VOLUME V NUMBER 13University RecordFRIDAY, JUNE 29, 1900THE TRUE SCHOLAR'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE PAST.*BY PRESIDENT JAMES G. K. McCLURE, D.D.,LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY.Ralph Waldo Emerson once, speaking before adistinguished body of educated men at HarvardCollege, defined the scholar as " Man Thinking."The definition is suggestive. The root idea ofthe word "scholar" being "leisure," it is essential that a scholar have such "leisure" from engrossing outward activities as shall leave him freefor continuous processes of thought. The scholaris thus differentiated from all such persons as areobliged by the nature of their life labor to givetheir whole attention to the struggle for 'existenceand to its attendant duties.As "Man Thinking" the scholar is one whoseintellectual processes are in the present : notone who in times past has thought, nor onewho perhaps in times future will think, but he isa man who today and now has an active mindthat ponders acquired material. So soon asanalyzed the definition of the scholar as "ManThinking" is seen to be significant and far reaching.I trust, however, that it will not seem presumptuous if I say that with me another definitionthan Emerson's has weight. It is this : The* The Convocation Address, delivered on the occasion ofthe Thirty-third Convocation of the University, held in theGraduate Quadrangle, June 19, 1900. scholar is "Man Learning." The Man Thinking— present and worthy process as thinking is —may be simply the man chewing the cud of pastaccumulation. It is possible for one's mind tobe active, while its activity deals only with material already secured The scholar is indeed theman thinking, and he is more : he is also theman acquiring. He is the far-roaming bee unceasingly gathering from materials that are without itself as well as the home-staying spiderspinning from materials that are within itself.He is the enquirer who, devotedly following thetruth whithersoever it leads and whatsoever itteaches, incorporates that truth into his own intellectual being : the outer vision becoming theinner possession.The scholar as the ever-learning one is only atrue scholar when, answering to the end of hisparticular mission as a scholar, he enriches hiswhole manhood with every possible, noble development and does all within his power for thewelfare of society. His leisure, his brain force,his opportunities for acquirement are signs of aholy ordination whereby he is designated forspecial fullness of character and special service tohumanity.Such have been the true scholars of the past,and a most glorious body they have been. Everyfield of intellectual investigation has its ownworthies : men and women who have looked into121122 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe skies or have studied the human mind, whohave been astronomers, philosophers, scientists,jurists, artists, poets, philanthropists, the mentionof whose names stirs the heart with affection andthrills it with pride. The more extended becomesour acquaintance with human history, the largerbecomes the number of these remarkable scholarswho appeal to our admiration. They rise upfrom times distant and from times near: theyappear in Greece, in Egypt, and just as certainlyin Persia and Babylonia, India and China. Theyare an ever increasing host : these men who setthemselves to learn everything that in their dayand place could be learned, and carried openminds toward all sunlight, who pondered longand earnestly every fresh fact that was revealedto, them, and who lived and died in the hungerof the truth. Besides those whose names havecome down to our age, there were the countlessones who wondered and dreamed, who askedthemselves the meaning of bird, flower, sun, whoqueried what the secrets of existence are — countless ones who, like the unnamed heroes lyingburied in Arlington, contributed their part tofight the battles of free thought and advance theinterests of the world's good.Every scholar is, by the very nature ' of hisvocation, in affiliated connection with this bodyof learners. He is their heir: he is their comrade. He "shares in a life infinitely larger andgreater than his own." He is tramping forwardwith those who have been valiant, industrious,humble, and noble minded : a joy to themselves,a help to the world. The true scholar realizes allthis : and, believing that he is not alone, but thathe is one with a great cloud of witnesses, andbelieving, too, that his work, however small, willhasten the final outcome toward which this greatintellectual fellowship has striven — "becomes inspired by the purest and noblest aims that haveever animated the spirit of humanity."It is impossible to be a true scholar and stillbe without admiration for the past. "The truthis," wrote Macaulay in his diary when he was in the full maturity of his intellectual vigor, "Iadmire no historians much except Herodotus,Thucydides and Tacitus." The painstaking,industry, diligence, that characterized the beginning men of any sphere of scholarship weresuperb. Oftentimes their method and their statements are beyond criticism. We feel like sending out a burst of applause, as upon the conclusion of some great orchestral piece to whicha hundred instruments have contributed, when wetrace any phase of intellectual advance from itsinitiation to its present development. The untaught mind seeing the handsomest produciblespecimen of the bookbinder's art may be pleased ;but the scholar whose thought runs back throughthe years, recalling in almost instantaneousprocess, the struggles, the failures, the successesof bookmakers since Gutenberg first droppeda stained letter on the fleece skin and saw thepurple "G" that revealed the possibility of type,is more than pleased, he is filled with admiration.The scholar enters some architectural structure,and to his eyes the lintel is a contribution fromEgypt, the pediment a contribution from Greece,the arch a contribution from Rome. He thinksof Asia Minor when he sees the dome, of southern Europe when he sees the vault, of northernEurope when he sees the tower. How strange,even marvelous the story that tells itself to himas his gaze falls on the columns, and with lightning rapidity he beholds the process whereby thereeds of river valleys grow beneath artists' imagination into pillars, with capitals plain or luxuriantaccording as Doria, Ionia or Corinth, the lotus ofthe Nile, the fleur-de-lis of France, or the rose ofEngland had influence in determining them.The true scholar regards the past with gratitude.The truisms of today are known to him to havebeen once the novel and the startling : wise menuttered them, and because they have been read andrepeated since, they are truisms. He feels thatthe past is the fulcrum on which the worker of thepresent rests his lever. The present is not insular. It does not and cannot exist apart fromUNIVERSITY RECORD 123the mainland, nor is any portion of it absolutelyindependent of any other portion. "lama partof all that I have met," the poet says. "I amthe child of every period, my knowledge is almost wholly an inheritance," the scholar says.Henry Turney Bailey writes of the painter :" Turner and Claude shall teach him to look atthe sky and the sea. D'Aubigny shall show himthe river, and Corot help him to see a tree : RosaBonheur and Landseer shall teach him aboutanimals, and Murillo and Sir Joshua aboutchildren. Velasquez and Franz Hals shall revealmen to him. Michael Angelo shall teach himstrength, and Raphael grace, and Botticelli tenderness. Rembrandt shall show him the mysteryof light and shade, and Titian the glory ofcolor."With most of the valued commonplaces of today there is associated in the scholar's mind thethought of great sacrifices. Socrates drank hemlock that youth might be educated. Palissythrew all his treasures into the fire that the worldmight have his ware. Gustavus Adolphus slainat Liitzen declared : " I seal With my blood theliberty and religion of the German nation." Galileo's announcement of his discoveries cost himimprisonment. Darwin's writings brought uponhim the bitter words of antagonism. Every Columbus that has opened a new world to investigation and enjoyment first begged his way, thenendured privations and perhaps at last failed tohave his name attached to his revelation. Thematerial, that the past has provided for the presentand the cost at which the past has provided thatmaterial, alike summon the scholar to gratitude.One thing the true scholar will never forget,that his own time and place are unique. Therenever was such light on land or sea as today.The men who preceded him did not have all hisinformation nor all of his tools. The onwardmovement of the ages has brought to him helpsthat others could not have. While the boat ofothers was launched at the head waters of a streamand passed down the stream a little way, his boat was launched where the far-advancing stream hadwidened to a river and mountain snows had beenreplaced by abundant vegetation, and he, carriedforward on a full-volumed stream, began hisobservation much nearer the ocean of truth thanthey ever were permitted to attain. Nor must thescholar ever forget that while times are different,he too is different. No scholar ever precededhim who had his particular view-point — influences have borne in upon him as upon no otherliving soul in all past ages. The constituent elements of his personal being are absolutely individual. It is not expected that he will thinkexactly as any other of the past, nor that he willsee matters of any kind in the same relation andin the same proportion as others. He cannot sayof any position in which he finds some philosopher, instructor, financier of the past : " Had Ibeen in his place my action would have been different from his," for it is well-nigh impossible toforget all the truth that the new era has broughthim, and put himself in that other's place anddetermine what he would have done.So it is that the thought comes forward, thetrue scholar will always interpret the past in itshistoric setting. If, for instance, it is such a subject as the conflict between religion and science,or rather between ecclesiasticism and science, hewill look for the reasons which impelled evenwell-intentioned men to oppose Galileo, will makea study of the danger to all social order and thewelfare of humanity that seemed to be involvedin Galileo's teachings, will see how Galileo'stheories appeared to be in direct opposition tothe declaration of Scripture as then understood,and while never minimizing the mistake made bychurch authorities in their denunciation of pali-leo, he will realize that such denunciation wasinevitable, was part of the nature of the situation.Or if the subject is that of some great credalstatement like that on which a thoughtful bodyof divines spent five years in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster Abbey, and if 250 years havepassed since the result of their labors was given124 UNIVERSITY RECORDto the world — 250 years that have been filled withgreat mental activities and marked by greatchanges in the conditions of human society, thetrue scholar will consider why it was that thatAssembly was called, what condition of things itwas asked to meet, what spirit was breathing inthe intellectual air of the day and what ends thestatements drawn up were designed to answer.As the scholar learns that the rights of individualjudgment were in peril, learns too that endangeredmen needed the comfort of believing that aneternal purpose of good ran through the ages andembraced everyone's welfare, even the weakest,learns that the Assembly felt that its workshould be the building of a fortress, a fortresswithin whose walls treasures should be fullyguarded, and on whose walls every kind of weaponshould have place that would threaten the foeand, if need be, would drive him away, the mission of the Confession is understood, and thereason why many of its features appear as theydo is also understood. We do not ask or evenwish that statements that were the best statementsthe wisest men of the past could devise, shouldbe held up for admiration today, but we do askthat these statements may be seen in their setting.There is no wisdom in contemptuous phrase concerning Puritans ; the Puritans made their owncontribution to history, and whether critics favorthat contribution or dislike it, still it was inevitablethat such men as they would arise. Any similarcondition of society as that of England in the sixteenth century will bring about some movementthat bears the same general marks of resistanceand reform.The true scholar will always be a man of tolerant spirit. Tolerance does not mean either lackof conviction or lack of assertion of conviction :it means emphasis on the affirmative, on beliefrather than on denial, on agreement rather thanon disagreement. Toleration is not hating evilless, but loving good more. The most tolerantmen of history have been the men who throughscholarly investigation have become the surest in their personal beliefs. But while they have hadsuch beliefs they have also had this belief, thattruth is sure to triumph in the end and that truthnever needs persecution to substantiate or protect it. They have known that absolute errorspeedily falls to the earth and dies ; that it is theadmixture of truth with error that gives error itsstanding ; that time is always separating errorfrom the truth and that truth alone abides. Thetrue scholar need not rail ; he can afford to bepatient both in spirit and in manner, and wait histime. He is aware that error is baneful andshould be renounced and destroyed; but he isalso aware that the method for dealing with intellectual problems is the intellectual method. Hegives a fair field and asks no favors. If analysis,historical facts or accepted authorities cannot provehis assertion, defamation certainly will not proveit. The instruments of an Inquisition will neverbring an error to its death. The only weaponwherewith to overpower an untruth is a truth ;and one pebble of truth rightly handled isenough to bring low any Goliath of error. Nomatter how long the error goes unchallenged, theday is sure to come when error will be confrontedby a worthy antagonist and the vaunting lips oferror will become speechless.So the scholar believes. Consequently hestudies such a man as Knox in the environmentof Knox's day, and, while he cannot sympathizewith him in every particular and thinks perhapshis manners were uncouth, he still honors Knox,appreciates the work he did and wishes the worldof the past had possessed more men of his leoninepurpose. He goes into Geneva and watches theremarkable changes in civil government, in moralconduct, in intellectual life, in literary productiveness, in pious zeal worked out there underthe inspiring mind of John Calvin, and when hesees John Calvin taking his part in the burningof a Servetus, the scholar at the same time figuresat its true worth what John Calvin did for libertyand literature and scholarship, while he regretsJohn Calvin's severity.UNIVERSITY RECORD 125Tolerance is the deep volumed stream thatmoves quietly, making no angry dashes but advancing with calm assurance. It has such a senseof power as frees it from the need of vociferouslyasserting its power. No man can put his eyesintelligently upon any period of the past withoutnoting that error has always had a distinctiveministry to subserve in the advance of truth ; ithas done a servant's part, not a master's part ; ithas been the whetstone on which truth has beensharpened. Error calls attention to facts thathave been lost to sight, to ideas that either inproportion or emphasis have been wrongly presented. Whenever any error, political, social,moral or religious comes to the front, the reasonis because some feature of truth has not beenproperly understood and applied by those whostand for truth. It is one of the clearest andmost significant teachings of r,he past that in anygreat movement like the Reformation, Luther,Melanchthon, Zwingli and Erasmus antagonisticas they were in some respects to one another, hadeach his own work to do. There is more thanone tool required to erect a house, and the clearerone tool sees how necessary it is to tear down aswell as build up, and build up as well as teardown, the surer each tool is to look on everyother tool with forbearance. The deductivemethod has advanced knowledge, and so has theinductive method. Agnosticism has taught science and religion alike needed and profitablelessons.But of all qualities that most distinguish thetrue scholar humility is the fittest. What the pasthas given him is infinitely larger than any contribution he can make to the future. For himevery poet of the past has sung, every explorersearched, every thinker thought. They have laidtreasures upon treasures at his very feet and said :" All this is yours — a free gift to you."This is particularly true in science. Every newfact and every new application of a principle tomaterial things becomes a concrete addition tothe existing body of knowledge. The student who comes after Kepler, Newton, Herschel, hasall their facts at his hand : such facts immediatelybecome his starting ground for further advance.What these men required years to ascertain, heknows at the very beginning of his career. Theyhave left for him an enormous amount of materialwhich he has but to improve. They have broughthim to palaces with a thousand opening doorsinto which he may enter. "The modern inquirerhas immense advantages over the investigator ofbygone times." His spirit of mind may well bethankful, but the more thankful, the more humble. He receives from the past ten thousandfold more than he can give to the future.It is true that some spheres of learning do notprovide us with their treasures of material in sucha way that we can immediately use them : thepoet, the painter, the sculptor, cannot start wheretheir predecessors left off. Homer, Phidias,Praxiteles, did their work and much may belearned therefrom, but no one may make theiraccumulated skill the first round of the ladderfor his own ascent. And still every poet, painter,sculptor, knows that Homer, Phidias, Praxiteles,have contributed to his own artistic power. Thereis no sphere of scholarship seemingly so detachedfrom the past, that the past is not a direct contribution to its welfare. As Principal Caird hassaid, in explanation of the ease with which talentand cleverness write well, with a seeming flow ofideas and facility of language which at an earliertime would have been to the mass of clever bookmakers an altogether impossible achievement:" The stage properties of literary art have goneon accumulating for many years, and now areaccessible to all. Not only the machinery ofversification, but the knack of an ingenious andpleasing arrangement of melodious syllables, buta vast repertory of poetical effects, choice words,happy epithets, graceful images, metaphors, similes from every realm of nature have so accumulated that a competent literary artisan, endowedwith a retentive memory, a cultivated taste, and alight and facile touch, may easily throw off lyrics,126 UNIVERSITY RECORDsonnets, epics, dramas by the dozen — electroplateproductions so closely resembling the real metalthat many purchasers never know the difference."Then, too, his own lack of omniscience teachesthe scholar humility. His pet theories may bemeteor-like, today a blaze of glory and tomorrowlost in obscurity. He has seen thousands uponthousands of contributions to thought that havebeen like the leaves falling from the trees in theautumn time— brilliant in themselves and brilliant in their first effect as they lie upon theground — but gradually sinking into the earth, anindistinguishable mass, whose one great final purpose is to enrich the soil whence other vegetationshall spring to brighter life for a succeeding generation. The more one knows, the more hebecomes aware of the limitless field of knowledge.This earth that seems so large to the savagebecomes diminutive to the astronomer : and aman's knowledge lapses more and more intoinsignificance as compared to his ignorance. Thepast keeps telling the scholar that men declaredthat they knew, when they did not know — andmakes him realize that his greatest wisdom isindeed but little. It tells him, too, that nothingis so fatal to progressive scholarship as the habit ofinsisting upon matters as certain which, from thenature of things must always be open more or lessto doubt : and that nothing so brings scholarshipinto bad repute as the claim to final and completeauthority. Agassiz honored himself and honoredscholarship, when brilliant and aggressive as hewas, he humbly said : " I have devoted my wholelife to the study of nature, and yet a single sentence expresses all that I have done. I haveshown that there is a correspondence between thesuccession of fishes in geological times and thedifferent stages in their growth : that is all."In view of all these limitations of knowledgehow wonderful become the books that in thesepast times have had in them lasting ideas, whosewords we still read with approval, and whose principles we still believe are applicable to humanneeds ! There are such books. Gibbon wrote of Tacitus that " his was the discerning eye and histhe masterly pencil ; that Tacitus was the first of historians who applied the science of philosophy tofacts ; that Tacitus will instruct the last generations of mankind." It seems almost impossiblethat Aristotle could have written on the life ofanimals, and still Aristotle be quoted in approvalbefore classes of zoologists in the foremost educational institutions of the present day, so remarkable was his aptitude for observation and sological his method. Justinian's law principleshave lasted until now, and seem destined to lastforever. Plato's philosophy is still honored.Hippocrates is not forgotten in the medicalschools. Shakespeare may dress his characters inthe costumes of a day long past, but when hereads their hearts to us and tells us of the motivesthat animate the human breast, his words have anapplication universal to time and to the race.There have been writers in the past who seem tohave caught the very inspiration of omniscience;writers who belonged to their own age and toevery succeeding age. Happy the scholar whoknows those who thus wrote in his own range ofstudy, and happier still the scholar who knowsthose who thus wrote in all the diversified rangesof study. These, indeed, are the only ones who inthe scholar's world are rightly termed " The Immortals."Prominent among these writers stand those whohave given to the world what we call the Bible.No true scholar can leave that book unnoticed.It has had the most remarkable power of adjustingitself to every new discovery in science and ofadapting itself to every new need of society. Itinvites the closest scrutiny, and it offers itself tothe most critical examination. It is always old —written hundreds and hundreds of years agowhen knowledge was limited and many of thepresent problems of life were unborn. And stillit is always new — fitting into the wants of the individual with perfect fullness, expressing ideas thatincreasingly seem the final ideas concerning thesubjects treated, and always being sufficient toUNIVERSITY RECORD 127make the heart of man glad, his mind active, andhis life strong. Book of Books it is, and so, weshould judge, it will ever be.How wonderful, too, become the men who outof the past are our inspirers ! It cannot but be thatevery true scholar has masters in his own particular guild whose principles and practices appeal tohim with an irresistible stimulus. Men today sitat the feet of John Marshall and Blackstone ; theydrink in the patriotism of Washington and Lincoln ; they learn the phrases of Tennyson ; theystudy the tactics of Wellington ; they enter paradise with Milton ; they sing with Horace, andthey declaim with Demosthenes. Every landhas its own great master personage — a Confucius,a Zoroaster, a Buddha — its St. George or St.James, its Wallace or its William Tell. What realmen or supposed men have done to enkindle highpurposes and nerve to splendid endeavors, onlyhe who knows the past can tell ; a nation, state,or school that has not illustrious names in its pasthistory with which to conjure in the present ispoor. Every branch of study has its own masterminds that summon the new generation to devoted investigation and victorious advance. Linnaeus has led a host to the front, and so has Harvey. It is only the student who knows the pastthat can have the delight of being a hero-worshiper.But of all debts that the scholar studying thepast finds himself owing, none is comparable tothe debt which he owes that master mind whonineteen hundred years ago began to teach inGalilee. Somehow that mind gathered up intoitself the wisdom of all philosophies, showed thebeauty and force of all ethical teachings, arousedthe energies of the human intellect to advances inwhich it should never cease or even grow weary,and became the inspirer of education. What JesusChrist has done for the scholar of today is beyondcomputation. Men may believe in all his claimsor none of them, but no scholar can study theeffect that this teacher has had upon human lifewithout knowing that the rich treasures of wisdom that now are broadcast in the earth must be largelytraced to him. To the scholar he looms up as themost striking, most stimulating, most satisfyingleader that truth seekers have ever known.The forelook that the study of the past givesthe scholar is inspiring. There has been a steadyonward march of knowledge. No effort to findtruth has been in vain. Whenever a torchbearerhas fallen, a new disciple has sprung forward tocatch the torch and light has been carried fartherand farther into the darkness. Much of experiment has failed to find the immediate object ofits search : but if by sailing westward, East Indiahas not been reached at first, West India has beenreached and later on a new course to East Indiahas been discovered. All the seeming failures ofthought and investigation have been means tothe final advance. Present days are crowded withnew information. The last fifty years have seena new revolution in methods of work — and thescholar, almost intoxicated with the joy of his newknowledge, is in danger of forgetting that all thatnow is, is due to what has been.In the days when Arabi Pasha led an insurrection in Egypt, men and materials were massedagainst him for weeks and even months — andstill the insurrection was not subdued. At lastthe night came when the attack was made, andalmost in an hour the few men who made theattack conquered the enemy and ended the insurrection. Glory belonged to the men who won thedecisive battle: and glory belonged too to themen who made ready the means by which thedecisive battle was fought.We are today making great conquests in nature,in philosophy, in sociology, in all the spheres ofintellectual pursuit. But we are making them because other men prepared the conditions whichenable us to win them. We must not forget ourdangers. It will never do for us to think westand isolated from the past : we shall stumbleand fall the minute we carry on a process ofthought without reference to those who in otherdays have thought toward the same ends. Much128 UNIVERSITY RECORDhas been done, much is being done, but a long,long time after we have finished all that we cando, though we work with such speed as was neverknown and have at hand such apparatus as wasnever used before, there will still be limitless areasof unexplored ignorance. Then men lookingback to us and to our day will think of us as wethink of Franklin arid Fulton — wise for a pastday, but ignorant for a present day.We must never commit the fault of laughingat good men's mistakes. It is unworthy of thetrue scholar to make sport for the profane andgain a cheap notoriety by the undignified tricksof exposing the absurdity of some scientific ortheological system. There is in scholarship acertain amount of reverence that pertains even tothat which is grossly foolish. Often we do wellto revere the men who taught in other days evenif we do not accept their views. There is a vastdifference between rejecting the past and insultingit. Let us never cease to remember that even theinfancy period of the race, the period when imagination, not reason brought forward marvels nowunaccepted, is not to be despised : it taught mankind to wonder — and unless we wonder now,and before the unexplained marvels of our daypreserve the spirit of awe, our eyes shall growblind, our intellects narrow and our souls bestarved.Nor must we ever hesitate to express our thoughtas we think it. Every age must have its ownstatement of truth. Even eternal and unchangeable principles are intelligible only as expressedin the language of the day. Each time they areused for a new purpose they must be put in a newstatement. Time adds proof to the value of someprinciples until like cables that each year have hada fresh strand woven into them, those principlesmay be presented upon new occasions as havingstronger binding force. The teachings of everyscience are to be given forth as we believe them— and as we wish others to believe them. Weare justified in being urgent in the impartation ofour ideas. The things we believe and the things we think it will be helpful to others to believe, wemust earnestly contribute to the world for its good.But never without a study of times and seasons,without a distinct attempt to foresee whethertomorrow we shall believe what we teach today,and whether our method is the wisest to securethe ends we have in view. Even to print one'sopinions allows of a change of opinions, but tostereotype them destroys freedom and bringsdevelopment to an end. The laws of the Medesand Persians never changed : accordingly theMedes and Persians perished. Lycurgus whenhe bound the nation never to have any otherprecepts than his own doomed the nation to destruction. "The thoughts of men are widenedwith the process of the suns," and no scholarcan always continue in the tracks of anotheror even in his own tracks.Whately has the story of a traveler who ridingthrough the deep and shady lanes of Devonshire,became entangled in the intricacies of their numberless windings, and not being able to obtain asufficiently wide view of the country to knowwhereabouts he was, trotted briskly on in the confident hope that he would soon find his bearings.He noticed that the country was perfectly uniform, but he was encouraged as he advanced byseeing that the prints of the horse's feet on thetrack increased more and more. He became surehe was on a well trodden highway leading to apopulous town, and so gave up anxiety about hisbearings. But at length the recurrence of thesame objects at the roadside opened his eyes tothe fact that he had been riding in a circle, andthat the increasing footmarks that had cheeredhim were those of his own horse. He had followedhis own footsteps, round and round, with no advance.The scholar is a freeman. When he accepts aplatform or pledges himself to a formula he doesso with no thought of forever following in hisown tracks. The most careful formulas expresstruth only for the occasion of their original need."As no air pump can by any means make aUNIVERSITY RECORD 129perfect vacuum, so neither can any artist entirelyexclude the conventional, the local, the perishablefrom his book or write a book of pure thoughtthat shall be as efficient in all respects to a remoteposterity as to a contemporaneous age." Themanna of yesterday was life-giving yesterday:that same manna may be life-destroying today.It is today's manna that is today's health.The true scholar has a mission in the present.He seeks to correct the wrongs of the past. Headapts principles to today's needs. He urges onthe good. He states truth in the proportions inwhich it can best bless the world now. He opensdoors of investigation a little wider. He interprets life through his eyes, his mind, his soul.He reveals what has been inspiration to him. Hecalls others to enjoy the benefits he has found.He believes that today is the best day of theworld's history, though the sun has been shiningbefore.He has a mission toward the future. Hecontributes what he can to the onward movement. He helps build. "Forward with thetruth" is his watchword. He means to make tomorrow better, fuller than today. Like WilliamTyndale who would not place his name upon theEnglish Testament he issued, „for it was not tohis praise but to man's good that the book wasprinted, the true scholar will rejoice to be unnamed if he can only do something that shallhelp mankind.Guided by such a spirit and inspired by such adesire the true scholar will neither be so absorbedin his admiration for the past as to be like "thehorse that obstinately stands still in the stable intime of fire and is burned, nor be so enrapturedby his enthusiasm for the future as to be like themoth that rushes into the flame and is likewiseburned." But knowing and honoring the pasthe will still remember that his eyes are set in hisforehead, and while planting his feet on the ancient way he will follow his eyes to the front andwill advance in the new way opened beforehim. Whither that way of scholarship is to lead, noprophet may fully declare. Imagination cannotforesee the discoveries of science that are still tocome — nor the productions of the human mindthat are still to enrich our earth. But the studyof the past reveals a Power outside ourselvesworking intelligently, persistently, successfullytoward all betterment. Of this fact we are increasingly sure. Accordingly we believe andthrough our belief we have blessed hope, thatevery true scholar who in reverence, humility anddevotion, opens his whole being to the light asGod gives him to see the light is to know more —and more — and still more of all the secrets ofmatter and of spirit, of time and of eternity. Itis this hope — of an ever enlarging good and ofan ever developing capacity to know the good —that makes the scholar's life and labor glorious :it is this hope that makes the true scholar in hisattitude toward the past to be Man Learning, andin his attitude toward the future to be — foreverand forever — Man Learning.THE THIRTY-SECOND QUARTERLY STATEMENT OF THEPRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY.Members of the University, Ladies andGentlemen :During the Spring Quarter the administrationof the University has been conducted (in theabsence of the President) by the Head Dean,Professor Harry Pratt Judson, to whom, on returning, I wish to extend my most hearty thanks forthe evidences of faithfulness in the discharge ofhis duties which are presented to me on everyhand.The members of the University, together withall who have been our guests today, will join withme in expressing to our friend and co-worker inthe field of higher education, President McClure,our sincere appreciation of the courteous servicewhich he has rendered us this afternoon, and130 UNIVERSITY RECORDfor the strong and helpful message of which hehas been the bearer.The attendance during the Spring Quarter wasas follows :Men Women TotalThe Graduate School of Arts andLiterature The Graduate School of Science 12097 8319 203116Total -The Colleges:The Senior Colleges -The Junior Colleges -The University CollegeThe Unclassified Students - 21711523736 11212317576 319238412112Total The Divinity School:The Graduate Divinity SchoolThe Unclassified Divinity -The Dano-Norwegian Seminary -The Swedish Seminary 388117182230 37457 762122252230Total Grand totals - 187792 12488 1991280The attendance for previous Spring Quartershas been as follows :1893 - 559 1897 - - 11321894 755 1898 10941895 - 1029 1899 - 12051896 1022 1900 1280The number of students registered in the various schools and colleges of the University duringthe academic year 1899-1900 has been 3183, anincrease of 224 students over last year (2959) andof 876 over the total attendance of 1897-8 (2307).The total attendance of the year 1896-7 was 2055,and that of 1895-6, the first academic year extending over four quarters, was 1587. These enumerations do not include the students at MorganPark or in the affiliated schools, or those engagedin university extension work.The Annual Register for the year 1 899-1 900,which has just been issued by the UniversityPress, gives a list of students aggregating innumber 3183. As we close this week the eighth year of university work, it will be interesting tonote our growth in numbers from year to year :1892-3 - - 744 1896-7 - - 20391893-4 942 1897-8 23071894-5 - - 1524 1898-9 - - 29591895-6 1864 1899-1900 - 3183REGISTRATION AND INSTRUCT/ON, SPRING, 1900.Departments Instructors CoursesPHILOSOPHICAL-SOCIOLOGICAL GROUP.IA. Philosophy ...IB. Pedagogy -II. Political EconomyIII. Political ScienceIV. History ... -V. Archaeology ...VI. Sociology -VII. Comparative Religion v- 62537i6I 936514I15i 16631§59331622244Totals for Group 3i 54 921LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE GROUP.Ancient Languages:VIII. Semitic Languages - 3 6 33IX. Biblical Greek - 2 6 161X. Sanskrit .... 1 3 10XI. Greek - - - 4 8 124XII. Latin - - - - 6 13 247Totals for Group - 16 36 575Modern Languages:XII. Romance - 6 11 239XIV. Germanics 7 13 194XV. English - 10 17 455XVI. Literature in English 1 2 19Totals for Group - 24 43 907Totals for Languages - 40 79 1482PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.{Physical)XVII. MathematicsXVIII. AstronomyXIX. Physics -XX. ChemistryXXI. Geology - 65735 336111310 1992310410982Totals for Group - 26 73 517UNIVERSITY RECORD 131PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES {continued).Departments Instructors Registrations Courses{Biological)XXII. Zoology -XXIII. Anatomy and HistologyXXIV. PhysiologyXXV. NeurologyXXVII. Botany - 5i2I8 II26314 82181172691Totals for Group -Totals for Sciences 1743 36109 334851GENERAL REQUIRED GROUPS.XXVIII. Public Speaking -XXIX. Physical CultureXXX. Military Science 261 10161 21645519THE DIVINITY GROUP.VI. Sociology ...XLI. Old Testament - 13 36 3033XLII. New Testament 2 6 161XLIII. Biblical Theology -XLIV. Systematic TheologyXLV. Church History -XL VI. Homiletics 1221 1342 4i6585.17XV. English - 1 1 20Totals for Group - 13 26 452SUMMARY.Philosophical-Sociological 3i 54 921Lammase i Ancient 1 6 36 575 ILanguage | Moderri 24 43 907 \ 40 79 1482Science (Physical 26 73 517 )science | Biologic! 17 36 334 > 43 109 851( 2 10 216 )Req'd Group j 6 16 455 v 9 27 690( I I 19)Divinity Group - 13 26 452Grand totals (deducting repetitions) 124 279 4152During the quarter just closed the Universityhas been honored with the presence of distinguished lecturers from abroad. In April M. deRegnier gave four lectures on Romance Literature. Four lectures on English Literature were delivered by Professor Charles H. Herford, of theUniversity College, Wales, the Percy Trumbulllecturer on poetry at the Johns Hopkins Uni versity for the present year. A third course oflectures was by Professor W. C. Brogger, of theUniversity of Christiania, whose researches in theChristiania region have made him one of the foremost petrologists of Europe. Among other guestsduring the quarter the University has receivedwith great pleasure a second visit from Sir HenryIrving, the eminent English actor.THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE(Formerly the College for Teachers.)The session of the College for Teachers for1 899-1900 closed regularly on March 24. Thefollowing gives the statistics of the work of theyear :REPORT OF THE COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS DURING THEAUTUMN AND WINTER OF 1899-I9OO.Total enrollment 300Number of men 69Number of women - - - - - - -231Total 300Students previously matriculated - - - - 188New matriculants 112Total - 300Students registered for Autumn work only - 67Students registered for Autumn and Winter - - 201Students registered for Winter work only - - 81By action of the Board of Trustees of theUniversity, the work hitherto done under theClass-study Department of the University Extension Division has been merged into the work ofthe College for Teachers. This absorption willconcentrate the work in the city conducted awayfrom the University quadrangles and raise it tounquestioned university rank. It will bring abouta closer contact of students and instructors andwill help to create that " esprit du corps " which isessential to full university life. The entire teaching of the College for Teachers will be done byinstructors who are regular members of the faculties at the quadrangles and actively engaged inteaching there. It is expected that no differencesas to quality of work, instructors, or disciplineaccomplished will exist between the work done at132 UNIVERSITY RECORDthis College in the city and at the quadrangles.The former is intended to be simply a plan forconducting regular university courses at suchtimes and at such a place as will accommodate alarge body of teachers of the city of Chicago.In order to emphasize this ideal and to preventmisconceptions of the work, the name of theCollege has been changed from the College forTeachers to University College of the University ofChicago.All the facilities of the University College areoffered to persons who are not teachers. TheCollege is in no sense a normal school, although,thus far, the larger number of its students havebeen active teachers. It is hoped that young.persons in business and students who live far fromthe University quadrangles may find here conveniences and facilities for continuing theireducation.The separate faculty under which the work hasbeen conducted for two years has been abandonedand all students placed regularly under the careof the faculties of the Junior Colleges, the SeniorColleges, and the Graduate Schools. By all thesemeans the students of University College will feelthat no distinctions whatever are drawn betweenthem and other University students.The Board of Trustees has granted a furtherreduction of fees for two years to active teachersof Chicago and vicinity. Hereafter the fees willbe $10.00 for a major and $5.00 for a minor,except that for the first course taken by a studentthe fee shall be $15.00 for a major and $10.00 fora minor. It is understood, however, that students who are not active teachers shall pay theregular University fees.The University has also established as collegehonors twenty-five University College scholarships. These scholarships will be assigned tovarious schools in the city according to plans tobe announced later. Inside the school they willbe bestowed as recognition of merit in scholarshipand teaching. They will cover the fees of a student in the College for a single year. DEATHS.At the last Convocation mention was made ofthe death of 'Mrs. Henrietta Snell and of Mr.Sidney A. Kent, donors of buildings of the University. Hardly had this meeting adjournedbefore the University was , again called upon tomourn the death of two of its noblest benefactors,Mr. Silas B. Cobb, the donor of Cobb Hall, andMrs. Caroline E. Haskell.It was the exceptional experience of Mr. Cobb tohave been the witness of every step in the development of a struggling village into a vast city of twomillions of people, and to have played an importantpart in this marvelous transformation. He washimself interested in many of the greatest business enterprises of the city and the West, andduring the long period of his activity was alwayscounted as a leader. It was his particular delightto show that even in his declining years he couldkeep pace with men of younger age, and his mindcontinued strong and alert long after he gave upthe most serious activities of business. It was in1 89 1 that Mr. Cobb became deeply interested inthe University. It was at this time, a most critical one in the history of the institution, his familyinformed us of his interest and we were invited tocall upon him. No man ever did a great act ofpublic beneficence more graciously. From thatyear he was one of our warmest friends andtreated us as though it were we who had donehim a service and not he who had aided us.Cobb Lecture Hall has occupied and will continue to occupy a most important place in thearchitectural arrangement and likewise in theactual life of the University. Strength, foresight,and perseverance, geniality and kindliness ofheart, these are the elements that make stronglives.Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, of Michigan City,Indiana, one of the University's most generousfriends, died April 2 1 at her home, at the ageof seventy-eight years. Mrs. Haskell's interest in the University began at the time of theWorld's Fair in connection with the ParliamentUNIVERSITY RECORD 133of Religions. Feeling the inspiration of thatgathering, she sought to make more intelligent,and to extend more widely, the interest excitedon all sides by the knowledge there gained of theother faiths of the world and their relation toChristianity. This desire took form in theestablishment of the Haskell Lectures on Comparative Religion by a gift of $20,000 to theUniversity. Not long after another gift of thesame amount was made by her for the purpose ofestablishing a lectureship on the relation ofChristianity to the other faiths of the world, thelectures in connection with which are delivered invarious parts of the world where such discussionswould be most helpful.Mrs. Haskell crowned these two generous andintelligent contributions to the cause of higherlearning by a munificent gift of $100,000 for thebuilding of a memorial to her husband at theUniversity. The building, in accordance withthis gift, is called the Haskell Oriental Museum.Scarcely a year passed that Mrs. Haskell did notshow her interest in the University by gifts, andthe spirit of cordial sympathy which she hasshown, and her profound conviction of the valueof higher education, have ennobled and beautifiedall her benefactions.On the morning of April 23 the Universitycommunity learned of the sudden death of Dr.de Poyen-Bellisle, of the Romance Department.Mr. de Poyen-Bellisle received his doctor's degreefrom the University in 1894, and held the position of assistant in romance philology during theyear 1894-5. In 1895 he was promoted to aninstructorship in the same department, and occupied that position at the time of his death. Hewas not merely a well-trained scholar in hischosen field, but also an enthusiastic expounderof French literature, and himself published avolume of French poems characterized bythoughtfulness and delicacy of expression. Aman of peculiarly reserved disposition, he did notmingle much with his fellows in the faculty ; butthose who knew him more intimately prized his friendship most highly. A commemorative service was held in the University chapel on Wednesday, May 2.THE SETTLEMENT BENEFIT.During the quarter the annual benefit for theUniversity of Chicago Settlement was given inStudebaker Hall, under more favorable auspicesthan heretofore. The attendance at the threeperformances was very large, and it is a pleasureto announce that the net receipts of the entertainment were $3500.The friends of the University Settlement andthe members of the University are deeply indebtedto Associate Professor Vincent and to the manyothers who assisted in making this benefit somarked a success. The work involved in anundertaking of this character is vastly greater andmore serious than those who are on the outsidecan easily estimate. It is important to note, however, that the results gained are not limited to theamount of money secured for an importantcharitable work, considerable as that amount hasbeen, nor to the measure of amusement furnished.An undertaking of this kind, creditably performed, makes contribution to the life and spiritof the University, in a multitude of ways, thatprove beneficial. To the women of the Settlement League, and to the many friends in the citywho cooperated so heartily in this effort, we areall sincerely grateful.INSTRUCTORS ON LEAVE OF ABSENCE.The following instructors were absent duringthe Spring Quarter, 1900, or did not offer coursesfor other reasons :Professors Bolza, Burton, W. R. Harper, Hendrickson,Hirsch, von Hoist, James, Manly, Northrup, Penrose,Salisbury - - - - - - - -IIProfessorial Lecturers Barrows, Holmes, Farrington,Van Hise -- 4Associate Professors Bulkley, Moncrief, Tufts, Zueblin 4Assistant Professors Breasted, Fellows, Sparks, Willett,Owen, Howland, von Klenze, Reynolds, Herrick,Lengfeld - 10Instructors Catterall, Crandall, Damon, Hancock,Howerth, Laing, Moody, Nefl, Triggs ... 9Assistants Allen, E. J. Goodspeed, L. W. Jones - - 3Docents Buckley, Fite, Hussey, Seidenadel, Wergeland 5Total - 46134 UNIVERSITY RECORDSpecial attention is to be given by the officersof University College during the coming year toplacing students in regular standing, so that theymay proceed, if they desire, to their degrees.The following principles are used for such classification :i. Graduates of the high schools cooperatingwith the University will be admitted to the University on presentation of vouchers coveringfifteen units of work, according to the schedulespublished in the circular of information.2. Advanced standing for work in colleges anduniversities and state normal schools may begranted by the faculties on presentation of certificates properly signed.3. Probationary advanced standing may begranted by the deans (on work for which studentshave no college statements) in courses for whicha satisfactory claim is established, with the understanding that if the work is successfully carriedcredit will be given for courses that are prerequisite. This principle will enable many teachers to make use of their studies privately done,and of their discipline obtained in teaching.The normal type of course to be offered atUniversity College has been fixed as one period aweek of two hours duration ; this will make majorcourses extend over two quarters, from Octoberfirst, and minor courses over one quarter. It isunderstood, however, that students who havesufficient strength and time may take morecourses at their pleasure.The courses will be given chiefly at the FineArts Building. But for the present courses willalso be conducted at the Newberry Library, RushMedical College, and Cobb Hall of the University.It is understood that these latter centers areregarded as experiments, in order to see if theyconstitute a genuine accommodation to many students. It is hoped, however, that the increase ofeducational facilities at the Fine Arts Buildingwill tend to draw all students there.The next session of the University College willbegin October first, 1900. THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.Gift Report for April to June, 1900, Quarter.During the April to June Quarter there havebeen added to the library of the University ofChicago, by gift, 1408 volumes, distributed asfollows :General Library, 131 5 vols.; Political Science,25 vols.; Political Economy, 5 vols.; English, 14vols.; Mathematics, 2 vols.; Geology, 19 vols.;Haskell, 6 vols.; Pedagogy, 6 vols.; ClassicalArchaeology, 1 vol.; Anthropology, 3 vols.;Physics, 2 vols.; Botany, 1 vol.; Church History,1 vol.; Homiletics, 1 vol.; Sociology, 2 vols.;Divinity, 1 vol.; Sociology (Divinity) 1 vol.;Semitic, 2 vols.; New Testament, 1 vol.SPECIAL GIFTS.U. S. Government, 124 vols., documents; Hon.J. R. Mann, 19 vols., documents; Bulletin dela Societe d' Anthropologic de Lyon, 28 vols.;Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle deLyon, 6 vols.; Mrs. Zella Allen Dixson 4 vols.,fiction ; A Friend, 3 vols., fiction ; Mr. F. W.Shepardson, 3 vols., American Statesmen Series ;Mr. C. Gilbert Wheeler, 3 vols., miscellaneous ;Mr. Julius Rosenthal, 20 vols., German literature ;Mr. George C. Walker, 21 vols., Bulletins of theChicago Academy of Sciences and Proceedings ofthe American Association of Civil Engineers ;Due de Loubat, 3 vols., II Manoscritto MessicanoVaticano 3738, Decades Americanae — Memoiresd'Archeologie et d'Ethnographie Americaines,E. T. Haney, and Codex Telleriano — RemensisManuscrit Mexicain ; Chicago Academy of Sciences, 4 vols., bulletins and reports ; Mr. SamuelA. Green, 30 vols., historical and miscellaneous ;Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth, 1 vol., Joannis HarduiniNimmi Antiqui Populorum et Urbium ; Mr. F. I.Carpenter, 13 vols., miscellaneous works ofCharles Blount, 1695; Lectures on History andGeneral Policy, by Joseph Priestly, 1791 ; England's Worthies, by William Winstanley, 1660 ;Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning,by William Wotton, 1624; Dictionary, SamuelUNIVERSITY RECORD 135Johnson, 1765; and Disraeli's Works in six volumes ; Mr. William C. Wilkinson, 2 vols.; miscellaneous.In March and April 1050 volumes were receivedfrom Dr. G. W. Northrup, also a large number ofpamphlets.During the past three months there have beenloaned to the General Library, by a friend, 64books which have proved of the greatest service.ACCESSION REPORT.During the Spring Quarter, April first to Julyfirst, 1900, there has been added to the Libraryof the University a total number of 2075 volumes,from all sources :Books added by purchase, 496 vols., distributedas follows :General Library, 41 vols.; Philosophy, 21 vols.;Pedagogy, 45 vols.; Political Economy, 30 vols.;Political Science, 14 vols.; History, 21 vols.; Classical Archaeology, 2 vols.; Sociology, 37 vols.;Sociology (Divinity), 10 vols.; Anthropology, 33vols.; Comparative Religion, 13 vols.; Semitic, 2vols.; New Testament, 13 vols.; ComparativePhilology, 20 vols.; Greek, 5 vols.; Latin, 26vols.; Latin and Greek, 15 vols.; Romance, 1vol.; German, 5 vols.; English, 14 vols.; Mathematics, 4 vols.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 2 vols.;Chemistry, 17 vols.; Physics, 8 vols.; Elocution,2 vols.; Systematic Theology, 3 vols.; Homiletics,4 vols.; Morgan Park Academy, 2 vols.; SwedishTheological Seminary, 20 vols.; Department XVI(Literature in English), 17 vols.Books added by gift, 1408 vols., distributed asfollows :General Library, 131 5 vols.; Pedagogy, 6 vols.;Political Economy, 5 vols.; Political Science, 25vols.; Classical Archaeology, 1 vol.; Sociology, 2vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Anthropology,3 vols.; Semitic, 2 vols.; New Testament, 1 vol.;English, 14 vols.; Mathematics, 2 vols.; Physics,2 vols.; Geology, 19 vols.; Botany, 1 vol.; ChurchHistory, 1 vol.; Homiletics, 1 vol.; Divinity, 1vol.; Haskell, 6 vols. Books added by exchange for University publications, 171 vols., distributed as follows:General Library, 43 vols.; Pedagogy, 10 vols.;Political Economy, 30 vols.; Political Science, 6vols.; Sociology, 8 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 2vols.; Anthropology, 2 vols.; Comparative Religion, 11 vols.; Semitic, 2 vols.; New Testament,27 vols.; Chemistry, 2 vols.; Geology, 1 vol.; Botany, 13 vols.; Church History, 11 vols.; Systematic Theology, 2 vols.; Haskell, 1 vol.VESPER SERVICES.During the quarter a very interesting series ofVesper service addresses has been delivered, having as the general theme the great creeds ofChristendom. The speakers and their subjectswere as follows :April 15, Associate Professor Moncrief, "TheNicene Creed."April 22, Professor Terry, of NorthwesternUniversity, "The Apostles and the AthanasianCreeds."April 29, Professor Franklin Johnson, "TheAugsburg Confession."May 6, Associate Professor Thatcher, "TheCouncil of Trent."May 13, Professor Hall, of Western TheologicalSeminary, "The Thirty-nine Articles."May 27, Professor A. C. Zenos, of McCormickTheological Seminary, "The Westminster Confession."June 3, Professor Charles J. Little, of Northwestern University, " The Arminian Articles ; theMethodist Articles."June 10, Professor C. R. Henderson, "The Relation of the Creeds to Christianity."THE ECLIPSE EXPEDITION.The results obtained by the Eclipse Expeditionare in the highest degree satisfactory. Thestructure of the chromosphere and prominences,and the delicate filaments of the corona, are better shown than at any previous eclipse, on thelarge scale photographs. These were made by136 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor Barnard and Mr. Ritchey, with a photographic telescope of sixty-two feet focal length,constructed in the instrument shop of the YerkesObservatory. The photographs of spectra, takenby Professor Frost and Dr. Isham, are equallysuccessful, and have yielded much valuable information regarding the chemical and physical constitution of the layer of gases just above the sun'ssurface. A detailed study of the plates, which isnow in progress, will not be completed for sometime.The success of the Eclipse Expedition is inlarge measure due to the assistance given by Mr.O. W. Potter, Dr. George S. Isham, Mrs. H. M.Wilmarth, Mrs. George Sturges, Mr. J. H. Moore,and Mr. Samuel Allerton, to whom the University desires to express its grateful acknowledgments. We are indebted to the officials of theChicago and North-Western Railway, and particularly to General Traffic Manager McCullough,for free transportation of the members of theparty and their instruments over the line of thiscompany. Our thanks are also due to the citizens of Wadesboro, N. C, whose many courtesiesgreatly facilitated the work of the Expedition.The University takes' pride in the fact that Mr.Arthur Maxson Smith, a member of the University, has been elected to the Presidency of OahuCollege, of Honolulu. This is the only institution of higher learning in the Hawaiian Islands,and with the increase in interest accompanyingthe accession of this territory to the UnitedStates, it is believed that there is a great futurefor the institution.The first Fellow appointed in the Universityon its organization was Mr. Clifford WebsterBarnes, who also received one of the first degreesof Master of Arts from the University. The bestwishes of his friends in this institution will gowith him as he undertakes the responsible dutiesof the Presidency of Illinois College, at Jacksonville.A number of those who are to receive degreesthis afternoon have been appointed to positions of prominence, special mention perhaps, deserving to be made of William Arthur Clark, who hasbeen elected president of the Nebraska StateNormal School, returning, after several years ofgraduate study, to be head of the institution inwhich he formerly taught.Appointments have been received by studentsgraduating today in the University of Minnesota,the University of California, the South DakotaAgricultural College, Wake Forest College, theMorgan Park Academy, the Culver MilitaryAcademy, Lewis Institute, and a large number ofhigh schools.In this connection the University wishes toextend its best wishes to Mr. Edwin G. Cooley,of the class of 1895, who has been elected to theresponsible position of superintendent of schoolsof the city of Chicago.GRADUATE COUNCIL.In accordance with the new plan of organization, the Graduate Council hereafter will consistof five members — three to be elected by theschool, the President of the Graduate Club, ex-officio, and the Chairman to be appointed by thePresident of the University. The term of officein each case is one year. The School has alreadyelected the three members and the Presidenthereby appoints as chairman of the Council forthe year from July 1st, 1900, to July 1st, 1901,Mr. H. M. Adkinson, of the Department ofGeology.THE DAILY MAROON.During the quarter an addition has been madeto the student publications of the University, inthe form of the Daily Maroon. This additionto the growing number of college dailies has metwith the hearty approval of the University authorities, and it is hoped that the paper may secure afirm position in the University community. Ifthe proper standard can be maintained in formand matter it will unquestionably become a convenient and important agency in our universitylife.UNIVERSITY RECORD 137ALUMNI INTERESTS.The University congratulates itself on theincreasing interest which is manifested by themembers of the alumni association. During thepast year the alumni have supported a salariedsecretary, who, during the Spring Quarter, madean extensive trip through the western states, visiting the alumni in different cities and towns andorganizing alumni associations of the Universitywherever possible.The work of the secretary, Mr. Fesler, duringthe first year of his service, has been successfulbeyond all expectation. With the good will andcooperation of those whom he represents, stillgreater results may be accomplished in the yearthat now begins.ACADEMIC DAY.For three years, on a special day, the studentsof the affiliated academies have been invited tovisit the University for special exercises. Duringthe present quarter the meeting was held onFriday, June 9, a formal gathering in KentTheater being followed by an athletic meet onMarshall Field. The interest manifested in thisgathering was such as to indicate that AcademicDay will become one of the important days ofthe Spring Quarter.THE SUMMER QUARTER.We are looking forward to the Summer Quarterwith great interest because, within two or threeyears, so many of our sister universities havemade provisions for summer instruction. All theindications point, as in former years, to a verylarge attendance of students. Regular membersof the University faculty will give instruction asfollows :Professors - 26Associate Professors - - - - 12Assistant Professors - - - - 14Instructors - - - - - 18Associates ----- 5Assistants 29Docents ----- 4Total 108 In addition to these regular instructors, thefollowing persons from other institutions will bepresent :James Stevenson Riggs, D.D., Professor ofBiblical Criticism, Auburn Theological Seminary,Auburn, New York.Maurice Bloomfield, Ph.D., LL.D., Professorof Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.Arthur Cushman McGiffert, Ph.D., D.D., Washburn Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York City.Frederick Morris Warren, Ph.D., Professor ofRomance Languages, Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,Henry Morse Stephens, M.A., Professor ofModern European History, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York.Nathaniel Butler, A.M., D.D., President ofColby University, Waterville, Maine.Thomas A. Jenkins, Ph.D., Professor of Romance Languages, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.Julius Goebel, Ph.D., Professor of GermanicLanguages, Leland Stanford Jr. University, PaloAlto, California.Edward Scribner Ames, Ph.D., Professor ofPhilosophy and Pedagogy, Butler College, Irving-ton, Indiana.John Paul Goode, S.B., Professor of PhysicalScience and Geography, Eastern Illinois StateNormal School, Charleston, Illinois.Frederick William Shipley, A.B., AssistantProfessor of Latin, Lewis Institute.Theodore C. Burgess, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Greek and Latin, Bradley PolytechnicInstitute, Peoria, Illinois.Herbert Newby McCoy, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry, University of Utah, SaltLake City, Utah.Henry Lawrence Schoolcraft, Ph.D., Instructorin History, State University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.138 UNIVERSITY RECORDElias Potter Lyon, Ph.D., Instructor in Biology,Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria, Illinois.John Gaylord Coulter, A.B., Instructor inBotany, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.James Archy Smith, Ph.B., S.M., Instructor inMathematics, the South Side Academy.William Eugene Moffatt, A.B., Associate inLatin and Greek, Bradley Polytechnic Institute,Peoria, Illinois.Special interest, perhaps, attaches to the programme of open lectures. There has been amarked demand on the part of those who donot care to enter the University for regular classroom work, to be allowed to attend courses oflectures, more or less technical, without an expressed desire for University credit. To meetthis want a large number of University openlectures will be presented during the summer,including in their scope lectures on biblical literature and history, on modern literature and history, on sociology, on the literature and historyof the ancient Greeks and Romans, on phases ofastronomy, and on biology. To give those whoare unable to attend the great Exposition at Parisan opportunity to learn. something of what isbeing done there, Assistant Professor Felix Leng-f>ld will give a course of lectures describing Parisand the Exposition. Dr. Lengfeld has been inParis for a number of months, and, under mostfavorable circumstances, has visited the Expositionand secured photographs for reproduction inthese public lectures.At the last Convocation, announcement wasmade of the scholarship offered by the ColonialDames of America in the State of Illinois. Aftera written examination and a careful investigationof the records of contestants, this scholarship forthe years 1900-190 2 is awarded to Mr. HaroldHayden Nelson. It is a matter of interest toknow that the student who thus receives the firstaward of this scholarship, offered by those whoare greatly interested in American colonial life,is himself a lineal descendant of the famous Plymouth family, John Alden and his wife, Priscilla. The pleasant custom which has been established,in accordance with which the members of graduating classes make to the University some substantial gift in the shape of a memorial, has beenfollowed this year by the class of 1900, which hasvoted to present a tree, measuring in diametersixteen inches, to the University. The futurelocation has been marked by a stone, and whenthe most favorable time for planting comes thetree itself will be placed in position on the quadrangles.The new gifts pledged to the University duringthe scholastic year 1 899-1 900 amount in all to$702,209.The cash value of gifts paid in to the University during the scholastic year 1 899-1 900 amountsin all to the sum of $1,049,286.70.OFFICIAL NOTICES.Division Meetings. — The first Division meeting in the Colleges will be held Monday next at12:00 m. in the rooms to be announced on theBulletin boards.Division Lectures.— The attention of Undergraduate students, Juniors and Seniors, is calledto the following requirement : The Division lectures for the Summer Quarter may be any tenselected from the University open lectures. Eachstudent will file with his Dean a list of the tenwhich he certifies that he has attended, and thesewill be accepted and put on record. They mayall be taken in the first term if desired.University Fees. — All University fees — tuition, room rent, commons, laboratory fees, etc. —are due in advance and must be paid at the Registrar's office on or before July 7, 1900. Registration is not complete, and students will not be permitted to attend classes until all fees are paid.The annoyance of having to stand in line maybe avoided by attending to the payment of feesduring the remainder of this week.UNIVERSITY RECORD 139NOTES.Miss Alma de Lalande Le Due has been appointed Assistant Professor in the Romance Languages in the University of Kansas.Dean Harry Pratt Judson delivered the addressat the patriotic meeting at the Semi- Centennialof Oberlin College on Tuesday, June 26.Mr. Edwin Gilbert Cooley, the new Superintendent of the Chicago schools, received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, from the University in 1895.Professor John M. Coulter was the commencement orator at the University of Michigan. Professor Coulter also made the commencement address before his Alma Mater, Hanover College.Professor A. W. Small will visit Marquette,Michigan, July 3, where he will deliver the dedicatory address in connection with the openingof the new building of the Northern MichiganNormal School.On the recommendation of the Faculty ofRockford College, Talcott scholarships in theUniversity for 1 900-1 901 have been awardedMiss Mabel Eliza Dobson and Miss Harriet Vincent, graduates of the college.Dean Judson delivered the Commencement address at the University of Nebraska. A ChicagoAlumni Club was formed, at which twenty fourwere present. Professor W. G. L. Taylor, of theUniversity, was elected president, and Dr. Gordon, who received his Doctor's degree at theUniversity of Chicago, was elected secretary.LIST OF CONSULTATION HOURS.SUMMER QUARTER, 1900.The following list contains i) the hour on July 2 wheninstructors may be found in their rooms for consultation bystudents ; 2) the day and hour for consultation with instructors during the quarter.Abbott 8:00- 9:30 C 5 BTuesdays 10:00-11:00 C5BAllen, 2:00- 3:00 C 11 BAlmstedt 3:00- 4:00 CubTu.-Sat. 10:30-11:00 " Ames,Tuesdays, 10:00-11:0010:00-11:00 A 34A 34AngellBarnes Tuesdays, 9:00-10:3010:30-11:0010:00- 1:00 A 17B 22Blackburn,Blanchard,Buck,Butler, Daily,Tuesdays. 11:00-12:002:30- 3:308:00-10:0012:00-12:1510:00-12:0012:30- 1:0011:00-12:002:30- 3:30 C 7 r>ttK 16K 16C 12 BC 12 BC8dttButterworth 10:00-12:00 GCappsCarnahan Tuesdays,Tu. & Thurs. 9:30-11:0010:30-11:009:00-10:0010:00-10:30 C 7 BC 4BC 17 cC 17 cCastle 8:30-12:30Daily, & 2:00- 4:009:30-11:00 C 8 AChamberlain 8:30- 9:30Tu. & Thurs., & 1:00- 2:002:00- 3:00 B 24ttChandlerWed. 9:30-11:0010:00-11:00 C«5BChildMon.-Fri. 9:00-12:0011:00-12:00 Z 22ttCiprianiMon.-Fri. 10:00-12:0010:30-11:00 C 14 cCoulterCrandall Tuesdays, 9:00- 1:0010:00-11:0011:00- I: 002:00- 4:00 B 20Davies 10:00-12:00Mon.-Fri. & 2:00- 4:001:30- 4:30 Z47Donaldson 8:30-12:00Daily, & 2:00- 4:0012:00-12:30 A 23Downing 9:30-12:00 Z 21FellowsDaily, 10:00-12:0010:00-10:30 C 6cttFiteTuesdays, 11:00-12:009:00-10:00 A 17nGarrey, 2d. T. daily, 9:00 P 22Goebel, 9:30-10:30 C II BGuyer,Tu.-Fri., 8:30- 1:009:00- 1:00 Z37aHardesty 9:00-12:00Mon.-Fri., & 2:00- 4:0011:00-12:30 A 25ttHarper,Daily, 8:00-10:0010:30-11:30 Pr'sid'nt'sOfficettHessler, 9:00-12:00Daily, 1 & 2:00- 4:0011:00-12:00 K25aJohnson 4:00- 5:00 H36Jones, 9:00-12:00Daily, 1 & 2:00- 4:009:00-10:00 K25it140 UNIVERSITY RECORDJudsonKernvon KlenzeLaing,LavesLengfeldLinnLockeLovettLyonManlyMaschkeMathewsMiller, F. J.Moore, A. C.Moore, A. W.Moulton, F. R.Moulton, R. G.OwenPietschPrice 8:30-12:30 & 2:00- 4:00Tues.Tu.-Fri., 10:00-12:0010:00-10:3010:00-11:3011:00-12:302:00- 4:008:00- 8:30Mondays,Daily,10:00-12:00Tuesdays,8:30-12:30Daily,8:30-12:30 & 2:00-1:00Fridays,Wednesdays,Tu.-Fri.,Daily,8:00-11:00Tu. & Thurs., 10: 00-10: 3011:30-12:0010:00-12:0010:00-11:0010:009:00-12:0010:30-12:3011:30k 2:30- 3:3010:00-12:0010:30-11:00k. 2:00- 4:0010:30-12:004:004:0011:00-12:0010:00-10:309:00-12:009:00- 9:302:00- 4:009:001:00- 1:3011:00-1:00 <ThursdaysSalisbury 8:30-12:30 £Schmidt- WartenbergTu.-Fri.,SchoolcraftSlaught 2d T.. TuesdaysSmallSmith, J. A.Smith, J. M. P.SparksStaggStephensStieglitzStrattonTerry,Thatcher,Tufts Tuesdays,11:00-1:00Daily,9:00-12:00Daily,Mon.-Fri.Daily,8:30-12:30 & : 2:00- 4:004:30- 5:30& 2:00- 4:009:30-10:308:00- 8:302:00- 4:0010:30-11:0010:00-12:0010:30-11:00& 2:00- 4:002:00- 4:001:30- 6:0010: 30-12:00& 2:00- 4:0010:30-11:3010: 30-11:009:00-11:0010:00-10:3011:00- 1:002:00- 4:00 H 14C II BitC II BC5BR39.9:00-12:00 & 2:00- 4:00 K 30Daily,C 15 DA 33A 37C 6dP 22ttC3DR 40uHisitC 9 AB 12A 33A 32R39ttC6aC 6dC 15 BC 16 cH21H23H 14C IIBClODC 6cR39R39C6cGC6cK32R 29C 6cC6cC 6 cH13 Wallace Tues. & Fri., 9:00-11:00 C 16 cWhitford, 2:00-4:00 B 33Willett 11:00- 1:002:00- 4:0010:00-11:00 C 13 cWed. & Fri., 10:00-10:30 C 13 c10:00-11:00 A 37Fridays, 10:00-11:00 A 3710:00-12:00 R 39Tuesdays, 10:30-11:00 R 39Zueblin, 9:00-10:00 CueAbbreviations. — C=Cobb Lecture Hall, a, b, c, and d denoting the1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th floors, respectively; A = Anatomy Building; B =Botany Building ; G = Gymnasium ; H = Haskell Museum ; K = KentChemical Laboratory ; P = Physiological Building ; R = Ryerson Physical Laboratory; W = Walker Museum; Z— Zoological Building.Williamson,Young, Ella F.Young,THE CALENDAR.JULY 1-7, 1900.Sunday, July 1.Founder's Day. — Congregation Sunday.The Congregation Vesper Service in Kent Theaterat 4:00 p.m.The Founder's Day Address, by Dr. A. C. McGiffert;the Quarterly Report of the Secretary of the ChristianUnion.Union Meeting of the Young Men's ChristianAssociation and the Young Women's ChristianAssociation is held in Association Hall, Haskell Museum, at 7 : 30 p.m.Monday, July 2.Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students 8:30 a.m.-4:oo P.M.Meetings of the College Divisions in Cobb Lecture Hall at 10:30 a.m.Attendance required.The Administrative Board of Physical Cultureand Athletics, Faculty Room, 12:30 a.m.Open Lecture by T. B. Pandian, of India,Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:30 p.m.Tuesday, July 8.The Lectures and Recitations of the SummerQuarter begin at 8:00 a.m.Chapel-Assembly : The Senior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Open Lecture by Professor Riggs, Chapel, CobbHall, at 3:30 p.m.Subject : "The Tubingen School and its Mission."UNIVERSITY RECORD 141Open Lecture by Professor Warren, Lecture Room,Cobb Hall, at 3:30 p.m.Subject: "The Mediseval Drama."Open Lecture by Professor Moulton, Kent Theater, at 4:30 p.m.Recital : " Shakespeare's Macbeth recast in the formof an ancient tragedy."Open Lecture by Professor J. Rendel Harris,Chapel, at 4:30 p.m.Subject : " The Influence of the School and the Synagogue upon our Lord and His Apostles."The Twenty-first Meeting of the University Congregation will be held in Congregation Hall,Haskell Museum, at 4:00 p.m.The Procession. The Admission of New Members.The Review of Actions of Governing Bodies. TheDiscussion of Special Topics. The Election of VicePresident.The Congregation Dinner will take place at theQuadrangle Club at 8: 00 p.m.Wednesday, July 4.Independence Day. — A Holiday.Patriotic Service in the Graduate Quadrangle at10: 30 P.M.Music by the Imperial Quartet.University Reception to Incoming Students, theWomen's Quadrangle, 5 : 00-7 : 00 p.m.Thursday, July 5.Chapel- Assembly: The Graduate Schools. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Open Lecture by Professor McGiffert, Congregation Hall, Haskell, at 3: 30 p.m.Subject : " Primitive Conception of the Church."Open Lecture by Professor Warren, LectureRoom, Cobb Hall, at 3:30 p.m.Subject: "The Drama of the 17th Century."Open Lecture by Professor Charles Zueblin, Congregation Hall, Haskell, at 4: 30 p.m.Subject: "Municipal Sociology — Transportation." Open Lecture by Professor R. G. Moulton, KentTheater, at 4: 30 p.m. 'Subject: "Origin of Tragedy in Antiquity."Open Lecture by Professor J. Rendel Harris inthe Chapel at 4: 30 p.m.Subject: "Some recently recovered Early Christiandocuments."Friday, July 6.Chapel- Assembly : The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Open Lecture by Professor Riggs in the Chapelat 3:30 p.m.Subject: "The Synoptic Problem — its presentstatus."Open Lecture by Professor Warren, LectureRoom, Cobb Hall, at 3:30 p.m.Subject: "Voltaire. Diderot."Open Lecture by Professor R. G. Moulton, KentTheater, at 4:30 p.m.Recital: "The Agamemnon of Aeschylus."Open Lecture by Professor J. Rendel Harris inthe Chapel at 4:30 P.M.Subject: "The so-called Logia or Sayings of Jesus— their critical value in the interpretation of otherdocuments."Open Lecture by Professor R. D. Salisbury, KentTheater, at 8:00 p.m.Subject : "The Great Canon of the Colorado " (illustrated with stereopticon views).Saturday, July 7.Open Lecture by Professor J. Rendel Harris in 'the Chapel, 10: 30 a.m.Subject : "The Diatessaron, or Harmony of the Gospels made by Tatian."Open Lecture — Associate Professor Charles Zueblin conducts a visit to the Calumet HarborSaturday morning.FIRST CLASS TABLE BOARD — 5635 Lexington av.Good location, only one half block from Quadrangles.Material for the CALENDAR must be sent to the Office of Information by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M.,in order to be published in the issue of the same week.COLLEGE STUDENTS, FACULTYand FRIENDSwill find it to their interest to get our prices onDesks — 500 StylesAmerican Desk CompanyJ8-20 EAST VAN BUREN ST.Phone Harrison 2055 CHICAGO COOL RESORTS OF THE NORTH.The Popular Summer Tourist Route is the GrandTrunk Railway, reaching all the famous summerresorts, including Petoskey, Mackinaw, St. ClairSprings — The Muskoka Lakes, Lake of Bays (Highlands of Ontario), Niagara Falls, Thousand Islands,Rapids of the St. Lawrence, White Mountains, Montreal, Saguenay River, and the Seashore resorts ofthe North Atlantic. Also Watkins Glen, GlenSummit, Atlantic City, Asbnry Park, and other popular resorts on and reached by the Lehigh Valley R. R.Vestibule Train Service.Copies of illustrated literature, with full information as to rates, etc., will be sent on application to J.H. Burgis, City Passenger and Ticket Agent, 249Clark street, corner Jackson Boulevard, Chicago.IDEAL SUMMER TOURSThe ideal route for Summer Tourist Travel is theGrand Trunk Railway System — reaching directlyall the most popular Lake, River, Mountain, andSeashore resorts of the East, including those locatedon the Lehigh Valley R. R. and direct connections.Vestibule Train Service.Full particulars and copies of Summer TouristLiterature on application to J. H. Burgis, City Passenger and Ticket Agent, 249 Clark street, cornerJackson Boulevard, Chicago.[STERBROOK'SRELIEF PENNo. 314.Ease in Writing Unsurpassed20 other varietiesof stub pens. .I ^ ft styles fine, mediuml%lU and blunt points. . .ASK YOUR STATIONER FOR THEM.L The Esterbrook Steel Pen Co.26 John St., New York. Works, Camden, N. J. COLUMBIA CARDINDEX SYSTEM^* t^* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* Send for our illustrated cataloguedescriptive of theextensive Columbia line.Thayer & Jackson Stationery Co.ACCOUNT BOOK MAKERSSTATIONERS and PRINTERS71 Monroe Street, Near State, ChicagoCard and Letter Files of Inestimable Value to ProfessionalPeopleSingle Drawer, Tray ancl Cover