perowne's "The Proverbs," by I. M. Price, BiblicalWorld, January.Cheyne's " Christian Use of the Psalms," by I. M. Price,Biblical World, February.Willoughby's "Social Justice" by I. W. Howerth, OpenCourt, February.Trivers' "La Teoria dei Besogni," by I. W. Howerth,Monist, January.Jaudelle's "Dell'Unita delle Scienze Pratiche," by I. W.Howerth, Monist, January.Rosa's " La Reduzione Progressiva della Variabilita," byI. W. Howerth, Monist, January.Baratono's "I Facti Psichici Elementari," by I. WHowerth, Monist, January. 'Thielmann's "Bericht liber d. gesammelte handschrift-liche Material zu einer kritischen Ausgabe d. latein. Ueber-setzungen biblischer Biicher d. alten Testaments," by F. F.Abbott, American Journal Theology, January.Bennett's "The Monitor and the Navy under Steam,"by Francis W. Shepardson, The Dial, February.Bittenger : " The Germans in Colonial Times," by FrancisW. Shepardson, The Dial, February.Brady: " Recollections of a Missionary in the Great West,"by Francis W. Shepardson, American Journal Theology,January.Kuyper's " The Work of the Holy Spirit," by FranklinJohnson, The Standard, July 1 900.Colgrove's " Memory," by Franklin Johnson, The Standard,October 1900.Percival's "Agricultural Botany," by John M. Coulter,Botanical Gazette, January.Bailey's " Botany," by John M. Coulter, Botanical Gazette,February.Richter's "Inorganic Chemistry," by Alexander Smith,School Review, February.Newell's " Experimental Chemistry," by Alexander Smith,School Review, February." Poems of Philip Henry Savage," by Oscar L. Triggs,Unity, January 24.Moody's "Masque of Judgment," by Oscar L. Triggs,Unity, January 24. Peabody's " Fortune and Men's Eyes," by Oscar L. Triggs,Unity, January 24.Bradshaw's "On Southern Poetry," by Oscar L. Triggs,School Review, February.Wolf's " Exposition of the Gospels of the Church Year onthe Basis of Nebe," by Galusha Anderson, Americajt JournalTheology, January.Huntington's "Personal Religious Life in the Ministryand in Ministering Women," by Galusha Anderson, American Journal Theology, January.Pattison's "Public Worship," by Galusha Anderson,American Journal Theology, January.Smeaton's "Thomas Guthrie," by Galusha Anderson,American Journal Theology, January. %Hort's "Village Sermons in Outline," by Galusha Anderson, Ainerican Journal Theology, January."An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra," Sir Williamand Lady Huggins, by G. E. Hale, Astrophysical Journal,November 1900." Publicationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriumszu Potsdam Photographische Himmelskarte, Band I, by E.B. Frost, Astrophysical Journal, November 1900." Strahlung und Temperatur der Sonne," J. Scheiner, byE. B. Frost, ibid."An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra," Sir Williamand Lady Huggins, by E. B. Frost, Science, Vol. XIII, No.319, 1901.DeRoo's " History of America before Columbus," by E. E.Sparks, The Dial, January 190 1.In recent numbers of the American Journal ofTheology, Franklin Johnson has reviewed the following books :Savage: "Life beyond Death;" MacColl: "The Reformation Settlement ;" Elze : " Luther's Reise nach Rom ;"Koch : " Der Ordo Salutis in der alt-lutherishen Dogmatic ;"Jacobs and Haas : "The Lutheran Cyclopedia;" Harnack :" History of Dogma, Vols. V, VI, VII ;" Struck : " GustavAdolf und der schwedisch Satisf aktion ;" 'Stevens : " Supplementary History of American Methodism;" Mayer:"Anerben und Theilungssystem dargeleget im den zweipfalzischen Gemeinden Gerhardsbrunn und Martinshohe ;"Macdonald : " Latin Hymns in the Wesleyan Hymn Book ;"Eager : " Romanism in its Home ;" Watterich : " Die Ge-genwart des Herrn imheiligen Abendmahl;" Cremer, "Taufe,Wiedergeburt und Kindertaufe in Kraft des heiligenGeistes ;" Nathusius : " Der Ausbau der praktischen Theo-logie zur systematischen -Wissenschaft ;" Kropatscheck :"Occam und Luther;" Schleiermacher : "Uber die Religion."THE ALUMNI.NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS.Charles B. VanWie, 'oo, is a student in theGraduate. School of Harvard University.Dorcas F. Merriman, 'oo, is a student in theWoman's Medical College of Northwestern University.C. K. Chase, F. A. Gallup, and E. WhitneyMartin, who were formerly graduate students inthe Latin department are members this year ofthe American School of Classical Studies in Rome.Charles Lederer, '98, is studying law with thefirm of Loeb and Adler and expects to take theIllinois Bar examination sometime during theyear. Mr. Lederer was one of the strong debatersduring his undergraduate days.The reunion of the Nebraska Association ofalumni and students of the University was heldFebruary 22 at 6:00 p.m., at the Lindell Hotel,Lincoln, Neb. Professor W. G. L. Taylor, of theUniversity of Nebraska, is president of the association and a membership of about eighty personsis enrolled. Professor Albion W. Small wasexpected to be present to represent the University.a protest.There have appeared in the public press fromtime to time articles misrepresenting the University of Chicago and individuals connected therewith, including both professors and students ;and some of these reports have placed the DivinitySchool in particular in a false light before thepublic. Whereas these reports, either withoutfoundation or a perversion of the facts, have madea wrong impression on the minds of many personswho are not in a position to learn the facts ; andwhereas these false reports have tended to affectthe influence, impair the interests, and lower thestanding of the Divinity School, and have sometime even maligned some of its individual members ; and whereas it has been deemed unwiselonger to allow such misrepresentation to passwithout protest ;Therefore, we the Council of the DivinitySchool of The University of Chicago, do herebyprotest against such abuse of the freedom of the Y RECORD 419public press, and futhermore condemn the unwarranted inventions of certain reporters who donot scruple to distort the facts and misrepresenttheir fellow students. Fred Merrifield,Pres. Divinity Council.Claire L. Waite,Secretary.1fn jflRemorfam*Clarence Sydney Spauldino.Mr. Clarence Sydney Spaulding, who took thedegree of B.D. at the last June Convocation, 1900,died of typhoid fever, at Pittsburg, Pa., onJanuary 23. Mr. Spaulding was born and rearedin the city of Rock Island, 111., and at the timeof his death was twenty four years of age. Hegraduated from the city high school in 1895, andtwo years later received the degree of A. B. fromAugustana College (of the same city), completingthe four year's course in two years. In theautumn of 1897, he entered the Divinity Schoolof The University of Chicago, from which, afterthe three years of graduate work, he obtained thedegree of D.B. Soon after his graduation he wasordained to the ministry and accepted a call fromone of the mission churches of Pittsburg. Here,in the brief space of six months, he not onlyendeared himself to all of his parishioners, butgave promise of a life of great usefulness in hischosen calling. In his death the University losesa son who not only gratefully received the bestthat she had to give, but who in turn exerted theinfluence of his noble personality for her good.William Henry Alsip.William Henry Alsip, A.B., 1880, died at hisresidence in Chicago, January 13, 1901. He wasborn in Wisconsin, January 23, 1858 and aftergraduating from the University attended theUnion College of Law. He never entered thelegal profession, but became immediately associated with his father in the brick-making business.He had been president of the Builders' andTraders' Exchange and an officer of the National Brick- Makers' Association. At the time of420 UNIVERSITY RECORDhis death he was a director of the Illinois BrickCompany, in whose organization and management he had a prominent part. During all theyears of his life he was deeply interested in allmovements in the direction of civic progress.His widow and two children survive him.OFFICIAL NOTICES.Notice" is hereby given that the twenty-thirdmeeting of the University Congregation of TheUniversity of Chicago postponed from Wednesday,January 2, 1901, will be held Friday, March 1,1 90 1, at 4:00 p.m., in the Congregation Hall,Haskell Oriental Museum. The members of theCongregation will assemble in Haskell OrientalMuseum, second floor, at 3 : 45 p.m., for the procession to the Congregation Hall.The Congregation will consider :I. The report of a committee appointed at the twenty-second7neeting to make definite recommendations in regard to thequestion of offering prizes for the encouragement of scholarship. Committee : Messrs. Shepardson, Coulter, andF. J. Miller.2. The report from the Faculties respecting the Single Degree,requested by the Congregation at its twenty-first meeting.3. The following proposition selected for discussion :That it would be to the best interests of the Universityto substitute for the present system of separate Boards andFaculties one Faculty with special committees. Committee :Messrs. Abbott and Hendrickson.4. Such other business as may properly come before themeeting.Members of the Congregation are invited tosend to the Recorder at once questions for consideration at future meetings.Attention is called to the regulation prescribingthat at all meetings of the Congregation the fullscholastic dress be worn.George S. Goodspeed,University Recorder.CURRENT EVENTS.Mr. Frederic Harrison, of London, will makean address at the University on Tuesday, February 26.m At a special meeting of the Botanical Club heldThursday, February 7, Dr. Hermann von Schrenk,of the Shaw School of Botany (St. Louis), gavesome of the results of his investigations upon thecauses of decay in timber.The celebration of Washington's birthday atthe University was in charge of the recentlyorganized Civics Club, Mr. Romanzo ColfaxAdams presiding. The programme, rendered inKent Theater at 10: 30 a.m., was as follows :Music — Kellar's American Hymn, by The University ofChicago Military Band.Prayer — By Professor C. R. Henderson.Reading of Selected Passages from Washington's Farewell Address, by Mr. Frederick M. Blanchard.Music — "The Star Spangled Banner," by the UniversityChoir.Address — "George Washington as a Nation-Maker," byAssistant Professor Francis W. Shepardson.'Music — "The American Patrol," by the Band.Address — " George Washington as an Administrator," byDean Harry Pratt Judson.Music — " America."PROGRAMMEOF THE WINTER FINALS AND THE THIRTY-SEVENTH CONVOCATION,SPRING, 1901.March 13, Wednesday.10 : 30 a.m. The Junior College Finals in Public Speaking for theFerdinand Peck prize. Declamations. Judges, themembers of the Junior College Faculty.Kent TheaterMarch 15, Friday.8: 00 p.m. Graduate-Divinity Finals in Public Speaking forthe Joseph Letter prize. Kent TheaterMarch 17, Sunday.— Convocation Sunday.3 : 30 p.m. The Convocation Prayer Service. Members of theFaculties and Candidates for Degrees are invited toattend.Haskell Oriental Museum— Congregation Hall4:00P.M. The Convocation Vesper Service. The ConvocationSermon. Kent TheaterMarch 18, Monday.8 : 00-11 : 00 p.m. The Convocation Reception.Haskell Oriental MuseumMarch 19, Tuesday. — Convocation Day.3 : 00 p.m. The Thirty -seventh University Convocation.The Procession.The Convocation Address. Mr. Wu Ting-Fang,Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiaryof China.The Conferring of Degrees.The President's Quarterly Statement.Studebaker Hall.— 203 Michigan avenue.7: 00 p.m. The Congregation Dinner. The Quadrangle ClubUNIVERSITY RECORD 421March 20, Wednesday.4:00 P.M. The Twenty-fourth Meeting of the University Congregation.Congregation Hall — Haskell Oriental MuseumApiil 1, Monday.8 : 30 a.m. Lectures and Recitations of the Spring Quarter begin.8: 30 A.M.-i2:oo u. Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students.12 : 00 m. Division Meetings of the Students of the Junior andSenior Colleges. Attendance required.Cobb Lecture Hall2 :oo p.m. Meeting of the Councilors of the Junior Colleges withthe President of the University.2 : 30 p.m. Meeting of the Councilors of the Senior Colleges withthe President of the University.The President's OfficeApril 7, Sunday. Congregation Sunday.4 : 00 p.m. The Congregation Vesper Service. The CongregationSermon : Reverend Charles A. Eaton, Toronto.Kent Theater7 : 30 p.m. Union Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A.Association HallTHE CALENDAR.FEBRUARY 22— MARCH 2, 1901.Friday, February 22.Washington's Birthday. — A Holiday.Saturday, February 23.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies, HaskellOriental Museum :The Board of Libraries, Laboratories, andMuseums, 8: 30 a.m.The Faculties of the Graduate Schools, 10: 00a.m.The University Council, 1 1 : 30 a.m.Sunday, February 24.Vesper Service is held in Kent Theater at4:00 P.M.The address is given by Bishop Charles E. Cheney.Monday, February 25.Chapel- Assembly : The Junior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required ofJunior College students).Professor Coulter speaks on " Rafinesque."Tuesday, February 26.Chapel- Assembly : The Senior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m. (Attendancerequired.) Assistant Professor Howland gives an illustrated lecture on "Spain " in Haskell AssemblyRoom at 4:00 p.m.Botanical Club meets in Room 23, BotanicalLaboratory, at 5:00 p.m.Mr. T. C. Frye will review Brown and Escombe'spaper, " Diffusion of gases and liquids in relation tothe assimilation of carbon and translocation inplants."Sociology Club meets in Haskell AssemblyRoom at 8:00 p.m.Mr. C. E. Felton, Ex-Superintendent of House ofCorrection and Member of Board of Pardons, willaddress the Club on the subject, "The Criminal."Wednesday, February 27.Division Meetings are held at 10:30 a.m.Mathematical Club meets in Room 35, RyersonPhysical Laboratory, at 4:00 p.m.Professor Bolza reads, " On the Discoveries of Weier-strass in the Calculus of Variations."Note: "On Graphical Statics: Geometrical Theorems,"by Mr. B. O. Hutchinson.Thursday, February 28.Chapel- Assembly: The Graduate Schools. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.German Conversational Club meets in Germanic Library at 4: 45 p.m.Semitic Club meets at President Harper's houseat 7:30 p.m.Miss Corwin reads on "The History of the Interpretation of the Book of Jonah." Discussion will beopened by Miss G. L. Chamberlin.Friday, March 1.Chapel-Assembly: The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.University Congregation meets in Congregation Hall, Haskell Museum, at 4:00 p.m.Saturday, March 2.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies, HaskellOriental Museum :The Board of Physical Culture and Athletics, 8:30 A.M.The Board of University Affiliations,10: 00 A.M.The University Senate, 1 1 : 30 a.m.Assistant Professor Tolman lectures on thesubject, "Popular Ballads of England andScotland," '• in the Lecture Hall of UniversityCollege, Fine Arts Building, at 12:30 p.m.AS BREVITY IS THE SOUL OF WIT, SIMPLICITY IS THE SOUL OF INVENTIONSTANDING PEERLESS AS SUCHTHE BULLAKDFolding Magazine CamerasCOMMAND THE ADMIRATION OF ALL WHO SEE THEMperfect in action m FAULTLESS IN FINISHNONE BUT HIGH GRADE LENSEScapable of the finest results in picture-making are fitted to these cameras, whilethe Shutters and all other parts are correspondingly first-class and up-to-dateCAMERAS FROM $10.00 TO $40.00. YOU CAN SEE THEM AT THE BOOK SHOP. SEND FOR CATALOGUETHE BULLARD CAMERA CO.SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U. S. A.Our l&nlarged and Superb Line for 1901 will be Incomparable