Gbe TUnlversttp of (TbicagoPrice $J»00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOSTbe i&nivetBitv of Gbtcaao ©tegsVOL IV, NO. 5. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. MAY 5, 1899Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. The Codex Romanus of Catullus. By ProfessorWilliam Gardner Hale ----.- 37-41II. American Students in French Universities - - 41-43III. Official Notices 43IY. Official Actions 43V. Susan Rhod a Cutler 43VI. Official Reports : The Library 4a-44VII. The Calendar 44The Codex Romanus of Catullus.BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE.Note. — This paper, which was read before the PhilologicalSociety of the University at its meeting of November 21, 1898,has since been printed, in German, in Hermes, Vol. XXXIV, 1(Jan. 1,1899).In recent years there have been as many as four distinct views with regard to the critical foundation uponwhich the restoration of the text of Catullus shouldrest., One school (so Baehrens) has held that all thesecondary MSS. are descended from G, and that, accordingly, G and O alone are to be considered ; another(so Ellis) that O constitutes one tradition, while D andG represent a second one, each of the two MSS. beingthe best in its own class ; a third that, while O and Gconstitute two traditions, a distinct third tradition is tobe found in the secondary MSS.; a fourth (so Schulze)that, while O, G, and D represent three distinct traditions, a fourth distinct tradition is to be found invarious other MSS , of which the best representativeis M. Accordingly, Baehrens, in his edition, gave thereadings of O and G alone ; Ellis, Giri, and Schwabegive the readings of O and G and selected readingsfrom A, B, C, D, H, L, La1, La2, M, P, Vat. 1630 Rice.606, and some others ; while Schulze gives the readings of O, G, M, and D. Obviously the emenders of the very corrupt text ofCatullus will reach different results, according to theviews which they respectively hold on the subject ofthe proper critical foundations of the text. Certainreadings are found in various secondary MSS., whichare not found in O or G. Have such readingscome down by a genuine tradition from the " lostVerona MS.," or are they blunders of the fifteenth-century scribes, or guesses of fifteenth-century scholars? Are we to find in them starting points foremendation, or are they completely without authorityfor us? Inasmuch as there is practical unanimitywith regard to the high value of O and G, the question asked above amounts to this : what is the relationof the seventy or more secondary MSS. to O and Gand to one another? It was in the hope of gettingmaterial which would throw light upon this questionthat, in the early spring of 1898, I set four students ofthe American School of Classical Studies in Rome,Messrs. Burton, Denison, Tamblyn, and Holmes, atwork to make collations of four Vatican MSS. ofCatullus, selected by me out of the eleven MSS. ofthat author upon which I was able at once to lay myhand. My hopes were confirmed, and, had nothingmore resulted, I should have been able, I believe, tothrow a good deal of light upon one of the most hotlydebated, and one of the most important, questionsthat have agitated the world of students of Catullus,namely, that of the origin, and consequently of thevalue, of D. Indeed, I am inclined to think that, withthe aid of the evidence of these four MSS., added toevidence which has long been available, though notyet fully used, from MSS. reported upon by previousworkers, it would have been possible to trace, with38 UNIVERSITY RECORDgreat probability, the general history of the representative secondary MSS., and thus to determine theirrelation to one another and to the lost Verona MS.But fortune favored my purposes still further.Heyse, in his CatulPs Buch der Lieder, 1855, pp. 285,287, and 288, enumerates eleven Vatican MSS. of ourauthor. I found that, in the catalogue of the Ottobonicollection in the Vatican Library, a twelfth MS. wasentered, though under a wrong number. The MS. wasfinally found, through the kindness of Father Ehrle,and I collated it. I published a brief account of mydiscovery in the Classical Review for July 1896, andagain in my Report as Director of the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies in Rome, in the AmericanJournal of Archceology, Second Series, 1897, Vol. I,1, pp. 36 ff. In the Classical Review I stated thatmy collation of the Codex Romanus (as I have namedthe new MS.) would appear in the following winter.Mendax desideror. I owe the apology which I nowbeg to make. I have fully realized that it was myduty to make my collation available for students ofCatullus at the earliest possible moment. In order tofulfill this duty, I have left untouched a prior piece ofwork of distinct moment to myself, a " Latin Moodsand Tenses," which was well advanced in the presswhen I accepted, for a year, the directorship of theSchool in Rome. I have allowed attacks upon published doctrines of mine to pass unanswered. I havespared no pains or energy. But the labors which Ihave had to perform as chairman of the ManagingCommittee of this same school — a school with largeyearly outgoes and no endowment — and the manycares of a professorship in a new university, have filledmy days ; and the very considerable task of preparingfor the press the composite collation of the five Vatican MSS. is not yet quite accomplished.Meanwhile Professor Schulze, the well-known editorof Catullus, has himself examined the new MS., andin Hermes, Vol. XXXIII, 3, has expressed his general view. Briefly put, it is to the effect that, when heexamined " diese merkwiirdige Handschrif t, seine hoch-gespannten Erwartungen vollig enttauscht wordenseien ; dass die Handschrift des Mr. Hale (Cod.Ottob. 1829) mit den anderen bereits bekanntenCodices des Dichters, namentlich dem Cod. M in Vene-dig, so sehr ubereinstimme, dass er nicht sehe, wie dieKritik des Catull durch sie weiter geforclert werdenkonne ; dass sie freilich Varianten zwischen den Zeilenund am Rande biete, dass auch sie aber meist bekanntseien; dass er den grossten Theil der Gedichte ver-glichen, und kaum eine neue, jedenfalls keine werth-volle neue Lesart gef unden habe, wohl aber tiberalldieselben Lticken, dieselben Schreibfehler, dieselben Versuche Unsicheres zu entziffern, dasselbe Aeusseresogar der Handschrift wie in den andern ; dass derCodex demnachst bei Danesi in Rom in phototypischerNachbildung erscheinen werde, so dass sich dann jederselbst ein Urtheil iiber seinen Werth bilden kann ;dass es aber Aufgabe des Mr. Hale sein wiirde nachzu-weisen, was diese Handschrift gerade vor den anderenvoraus habe und inwiefern der Text der GedichteCatulls durch sie eine neue kritische Grundlagegewinne."That Professor Schulze's article should have ap-peared at all excited my surprise. I should ratherhave expected a private letter, inquiring whether mycollation would not soon be ready — such a letter as, infact, I have actually received from Professor RobinsonEllis, who, though not less interested than ProfessorSchulze, and though, like Professor Schulze, he hashimself collated the MS. since I called attention to it,has not been willing to make any statement in printuntil I should have presented my own.Professor Schulze has, however, decided otherwisefor himself. In so doing he has put me into a somewhat difficult position. The natural place in which toproduce the evidence for my opinions is in connectionwith the collation on which they are based. Thatcollation is not yet ready for the press. ProfessorSchulze's article is, therefore, in effect a challenge toproduce evidence in advance of the collation. For itis obviously best that I should not rest in completesilence under the burden imposed by the article in theHermes. The unfavorable opinion of ProfessorSchulze, especially within the lines of a province towhich he has for many years devoted himself, mightnaturally carry weight in the minds of many people. Nor could it easily be believed that, after a personal examination of the new MS., any scholar couldbe willing to pronounce sentence upon it, and virtually to condemn the judgment of its discovererbefore the publication of the reasons of that judgment, unless he had weighed the matter carefully, andwas sure of his own ground. I am constrained, therefore, to give a brief statement of the position to whichI find myself being led by the evidence, and, necessarilyinadequately, enough of that evidence to show that Ihave not spoken at random.To my eye, the new MS. clearly belongs to about thesame period with O and G, and is manifestly olderthan any known MS. of Catullus except these two.To this external evidence of its age is added the evidence afforded by the " 71 Carte 39 " entered upon theupper right-hand corner of the first written page,which, as Father Ehrle will%say in the introductionto the facsimile, and, as I saict in the article in theUNIVERSITY RECORD 39American Journal of Archceology already referredto, makes it morally certain that the MS. was once theproperty of Coluccio Salutati. This gives it a datenot later than 1406, the year of Coluccio's death.Further, Coluccio quotes Catullus in an extant letterwritten at least ten years earlier. Since Catullus wasnot much known at the time, and, since there is noindication in any of Coluccio's letters that he had personally visited and inspected the Cathedal Library ofVerona, the probabilities are in favor of the hypothesisthat it was from a copy of his own that Coluccio wasquoting. Moreover, one cannot, with the evidence ofColuccio's ownership at hand, help surmising thatColuccio came into possession of this MS. in consequence of the letter written to Benvenuto da Imola on •the 25th of July, 1374, and the letters written toGaspare of Verona on the 20th of July, 1375, and the16th of November (or the 17th of October) of the sameyear. One's curiosity is therefore at once aroused toconsider what may be the relation of R to the ParisMS. G, which, except for the doubt which Chatelainhas thrown out, based upon the et cetera at the endof the address to the reader on the last page, has beengenerally supposed to be a direct copy of the lostVerona MS., and has been thought by Schwabe andNovati to have itself been the property of Coluccio.Internal evidence confirms the hint given by the resemblance in style which R bears to O and G ; for R,G, and O have in common a number of readings thatare found in no other MS. thus far reported upon, orknown to me, e. g., 64,213 egens O, G, R pr. m.; 76,11qui tui animo O, G, R pr. m.; 76,18 extremo O, G, Rpr. m.; 102,1 ab antiquo O, G, R pr. m. From theseand other examples I accordingly conclude that Rrepresents an older tradition than any other MS. except O and G, and that the external evidence presented to my eye, though not to Professor Schulze's,at the first glance at the new MS. was not deceptive.If, then, the MS. is of the same general period withO and G, is it, perhaps, a nearly contemporary copy ofthe one or the other, or is it a conflate MS. based uponthe two, or is it independent of both? A number ofreadings would at once imply that R was either a conflate MS., or that it had the distinct merit of having, ina number of places, preserved variants between whichO and G had selected, retaining but a single readingeach. Specimens are : 64,344 teuen O tenen G tenenal' teuen R; 59, 1 fellat O, fallat G, fallat aP fellat R.But a conflate MS. it is not, as is proved by such casesas the following : 72, 2, prime O, per me G, pre me (theright reading) R; 61, 176, hac tibi O, G, ac tibi (theright reading) R ; 68, 91 f rater O, G, frater al' f ratriR ; 50, 20j resposcat O, reposcat G, reponat R, etc. The new MS., then, is independent of O and G. Areall three MSS. independent copies of the lost VeronaMS., as has generally been supposed to be the casewith O and G? Here, again, the evidence presentedby readings like the following is clear : 68, 37 noli O,nolim G, R ; 64, 121 ut G, R, om. O ; 92, 3 and 4, givenin O, omitted in G, R. There is a large number ofcases of this sort, and their meaning is, that neither Gnor R is a direct copy of the lost Verona MS., but thatthey are copies of a MS. (which, for convenience, letme call alpha), itself probably a copy of the lost Verona MS. Together, then, they represent a single tradition, not two. Fortunately, however, these MSS.have preserved a good many variants which have notbeen preserved in O. Of the two, R is the richer, hav-ng 133 variants against G's 93. But whence do thevariants come? Bonnet has. suggested that the variants in G were entered by the scribe from anotherMS. which he had compared with the copy he hadmade. But the inference to be drawn from such casesas teuen O tenen G tenen al' teuen R, coupled withthe many cases in which G and R have the same variants, seems to be that these variants were in the lostVerona MS., were then largely copied in a, not quiteso fully in R, and less fully still in G. The scribe ofO, on the other hand, preserved very few of these variants, and, when he wrote them at all, inserted thembodily into the text.When were O, a, G, and R written? O is commonlydated at about the year 1400. At a later time, I shallexpress a different opinion, if an hypothesis which Iam now testing results in anything. For the rest, itseems to me altogether probable that a was written atthe instigation of Gaspare of Verona, in order to besent to Coluccio; that at the end of it, the scribenoted the date, namely, the 19th of October, 1375, adding the words quando cansignorius laborabat in extremis, and something else which is now lost ; that theMS. was sent to Coluccio, and that, presumably, hesoon had a copy made, which is the MS. recently foundin Rome ; that the copyist, feeling that the scribe's address to the reader and the date of the copy were notof consequence, omitted them ; that, probably later,whether in the library of Coluccio or elsewhere, another copy of a was made, which is the one now knownas G ; and. finally, that the scribe of G, after copyingthe address to the reader at the end of a, and the dateOctober 19, 1375, quando cansignorius laborabat inextremis, felt that the remainder was of no consequence, and closed with the words, et cetera (etc.).Chatelain's suspicion about the certainty of the date1375 is thus strongly corroborated.There remains the question of the relation of the40 UNIVERSITY RECORDsecondary MSS. to the three great MSS., and the lostVerona MS. The details of this question are exceedingly perplexing ; for the secondary MSS. are all ornearly all conflate, and the lines of tradition arecrossed and recrossed in an extraordinary manner.The complete settlement of this question demands fullcollations of a large number of the secondary MSS.,and a great deal of perplexing study. I believe, however, that the ultimate result will be to prove that thesecondary MSS. represent no independent traditions ;that they are descended principally from R, thoughwith a varying amount of crossing from G. Illustrations of the descent from R are 102, 1, ab antiquo O,G, R, ab amico R2 cett., 76, 11 qui tui animo O, G, R,qui tu animo R2 cett.; prime O, per me G, pre me Rcett.; 61, 176 hac O, G, ac R cett., 106, 1 esse O, G, ipseR cett., 78, 9 Verum id non O, Verum non id G, Idverum non R cett. An instance of conflation from G,on the other hand, is 1, 8, libelli O, R, and generally,libelli al'mei G, M, mei P.As for the history of D, it is too complicated to dealwith here in any detail. Briefly, however, I may saythat D is in every case included in the cett. above ;that it seems to me (as it always has done) to showstrong resemblances to the, B A V group (see, e. g., 64,339, aut B, D, A) ; and that certain peculiarities of thisgroup, which do not appear in D nor in Rice. 606, etc.,do appear still in one of the MSS. collated in Rome(namely Ott. 1799, which I shall name Y), which, onthe other hand, is clearly very closely related to D,Rice. 606, etc. The archetype of Y, D, Rice. 606, etc,accordingly was of the B, A, V group, though it owesother readings, through conflation, to other sources.The archetype of D Rice. 606, etc., got rid of a numberof errors in this group, and was differentiated from itstill further by conflation with still other MSS. And,finally, D itself was still further differentiated fromits own group by the rather wild emendations of itsscribe and corrector. These interrelations are verycomplicated, and it may not be possible to bring themall to light. As the evidence now looks to me, however, I expect ultimately to find proof that D owes itsgood readings entirely to Rand G, and all departuresfrom R and G to the Italian scribes and scholars ofthe fifteenth century ; in a word, that it has absolutelyno independent authority for the restorer of the textof Catullus. If this is true, Professor Schulze will beable to see the bearing of it upon the text-criticism ofCatullus ; for it will oblige him, in future editions ofthe poet, to surrender completely one of the four traditions on which he has leaned.Professor Schulze has laid much weight on M. Ishall at a later time have the pleasure of showing that his judgment was right, by proving that M is, withsome conflation from G, in all probability a direct copyfrom R, or, at any rate, a descendant but slightly removed. But it would seem that at every other pointour methods and our results are far apart. Where heis content with the mere fact of our already possessingcertain variants (as if a mere accumulation of variants,from whatever source, were all that is necessary to thetext criticism of Catullus), I desire to know theirauthority, i. e., their history ; where he finds the sameappearance in R as in the other MSS., I find great differences among these MSS. (as, e. g., between O or Gand M, the three MSS. which he mentions) and findthat R has the general appearance of O and G, but notof B, M, P, etc. Where he is content to note the merefact that R resembles other MSS., notably M, in itsreadings, I am concerned to find the meaning of thisresemblance ; where he merely notes the existence ofthe same gaps, the same mistakes, the same attemptsto decipher the indecipherable, in R as in the otherMSS., I find interesting indications that these gaps,mistakes, etc., were a feature of the lost Verona MS.But it is not alone in our ways of approaching theproblems that we differ. We do not see the samethings in that which the MS. presents to the eye. Inhis article Schulze has incidentally given the readingsof a number of passages. Among these are variants.In two cases he has said that these are " von spaterHand." The rest are, of course, then, by the hand ofthe corrector, or by the first hand. But in elevencases, namely 8, 15, ne tibi quae te, 9, 9 suauiabor, 10,7 quomodo posse haberet, 10, 31 adme, 56, 5 publium,56, 6, crissantem, 64, 3 aP oeaetaeos, 64, 5 aP pubis, 64,139 blanda, 178 air idaeos, 64, 251 parte ex alia, thevariants are by later hands than that of the corrector,and by not less than three different hands, one ofwhich, at any rate, belongs to the sixteenth century.If textual criticism is of any value whatever, it certainly is concerned with the question when these variants found their way into the MS. And, finally,Schulze reports the MS. wrongly in a surprisingnumber of places where there is no question of thedetermination of hands. He has given, his readings inthirty passages. In eight of them we read differently,and our differences cover ten different points. Where,in 4, 13, he sees only cithori, I see an o, written by alate corrector over an e (so that R had originally thesame reading as O and G) ; where in 55, 9 he reportsave te,I find A ve-te (not ave te) and easily distinguishunder the hyphen an erased e, so that the MS. originally had A uelte (the reading of O and G). No wonderthat Schulze did not recognize the importance of thenew MS., if he took its latest state for the originalUNIVERSITY RECORD 41one. But his mistakes are not confined to places wherethere have been erasures and corrections. He makesthem likewise in places where there has never beenany change. Where, in 23, 1, he finds seruo al' seruos,I read an unmistakable seruo al'seruus ; where, in 41,8, he sees esse, I see the common abbreviation for et ;where, in 63, 49, he finds miserator al'maiestatis, I findal'miseriter al'maiestates ; where, in 64, 251, he finds aparte ex alia, 1 read parte ex alia, which is to be addedto the At (not a) left untouched in the text ; where,in 64, 109, he finds cominus only, I find before cominusan et, which he seems to have mistaken for aV ; andwhere, in 8, 15, he finds vae tibi quae tibi, the MS.has ue tibi quae te. Now, no man ever escapes committing mistakes in the first, or even in the second,collation of a MS. I have no such hope for myself,and shall doubtless, at a later time, need a reasonablemodicum of indulgence. But the differences betweenSchulze and myself in these thirty passages — anaverage difference of one point upon every three passages, to say nothing of the matter of the distinguishing of hands or the overlooking of corrections — aretoo many to be covered by this modicum. One orthe other of us is an untrusty guide. The simplefact is that Schulze has taken the matter altogethertoo lightly. Perhaps I may; after all, be pardonedmy delay in publishing my collation, in view of thefact that I have approached my task in a differentspirit.I have thus been compelled, by the publication ofSchulze's hastily formed opinions, to give some evidence in corroboration of what, in a spirit of greatmoderation, I early said of the MS. in print. The collation of R, W, X, Y, Z, which I expect to publishbefore many months in the American Journal ofArchozology, Second Series, Vol. XX, 2, will add agood deal of other evidence of the same kind. But Ishall by no means regard my task as completed by thepublication of this collation. The question of thevalue, that is, of the history, of the secondary MSS.,cannot be finally settled except by the study of complete collations (such as have not yet been published)of a number of these MSS. sufficient to represent allsub families. Recognizing, at the time of my discoveryof R, the importance of a more complete equipmentthan yet existed, I had two of the MSS. commonly regarded as oldest among those of the second class,namely, A and B, collated respectively by Mr. Shipley and Mr. Dixon, members of the School in Rome.Upon taking up the study of the relations of the MSS.in my seminary after my return, I found that theequipment we possessed was still very inadequate, andMr. Dixon accordingly returned to Europe to com plete it. He had made copies, or collations, of C, La2,P, Rice. 606, and Vat. 1630, when he was recalled byillness in his family. I have since arranged for themaking of copies of D, H, and L. With the assistance of Mr. Dixon and Mr. Washburn (both Fellowsof the University of Chicago), I plan to put out a complete collation of A, B, C, D, G, H, L, A, La2, M, O, PR, T, Vat., 1630 Rice. 606, and W, X, Y, Z) as I havenamed the four secondary MSS. referred to above,collated by students of the School in Rome), togetherwith the conclusions to which we come with regard tothe main lines of descent and the very complicatedinterrelationships of the secondary MSS. If, as I expect, the results of this study be to prove definitivelythe descent of all our secondary MSS. from R and G,I shall shortly afterward publish a continuous restoredtext of the lost Verona MS. (uncertain restorationsbeing indicated by underlining), accompanied by acritical apparatus comprising the readings of the threegreat MSS., with exact indication of the form ofabbreviation, or want of abbreviation, in all caseswhere they differ, or where their joint reading is subject to doubt. Students of Catullus will thus have,in the most convenient form, the complete manuscripttradition of their author, so far as it is authentic.American Students in French Universities.An official publication of the Department of theInterior issued in January contains a letter of Mr.H. J. Furber, stating in much detail the new conditions on which American students may obtain theDoctorate in French universities. The following isthe most significant portion :During the spring of 1895 the attention of Frenchscholars was called to the partiality shown by Americans for the universities of Germany. To inquire intothe reason for this preference and the measures necessary for advancing the prestige of French learning inthe United States, the Comite" Franco- Americain wasformed in Paris, with an advisory branch in Washington. The French organization numbered among itsmembers the Rector of the Academy of Paris, theAdministrator of the College de France, the deans ofthe different faculties, the heads of the principal special schools, the director of higher instruction, andother leading men. The American branch includedthe U. S. Commissioners of Education and of Labor,the presidents of our greater universities, and othermen of prominence.The membership of the American committee was asfollows : President J. B. Angell, University of Michigan; President Timothy Dwight, Yale University; President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University ; PresidentD. C. Gilman, Johns Hopkins University; G. BrownGoode, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum ;E. R. L. Gould, Secretary International Statistical42 UNIVERSITY RECORDAssociation ; President G. Stanley Hall, Clark University ; W. T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education; S. P. Langley, Secretary Smithsonian Institution;President Seth Low, Columbia College ; Simon New-comb, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac;President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University; AndrewD. White, ex-Minister to Germany ; President B. L.Whitman, Columbian University; Carroll D. Wright,U. S. Commissioner of Labor.The efforts of the Comite Franco-Americam weredirected along two different lines : First, towardsmodifying in each particular faculty the conditions affecting the granting of the old degrees ; and secondly,towards establishing degrees of a new order possessing, as in Germany, full academic value, but conferringno peculiar privileges. Partly through the .influenceof the committee and partly in consequence of othercauses, important changes were made in the facultiesof science in January 1896. The features then adopted— which, however, in view of recent innovations havesince become of less importance to the foreigner —were briefly, wider latitude in the election of studies,liberty to migrate from one institution to another andthe privilege of taking examinations either singly oren bloc. It was in the summer of 1897 that the committee was, in all except detail, finally successful.The changes then effected tended towards the creationof a new doctorate, similar to those of Germany, anddid not aim at modifying in any other manner theexisting system of degrees. The French universities,originally independent, had been consolidated by Napoleon I into one great institution, the University deFrance, of which the Sorbonne at Paris and the faculties at Lyons, Bordeaux, Montpellier, etc., were sections known as academies. The law of July 10, 1896,restored to the academies their old autonomy ; and aministerial decree dated July 21, 1897, clothed theminter alia with the following powers :Article XV. — " Besides the degrees established bythe state, the universities are authorized to institutetitles of a nature purely scientific.*' These titles shall confer none of the rights andprivileges attached bylaws and regulations to the[state] degrees, and in no case shall be declared a substitute." The studies and the examinations which shall determine their distribution shall be subject to regulations deliberated by the council of the university andapproved by the standing committee of the SuperiorCouncil of Public Instruction.** The diplomas shall be delivered in the name of theuniversity by the president of the council, in formsdifferent from the forms of those delivered by thegovernment."This decree assimilated to a very large extent thediplomas of Germany and France. It gives the Frenchuniversities control of the honors they confer ; permits them to adjust their regulations to the needs ofa foreign clientele; and sanctions a doctorate, forwhich such preliminary degrees as the licence or bac-calaure'at are not indispensable requirements.Under the authority of the above the University ofParis enacted the following regulations, which wereapproved by the Minister of Public Instruction April1, 1898, and became operative at the beginning of thecurrent academic year : " There is instituted a doctorate of the University ofParis. Candidates for the doctorate of the Universityof Paris must enter their names upon a special register provided by the secretary of the faculty or schoolof the University whose courses they intend to follow.They must present, in order to be inscribed, theirdiplomas or certificates of study or scientific degrees ;must fulfill the courses of study prescribed by thepresent regulations, and must submit to public examination. They are subjected to the academic and disciplinary regime of the University." In trie Faculty of Letters candidates must, if theyare French, present the diploma of UcenciC es lettres,the Faculty reserving to itself the right of acceptingequivalents ; if foreigners, they must submit certificates of study, of the value of which the Faculty isjudge. The term of study is at least two years, whichmay be spent either at the Faculty or at one of thescientific schools of Paris, or, in part, at some otherFrench or foreign university. The time of study maybe abbreviated at the discretion of the Faculty. Theexaminations include, first, the sustaining of a thesiswritten either in French or in Latin, and, secondly,questions upon subjects chosen by the candidate andapproved by the Faculty." In the Faculty of Science candidates must presenttwo certificates of advanced study, such as differentialand integral calculus, rational mechanics, astronomy,higher analytics, geometry, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics, physical and experimental mechanics,general physics, general chemistry, mineralogy, biological chemistry, zoology, botany, geology, generalphysiology, physical geography. The Faculty reservethe right of admitting equivalents in the case of foreign students. The term of study is one year. Theexaminations include the sustaining of a thesis indicating personal research, and questions upon subjectschosen by the F acuity." At the Superior School of Pharmacy candidatesmust, if French, present the diploma of pharmacistof the first class. If foreigners, two certificates ofstudy; the first covering pharmaceutical chemistryand toxicology ; the second covering galenic pharmacyand materia medica. The school reserves the right ofaccepting equivalents. The term of study is at leastone year. The examinations consist in the sustainingof a thesis indicating personal research." In the Faculty of Medicine the degree of Doctorof the University of Paris is given to foreign studentswho have taken their courses and submitted to theexaminations of the medical Faculty of Paris, theFrench degree of Bachelor not being required."The courses of,, .the French universities are opengratis to both men and women. Fees are, however,payable by candidates for a degree, and are as follows :For the doctorat universitaire es lettres - % 26" " " en science - 60*' " " en medicine 135" " " enpharmacie 186^ Although there is as yet no mention of the university doctorates of divinity and law it may be confidently stated that these degrees will shortly beavailable both at Paris and at the other universitiesof France, where the doctorat universitaire is aboutto be established.UNIVERSITY RECORD 43The Comite* Franco- Americain has been encouragedin the expectation that its friends in the United Stateswould organize in aid of the movement so successfullybegun. It is particularly desirable that at each seatof learning the cooperation of some individual or groupof persons be obtained, who will give publicity to suchmatter as the committee may from time to time communicate. A means of showing our appreciation forthe courtesies the French universities are preparingto extend lies in the establishment of scholarships.And it is gratifying to say in this connection that anoble-minded countrywoman, already known for hermunificence to the cause of education, is about to endow the University of Paris in the interest of our students. A further plan, which there is reason to believewould be cordially received in France, is for our universities to invite the attendance of one or moreFrench students every year on such terms as may seemfitting. Under a proper system of selection the students sent from France might be made of no smallservice to the institutions offering their hospitality.These projects are submitted in the earnest hope thatthe support necessary for carrying them into execution may be volunteered.Detailed information as to the regulations and resources of French schools, matters of economy, etc., maybe obtained from the Bureau for American Students,by addressing Mr. Henry Bre'al, Corresponding Secretary of the Comite' Franco-Americain, 70 rue d'Assas,Paris, France.____ Official Actions.The Graduate Faculty of Arts and Literature, at itsmeeting on April 29, 1899, accepted the following persons as candidates for the degrees named :For the Degree of Master of Arts :Frederick L. Hunt,James W. Linn,Martha P. Williams,Mary E. Patterson,Lee Byrne,Harrison L. Frank.For the Degree of flaster of Philosophy :Grace Darling,Robert L. Kelly,Ruthella B. Mory.For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy :Ambrose Pare Winston ; principal department, Political Economy ; secondary department, History.Herbert M. Burchard ; principal department, Greek ;secondary department, Latin.John S. Humphreys ; principal department, Greek ;secondary department, Latin.Frederick E. Beckmann ; principal department, Romance ; secondary department, Germanic.Frederick Brooks Lindsay; principal department,English ; secondary department, Philosophy, Official Notices.The Final Examination of Johannes Benoni Edu-ard Jonas for the degree of Ph.D. will be held Friday,May 12, 3: 00 p.m., in Room C 13 d. Principal subject,Germanic Languages and Literatures ; secondary subject, English. Thesis : " The Poems of HeinrichTeichner." Committee : Associate Professors Cuttingand MacClintock, Professor Hendrickson, and allother members of the departments immediately concerned.Susan Rhoda Cutler.In the death of Miss Susan Rhoda Cutler, whichoccurred at her mother's residence in this city on the24th of February, 1899, the University loses a zealousand conscientious student, whose earnest Christiancharacter, rare social qualities, and winning personality have endeared her to a host of friends both withinand without the University.Miss Cutler graduated from Western Reserve College in 1885, during her father's presidency of thatinstitution, and afterward spent several years in traveland study abroad. Coming to the University of Chicago during its first year, she held a Fellowship in theRomance'department for three years, and has left anexceptional record for thorough scholarship and faithful work. The University deeply regrets the loss of alife so richly equipped for a useful and happy career.Official Reports.During the month ending April 30, 1899, therehas been added to the Library of the University atotal number of 929 volumes from the followingsources :Books added by purchase, 364 vols., distributed asfollows :General Library, 27 vols.; Philosophy, 6 vols.;Pedagogy, 18 vols.; Political Economy, 18 vols.; Political Science, 44 vols.; History, 28 vols.; ClassicalArchaeology, 7 vols.; Sociology, 14 vols.; Sociology(Divinity), 10 vols.; Anthropology, 24 vols.; Comparative Religion, 7 vols.; Semitic, 7 vols.; New Testament, 7 vols.; Comparative Philology, 6 vols.; Greek,5 vols.;- Latin, 1 vol.; Greek and Latin, 2 vols.; Romance, 9 vols.; German, 6 vols.; English, 25 vols.;Mathematics, , 1 vol.; Astronomy (Yerkes), 2 vols.;Chemistry, 1 vol.; Physics, 11 vols.; Geology, 7 vols.;Biology, 1 vol.; Neurology, 2 vols.; Physiology, 2 vols.;Botany, 43 vols.; Church History, 10 vols.; SystematicTheology, 4 vols.; Homiletics, 2 vols.; Morgan ParkAcademy, 3 vols.; Physical Culture, 4 vols.Books added by gift, 456 vols., distributed asfollows :General Library, 410 vols.; Philosophy, 1 vol.;Archaeology, 1 vol.; Sociology, 2 vols.; Latin, 14 vols.;English, 23 vols.; Chemistry, 1 vol.; Systematic Theology, 2 vols.; Music, 2 vols.44 UNIVERSITY RECORDBooks added by exchange for University Publications, 109 vols., distributed as follows:General Library, 46 vols.; Political Science, 4 vols.;Sociology, 10 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Comparative Religion, 6 vols.; Semitic, 3 vols.; New Testament, 7 vols.; Comparative Philology, 1 vol.; Astronomy (Ryerson), 1 vol.; Botany, 7 vols.; Church History, 14 vols.; Systematic Theology, 8 vols.; Haskell,1 vol.Calendar.MAY 5-13, 1899.Friday, May 5.Chapel- Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Final Examination of J. F. Sanders for the degreeof A.M., Room 15, Haskell, at 4:00 p.m.University Congregation meets in Congregation Hall,Haskell, at 4:00 p.m.Deans of Affiliated Institutions meet in Haskell Museum at 3:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m.Physics Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory,Room 32, 4:00 p.m.Papers will be read as follows: " Cathode, Lenard andRontgen Rays," by R. F. Earhart; "The Velocity ofCathode Rays," by F. B. Jewett.Saturday, May 6.Meetings of Faculties and Boards :The Administrative Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, 8:30 a.m.The Administrative Board of University Affiliationsin Conference with Principals of CooperatingSchools, at 10:00 a.m., and 2:00 p.m.Sunday, May 7.Student Conferences on Religion, Kent Theater, 4:00 p.m.Subject : " Are the records of Jesus' life trustworthy ? "Professor Mathews on "What is the historical value ofthe Gospels ? "Professor Burton on " What other valuable sources arethere?"Question Conference.Union meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,Association Room, Haskell, 7:00 p.m.Associate Professor MacClintock will speak on " Meditation." All students are invited.Monday, May 8.Chapel- Assembly : Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior College Students).New Testament Club meets with Professor Burton,5524 Monroe av., 7:30 p.m.Subject: "Difficulties with current doctrines of Inspiration." Papers by Messrs, Cole stock and Pen tuff. Tuesday, May 9.Chapel-Assembly : Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior College Students).Division Lectures before the Junior Colleges in KentTheater, 10:30 a.m.Botanical Club meets in Botanical Building, Room 23,5:00 p.m.Dr. Caldwell will review recent literature upon the Cytology of Allium cepa.Professor Barnes will review Loew on "Chemical Energyin Living Cells."Sociology Club meets in Congregation Hall, HaskellMuseum, 8:00 p.m.The meeting will take the form of a question conferenceof members of the Sociology, Economic, and PhilosophyDepartments on " Some Fundamental Points of thePresent Controversy between Capital and Labor."Assistant Professor Mead will open the discussion withbrief remarks from the point of view of his department.Wednesday, May 10.Division Lectures before the Senior Colleges, 10: 30 a.mBy Professor R. G. Moulton before Divisions II-VI in theChapel, Cobb Hall.Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. in Association Room, Haskell, 7:00 p.m.Subject : " The Bible in Student Life."Thursday, May 11.Chapel-Assembly : Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Bacteriological Club meets in Zoological LaboratoryRoom 40, 5:00 p.m.Mr. Frank L. Rainey will present a paper on " Sedimentation and the Yertical Distribution of Bacteria."Friday, May 12.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Division Lecture before Division VI of the JuniorColleges by the President, President's Office, Haskell, 10:30 a.m.Final Examination of J. B. E. Jonas, C 13 d, 3:00 p.m(see p. 43).Interpretative Recitals of Greek Tragedies in Englishby Professor R. G. Moulton, Cobb Hall, at 4: 00 p.m.The Electro, of Euripides.Mathematical Club meets in Room 36, Ryerson Physical Laboratory, 4:00 p.m.Dr. Laves reads on "The Motion of n Material Pointsunder the Influence on Inner Potential Forces."Notes: "The Application of Complex Quantities to theTrigonometry of the Triangle," by Mr. Schweitzer;" The Meaning of Imaginary," by Professor Bolza.Junior College Finals in Public Speaking for the Peckprize are held in Kent Theater, 8: 00 p.m.First Term of Spring Quarter ends.Saturday, May 13.Meetings of Faculties and Boards :The Administrative Board of University Affiliations,8:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Senior Colleges, 10:00 a.m.The University Council, 11:30 a.m.