£be TUnivereits of ChicagoPrice $ J. 00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year . __ 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOGbe TIlnfversitE of Chicago DressVOL. IV, NO. 47 PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. FEBRUARY 23, 1900Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matterCONTENTS.I. Reports from the Zoological Club. By C.M. Child - - - - - - 329-331II. Official Notices - - - - - 331III. New Course in Philosophy - - r 331IV. Calendar - 332REPORTS FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL CLUB.*At the first session of the club, October 18,1899, a paper entitled "The Significance of the1 Spiral Type' of Cleavage" was read by Dr. C.M. Child. The paper was the result of observations upon the cleavage of Arenicola and Sternas-pis supported by a comparison with the cleavageof other forms which show the same type.The principal points urged are briefly as follows :the cleaving egg must be regarded as an organism,not merely as a cell colony or cell mosaic. Differentiation and cell division even in the spiraltype of cleavage are independent phenomenathough they may coincide more or less closely inpoint of time. The spiral type of cleavage musthave been originally due to mechanical causesbut is certainly, at present, hereditary. It isfollowed by a bilateral form of cleavage which isdirectly morphogenetic in character, /. e., thedirection and the time of division and the size of* Meetings of the Autumn Quarter, 1899. the cells all contribute directly to the establishment of form in the embryo ; this bilateral cleavagehas encroached upon the preceding spiral periodin consequence of a condensation of the processof development. The determinate character ofthe cleavage makes possible the massing of largeamounts of material in certain cells which thusbecome centers of distribution, but this segregation is quantitative rather than qualitative so faras "organ forming" material is concerned. Anadequate conception of the extreme plasticity ofthe cell is necessary for a satisfactory interpretation of the phenomena of spiral cleavage.The second session of the Autumn Quarter washeld November 1, 1899. Mr. R. H. Johnson reada paper reviewing and criticising some pf therecent statistical literature upon the subject ofvariation. A second paper was contributed byMr. E. R. Downing reviewing the experiments ofLoeb, Morgan and others on the production ofcell division and development in unfertilized eggsby chemical reagents.At the third session, November 15, Mr. J. M.Prather contributed the results of his study uponthe development of the hypophysis in Amia."The hypophysis arises about 160 hours afterfertilization as a local differentiation of hypoblasticcells in the dorsal wall of the fore-gut far back of330 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe point of union of fore-gut with stomodaeum.Here the base of the fore-brain is in very closecontact with the hypoblast, and this fact indicatesthat its point of origin is determined by physicalfactors. Lobes begin to form about the fifteenthday and by the thirty-fifth day the organ is muchlobed, chiefly around the edges. The first lumenappears near the center during the ninth day,while others form in the lobes as they arise. Thelumina appear to have no communication witheach other or with the exterior. Neither bloodvessels, nor nerves, nor glandular secretions couldbe found in it at the latest stage examined. Thesaccus vasculosus begins to form about the tenthday as an evagination at the posterior lower angleof the infundibulum and grows backwards underthe base of the hind brain. It is thus quite remotefrom the hypophysis at all stages. Granularsecretions were found in it as early as the twenty-second day. It is inferred that what Kupfferconsidered the earliest stage of the hypophsis inAcipenser is the anterior diverticulum of the fore-gut which is metamorphosed into the adhesiveorgan.The second paper, read by Miss Anne Moore,was an account of the morphology and life-historyof a new species of Dinophilus, D. Gardinerifound at Wood's Holl. Miss Moore succeeded inobserving the actual encystment of Dinophilus,thus accounting for the sudden disappearance ofthe animal noted by other authors.The fourth session, November 29, was devoted-to a paper by Mr. V. H. Lowe, entitled "Photographing Insects and other Animals." Mr. Lowedescribed in detail the apparatus and methodsemployed for photographing animals in the fieldand in the laboratory, including both living andmounted specimens. The paper was illustratedby a number of the author's lantern slides.The session of December 13 was devoted to apaper by Mr. M. F. Guyer on "Spermatogenesisof Hybrid Pigeons." "In the spermatogenesis ofhybrid pigeons several abnormalities are manifested. These may be classified conveniently under three heads : 1) abnormalities in the structure of the spermatozoa, 2) abnormalities in mitoses, 3) degeneration of the germinal cells.Abnormalities in the spermatozoan structure werepresent in sterile hybrids, the most noticeablefeature being a varicosity or swelling about themiddle of the head. In tracing the developmentof the spermatozoa, this curious modification wasfound to be due apparently to the lack of development of the head ; the nucleus did not elongate completely as in normal spermatogenesis.Abnormalities in mitosis were marked in bothfertile and sterile hybrids. Large numbers of multipolar spindles were present. These were usuallyof the tripolar type/Occasionally two distinctand separate spindles occurred in one cell. Thespermatocytes of the first order were the cellsthat showed this phenomenon to the greatestextent. In the normal pigeon the chromosomesin the spermatogonia are sixteen in number andin the primary spermatocyte eight. The latterare laid down in rings and each is evidentlydouble. In the spermatogonia of the hybridthere were sixteen chromosomes and in the primary spermatocytes often more than eight. In thelatter there may be several of the large doubletype and a number of smaller rings or sixteensmall ring chromosomes may occur. If sixteenrings were present they were usually located ontwo separate spindles, eight to each spindle. Another peculiarity in the mitosis was the frequentinequality in the division of the chromosomes, insome instances only about a fourth of a chromosome going to one pole. It is a well-known factthat the descendants of hybrids are remarkablyvariable, hence the possibility that this irregularity in chromatin distribution of the parentgerm cell and the variability of the offspring maybe connected in some way immediately suggestsitself. As for the degeneration of the germ cells,this phenomenon was observed in sterile birdsonly."At the meeting of December 20, Dr. E: S.Riggs, of the Field Columbian Museum, contrib-UNIVERSITY RECORD 331uted an illustrated lecture, "The Fossil Mammalsof North America." A large number of lanternslides were exhibited ; among them many reproductions in color of the restoration of fossil mammals executed by Mr. Knight. C. M. Child.OFFICIAL NOTICES.The Award of Fellowships. — The annualaward of Fellowships will be made by the Universityof Chicago April i. These Fellowships, abouteighty in number, yield amounts varying from onehundred and twenty dollars (or the tuition forthree quarters) to five hundred and twenty dollars.They afford opportunity for graduate study inspecial fields. All applications must be filed onor before March i. For application blank, addressthe President of the University.The Graduate Scholarship in Mathematics.- — The Graduate Scholarship in Mathematicsis awarded annually at the July Convocation tothat student admitted to the Ogden GraduateSchool during the preceding year who has beennamed by the Department as the Senior Collegehonor student in Mathematics. In judging ofthe work of each candidate for this Scholarship,the Department considers a) the quantity and thequality of his Senior College work in Mathematics ; b) his promise of success as a graduatestudent of Mathematics ; c) the results of theGraduate Scholarship Examination on the subjects :i) Differential and Integral Calculus.2) Advanced Algebra, including Theory ofEquations.3) Solid Analytic Geometry.4) Advanced Integral Calculus, including Differential Equations.The examination for the next award will be heldMay 25 and 26, 1900.Prospective candidates should confer at an earlydate with the Head of the Department of Mathematics or with the Departmental Examiner. The Senior College Scholarship in Mathematics. — The Senior College Scholarship inMathematics is awarded annually at the July Convocation to that student admitted to the SeniorCollege during the preceding year who did thebest Junior College work in Mathematics. Injudging of the work of each candidate for thisScholarship the Department considers a) the general quality of his Junior College work ; b) thequantity and the quality of his Junior Collegework in Mathematics ; c) the result of his SeniorCoilege Scholarship Examination on the subjects :1) Plane Trigonometry.2) College Algebra.3) Plane Analytic Geometry.The next examination will be held May 25 and26, 1900. The examination questions of previousyears are on file at the Mathematical library, room37, Ryerson Laboratory.Prospective candidates should confer at an earlydate with the Departmental Examiner in Mathematics.NEW COURSE IN PHILOSOPHY.16. Introduction to Philosophy. — A study of someof the more general philosophical problemswhich are suggested, but not fully treated, inthe introductory courses in psychology andethics. Such problems as, the validity ofknowledge, the relation between the physical and psychical, freedom and necessity.These problems will be considered in theirmodern historical connections and in theirbearings upon present scientific, social andand religious doctrines. For Senior Collegestudents.Mj. Spring Quarter, 1900; 2:00.Dr. Moore.Course 24 in Philosophy, Principles of Psychological Interpretation, Spring Quarter, 1900,12:00, is withdrawn.332 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE CALENDAR.FEBRUARY 23— MARCH 3, 1900.Friday. February 23.Chapel- Assembly : The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture by Professor Morgan, Kent Theater,9: 30 A.M.Physics Club meets in Room 32, Ryerson Physical Laboratory, at 4: 00 p.m.Mr. Millikan reads on " The Limits of the Solid Stateof Matter ; " Mr. Jewett reads on " The Distributionof Magnetic Induction in Long Iron Bars."Saturday, February 24.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies in HaskellOriental Museum :The Faculty of Morgan Park Academy,8:30 A.M.The Administrative Board of Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums, 10: 00 a.m.The Faculty of the Graduate School of Artsand Literature in joint session with theFaculty of the Ogden (Graduate) School,11: 30 A.M.Sunday, February 25.Vesper Service will be held in Kent Theaterat 4:00 p.m.The address will be given by President Charles W.Eliot, of Harvard University.Monday, February 26.Chapel- Assembly: The Junior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. New Testament Club meets with ProfessorMathews at 7 : 30 p.m.Subject: "New Testament Teaching as to Quarrelsand Reconciliations."Tuesday, February 27.Chapel-Assembly : The Senior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Botanical Club meets in Room 23, BotanicalLaboratory, at 5:00 p.m.Mr. H. N. Whitford will review Brunken's work onthe " Forests of North America and Forestry." Hewill also review Spaulding's "Monograph on theWhite Pine ; " Mr. B. E. Livingston will present apaper by Kohl on " Paratonic Bending in lointedPlants."Wednesday, February 28.Lecture by Professor John Graham Brooks,Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, 4:00 p.m. (SeeP- 327.)Thursday, March 1.Chapel-Assembly: The Graduate Schools. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Friday, March 2.Chapel- Assembly : The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m.Saturday, March 8.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies in HaskellOriental Museum :The Administrative Board of Physical Culture and Athletics, 8:30 A.M.The Faculty of the Junior Colleges, 10:00A.M. 'The University Senate, 1 1 : 30 a.m.Material for the CALENDAR must foe sent to the Office of Information by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M.,in order to be published in the issue of the same week.