VOLUME IV NUMBER 42University RecordFRIDAY, JANUARY 19, 1900OUR STANDARDS OF POLITICAL MORALITY.*BY PRESIDENT ARTHUR T. HADLEY, LLD.Yale University,An unusually well informed foreign critic, Mr.Muirhead, whose character as a dispassionate observer is well attested by the fact that he haswritten several of Badeker's handbooks, hasrecently published the opinion that the standardof personal morality in America is decidedlyhigher than in England, that of commercial morality probably a little lower, and that of politicalmorality quite distinctly lower. There is reasonto think that in this view he represents a consensus of opinion of well informed observers onboth sides of the Atlantic. The causes for thiscondition of things demand serious attention. Afailure to carry into politics the same kind ofethical standard which is applied in matters ofpersonal morals implies as a rule, that there issomething in a people's political conditions towhose understanding it has not fully grown up.Such a failure implies a defect in public judgmentrather than in individual character. It indicatesthat we do not know what virtues must be exercised for the maintenance of organized society aswell as we know what virtues are necessary to the* The Convocation Address, given on the occasion of theThirty-first Convocation of the University, held in Stude-baker Hall, Chicago, January 2, 1900, at 3: 00 p.m. harmonious living of individuals among theirneighbors.The difference between standards of politicalmorality and of personal morality attracted attention as long ago as the days of the Greek philosophers. From that time onward every moralistwho has really studied the subject has recognizedthat there were certain distinctive political virtues,elements superlatively necessary in the conductof a good ruler or member of the ruling class,which might be relatively less important in matters outside of politics. What is to be regardedas par excellence the virtue of the ruler and thefreeman is a question which is answered differently in different stages of society. In the earliestdevelopments of civilization stress is chiefly laidon courage to maintain authority ; in a later stagegreater importance is attached to the virtue ofself-restraint, to submit in person to the authorityimposed on others ; while in a still later development at least equal prominence must be given topublic spirit, to use for a collective or unselfishend the measure of authority bestowed on eachindividual. American society has witnessed thepassage from the first stage to the second ; muchmust be done before we have attained the third.In the beginnings of civilization the virtue ofcourage is a necessary prerequisite for any and allgovernment. When people so far emerge from273274 UNIVERSITY RECORDsuperstition that they begin to distrust the authority of the priest, a strong and fearless hand isneeded to create a recognized police authoritywhich can repress license and disorder. Whoever has this courage will have authority, forwithout it there is no authority at all. If it ispossessed by but few, we shall have an oligarchy ;the more widely it is diffused the more nearlyshall we approach democracy. We can have nosocial order, oligarchic or democratic, without thepersonal courage and physical force to maintain it.So fundamental are these things that there is adisposition in certain stages of society to condonein the possessors of courage and fighting efficiencythe want of many other virtues ; to let them vindicate the majesty of the law by hanging the wrongman if the right man is not to be found ; to letthem assert their authority to make laws by anassumption of an authority in their own personto break the laws which they have made ; to despise and suppress the "base mechanical" whowould protest against this arbitrary infraction oflegal principle.But the "base mechanicals," however unjustlydespised in a nation's beginnings, prove a necessity for its progress beyond those beginnings.The state, as Aristotle says, having begun as ameans of making life possible, continues as ameans of making life prosperous. When oncethe necessary basis of authority is established,that authority becomes with each generation moreimpartial and more absolute, protecting the laborer as well as the soldier or politician. Thebrave citizen can in these later generations bestserve the cause of his country, not by an excessof personal zeal in behalf of his nation, but bya readiness to submit his claims to the arbitrament of tribunals which have been established forthe determination of justice. This change fromthe virtue of fortitude to that of temperantia ismanifest in every department of human activityas soon as it advances beyond a certain rudimentary stage. Fighting ceases to be a matter ofpersonal courage and becomes a matter of disci pline, so that the ideal soldier is no longer theleader of a cavalry charge, but the organizer ofvictory, who can give and take orders as part ofa large whole. Success in business is no longerthe prerequisite of the venturesome trader whostarts on a voyage of exploration, but of the painstaking merchant who understands the laws * ofsupply and demand, and can regulate his conductby those laws. In short, the whole feudal organization of society, where authority rests on courage and services given in return for personalprotection, gives place to a newer and largerorder, where the authority of permanent principlesis recognized as superior to that of any person,and where that man serves the world best whocan best take his share in wielding and in recognizing this authority.Through these two stages, which it has takenEurope centuries to accomplish, America hasbeen passing in a comparatively brief period.First we have the lawless frontier community,where men have such rights as they can defendwith their own revolvers ; where in case of emergency the vigilante, who takes the law into hisown hands, is the most necessary of citizens;where the necessity for the presence of JudgeLynch is so sharply recognized that his occasionalmistakes are condoned; and where absence ofpower to insist on one's rights is almost as bad ashaving no rights at all. With the necessity formore regular investment and employment ofcapital and the establishment of the police authority which is coincident with that employment, thevirtues and vices of the frontiersman pass out ofpolitical prominence, and we reach a stage wherethe standard of social success is found playingwith keenness the games of commerce and ofpolitics ; where every man is expected to submitto the law of which he becomes a part, but where,as long as he keeps within the rules set by thatlaw, all things are condoned which do not passthe line of meanness or violent immorality whichdisqualifies a man from associating personallywith his fellowmen.UNIVERSITY RECORD 275The suddenness of the change has been attended with all the exaggeration to which suddensocial movements are liable. In Europe the menwho exercised authority in virtue of their couragewere only gradually displaced by those who didso in virtue of their astuteness. The earlier standard of military virtue as a qualification for socialdistinction persisted long after it had ceased to bethe main requisite for success in business and inpolitics, and even in war itself. Traditions as tothe use of wealth which had survived from earliertimes exercised a potent influence even uponthose who had amassed that wealth by the methodspeculiar to later ones. A man who would havethat standing in the community which for mostmen is the chief object of ambition was compelledto pay his respects to the past no less than to thepresent. In America the case was different. Theflood of industrial settlement swept so rapidlyinto the districts which but a short time beforehad been the habitat of the miner or the ranchman that it obliterated as with a sponge thetraces of the social order of a ruder time. Unhampered by precedent, each man set out to makehis fortune in a world where all were from onestandpoint peaceful citizens and from anotherabsolute adventurers. Life in the half settledcommunities of the United States became a gamein a sense which it perhaps never had been before ;a game played by a series of accepted rules, andwhere no tradition or code of etiquette not incorporated in the rules counted for anything at all.The result has been an exaltation of the principles peculiar to one stage of the world's historyto an eminence of unquestioned supremacy whichthey have elsewhere sought in vain.As long as the conditions remain which gavebirth to this state of things- — free land, abundance of opportunities, a body of men possessedof physical and mental soundness, and starting toplay the game with approximately equal chances —so long did the political and moral standards whichwere based upon these conditions prove themselvestolerably adequate for the purpose in hand. They might be objected to by outside observersas incomplete, wanting in background, crude,repulsive, if you like ; but they at least enabled avast social machine to be run with a great deal ofaggregate happiness and with less glaring violation of justice than had been exemplified in anyother machine to which the critics could point.But with a change in conditions this degree ofsuccess was less fully assured. And this changehas already come about. Organization in business, in local politics, and in national politics hasbrought with it an inequality of opportunity andan unfairness of conditions in which the game oflife is played. Competitive business is givingplace to trusts. The town meeting has been supplanted by the organized municipality. The oldfederation of states, with strong traditions ofhome rule, has become a centralized nation,reaching out beyond its own borders to rule overother nations less civilized than itself.Under these circumstances it became impossiblefor the community to rest complacently in thategoistic morality which seemed sufficient for theneeds of a generation earlier. We can no longerrely on competition to protect the consumersagainst abuse when industry has become so highlyorganized that all production is centralized incontrol of a single body. It is no longer true inthe sense that it was true fifty years ago, that eachman may be left free to manage his own business,and that the community will find its work bestdone as a consequence of such freedom. Commerce and industry are no longer regarded asgames where we have nothing to do but applaudthe most skillful player when he wins, and rest inthe assurance that his triumph is in line with thebest interests of the community as a whole.What once was regarded as a game has now become a trust, not merely in the superficial andaccidental sense in which the name " trust " is nowapplied to all large combinations of capital, butin a profounder sense, as a trust exercised onbehalf of the public, which it is in the power ofthose who control this capital to use well or ill at276 UNIVERSITY RECORDtheir pleasure, without adequate restraint fromany quarter. Where competition is thus become aremote contingency, and where law is almost necessarily inadequate unless it be made so strict asto forbid the good no less than the evil in privatebusiness enterprise, a new system of ethics is amatter of vital necessity for the American people,a system which shall treat the director no longeras an individual pursuing private business of hisown and with the right to resent the suggestion thathe should conduct it unselfishly, but as havingmoral responsibilities to his stockholders, to hisworkingmen, and to the consumers that purchasehis goods or his services. In the absence of suchan ethical advance, no political or legal solutionof the so-called trust problem is likely to beeffective. Demagogues will continue to meet itwith prohibitions that do not prohibit. Visionaries will attempt to limit its abuses by semi-socialistic measures that are readily evaded. Buteach of these classes will tend to perpetuate theevils which it is trying to check. They areattempting to reform by improved legal machinery matters for which there can be no real remedywhithout improved commercial morality.Nor are we better protected against the abusesof public trusts than against those of private ones.Our old-fashioned methods of representative government have not proved adequate to guardagainst the evils incident to the working of administrative machinery in our cities and ourstates. To govern properly in old times it waschiefly necessary*to see that a sound public opinion should be formed by debate between thechampions of different interests. A representative assembly, whose members came from differentdistricts, was admirably adapted to secure thisend. The presence of members from every locality involved was a sufficient protection againstthe adoption of measures through ignorance of theneeds of the several sections. But with the substitution of the work of actual government forthat of discussion, the representative assembly nolonger proves equally well adapted for our pur poses. It becomes an arena for contests betweenconflicting claims, rather than for interchangeand reconciliation of differing views. It becomesa field where party organization can exercise itsfullest sway, and where the selfish interests of theseveral parts, instead of becoming a means forthe promotion of the welfare of the whole, becomes too often a means toward its "spoliation.With the increasing scale on which public business is conducted, it has undergone a changeanalogous to that which we see in private business. It has become a trust in a deeper sensethan it was a generation or two ago. A widerdiscretionary power for good or ill is placedin the hands of those by whom the public affairsof the city or state are conducted. These affairswill not be safe when politics is regarded as agame any more than private interests are safewhen commerce is regarded as a game. Nor canthey be made so by any constitutional machinery.A moderate degree of reform is indeed possibleby fixing the responsibility in the hands of asingle person instead of dividing it among somany as to neutralize at once the power for goodand the accountability for evil. But this change,however salutary and even necessary in the conduct of municipal or state business, is far frommeeting the whole evil. Until there is a fundamental reform in the code of political ethicswhich the community imposes upon its members,public trusts will be no more adequately controlled than private ones. Nay, they are likelyto be even less adequately controlled, because apublic official, holding his power as a tool of aring, and acknowledging no allegiance to standardshigher than those which have made his organization successful, is as a rule more firmly intrenchedin authority than the representative of any private corporation, however extensive and powerful.Until such a change is made, the social ideal ofreforming abuse of a private trust by the substitution of public trust will be but a substitution ofone set of masters for another.If this difficulty is felt in internal affairs, whereUNIVERSITY RECORD 277those who suffer are at any rate citizens and menof action, with the power to make their protestsheard even where they cannot make their resistance successful, much worse will it be in dealingwith colonies and dependencies. The history ofour Indian affairs has proved how much real immorality may characterize the public dealings ofpeople who in their private dealings with oneanother are characterized by honesty and straightforwardness. Whenever we govern a race soinferior that it is not, and in the nature of thingscannot be, adequately represented in our councils,one of two things must happen : either it will beleft a victim of the most unscrupulous officeholders—as in the case alluded to — or it will bechampioned by disinterested men, not as a meansfor their own political success, but as a dutywhich they owe to their own moral natures.Under an imperialistic policy our governmentcannot remain what it was. It must grow eitherworse or better. It cannot remain a game, inwhich the struggle for success is as far as possibledissociated from the moral sense of the participants. ¦ It will involve either a direct breach oftrust or a direct acceptance of trust.Our own experience with problems other thanthese, and the experience of England with this particular problem, both warrant us in the belief thatwe shall move toward a better solution rather thantoward a worse. England's first political dealingsin India were characterized by methods totallyindefensible. The career of Warren Hastings isan example of how a really great man may beinfected by a disordered public morality. But thevery powerlessness of England to protect itselfagainst official abuse brought home to the Englishmind, as the conditions in England or Americahad failed to do, the fact that public unmoralitymeant public immorality. Without going so faras to assert that the reform of the English civilservice and the purification of English politicswere the results of experiences in India and thecolonies — for this is a disputed point — we canat any rate see that the very weakness of Eng land's dependencies has compelled the youngmen of England, as they go out into official dutiesin these lands, to adopt the position of protectors,quickened by the responsibility which attaches tosuch a relation, rather than of adventurers seekingtheir fortunes in the opportunity of personal gain.The development of this mental attitude was insome respects less difficult in England than it willbe in America, because there was in England asurvival of certain traditions from the earlier military age of society which made social success depend far more on the acceptance of responsibilitythan upon the achievement of eminence in business or in politics. Yet in spite of this difficultywe may look forward to the future with confidence. A country which has in so many of itsparts passed in a single generation from the lawlessness of frontier life to the extreme of legalitymay readily, in a generation more, pass from astate where conceptions of public duty arebounded by legality alone to one where they areinspired by a moral obligation which will carryinto the conduct of public affairs the principlesand sentiments which we recognize in privateones.THE PRESIDENT'S QUARTERLY STATEMENT.*Members and Friends of the University,Ladies and Gentlemen :It is fitting that I should tender to PresidentHadley on behalf of all who are here assembledthis afternoon, our appreciation of the splendidutterance to which we have listened, and our recognition of the high ideals which have been soclearly and impressively set forth. In this proclamation by a university man upon a universityoccasion — a proclamation the truth of which restsupon definite experience, while its aim concernsthe weightiest affairs of state and nation, we seean instance in which the university through itshighest representative, and in its most dignified as-* Presented on the occasion of the Thirty-first Convocation of the University, January 2, 1900.278 UNIVERSITY RECORDsembly stands before the world in the exercise ofthe double function of sage and prophet.To that old and venerable institution overwhich our friend and former colleague has beencalled to preside, an institution greatly blessed byGod and a source of incalculable blessing to theworld, the University of Chicago, notwithstandingits youth and immaturity, makes bold to send itsgreetings. Because of the many institutions withwhich in one capacity or another Yale men havebeen connected, Yale has properly been calledthe mother of colleges. The Yale men in theUniversity of Chicago, the Yale men in theCity of Chicago will be joined by all other college men in the University of Chicago and in theCity of Chicago, in wishing for Yale, and forYale's new president, a happy new year. MayYale continue forever to enjoy that prosperitywhich a glorious past and a magnificent presentdeserve and demand.THE STATISTICS OF THE AUTUMN QUARTER.The attendance in the various divisions of theUniversity during the Autumn Quarter, 1899,was as follows :The Graduate School of Arts and Literature 265The Ogden (Graduate) School of Science 126Total : The Graduate Schools - - - 3QiThe Senior Colleges 220The Junior Colleges 509The College for Teachers - - - 277Unclassified Students - - - -. 186Total : Students in the Colleges (omitting thosecounted twice) ----- 1,148The Graduate Divinity School - - 124Unclassified Divinity Students - - 29The Dano-Norwegian Theological Seminary 23The Swedish Theological Seminary - 31Total : Divinity Students - - - 207Total in all schools and colleges (omittingthose counted twice) - I>740Totals (omitting those in the College forTeachers) ------ 1,503The friends of the University will be interestedto know that the present scholastic year has beenmarked by considerable increase in the attendance of students. The attendance in the DivinitySchool has increased from 182 in the year 1898to 207 in the year 1899; that of the GraduateSchools from 373 to 391 ; that of the Senior Colleges from 211 to 220; that of the Junior Colleges from 415 to 509. The freshman class lastyear on the first of October numbered 259. Thisyear's freshman class numbered 343, an increaseof 33 per cent. The general increase in the workof the University during the Autumn Quarterwill be observed by noting the statistics of attendance during the Autumn Quarters in eight successive years :1892 - - - 594 1896 - - - 1,1311893 - - - 75o 1897 - - - 1,1701894 - - 996 1898 - -- 1,6091895 - - - M16 l899 - - - 1,733THE STATISTICS OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS FOR 1898-9.An effort has recently been made by a representative of Columbia University, New York, tocompare the attendance of graduate students invarious universities, the object being to determinewhere are the largest bodies of graduate students.In the enumeration given, the figures for the University of Chicago are presented in two forms,the first form including all who are in attendancefor any portion of the year, the total numberbeing 951; the second form taking account ofstudents who were in residence during three of thefour quarters, the number being 198. Here werealso included those who were in residence duringfour quarters, the total number being 268.It is manifestly clear that for purpose of comparison it is necessary to omit the large numberof students who were present during only onequarter, namely 571.' It is true, however, that571 students during one quarter, if evenly distributed through three quarters, would give 190for each quarter. But leaving out of consideration this large number of 190, there should certainly be included those students who were presentduring two quarters only. In many cases thesetwo quarters were supplemented by a third quarter in the previous or following year. And inUNIVERSITY RECORD 279any case, three students in attendance six monthsare equivalent to two students in attendance ninemonths each. It is necessary, therefore, in orderto present any fair comparison from the point ofview of Chicago, to include the 106 students whowere present during two quarters. Upon thisbasis there were in residence during the year1898-9, 362 students, while if the average residence of these students in residence during asingle quarter be added, the total is 552 students. It is a matter of general interest that oneof the conclusions drawn by Professor Carpenterfrom the statistics which he presents is the following : "The situation points to the conclusionthat the strongest rivals of our (Columbia) graduate school are Harvard in the East and Chicagoin the West, and that Columbia should considerseriously the advantages of the quarter system.THE QUARTER SYSTEM.Has the so-called quarter system justified itselfin the University of Chicago ? The answer tothis question will turn upon the extent to whichstudents have availed themselves of its peculiaradvantages. The facts of one year will, perhaps,serve as illustration. Of the 2959 different students in residence during the year 1898-9, 49per cent, were present during one quarter, 21 percent, were present during two quarters, 6 per cent.were present during four quarters, and 24 percent, were present during three quarters. Thismeans that only 24 per cent, of the total attendance were orthodox students; that is, studentsdoing three quarters of work. Seventy-six percent, took advantage in one form or another ofthe quarter system. These facts answer very definitely the question whether or not the systemadapts itself to the needs of students. Theremay be other and equally important questionsinvolved. It would seem, however, that from thestudent point of view the system had approveditself. The fact that other large institutions haveadopted the plan, and that still others, like Columbia, are considering it, is evidence that, notwith standing difficulties which may be involved, theadvantages are of a sufficiently strong characterto warrant at least the consideration of its adoption. It is perhaps safe to assume that of the2959 students in attendance last year, at leastone half enjoyed advantages as a result of thequarter system which would otherwise not havebeen open to them.THE COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS AND THE EXTENSION CLASS STUDYWORK.The registration in the College for Teachersfor the Autumn Quarter has been as follows :New Matriculants - - , - - - 104Students previously matriculated - - - 173Total 277The work of these students has been distributedas follows :Psychology : Mr. Angell 12Miss Tanner - 4Pedagogy : Mr. McMurray - 9Mr. McMurray - 11Mrs. Young - 34History : Mr. Terry 21Mr. Shepardson 7Sociology : Mr. Howerth - 7Mr. Howerth - 5Mr. Howerth - 6Anthropology : Mr. Dunn 3Latin : Mr. Miller 6Mr. Dixon 5Mr. Dixon 3Mr. Dixon 1Spanish : Mr. Pietsch 4French : Mr. Howland - 8English : Miss Radford - 12Miss Radford - 9Mr. Herrick - 14Mr. MacClintock - 25Mr. Broadus 6Mathematics : Mr. Slaught 11Mr. Slaught - 15Astronomy : Mr. Laves 8Physics : Mr. Millikan - 9Chemistry : Mr. Smith 8Geology: Mr. Atwood 22Bacteriology : Mr. Jordan 4Botany : Mr. Barnes 8Public Speaking: : Mr. Blanchard - 7280 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe registration in the Class Study Department has been as follows :The number of classes - - - - 72Total enrollment 742The average number per class - - - 10-f-The work of the Class Study Department isdistributed as follows :Philosophy and Pedagogy - - - - 195Political Economy - - - - -11Political Science ------ 4History ------- 43Sociology ------- 62Greek -----._ gLatin ------- 73Romance ------- 32German ------- 19English Literature - 289Zoology ------- 6Botany - -- 26Public Speaking - - - - - - 10Library Science - - - - - 41Total ------- g2^Of the 277 students doing work in the Collegefor Teachers, 215 are women, and 62 are men.The character of the work done in the ClassStudy Department is not essentially different fromthat of the College for Teachers. The main distinction lies in the fact that in the former thestudents are not matriculated as members of theUniversity, while in the latter they are so matriculated. It would appear, however, that at least 90per cent, of the Class Study Division are fitted tomatriculate in the University. In view of thesefacts, and in view also of certain difficulties whichhave arisen in maintaining a sharp distinctionbetween the work of these two divisions of theUniversity, the faculty of the College for Teachers, to which is entrusted the direction of theaffairs of the College, has voted unanimously torecommend to the Board of Trustees that afterApril first the work of the Class Study Division,and that of the College for Teachers be unifiedand administered according to the same rules andregulations. It seems quite certain that thisrecommendation, which grows out of two years'experience, presents a true policy for the future conduct of this most important work. This willinvolve the entire separation of the work from theUniversity Extension Division ; and this separation commends itself to all who have studied thesituation. In view of the absence in Europe ofProfessor James, Director of the University Extension Division, who has heretofore acted as Deanof the College for Teachers, and in order to unifymore definitely this work, Associate ProfessorMacClintock has been transferred by the Boardof Trustees from the deanship of the Junior Colleges to the deanship of the College for Teachers.The long experience of Professor MacClintock asan administrative officer, and the special sympathy which has always characterized his work inits relation to that of the teacher, fit him preeminently to undertake the work of conductingthe affairs of the College for Teachers. Certaingeneral changes in organization will soon berecommended to the Board of Trustees. Thesesuggestions have grown out of the experiencefurnished during the two years in which the College for Teachers has existed, and from the adoption of these suggestions great advantage isexpected.THE JUNIOR COLLEGES.According to the statistics already given, theattendance in the Junior Colleges during the pastquarter was 509. This number includes onlyregularly classified students. In addition to thisnumber, there may be included also the 186 unclassified students, many of whom will sooner orlater be classified. The total 695 makes thelargest division of the University. With the present incoming freshman class, numbering 343, anincrease of 32 J^ per cent, upon that of last year, itis apparent that still greater attention than everbefore should be given to this important part ofthe University's work. During the past two yearsa larger number of officers of high rank havegiven instruction to the upper and lower juniorsthan ever before.It gives me pleasure to announce that AssistantUNIVERSITY RECORD 231professor George E. Vincent has been appointedto the deanship of the Junior Colleges, andwill enter at once upon the duties of thatoffice.The policy of separating more and more distinctly the Junior from the Senior Colleges isone which commends itself to those who arein close touch with the problems of administration. The Faculties and the Congregationhave united in recommending to the Boardof Trustees the conferring of the title of Associate in Arts, Literature, and Science upon thosewho have completed the work of the Junior Colleges. The Trustees have adopted this recommendation and have arranged that it shall go intoeffect so soon as proper measures have been takento announce the policy of the University to otherinstitutions. This action is believed by many tobe the next step in the evolution of a system inaccordance with which the different stages of educational work shall be properly adjusted to eachother. It is hoped that the arrangements will becompleted by which the new title may be conferred at the next Convocation. In taking thisstep the University desires to lay still greateremphasis upon the college work which it has undertaken to do, in order, if possible, to counteract the impression which seems to prevail, thatgreater interest has been taken in this Universityin graduate work than in college work. In limiting the number of students in undergraduateclasses to thirty, and in maintaining this limitation of number with a possible exception nowand then, the University has indicated mostclearly the great emphasis it places upon work ofthe lower grade. It would be much easier andmuch less expensive to adopt the policy in voguein many other large institutions of registering100 to 250 students for the same class ; but such apolicy, it is believed, will not produce in the endthe best results, and even at greater expense itseems wise to continue to maintain smaller classes,though the increasing numbers make this policya most difficult one to administer. THE PRE -MEDICAL WORK.The pre-medical work for the first year can beconsidered as organized. We are prepared forcourses in Human Anatomy for the first time inuniversity history, explicitly introduced as a partof university work. To present the second yearof pre-medical work Physiological Chemistry,Experimental Pharmacology and Pathology arestill needed.THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.It is a source of regret that I am compelled toannounce the resignation of Mr. Ned ArdenFlood, Director of the University Press. Duringthe last two years the Press has made steady progress in the various divisions of its work. Thisprogress has been marked on the one hand by alarger amount of work accomplished at a smallerexpense, and on the other by improved facilitiesand more satisfactory organization, The businessof the Press in its various departments involvesthe receipt and expenditure of $167,290.95 annually. With the bookstore doing a business of$47,308.07 a year, the department of purchase of$23,416.27, the printing department $65,634.12,publishing $40,932.49, the work has reached apoint in which larger plans must be formed forits future development. Mr. Newman Miller, ofAlbion, Mich., formerly connected with the Extension Division of the University, has beenelected to the directorship of the Press, and willassume the responsibilities of that office at once.Under the guidance of the new director it ishoped that additional economies will be introduced and still greater efficiency attained.The University Press desires to undertake twoimportant publications — a Corpus of the Egyptian Historical Inscriptions, and a Corpus of theAssyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions, the formerunder the editorship of Assistant Professor JamesH. Breasted, and the latter under the editorshipof Associate Professor Robert Francis Harper.It is proposed to publish in these corpuses thetransliteration and translation of the historicalinscriptions with special introductions, together282 UNIVERSITY RECORDwith historical, geographical, lexicographical andarchaeological notes. Each series will includeten volumes. The preparation of these importantcontributions to oriental study has already begun.The publication will be undertaken so soon asspecial funds have been provided for this purpose. With the facilities of which it is hopedthat the Press will soon be in possession, itwill perhaps be possible to undertake other similar works of a scientific character. The University will accept gifts for the furtherance of suchwork from those who maybe interested in it. Inthis connection I may be permitted to announcethat the faculty of Rush Medical College hasvoted unanimously to recommend the publicationof a Medical Gazette. The material published inthe Gazette will be of a strictly scientific character.RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE.We greet with pleasure this afternoon the members of the Rush Medical Faculty who are presentas guests of the University. The medical facultyis to be congratulated upon the large increase inthe number of students in spite of the advancement in requirements for entrance. The experience of the faculty thus far would seem to indicatethat with each advance in the requirements foradmission a larger number of students makeapplication. It is understood that within fouryears no students will be admitted to the Collegewho have not completed the freshman or sophomore years of an approved college curriculum.The faculty is also to be congratulated upon thesuccess of the first Summer Quarter, and uponthe introduction of the elective system. It givesme pleasure to announce that two new fellowshipshave been established in Rush Medical College,each yielding $500, one in the Department ofMedicine, the funds for which are contributed byDr. Frank Billings, the second in the Departmentof Surgery, the funds for which have been contributed by Dr. Arthur D. Bevan. These fellowships, together with those already established inother departments, furnish opportunity for men of distinguished ability to do advanced work intheir respective departments.INSTRUCTORS ON LEAVE OF ABSENCE.The following instructors were absent duringthe Autumn Quarter, 1899, or did not offercourses for other reasons :Professors — Bolza, Coulter, Hirsch, von Hoist,Moulton, Northrup, Penrose, Wilkinson - - gProfessorial Lecturers — Barrows, Gunsaulus,Holmes, van Hise ----__.Associate Professors — Capps, Stratton, Zueblin,Thurber - -- - - - - -4Assistant Professors — Breasted, Fellows, Sparks,Thomas -------- ^Instructors — Crandall, Damon, Hancock, Howerth,Mann, Th. L. Neff ----- _ 6Assistant — E. J. Goodspeed 1Docents — Buckley, Hussey ----- 2Total ---.-._ 29. THE PARIS EXPOSITION.Through the courtesy of Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck,Mr. D. G. Hamilton, Mr. George C. Walker, Mr.Henry Ives Cobb, Mr. Silas B. Cobb, Mr. O. S. A.Sprague, Mr. E. M. Barton, special contributionshave been made for the purpose of enabling theUniversity of Chicago to make an exhibit at theParis Exposition. This exhibit will be made upas follows :1. Statistical and graphic charts, showing thegrowth and development of the University. Thesecharts, about forty in number, 22 inches by 28inches in size, will be finely mounted in separateframes.2. A specially prepared collection of photographs, including the following :a) Photographs of all the buildings.S) Interiors of Women's Dormitories.c) Interior of Walker Museum.d) Interior of the Physical Laboratory.e) Interior of a Departmental Library.3. The Department of Physics will be represented by an exhibit of apparatus used in specialresearch work in the department. The instruments included are :UNIVERSITY RECORD 283a) Harmonic Analyser.S) Ruling Engine.c) Interferometer (for Lengths).d) Interferometer (for Angles).e) Gratings./) Echelon spectroscope.4. The Department of Astronomy will be represented by a special set of photographs showingthe equipment of the great Observatory, as wellas the results of special research work of the members of the department.5. The work of the Departments of History andSociology will be shown in a series of descriptiveand graphic charts.6. The development and growth of the different departments of the University ExtensionDivision will be fully set forth in a fine collectionof charts especially prepared for this purpose.GIFTS TO THE UNIVERSITY.Before January 1, 1899, there had been reportedgifts including the subscriptions of Miss HelenCulver, Mrs. Emmons Blaine, Mrs. E. G. Kelly,Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, and others amounting to$1,134,697. It was hoped that the remainder ofthis sum, namely, $865,000, might have beensecured before January 1, 1900. It is a source ofgreat disappointment to the Trustees of the University, and also, I am sure, to the friends of theUniversity, that the effort to secure this amountof money has not met with success. We are notprepared to believe that the failure is due to lackof effort on the part of the Trustees, or to lack ofinterest on the part of the friends. As a matterof fact about $550,000, some of it with certainconditions attached, has been secured. It is asource of satisfaction that we are able to announceMr. Rockefeller's willingness to extend the timefor securing the remainder of this sum for aperiod of ninety days. We have no excuse whatever to offer for the failure. Some of our friendswho desire to make contributions were not quiteready to indicate the amount which they wished to contribute. It seemed better upon the whole togive them additional time in which to considerthe matter. It is believed that the University willnot be the loser by this extension. It may also,perhaps, be said that the uncertain condition ofthe money market during the past two weeks hasbeen in some measure unfavorable in its influence. The gifts which have been made to theUniversity within the year, including the giftannounced January 2, 1899, are as follows:1. For the work of the University Elementary School, as follows :Mrs. Castle and members of Mrs. Castle'sfamily ----- - $2,400.00Mrs. Charles R. Crane - 1,360.00Mrs. Nellie B. Linn - - 1,000.00The South Side Academy 800.00Mr. E. B. Butler 700.00Mr. Martin A. Ryerson 500.00Professor John Dewey 340.00Mr. A. C. Bartlett 250.00Mrs. A. C. Bartlett 250.00Mr. J. W. Brooks 100.00Sundry contributions - 281.00Mr. Benj. G. Rosenthal 10.002. Contribution of books :4,095 volumes, estimated at - 3,685.003. Contributions toward instruction :A friend ------- 600.004. Contributions toward equipment :A friend, for the Department of Astronomy - 2,300.00A friend, for the Department of Bacteriology 627.08Mr. C. K. G. Billings, for Mineralogical specimens ------- 500.00Mr. William E. Hale, for Astronomy - - 250.00Professor George E. Hale, for Astronomy - 300.00Mr. F. L. O. Wadsworth - 100.00The Mining and Smelting Co., for Geology - 185.065. Contributions for Lectureships :Friends, through Assistant Professor GeorgeC. Howland, for lectures in the RomanceDepartment ------ 450.00Mr. Charles R. Crane, for a lectureship inRussian Literature and History, $2,000 ayear for five years ----- 10,000.00284 UNIVERSITY RECORDIn his letter Mr. Crane says :Chicago, January 2, 1900.My dear Dr. Harper :I wish to confirm by letter my recent conversation with you regarding a lectureship on Slavicsubjects.I should like to have you accept for this lectureship $10,000, to be paid in five annual installments of $2,000 each.These lectures should, I think, be given so faras possible by distinguished Slavs, especially Russians ; the course as a whole planned to give ageneral view of the Slavic world, its geography,ethnography, history, arts, institutions, and religious sects.Please let me know if this is satisfactory to you.Very truly yours,(Signed) C. R. Crane.Mrs. Caroline Haskell, as a special contribution toward the Barrows Lectureship inIndia for the lectures given by Principal A.M. Fairbairn ------ 3,000.006. For the University exhibit at theParis Exposition :Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck - 100.00Mr. D. G. Hamilton - 100.00Mr. George C. Walker - -_ _ 100.00Mr. Henry Ives Cobb ----- 100.00Mr. Silas B. Cobb - 100.00Mr. O. S. A. Sprague ----- 100.00Mr. E. M. Barton - 100.007. For pier at Yerkes Observatory :Sundry contributions ----- 300.008. For Plants :Mr. C. L. Hutchinson ----- 85.009. For Physical Culture and Athletics :Sundry contributions, by Mr. Walter O. Wilson and others ----- 750.0010. For scholarships, as follows :A bequest of Mrs. Catherine M. White - 9,000.00Mr. Andrew McLeish, for the establishmentof the "Andrew McLeish Scholarship "- 3,000.00Mr. Enos M. Barton, for the establishment ofthe "Enos M. Barton Scholarship" -- 3,000.00Mr. Morris Selz, $3,000; Mr. E. S. Selz,$1,500; and Mr. J. Harry Selz, $500, forthe establishment of the " Lillian GertrudeSelz Scholarship "--__. 5,000.00 Mr. Henry C. Lytton, for the establishmentof the " Henry C. Lytton Scholarship" - 3,000.00The Alumnae of Dearborn Seminary, for theestablishment of the " Zwinglius GroverScholarship" ------ 3,000.00Mr. D. G. Hamilton, toward the scholarshipfund I5O00.00The Chicago Women's Club, for a scholarship for the year 1899-1900 - - - 120.00Sundry contributions for scholarships - - 357.25Mr. John H. Wrenn, for scholarships - - 100.00Mr. O. S. Lyford, for scholarships - - 100.00Mr. Jacob Rosenberg, $120 a year during hislifetime, for a scholarship.Mr. Albert G. Beaunisne, for scholarships - 50.00Mr. C. R. Clissold, for scholarships - - 60.0011. For fellowships, as follows:A friend, for a fellowship in English - - 350.00Friends, through Professor J. L. Laughlin, fora fellowship in Political Economy - - 300.00A friend, for traveling fellowship in the NewTestament Department ... - 500.00Mr. Charles Miller, for the " Bucknell Fellowship." ------- 800.00Mr. Berthold Loewenthal, for the establishment of the "Joseph P. Loewenthal Fellowship in Chemistry "----- 10,000.0012. For the Ferdinand Peck Prize :For the permanent establishment of a fundthe income of wrhich shall be given as prizesfor excellence in public speaking, a contribution by Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck - - 5,000.0013. The following bequests have been made :Miss A. E. Scammon, of Chicago - - 500.00Mr. John Quincy Adams, of Wheaton - - 10,000,0014. We are permitted to announce another giftof $10,000 to the University, made by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, to be paid upon her death.This gift makes the total amount of Mrs. Haskell'sgifts to the University $153,000.15. We are also permitted to announce anothergift of $10,000 from one who has before givenmany thousands to the University, whose name,however, is withheld at her request.16. We are permitted to present the followingletter from an old friend of the University — oneto whom we were before greatly indebted, Mrs.Nancy Foster :UNIVERSITY RECORD 285President William R. Harper, University ofChicago :Dear Dr. Harper — I should like to have NancyFoster Hall extended to the west and made acomplete building, with light on three sides. Forthe purpose of building and furnishing this extension, including an elevator for the building, I amwilling to give twenty thousand dollars. Willyou please inform the trustees ?Very sincerely yours,(Signed) Nancy S. Foster.17. We are permitted, also, to present the following letter from one of Chicago's well-knowncitizens, Mr. Leon Mandel :Chicago, November 29, 1899.President W. R. Harper :Dear Sir — I will give to the University ofChicago the sum of fifty thousand ($50,000.00)dollars, to be used for the erection of a buildingfor assembly purposes, on condition that thebuilding shall be called the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. I will pay the sum indicated when Iam informed that the contract for the buildinghas been let.Yours, truly,(Signed) Leon Mandel.18. We are permitted to present the followingletter, which is signed by a woman known tomany of Chicago's older citizens. I regretexceedingly that illness prevents her from beingpresent with us this afternoon — Mrs. AnnieHitchcock :Dr. Harper :Dear friend — Desiring to erect a memorial inthe University of Chicago to my husband, CharlesHitchcock, I am prepared to transfer to thatinstitution my interest in the La Salle block (corner of Madison and La Salle streets), to the valueof two hundred thousand ($200,000) dollars, subject to the conditions already discussed betweenus. Sincerely your friend,(Signed) Annie Hitchcock.January 1, 1900.19. I hold in my hand a document signed bya gentleman of wide reputation in scientific circles, in which he agrees, upon certain conditions,to give to the University a paleontological collec tion, consisting of over seven hundred thousand(700,000) specimens. This collection has beenvalued at $125,000. The conditions to which Ihave just referred, have not yet been ratified bythe trustees of the University.20. I desire, once more, to make public acknowledgment of the gift by Mr. Marshall Field, of$135,000 toward the purchase of the two blocksbetween Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh streets andbetween Ellis avenue and Lexington avenue —a purchase made possible by Mr. Rockefeller'sadditional gift of $200,000, and the gift by Mr.Martin A. Ryerson of certain land facing theUniversity grounds on Ellis avenue valued at^33^74.03.And in this connection I desire to acknowledgethe courtesy of the members of the City Council,in voting to vacate Greenwood avenue, betweenFifty -sixth and Fifty-seventh streets so long asthe property is used for university purposes.I am very sorry that I am not permitted toannounce this afternoon the gifts which, I am persuaded, will be made within the next months, andwhich, when actually made, will complete theamount required to fulfill the conditions of Mr.Rockefeller's three million gift. To those manyfriends (about one hundred and thirty), who havecontributed nearly $1,700,000, I present the sin-cerest thanks of the university, its students, itsfaculties, and its trustees. To those friends whosegifts within the next three months will swell theamount up to and beyond the total sum required,we shall now turn our attention. For each andfor all, we trust that the year of Our Lord 1900may be a prosperous year.REPORTS OF ACTIONS OF UNIVERSITY RULING BODIESFOR DECEMBER 1899.1. The Board of University Affiliations :Meeting of December 16.— 1) The followingcommunication was read from the Council of Administration of Rush Medical College :Absolved, That, the University of Chicago be asked toaccept for entrance to Rush Medical College the certificates.286 UNIVERSITY RECORDof such four-year high schools, which include courses of theLatin language, as are on the accepted list of approveduniversities.After discussion the following reply was formulated and voted :Resolved, That, the University of Chicago consents to-accept for entrance to Rush Medical College in the autumnof 1900, the certificates of such four-year high schools as areon the accepted list of the Universities of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and such other universities and collegesas may be approved by this Board, it being understood thatif the student has not had Latin, the subject will be made up.Resolved, That, for the year 1901 certificates be accepted•only for those courses of the same schools, which include atleast two years of Latin.2) Clarence E. Snyder, was on recommendationof the department concerned, approved as instructor of French and German in Rugby School.3) A request was received for the affiliation of theChicago Physiological School. On motion a committee of three was appointed, consisting of theDirector, Messrs. Abbott and Barnes, to considerthe matter and report. 4) The Dean broughtforward the question of the granting of advancedstanding for excess units from Morgan Park.The following committee was appointed to reportupon it : The Dean, Messrs. Kern and Salisbury.2. The Board of Physical Culture and Athletics :Meeting of December 2. — 1) The Board discussed the advisability of taking up the regulationof boarding houses. The sentiment was againstthe including of this work in the function of theBoard. 2) The report of the committee on theMichigan-Wisconsin matter was laid on the table,and the committee discharged. 3) The Directorwas authorized to arrange an Eastern trip for thebaseball team. 4) Mr. Vernon presented a proposition from the Inter- Ocean newspaper, uponwhich the Board took the following action : ThatMr. Vernon be requested to reply, that under therules it is impossible for the Board to arrangegames under outside management. 3. The Faculty of the Junior Colleges :Meeting of December 2. — 1) The question ofdrawing as an entrance subject was referred to aspecial committee composed of persons interestedin having this subject in the University (Messrs.Lengfeld, Millikan, Angell). 2) The followingrecommendation of the Curriculum Committeewas approved : " Inasmuch as the new definitionof science recommended by the Faculty of theOgden (Graduate) School of Science involves thewhole problem of readjustment in the Junior College Curriculum, the Committee would recommendthat the Ogden Faculty be requested to appointa committee to confer with the Curriculum Committee of the Junior Colleges concerning the proposed change."Meeting of December 12. — 1) Report recommending that the penalty of suspension, to go into effect at once and continuing until July 1,1900, be inflicted upon certain specified persons, and that they be not readmitted to theUniversity except by the special vote of thisFaculty.Meeting of December ig. — 1) The followingstudents were admitted with advanced standing:Helen Brandeis, Martha Dobyns, Lillian S. Green-leaf, Elizabeth M. King, R. C. Neptune, C. C.Smith, Georgia M. Wheeler, Alice C. Judson.4. The Faculty of the Senior Colleges :Meeting of December 19. — 1) The followingstudents were admitted with advanced standing:Laura E. Benedict, Florence H. Boyd, EleanorM. Doyle, T. M. Furlong, A. A. Green, T. W.Thomson, A. E. Whitford. 2) The followingrecommendation approved and transmitted to theFaculty of the Junior Colleges : " It is recommended that the Senior College Faculty send thefollowing resolution to the Junior College Facultyfor their favorable consideration, viz., that students in the College of Science who wish to takethe pre-medical course, be allowed to substitutePhysics or Chemistry for the third major of required Mathematics."UNIVERSITY RECORD 287-5. The Faculty of the Ogden (Graduate) School ofScience :Meeting of December iq. — i) Communicationfrom Faculty of Junior Colleges (see 4, above undermeeting of Dec. 2) received and committee appointed consisting of the following: Messrs.Barnes, Stieglitz, Chamberlin, Davenport, F. R.Moulton.«6. The Faculty of the Divinity School :Meeting of December 16. — 1) E. Schmidt accepted as a candidate for the Ph.D. degree. 2)Ordered that under five (5) on page twelve (12)of the Circular of Information of the DivinitySchool there be inserted -after the word but"(1) each student takes one miajor in PublicSpeaking."7. The University Senate:Meeting of December 2. — 1) After discussion ofthe following request of the Department of Political Economy, viz., "That no student be givencredit in Political Economy for graduation unlesshe had had two quarters work in the subject," itwas voted that the method adopted in similar circumstances by the Department of Chemistry waspreferable (viz., that the student be advised not totake only a single quarter in Chemistry, but thatif he does so, he be given credit for one quarter'swork under the usual conditions). 2) Next meeting of the Senate appointed for January 13, 1900,at which the replies of the Faculty of theOgden (Graduate) School of Science should bepresented (see University Record, IV, 36, p.244, col. 1).8. The Eoard of Trustees :Meeting of December 12. — i)_ The Presidentreported the resignation of 'Ned Arden Flood,Director of the Press, to take effect January 1,1900. The resignation was accepted. The President recommended the appointment of NewmanMiller to fill the vacancy. The recommendationwas adopted and Mr. Miller appointed. Meeting of December iq. — 1) H. Parker Williamson of Princeton University was appointedto give courses in the Romance Department during the Winter and Spring Quarters of the currentyear. 2) The following appointments were madeto the Class-study Department of the UniversityExtension Division : Horace Spencer Fiske, English ; Frederick Otto Schub, German ; ClairiVvery Orr, Latin ; Robert Walter Bruere, German ; Leon E. A. Liebard, French; Michael F.Guyer, Zoology. 3) The committee appointed tosecure the vacation of the street and alleysthrough the two blocks- between 56th and 57thstreets, and Ellis and Lexington avenues reportedthat the ordinance vacating the street and alleyshad passed the City Council by an unanimousvote.Meeting of December 27. — 1) On recommendation of the President, Assistant Professor Geo. E.Vincent was appointed Dean of the Junior Colleges from January 1, 1900.THE ALUMNI.NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS.THOMAS WOOSTER HYDE.The following sketch of the life of Thomas W.Hyde, class of 1861, whose death, at FortressMonroe, on November 14, 1899, was noted in thelast Monthly Number of the University Record,is condensed from the Bath Daily Times, of Bath,Maine :Brigadier General Thomas Wooster Hyde wasborn in Florence, Italy, January 15, 184 1. Hebegan his education in the old Erudition Schooland graduated from the Bath High School in1856, and from the Chicago University in 1861.He enlisted in a Chicago regiment which was notaccepted in Lincoln's first call for 75,000 men.He returned to Bath and organized a companywhich mustered at Augusta in 1861. Fie wasimmediately elected Major of the regiment andwas soon after appointed Acting Inspector Gen-288 UNIVERSITY RECORDeral of the Left Division, Army of the Potomac.After the Battle of Gettysburg he was promotedto Lieutenant Colonel and remained on the staffof the Sixth Corps, until his three years expired.In the summer of 1864 he was commissionedColonel of the First Maine Veteran Volunteers.In 1865 he mustered out after four years ofservice and was later brevetted Brigadier General.He came back to Bath and entered the iron business as proprietor of Hyde's Foundry. Thiswas a little, unknown establishment on Waterstreet whose sole business was the making ofsimple castings. This insignificant plant was themother of the Bath Iron Works.Under the General's able direction the littleplant grew. New machinery was put in fromtime to time, the classes of castings made wereimproved and increased, a machine shop wasadded and then another. The Hyde Windlasswas invented and patented and appeared on themarket where it soon found favor and was followed by other kinds of ship machinery untilevery sort of engine and machine in use aboardship was being produced at this plant.The ship building plant continued to grow until it is now one of the great plants of the world.The Hyde Windlass Company soon outgrew theold quarters as a part of the Bath Iron Worksand now occupies a plant almost as big as theIron Works itself. There is manufactured thefamous Hyde Steam Windlass which is used in allthe great ship yards of the world.Having developed these plants to their presentmagnitude, General Hyde was compelled to retire from their active management about twoyears ago on account of failing health. His sonEdward W. Hyde became president and his sonJohn S. Hyde, vice president.Gen. Hyde's interests were not confined to thebusy routine of his office; he had time to takean active part in political and social life.His political career began in 1873 when he waselected to the State Senate, serving three terms,two of them as president of that body. He was Mayor of Bath in 1876-7 and in 1877 wasappointed one of the board of visitors of the WestPoint Military Academy. In 1883 he was appointed by Congress one of the board of managers of the Soldiers' Home.Socially Gen. Hyde's genial and cordial natureendeared him to all. He was commander of theMaine Commandery of the Loyal Legion for aconsiderable period and was a member of theSagadahoc Club of Bath, of which he was presidentfor some time, and of the most prominent clubsof Portland, Boston and New York. Much ofGeneral Hyde's relaxation was found in literature,to which he himself contributed, among otherthings, a most readable volume entitled Following the Greek Cross, a narrative of his experiencesduring the war, which was published four or fiveyears ago.In the death of this remarkable man, Bath undoubtedly loses her greatest benefactor, the manwho has given her an industry which employsnearly 1000 men while yet in its infancy, andwithout which Bath would have died long ago.Never was a man more closely identified with allbranches of the life of his city than General Hydewas with all the ramifications of Bath's activity.Never did a prominent man enjoy to a greaterdegree the confidence and affection of thoseamong whom his lot was cast.General Hyde visited this University early lastsummer while on his way to the Pacific coast forhis health. He arranged with President Harperto have his degree reenacted in October on hisreturn but he was too ill to be at the Convocation.His degree, however, was reenacted without his.presence.CHARLES O. PARISH.Charles O. Parish, A.M., class of 1896 died ofpneumonia, January 5, 1900, at his home in Chicago. He took his master's degree in the Department of Political Science. In the autumn of1896 he entered the Harvard Law School and sodistinguished himself as a student that he wasUNIVERSITY RECORD 289elected associate editor of the Harvard law Review in 1898. In 1899 ne was appointed as oneof the marshals of his graduating class. In Julyafter receiving his degree in law Mr. Parish returned to Chicago and entered the law office ofH. S. Robbins. He came to the University fromLake Forest University. He was a man of extraordinary promise and ability.NEW ALUMNI.The Alumi list has been increased this quarter(January 1900) by the addition of nineteen bachelors, six masters, and eight doctors.Bachelors of Arts, Literature, and Science.Francis Barton Bates, Ph.B., Dardenne, Mo.Elizabeth Earnist Buchanan, A.B., 61 10 Madison av.Emma Lauretta Butler, A.B., Goshen, Ind.Alden Hervey Hadley, B.S., Monrovia, Ind.Alice Joanna Harrigan, A.B., Kalamazoo, Mich.Ella Lonn, Ph.B., LaPorte, Ind.Lura May Love, Ph.B., Elmore, Ohio.Anna Sophia Morse, Ph.B., Newbury, Vt.Nannie Gourley Oglevee, Ph.B., Columbia, Ohio. 'Elim A. E. Palmquist, A.B., 6339 Stewart avenue.Jean Rowan Priest, Ph.B., 5622 Ellis av.Kate Clarentine Rising, A.B., 433, 57th st.Ralph Elliott Rugh, A.B., 61 Middle Divinity.Frances Louise Walshe, Ph.B., 2339 Calumet av.Bachelors of Divinity.Frank Leonard Anderson, Maywood, 111.Friend Taylor Dye, Grand Rapids, Mich.Erretf Gates, Chicago.Richard Beauchamp Marshall, the University of Chicago.Julian Emmet Yates, the University of Chicago.Masters.Charlotte Comstock Gray, Brooklyn, N. Y.Harold Lucius Axtell, DesMoines, Iowa.Caroline Louise Ransom, the University of Chicago.Emily Churchill Thompson, 4457 Emerald av.Ruthella Bernard Mory, Baltimore, Maryland.Nevin Melancthon Fenneman, Greely, Colo.Doctors of Philosophy *Herman Benjamin Almstedt, German and English, University of Chicago.Frederick Earnest Beckmann, Romance and German,University of Minnesota.* The appointments in this and other institutions held bythese doctors are given above. Herbert Morse Burchard, Greek and Latin, Syracuse University.William Gillespie, Mathematics and Physics, PrincetonUniversity.Forest Ray Moulton, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Chicago.Otto Heller, German and English, Washington University,St. Louis.Annie Marion MacLean, Sociology and Political Economy,Royal Victoria College, McGill University, Montreal, Can.Henry Chalmers Biddle, Chemistry and Physics, Mary-ville College, Maryville, Tenn.PERSONAL ITEMS.William English Walling, '97, who spent lastyear at Harvard University, is now Deputy FactoryInspector for Chicago.Samuel E. Swartz, Ph.D., '96, has been electedto the Principalship of the Broaddus Classicaland Scientific Institute, Clarksburg, West, Virginia.Theodore, M. Hammond, '85, who had chargeof the Employment Bureau the first years of theUniversity's history, is now a publisher of SundaySchool Supplies in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Joseph M. Flint, '95, Student of medicine inJohns Flopkins Medical School, returned recentlyfrom the Philippine Islands. He was a memberof a commission sent out from Johns Hopkinslast year to investigate tropical diseases.Jerome H. Raymond, Ph.D., '95, President ofthe University of West Virginia, was elected President of the Department of Higher Education atthe last meeting of the National EducationalAssociation.Cornelia M. Clapp, Ph.D., '96, Professor ofZoology at Mt. Holyoke College, is also an instructor at Wood's Holl during the summer.In the July number of the Review of Reviewsappeared an article on " Brick Paving in the1Middle West" by Harry Foster Bain, Ph.D., '97,who is now Assistant State Geologist of Iowa.William Scott Bond, '97, President of the Chicago Alumni Club, was admitted to the IllinoisBar in December. He will practice with Peck,Miller and Starr.290 UNIVERSITY RECORDP. Merrill Griffith, '97, U. S. Consul to Mata-moras, Mexico, has been admitted to the bar inTexas.Lucie France Pierce, '95, of Chicago, has completed a new novel of West Indian adventure,which will be published in the spring. Her otherwork the "White Devil of Verde " is mentionedbelow.Rowena Buell, '98, has taken up social settlement work at the Friendly Aid Society Settlementin New York City.Ernest H. Dillon, '98, is a clerk in the office ofAuditor of the War Department, Washington,D. C.Rev. W. W. Everts, '67 (reenacted '99) of St.Paul, Minnesota, was the agent in the purchase ofthe collections in the University Library knownas the Hengstenberg — "The Ide" and "TheAnabaptistica."Chas. L. Bristol, Ph.D., '97, Professor of Biologyin New York University, has directed three biological expeditions to the Bermudas.William R. Bishop, '97, is attending the University of Jena, Germany, where he expects totake his Doctor's degree next June in Pedagogyand Philosophy.Ward B. Pershing, '98, First Lieutenant FourthCavalry, Troop C, of the United States Regulars,has been in the Philippines for three months andhas commanded his troop in several engagementsaround Manila. »The following Alumni have been coaching football teams this year : Chas. F. Roby, '99, ChristianBrother's College, St. Louis; M. Gordon Clarke,'98, University of Texas; Henry G. Gale, '96,Ph.D., '99, University of Chicago; Clarence B.Herschberger, '98, University of Chicago; Fred.Day Nichols, '97, Morgan Park Academy.Hon. Chas. R. Dean, '77, Secretary of theSchool of Law, Columbia University, Washington,D. C, received the degree of LL.M. from that institution in June. Mr. Dean is the author of a" Digest of the Decisions of the Treasury Department from 1873-1882," published in 1884.Miss Jessie L. Nelson, '97, has been appointedClerk in the Bureau of Statistics, Washington,D. C.Major Edgar B. Tolman, '97, Major FirstIllinois Volunteer Infantry, who was in the siegeof Santiago, and afterwards in charge of a Spanishprison camp in the San Juan Valley, was musteredout of the service November 17. He had beenat Glenwood Spring for some months on sickleave.In the Worker's Call of Chicago for November7, 1899, appeared an article on the " Indifferentismof College Economics" by Laura Willard Taft,M.S., '96.H. C. Biddle, Ph.D., 1899-1900 has written" Ueber Derivate des Isuretins der Formhydroxam-saure und ihre Beziehungen zur Knallsaure," inliebig's Annalen der Chemie, Bd. 310, pp. 1-24.RECENT PUBLICATIONS.Some of the recent books by Alumni are thefollowing :Songs of Treetop and Meadow; Agnes S. Cook, '96.Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies (with notes) ; Agnes S. Cook, '96.The Prophets of Israel; Heibert L. Willett, Ph.D., '96.Elements of French ; Andre Beziat-de-Bordes, Ph.D., '99.Key to the Song of Songs; W. E. Wight, '94.Social Settlements ; Charles R. Henderson, '70.A Brief Introduction to Modern Philosophy; Arthur K.Rogers, Ph.D., '98.Deutschen Hiawatha Primer; Florence Holbiook, '76.Convert Culture; D. W. Hulbert, '82.The White Devil of Verde (a novel) ; Lucie F Pierce, '95.History of All Nations and Races; L. Brent Vaughn, '97(co-editor).Spanish- English Dictionary ; L. Brent Vaughn, '97.Milton* s Shorter Stories and Sonnets ; Fred Day Nichols, '97.Physical Measurements for High Schools ; John Lamay, '95.Practical Public Speaking ; S. H. Clark, '97.Mind and Body ; Alva C. Halphide, '93.Frequency of the Lord's Supper; N. J. Aylworth, '63.UNIVERSITY RECORD 291THE FACULTIES.Associate Professor Price's The Monuments andthe Old Testament is published in a second edition.Dr. H. L. Willett contributed to the ChristianQuarterly for a late issue an article on "A NewVocation."Dr. Wergeland has reviews of two new bookson the Crusades in the January American Journalof Theology.Part 9 of Dr. Arnolt's Concise Dictionary of theAssyrian Language, comprising pages 513-576, isnow published.Dr. A. W. Moore delivered six lectures beforethe Lake County Indiana Teachers' Associationat its last session.Associate Professor Starr W. Cutting is editorof " Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm, with Introduction and Notes."Professor Burton has just prepared for theAmerican Institute of Sacred Literature a Handbook of the Life of Paul.Mr. F. D. Nichols, of the Morgan Park Academy, has recently edited an edition of Milton'sShorter Poems and Sonnets.For the fourth consecutive time Professor T. C.Chamberlin has been elected President of theChicago Academy of Sciences.Professor A. C. Miller will offer a new coursein the coming Spring Quarter, taking up thetimely topic, "Industrial Combinations."The December number of the Emerson CollegeMagazine contains an article by Mr. F. M. Blan-chard on "Public Speaking in Colleges." Professor Wilkinson has written a quatrain descriptive of the University of Chicago for a collegecalendar which is being prepared for the year1901.The current number of the American MonthlyReview of Reviews contains an article by AssistantProfessor Jordan on " The Chicago DrainageCanal."The Revell Company has published a secondedition of Dr. Willett's "Life and Teachings ofJesus," as well as "Prophets of Israel," by thesame writer.Associate Professor Edward Capps, who hasreturned to the University after a somewhat extended vacation, will have his home at 5717 Madison avenue.Miss Hammond has published a pamphlet entitled " Class Questions for Analysis of NarrativeFiction." A recent article by her was "Lydgate'sMumming at Hertford."The Educational Review of London, England,recently contained an article by Associate Professor Charles H. Thurber on "The School System of the United States."Professor Laughlin has just prepared a specialintroduction for an edition of Bagehot's Physicsand Politics, issued by the Colonial Press as oneof "The World's Great Classics."Professor Rollin D. Salisbury and Mr. WilliamC. Alden are joint authors of "The Geography ofChicago and its Environs," just published by theGeographical Society of Chicago.Professor Johnson contributed the chapter on"The Precursors of Christian Science" to SearchLight on Christian Science. He has also publishedprivately a poem, The Home Missionaries.292 UNIVERSITY RECORDProfessor J. P. Iddings is joint author of "TheGeology of the Yellowstone National Park,"Monograph 32, Part 2, United States GeologicalSurvey, Washington, 1899. 893 pp. 121 pis.Assistant Professor William Hill has been selected as expert to report on the desirability ofGovernment Ownership of Telegraphs, in connection with the Industrial Commission appointedby Congress.Professor J. Laurence Laughlin has been madean honorary member of the committee institutedby the French Ministry of Commerce, on a Con-gres international de la propriete fonciere, duringthe Exposition of 1900.Assistant Professor Edwin E. Sparks addressedthe Central Ohio Teachers' Association at a meeting in Dayton. He published in the SchoolReview for November an article on " The Sentimental in American History."Professor Shailer Mathews has recently contributed to the Dial articles on "A Man of theTheological Renaissance in New England" and"Modern Egypt." In the November BiblicalWorld was a study of "The Conduct of an AdultBible Class."The exceedingly valuable bibliographies ofTheological and Semitic Literature, which Dr.Arnolt has prepared for the American Journal ofTheology, the American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, and the Biblical Worldduring 1898-9, are now combined under onecover as a bibliographical supplement to thesethree journals.Professor Nef's recent articles include " Ueberdas Phenylacetylen, seine Salze und seine Flalogen-substitutionsproducte" (Liebig's Annalen derChemie, Bd. 308, pp. 264-328) and "Ueber das Verhalten der tri- und tetra-halogen-substituirtenMethane " (Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, Bd. 308PP- 329-333)-Professor Burton contributed " The PersonalReligion of Jesus" to the December BiblicalWorld 'and "The Sources of the Life of Jesus outside the Gospels" to the January number of thesame journal. In connection with ProfessorMathews he prepared " Constructive Studies inthe Life of Christ" for the January number.Recent articles by Professor John Henry Barrows are " Our National Thanksgiving," in theCongregationalist, and "The Toledo ManualTraining School," in the Review of Reviews. Professor Barrows will address the World's Conference of Missions in New York City in April on"The Right Attitude of Christianity to Non-Christian Faiths."Associate Professor Charles H. Thurber, whowho has returned to the . University after beingresident at Clark University for some months,made several important addresses in December. Before the Massachusetts State Teachers'Association he considered "The Bearing ofElective Studies on the Problems of the HighSchool." At the meeting of the Pligh SchoolPrincipals' Association of Massachusetts he discussed "The Further Extension and Enrichmentof the High School Curriculum." On December14, at Harvard University, he addressed the Harvard Educational Conference on "Economic Aspects of Education."The departmental programme of Botany atthe Marine Biological Laboratory for the comingsummer has just appeared. This is the first offive departmental announcements that will shortlybe published, the others being on Zoology,Physiology, Embryology, and Psychology. Eachprogramme will present first the courses of instruction and opportunities offered in its ownspecial field and at the end certain general infor-UNIVERSITY RECORD 293mation with an account of the organization of .theMarine Biological Laboratory. Three of thesedepartments are under the leadership of University of Chicago men, Professor Whitman, Associate Professor Loeb and Dr. Davis directingthe work in Zoology, Physiology, and Botanyrespectively. The Department of Embryology isin charge of Professor Frank R. Lillie, of Vassar,who received his Doctor's degree here. Speciallectures are announced by Professor Coulter, Assistant Professor Davenport, and Dr. Child.Among the recent reviews by members of thefaculties are :Theology of the New Testament, Stevens, by ShailerMathews.Life of Our Lord in Art, Hurll, by Shailer Mathews.A Text-book of Algebra, Fisher and Schwatt, by H. E.Slaught.Geology of Isle Royale, A. C. Lane, by J. P. Iddings.Minnesota Plant Life, Conway MacMillan, by Charles J.Chamberlain.North American Slime Moulds, MacBride, by Charles J.Chamberlain.Ueber Reductionstheilung, Spindelbildung, Centrosomenund Cilienbildner im Pflanzenreich, Ed. Strasburger, byCharles J. Chamberlain.Gothic Architecture, Moore, by Oscar L. Triggs.Lyrics of Brotherhood, Burton, by Oscar L. Triggs.The Authority of Criticism, Trent, by Oscar L. Triggs.The Crown of Life, Gissing, by Oscar L. Triggs.Matthew Arnold, Saintsbury, by Oscar L. Triggs.A Vision of New Hellas, Guthrie, by Oscar L. Triggs.Browning: Poet and Man, Cary, by Oscar L. Triggs.The Court of Boy ville, White, by Oscar L. Triggs.Tramping with Tramps, Flynt, by Oscar L. Triggs.Fables in Slang, Ade, by Oscar L. Triggs.Things as They Are, Hale, by Oscar L. Triggs.The Surface of Things, Waldstein, by Oscar L. Triggs.The Book of Proverbs, Toy (International Critical Commentary), by Ira M. Price.The Life of the Spirit, H. W. Mabie, by Ira M. Price.History of English Dramatic Literature, Ward, by F. I.Carpenter.Matthew Arnold, Saintsbury, by F. I. Carpenter.Principles of Literary Criticism, Winchester, by F. I. Carpenter. Principles and Methods of Literary Criticism, Sears, by F.I. Carpenter.Literary Criticism, Gayley and Scott, by F. I. CarpenterLiterary Criticism in the Renaissance, Spingan, by F. I.Carpenter.Greek Sculpture with Story and Song, by F. B. Tarbell.The True William Penn, Fisher, by Francis W. Shep-ardson.Historic Side Lights, Arnold, by Francis W. Shepardson.Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People, Hapgood, byFrancis W. Shepardson.La Psicologia Contemporanea, Guida Villa, by Ira W.Howerth.Principi di Logica Reali, D'Alfonso, by Ira W. Howerth.Biblical Antiquities, Adler and Casanowicz, by W. Muss-Arnolt.Pairum Niccenorum Nomina, Gelzer, Hilgenfeld, Cuntz,by W. Muss-Arnolt.Der Aufbau der altchristlichen Literatur, Haussleiter, byW. Muss-Arnolt.De Grmcitate Patrum Apostolicorum, Reinhold, by W.Muss-Arnolt.Cherubim, Petersen, by W. Muss-Arnolt.A Manual of Patrology, Stearns, by W. Muss-Arnolt.Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology, Weidner, byW. Muss-Arnolt.OFFICIAL NOTICES.Notice is hereby given that a special meeting,being the nineteenth meeting, of the UniversityCongregation of the University of Chicago willbe held on Friday, January 26, 1900, at 4:00 p.m., in the Congregation Hall, Haskell OrientalMuseum. The members of the Congregation willassemble in Haskell Oriental Museum, secondfloor, at 3:45 p.m., for the procession to the Congregation Hall.The Congregation will consider :1. Matters whose consideration was postponed from theeighteenth meeting.2. Such other business as may properly come before themeeting.Attention is called to the regulation prescribingthat at all meetings of the Congregation the fullscholastic dress be worn.George S. Goodspeed,University Recorder.294 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE CALENDAR.JANUARY 19-27, 1900.Friday, January 19.Chapel-Assembly: The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m.Mathematical Club meets in Room 35, RyersonPhysical Laboratory, at 4:00 p.m.Mr. J. A. Smith reads a paper on " The GenerationalDetermination of the Modular Group."Notes : " On Cremona Transformations," V, by Dr.H. E. Slaught ; " On the Nebular Hypothesis, I :Critical," by Dr. F. R. Moulton.Saturday, January 20.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies in HaskellOriental Museum :The Administrative Board of the UniversityPress, 8:30 a.m.The Administrative Board of Student Organizations, Publications, and Exhibitions, 10: 00 A.M.The Faculty of the Ogden (Graduate)School of Science, 10:00 a.m.The Faculty of the Divinity School at11:30 A.M.Sunday, January 21.Vesper Service will be held in Kent Theaterat 4:00 p.m.Rev. W. P. Merrill, pastor of the Sixth PresbyterianChurch, Chicago, will speak on " William of Orange."Monday, January 22.Chapel- Assembly : The Junior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Tuesday, January 28.Chapel-Assembly : The Senior Colleges. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Botanical Club meets in Room 23, BotanyBuilding, at 5:00 p.m.Miss K. R. Andrews will review Spencer's article onthe " Origin of the Australian flora."Mr. B. E. Livingston will review Griffon's work on" Chlorophyll Assimilation."Sociology Club meets in Assembly Room,Haskell Museum, at 8:00 p.m.Rev. W. D. P. Bliss, President of the National SocialReform Union, and Editor of the Cyclopedia of SocialReform will speak on "American Socialism." Wednesday, January 24.Division Meetings, 10: 30 a.m. :Lower Seniors will meet with Professor Dewey,who will speak on " Present Ethical Problems," Lecture Room, Cobb Lecture Hall.Upper Seniors will meet with the President inHaskell Museum.Zoological Club meets in Room 24, ZoologyBuilding, at 4:00 p.m.Brenslau's Account of the Development of the Rhab-docoela, by Mr. E. H. Harper ; " Variation in Patula "by Mr. C. E. Adams.Formal visit to the University by His Excellency, Dr. von Holleben, Imperial GermanAmbassador to the United States. Exercisesin Kent Theater, 3:00 p.m., open to membersof the University.University exercises and classes will be suspended from 3:00-5:00 p.m.Pedagogical Club meets in Haskell AssemblyRoom at 7:30 p.m.Mr. Henry R. Corbett : " In Nothing too Much"—Present value of the Platonic Doctrine of Balance ;Mr. Van Wie : "Pedagogical Nomenclature," to befollowed by general discussions.Thursday, January 25.Chapel-Assembly: The Graduate Schools . Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Political Economy Club meets in the LectureRoom, Cobb Lecture Hall, at 4:00 p.m.Professor E. Hastings Moore will address the clubon "A Mathematical Formulation of the Problem ofAverage Prices."Friday, January 26.Chapel- Assembly : The Divinity School. Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Special Meeting of the University Congregation, Congregation Hall, Haskell OrientalMuseum, at 4:00 p.m. (see p. 293).Saturday, January 27.Meetings of University Ruling Bodies in HaskellOriental Museum :The Faculty of Morgan Park Academy,8:30 A.M.The Administrative Board of Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums, 10:00 a.m.The Faculty of the Graduate School of Artsand Literature, 11:30 a.m.The University Senate (Special Meeting),11: 30 A.M.