Gfoe Tantversits of CfeicaaoPfice $1*00 FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER Single CopiesPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOGbe TlXnlveveitv of Cbicago t>te&8VOL. 111, NO. 38. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. DECEMBER 16, 1898.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.L Christianity and Arbitration. By the ReverendW. 0. Shepard, Ph.D., D.D. .... 235-238II. The University Elementary School - - - 239-240III. Official Actions 240IV. Official Notices -------- 241V. Programme of the Autumn Finals and theTwenty-seventh Convocation, Winter, 1898-9 241VI. University Extension at Oxford - 241-242VII. The Calendar 242Christianity and Arbitration.*BY THE REVEREND W. 0. SHEPARD, PH.D., D.D.The Oakland Methodist Episcopal Church, ChicagoAs I interpret the subject on which I am asked tospeak it is the relation of Christianity to the peaceable settlement of the disputes of the nations of theearth.I shall try to answer affirmatively three questions :First, Has Christianity anything to say concerningarbitration ? Second, Has it ever said anything onthe subject ? Third, Has the time come when itshould speak more clearly and emphatically ?In taking up the first question, " Has Christianityanything to say concerning arbitration ? " we are immediately confronted with the well-known fact thatthe founder of Christianity did not appear in the rdleof statesman, and made no formal challenge to thecustoms and philosophies of his day. The books inwhich Christianity is presented contain no mandatory* Read at the Conference held in connection with the Twenty-fifth Convocation of the University, October 3, 1898. and universal precepts touching the relations of nations. Christianity has quite generally been understood as a system of religion having practical andspecific effect, of a moral and spiritual nature, uponpersons rather than communities. Its mission hasbeen interpreted as an effort to fit men for fellowshipwith the Heavenly Father, and for immortality tocome, without any special reference to the generalcivilization of nations.Christ said to Pilate, " If my kingdom were of thisworld, then would my servants fight," implying, assome think, that the proper defense of secular rightsis with the sword. He said to the lawyers who wishedhim to commit himself for or against the governmentunder which he lived, " Render to Caesar the thingsthat are Csesar's, and to God the things that areGod's," implying again, as some have thought, thatsecular and divine things are not subject to the samelaws and authority. He mentioned with approbationthe centurion of Capernaum, whose sole business inlife was war, and he declared that he " came not tosend peace but a sword."The apostles without any denunciation of the natureof war made frequent reference to armor, weaponsand discipline of soldiers, and the earlier expositorsof Christianity, with many of the later, have eitherexplicitly or tacitly allowed that social and politicalGordian knots are to be cut with steel rather thanuntied by Christian diplomacy.These considerations together with the apparentsanction of war found in the imprecatory psalms andthe historical portions of the Old Testament, haveseemed to show that Christianity either ignores the236 UNIVERSITY RECORDaffairs of nations or consents to war as a solution ofinternational disagreements.Yet, notwithstanding all this, and more that mightbe adduced in favor of the view taken, it is scarcelyto be doubted that Christianity has a voice concerning the life of states as well as concerning the life ofindividuals.As we might reasonably expect, if Christianity befrom God, and designed for the world, it will have forits function to benefit peoples as well as persons ; itwill have a law for society as well as for the individual.Its mission will be not merely to save a few individuals and let society go, which Dr. Gladden sayswould be like a sanitary engineer who would attemptto purify a malarial district by catching a few basket-f uis of the air and treating them with disinfectants ;but it will be to bring under the rule of God all theactivities of men and make the kingdoms of earth thekingdoms of our Lord and his Christ. While in thecontemplation of Christianity the individual is admittedly supreme, yet beyond question from thedignity attached to the individual there flows a constant impulse to social improvement, and the protection and culture of individuals calls for the doctrineof the sacredness of the state. The state is conceivedas divinely instituted for the good of the individual,and it is taught in the Christian system that the state,even though imperfect, must be revered, and rulers,as such, because essential to the state, have a divinefunction. In Paul's well remembered argument thenation is God's providential creature, with rightfulpowers as such. The moral ends which it has to serveimpart to it of their own sacredness.Christianity recognizing, as it does, that the stateexists as a divine plan for moral purposes, also regardseach state as under moral obligations towards allothers. It declares in the heroic language of Paulthat God hath " made of one blood every nation ofmen, for to dwell on all the face of the earth, havingdetermined their appointed times and the bounds oftheir habitation." It declares that God cares for theobscure as well as the distinguished, and that nationsas well as men are subject to his judgment. It conceives states to be moral as well as physical entities.And, as truly as Christianity has a voice for thestate, its voice to the state is for peace.I need no more than refer to the fact that it is byprinciples rather than by precepts that Christianityteaches. It teaches by its spirit, genius and temperrather than by ordinances and decrees. It seeks toreform society from within outward, by working aregeneration of spirit and thus of laws and customs.It creates an atmosphere which would dispel evil as frost does the southern fever. It certainly presentsno code, according to which the affairs of nationsshall be conducted. It is not a legal or rubrical system.Wherever and to whatever extent it affects nations, itdoes so by its principles and spirit and not by ecumenical rules formulated in it. But through its principles and by its spirit it does affect peoples powerfully, and that for peace.First of all, we find that Christianity is the fulfillment of the prophecy of the reign of the Prince ofPeace, and his birth was heralded by an angelic choirwhose heaven-taught theme was glory in heaven andpeace on earth. His coronation was attested by thedescent of a dove, the emblem of peace. In his inaugural, the Sermon on the Mount, not only didChrist teach the blessedness of peacemakers, and thelaws of non-resistance, and the duty of prayer forenemies, but a spirit of peace, conciliation and charitypervades the whole like a fragrance. The principleswhich he taught and exemplified and transmitted tohis followers are emphatically those of brotherly love,forgiveness, forbearance, and good will toward all men.The sentiments of humanity and charity which characterize the teachings of Christ and his apostles, inthe absence of any direct precepts, are undeniableproofs of the bearing of Christianity towards all thedifferences and strifes of men.Christ as King of men gave Christianity to be thesovereign law for man in all his relations, and thespirit of Christianity is one of peace and fellowship,conciliation and forbearance.In the history of nations, do we find that Christianity has ever said anything concerning arbitration ?This is my second question. Is there any traceableconnection between the discourses of Jesus and thetreaties of the nations ? — between the Sermon on theMount and the rules of nations which point towardcourts of arbitration ? At this point we must carefully guard against the very common error, andwhich appears in the argument of W. E. H. Lecky, inhis "History of European Morals," of confusing Christianity with an ecclesiastical institution. Lecky says," It had been boldly predicted by some of the earlyChristians that the conversion of the world wouldlead to the establishment of perpetual peace. Inlooking back, with our present experience, we aredriven to the melancholy conclusion that instead ofdiminishing the number of wars- ecclesiastical influence has actually and very> seriously increased it. With the exception of Mohammedanism,no other religion has done so much to produce war aswas done by the religious teachers of Christendomduring ^several centuries, .,...,, Although someUNIVERSITY RECORD 237important pacifio agencies have arisen out of the industrial progress of modern times, these have been,for the most part, wholly unconnected with, and havein some cases been directly opposed to, theologicalinterests."In this statement of Mr. Lecky's, which is taken toillustrate a quite common sophism, there is a whollyunjustifiable and unallowable jumping from suchterms as " conversion of the world" and •' religion "over to such terms as "ecclesiastical influence" and" religious teachers," and " theological interests." It isfreely admitted on all hands that " ecclesiastical influence," " religious teachers," and " theological interests " have not always been on the side of the peaceable adjustment of difficulties, but there is a vast difference between the influence of Christianity and theacts of an institution which claims to be its exponent.Mr. Lecky, himself, in a better mood, says thatChristianity was at first an extreme negation of themilitary religion of the Greeks ; and as proof of theunderstanding of Christianity which prevailed inearly times, he cites the instance of a king of Ulster,who, upon his deathbed, after the introduction ofChristianity into Ireland, charged his son never tobecome a Christian, but to be buried standing upright,like a man in battle, as was the Pagan custom.He who is in doubt as to the influence of Christianity upon the strife of nations since the days of theapostles needs to read only cursorily to learn thatChristianity early placed a stigma upon war. Itsinfluence has been, in general, pacific. War has beencondoned rather than consecrated. Advancing froma law for the private person, by slow and insensiblegradations, it has more than raised the question of itsright to regulate nations. One of its earliest ruleswas that no arms should be introduced within thechurch, and that soldiers returning even from the mostrighteous war should not be admitted to communionuntil after a period of penance and purification.A powerful party which had for its leaders suchnames as Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Lactan-tius, Origen and Basil, maintained that all warfarewas unlawful for converted men, and it is well-knownthat Maximilianus suffered death under Diocletian,solely .because he declared that being a Christian hecould not fight. Indeed it has been thought that thedisinclination of Christians for warfare was at least oneof the causes of the Diocletian persecution. Celsus reproached Christians with the refusal to fight, andOrigen frankly admitted that military service wasincompatible with Christianity.The Pagan world conceived the patriot and soldierto be the ideal type, of excellence, and its purest en thusiasm was in that direction. Christianity, on theother hand, made the ascetic its ideal, and turned thenoblest youths from the army to the monastery.- St.Martin, St. Ferreol, St. Victricius, and others, abandoned the army from religious motives. We are toldthat when Bishop Ulphilas translated the Bible intothe Gothic he excepted the four books of Kings lesttheir perusal might encourage the martial dispositionof the barbarians.If in the days of the divided empire, the conflict ofmany races, and the paralysis of all government, andthe secularization of the church, wrought a changein the sentiments of Christendom concerning war, itshould be laid to the charge of changed conditionsrather than a change in Christianity itself. The warriors of the northern hordes became nominal Christians long before they could shake off the Pagannotion that an enemy's blood was an acceptable libation to Deity. The early mediaeval churchfostered mixed religions. The sovereigns imposedmilitary obligations upon their chiefs, and made aclose connection between rank and military service,and when bishops of the church became lords of theempire, military service became identified with thechurch, not because of Christianity, but in spite of it.Moreover, the terror and example of Mohammedanism must be taken into account. Mohammedanismmade the conquest of the infidel the first of duties,and offered heaven as the reward of military ardor,thus blending religious and soldierly enthusiasm,which in a hundred years had so extended, that, butfor the chance of a single battle, it would have madeEurope Mohammedan. Such example fascinated thehalf Christianized northern Europe, and such aggressions called imperatively for self-defense ; and oncethat spirit was awakened centuries only could quiet it.And yet, even in the most military age, the days ofcrusades and chivalry, it is significant that the forceand fire of the warrior was softened without beingabated by the tenderness and humility of the Christian saint.Moreover, it was Christianity as an influence, which,throughout the middle ages, uttered the sole remonstrance against the practice of private war. When, inFrance, the atrocities of feudal warfare threatenedthe very foundations of feudal society, it was Christianity which came to the rescue with " the peace ofGod," and five years later with " the truce of God," bythe terms of which fighting was forbidden fromThursday morning to Monday morning of every sevendays, on all feast days, and in lent, leaving only abouteighty days in the year in which it was allowable.During the eleventh and twelfth centuries numerous238 UNIVERSITY RECORDassociations, which were the prototypes on a smaliscale of modern peace societies, were formed throughout Christian Europe, usually by the clergy.Up to this time there was, to be sure, no conception of international peace, the word internationalhaving hardly any significance as yet. When thespirit of nationality began to assert itself, with separate institutions and political interests, there wasanother reign of strife and bloodshed to suppresswhich Christianity was ineffectual. The questionsof war and peace gradually lost distinctive religiouscharacter and became political, monarchs and statesmen became more influential than the clergy ; andsuch is the case in the nineteenth century. But stillthe principles of Christianity are at work, the statesmen controlled by public opinion, and public opinionshaped by the pervading influence of the gospel.For example the Christian religion attaches an evergrowing value to human life, and the individual soul,whether that of the lowly or the august. Lowly menare addressed in the sacred books of Christianity askings and priests of God. They are declared to bepurchased by the blood of the Son of God, and to bejoint-heirs with him of an eternal inheritance. Theestimate put on the common mysterious nature ofman by Christianity has been accepted more or lessfully by sogiety. This ennobled conception of man asman is of immense and fruitful significance in thedecisions of parliaments and congresses. The sublimeconception of man which emanates from Christianityis the germ of peace among nations. Men, commonmen, can no longer be considered food for the cannonas they were in Napoleon's appreciation. A highervalue and sacredness has been accorded human life,growing, as cannot be doubted, out of the teachingsof the brotherhood of man and the destiny of theimmortal soul.A writer in Harper's Magazine of several years ago,without according anything to the influence of Christianity says that "the tendency has long since beento humanize war. To prevent unnecessary sufferingand to regulate destructive agencies has been theeffort of more recent times. To treat prisoners withhumanity, to spare non-combatants, to spare privateproperty, these innovations upon the ancient methodstestify to the growth of new ideas and prove that war,as our forefathers understood it, has lost its hold orat least, has adopted new forms. Perhaps the day isnot far distant when the same sense of compassionwill place war among the relics of a barbarous past,in company with the thumb-screw, the torturer's knife,and the fires that burned the witches."This writer accords nothing to Christianity, but it may be sufficient for our purpose to ask concerningthese ameliorations the simple and single question,Where ?Is it not in those countries, and those only wherethe sublime conception of man introduced by Christianity has built itself into the customs, feelings andlife of the public ?I have one more question to answer, "Has the timecome when Christianity should more clearly and emphatically speak concerning the cessation of war andthe settlement of difficulties by arbitration ? " Whocan doubt it ? War is an anachronism. It jars uponthe Christian conscience of the nineteenth century.The growth of international law has progressed farenough to make public morality one with privatemorality, both immortal and universal in obligation,a morality abiding on states as well as persons. Adiplomatist who now "uses language to conceal histhoughts" is recognized as nothing other than avulgar liar, and he would be discredited in everycapital of Christendom. Christianity may nowspeak to nations as moral entities, without fear of itsprerogative being questioned. The moral sense of theworld has become political. The sentiments of equityand humanity which Christianity inculcates havetaken possession of legislatures and thrones. Maywe not hope, therefore, that the moral developmentand spiritual culture of the earth shall soon find avoice in its representatives in senate and royal courtwho shall say to the storms of human passion, in thename of the Galilean, "Peace, be still?" and "thenations shall turn their swords into pruning hooks "and their needle-guns into harvesters ? May we nothope that soon around the world shall ring the command from Czar, Kaiser, Emperor, King, "Groundarms?"May we not hope that soon the nations, with God-appointed times and bounds, each on its own untroubled territory, each with its language, customs,laws, and peculiar life, shall be bound in the commonbond of peace which knows no dissimulation and suffersno suspension? And when that time comes, as comeit will, it will be seen that not to an unordered evolution, not to uncertain Teachings of statesmen andstudents, not to explorers, merchants and litterateurs,not to harnessed lightnings and rumbling wheels, hasit been chiefly due, but to the enlightening and reconciling, universal gospel of Jesus Christ, in servingwhom states as well as individuals find their enduringglory, and who as the judge of nations tests treaties,and measures policies, and builds through the centuriesa kingdom which shall be as wide as the race and asenduring as the sun and the moon! -UNIVERSITY BECOME 239The University Elementary School.GROUP IX.This is the oldest group in the""school, and includeschildren from eleven to fourteen years. Some membershave been in the school since its^ beginning, othersonly six months.The study of Roman history follows the same cutline as [that used with Group VIII, but more work isrequired. Two half -hour study [periods are spent inwriting upon a subject assigned. iOne^j class-roomperiod is spent in reading aloud from "Rome, theMiddle of the World " by Alice Gardner. Usually oneperiod is given to spelling (orally or written) wordstaken from the reading lesson, or words which havebeen misspelled in written work. More time is giventhan in Group VIII to discussion, as the children havemore general information. An effort is made to deducethe fundamental principles of political economy andsociology, and to trace the causes underlying the eventsof history. The question whether or not a law can beenforced against the will of the majority of the peoplewas discussed in connection with attempted reformsof Augustus. In the failure of the Senate to reestablish a republic after the death of Caligula, the causewas found to be the indifference of the people. Thedeclining faith of Romans in their own gods and thezeal of the Christians whose faith required them "topreach the gospel" were given as reasons for therapid spread of Christianity ; and its new principlesbrought out the cause of the tenacity with whichChristians clung to their faith, and the influence ofthis faith in uniting various elements in the empire.Nero's extravagance which led to scarcity of moneyhaving been narrated, it was asked what methodhe would use to replenish his treasury. Increase oftaxes was mentioned ; and, when this did not accomplish the aim, the charge of treason brought againstwealthy citizens and the confiscation of their possessions. The children were then told other methodsused, which they could not have known, i.e., the debasing of currency and taking of gold presented to temples.From these facts they were asked to tell the probableeffects on the Roman people. A debate was held onthe question whether or not Nero caused Rome to beset on fire. The children found considerable difficultyin stating all their arguments at the proper time, andcould hardly be restrained from answering the arguments of the negative side point by point, withoutwaiting for the rebuttal. The form of a debate wascarried out, however, one half of the class acting asdebaters, the other half as judges. It cannot be saidthat the judges were impartial, for they showed a dis tinct tendency to prompt debaters. The object ofthis drill, was to gain ability in making a clear, concise, and complete statement of what is known, ratherthan to gain skill in argument.Latin is taught by the same method as describedfor other groups, but more work is required, as thisgroup includes only those who studied Latin last year.A beginning is made in conscious grammar work witha view to learning the forms and simpler uses of thecases of nouns and adjectives. The group has had thefables of "The Hen that laid the Golden Egg," "TheCity Mouse and the Country Mouse," " The Mice thatwanted to Bell the Cat," " The Ass in the Lion's Skin,"the story of " Cornelia and her Jewels," and " The OldMan and Death," told them in Latin. The meaningof new words was gained by use of illustration or actionor when these methods were not possible, by resemblances to English derivatives. When the story hadbeen understood, it was then translated.In number work the class was set at the task ofcomputing the area of a floor in the school whichneeded painting. The measurements involved fractions of a foot* and difficulty in computing fractionswas discovered. They were given %, %> and % of afoot to add, and a ruler to help them in finding theunit. They were then able to reduce all to twelfths,and finish the problem. Fractions of a pound and adollar were reduced to a common denominator by thesame method. They have also taken up some problemsin constructive geometry, as the hexagon and octagon,in connection with their work in manual training.In sewing, work-bags begun last year were finishedfirst. The children were then given pin-cushions ofart canvas on which a design of their own was to beoutlined in cross-stitch.In cooking they have studied the potato as a typeof starchy vegetables and the tomato as oue of thewatery type, the preservation of fruit, and wheat preparations as reported for younger groups. They arenow at work upon cereals in general, taking up oats,corn and rice. They compare each cereal with thosestudied before as to amount of starch and quality ofcellulose surrounding the grain in order to determinethe length of time and manner of cooking ; corn andrice were popped, and the following deductions made :1) heating corn causes water in corn to expand suddenly and kernel bursts open ; 2) water passes off assteam into air; 3) the popped corn weighs less onaccount of loss of water. The popping and weighingwere done by the children, and the deductions gained'by questions.In manual training beside the test-tube racks ahdfroxes for of eirslio^^ which this rgf ouj) fcai m&dl f&*240 TTNIVERSITY RECORl)gether with Group VIII, members of the class are atwork upon articles which are intended for Ghristmasgifts. These include paper-knives, wooden framesfor hand-mirrors, hand-blotters and small trays formanicure sets or other articles. All these require thehandling of several tools, and involve some decoration.The tray is the most difficult as it is made from asolid piece of wood 8 inches long and 3*^ wide. Thecenter is cut out with a gouge, leaving a rim aroundthe tray. The bottom of the tray is covered with adesign, either carved or burned 'with a platinum point.In French the group has had the vocabulary reportedfor other groups, and can carry on conversation inFrench with simple sentences. They have begun towrite in French, using the vocabulary they havelearned in different connections. A Christmas playis now being written and learned. The outline wassuggested by the children and is adapted by theteacher.In music they have had drill in recognizing by soundand by sight the incedents of the scale, and in learning the syllables for notes in different keys. Somemembers of the class have offered original melodicphrases, and the others have named the syllables, thenwritten them in their books or on the board. Thefirst pupil who writes on the board chooses the key inwhich the music is to be written, and writes until hemakes a mistake. Then another continues as long ashe can do so correctly.In art work a design has been made as a book coverfor papers written in Roman history. The scholarswere first directed to choose something appropriate,and this led them to look up Roman standards andarmor. When the main element of design had beendetermined upon, they were shown how to place itand how to fill the space in an artistic manner. Theyhave had some work in technique in light and shade.The general idea in the physical and chemical workin this group is to give experimental work which istypical of general changes taking place about them.The particular things made are as far as possiblesomething in which the children are interested. Theprocesses used are made as general as possible ; whenever differences are necessarily introduced, the children formulate the differences and their effect on general results. The work began with a review of workdone last year; the principal elements which weretaken up, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen,were discussed as to where found and what use ismade of them in life. Some experiments were madewith oxygen which gave the method of preparing itand illustrated its properties. In connection withthese experiments the class was given the history of the discovery of oxygen. The general subject of oxidation of common metals with reference to their usesas affected by various rates of oxidation was taken upN,and the children reduced the oxides of copper andiron over charcoal by means of ablowpipe. In studying the action of oxygen they burned magnesiumribbon. This experiment was done as accurately aspossible, although the children were not able to succeed in doing it quantitatively. The next generalstep was the occurrence and uses of calcium carbonate,as chalk, limestone, and marble. Then, t in order tounderstand the modes of formation of the limestonerocks, they made precipitated chalk. The ideas ofsolution and precipitation wTere worked out in thisexperiment. All this work was done by experiment,i. e., each child, or two children working together,carried through a process, then the whole class combined to make a large amount of the desired material. The use of burned limestone, or lime, wasthen taken up, and the children made mortar andplaster. Next they discovered experimentally thatcarbon dioxide had been absorbed in very old plasterin the process of setting. The solution of calciumcarbonate in water containing carbon dioxide wasproved experimentally by the children. They werethen led to make the connection between the formation of the calcareous portions of mollusks and polyps,etc., and the calcium carbonate dissolved in the water.A discussion of the formation of calcareous rocks wastaken up, and the theory of the whole formation ofthe crust of the earth reviewed, so that the action ofcarbon dioxide in cooling in the presence of moistureas a factor in the disintegration of igneous rocks byits union with calcium as a typical base could bebrought out.Official Actions.At a meeting of the High Schools and Academiesaffiliated or cooperating with the University of Chicago, held November 5, 1898, the following resolutionswere adopted :Resolved, That it is the sense of this conferencethat all candidates for positions as grade teachersshould have had some genuine training in the fundamental facts of our political and industrial systems,and that this subject be made an important part ofexaminations.Resolved, That it is the sense of this conferencethat the students of secondary schools are capable ina large measure of organized self-government ; thatsuch self-government would promote the immediategood of the students and the schools, and give invaluable training for citizenship, and that such self-government should be promoted with conservatism,but with courage.UNIVERSITY RECORD te\Official Notices.QUARTERLY EXAMINATIONS.The Examinations at the close of the Autumn Quarter will be held on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, December 21, 22, and 23. Examinations formorning classes will be held on three successivemornings; for afternoon classes on three successiveafternoons, as follows :8:30 Exercises, Wedn., Dec.9:30 " Thurs.11:00 a Fri.12:00 " Wedn.2:00 " Thurs.3:00 " Fri. " 21, 8:30-11:30 a.m.22, 8:30-11:30 a.m.23, 8:30-11:30 a.m.21, 2:00- 5:00 p.m.22, 2:00- 5:00 p.m.23, 2:00- 5:00 p.m.WINTER EXAMINATIONS FOR ADMISSION.The Winter Examinations for admission to theJunior Colleges will be held in Cobb Hall, Friday,Saturday, Monday, and Tuesday, December 16, 17, 19,and 20. The University Examiner will furnish particular information on application.Reports for the Autumn Quarter. — All instructors are requested to observe that all reports forcourses given during the Autumn Quarter are dueat the Examiner's Office (or the Faculty Exchange)not later than 12:00 m., Tuesday, December 27. Itis of the utmost importance that every course berecorded fully and promptly. Blanks will be furnished through the Faculty Exchange not later thanWednesday, December 21.The University Examiner.The Final Examination of Henry Ward Hooverfor the degree of B.D., will be held Friday, December16, at 4: 00 p.m., in Haskell Museum, Room 36. Principal subject, Church History; secondary subject,Theology. Thesis : " George Fox and the EarlyQuakers." Committee : Head Professors Hulbert,Northrup, and Anderson ; Professor Johnson, Associate Professor Moncrief, and all other members ofthe departments immediately concerned.Programme of the Autumn Finals and the Twenty-Seventh Convocation, Winter, 1898-9.THE FINALS.December i6, Friday.8:oo p.m. Senior College Finals in Public Speaking forthe University prize. Kent Theater.9:op-n;oo P,wt. Senior College Reception.The Presidents House. December x8, Sunday. — Baccalaureate Sunday.3 : 30 p.m. Baccalaureate Prayer Service. Member* of ^heFaculties and Candidates for Degrees areinvited to attend.Haskell Oriental Museum — Assembly Room,4 : 00 p.m. Baccalaureate Vesper Service.Baccalaureate Address : "The University in itsRelations to Democracy." The President ofthe University.Music by the Choir of Immanuel Baptist Church.Kent Theater.December ax, 22,23, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday.Quarterly Examinations of the Autumn Quarter.THE CONVOCATION WEEK.January i, Sunday.January 2, Monday. — A holiday.January 3, Tuesday.8 : 30 a.m. Lectures and Recitations of the Winter Quarterbegin.8 : 30 A.M.-12 : 30 p.m. ) Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Stu-2:00 p.m.- 4:00 p.m. > dents.10:30 A.M. Quarterly Meeting of the College Divisions.Attendance required.4 : 00 p.m. The Eleventh Meeting of the University Congregation.Congregation Hall — Haskell Oriental Museum.7 : 00 p.m. The Congregation Dinner.The Quadrangle Club.January 4, Wednesday.9 : 00 a.m. The Graduate Matutinal.The President's House.3 : 00 p.m. Meeting of all Candidates for Degrees with theExecutive Officers.Cobb Lecture Hall — Chapel.8: 00 p.m. The Twenty- seventh University Convocation.The Procession.The Convocation Address: "American Imperialism." The Honorable Carl Schurz,New York City.The Conferring of Degrees.The President's Quarterly Statement.Studebaker Hall(203 Michigan av.).January 8, Sunday. — Convocation Sunday.8: 30 a.m. Bible Classes. Haskell Oriental Museum.4 : 00 p.m. The Convocation Vesper Service.The Convocation Sermon.Quarterly Report by the Secretary of the Christian Union. Kent Theater.7 : 00 p.m. Union meeting of the Y.M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.Haskell Oriental Museum — Association Hall.University Extension at Oxford.The report of the Oxford Delegacy for the Extension of Teaching beyond the limits of the Universityfor the year ending September 30, 1898, has just beenreceived at the Extension office.Prom this report it appears that the number ofUniversity Extension courses delivered under theauspices of Oxford during the year 1897-8 was 145.These courses were given at 108 lecture centres, withan aggregate average attendance of 18,242, and with•M2 ~ UNIVERSITY RECORDan average duration of i;he period of study covered loyeach course of fourteen weeks. The total number oflectures delivered was 10,092, showing an average of10 lectures at each centre, and an average of 7^ lee *tures per course. These lectures were given by 35different lecturers, showing an average of 4 courses perlecturer. Of the total number in attendance at thelectures, 5586 or 30 per cent, are reported as havingattended the classes regularly, and 1407 or about8 per cent, wrote the papers set by the lecturer.Of the 145 courses, 86 were in History, 34 in Literature, 13 in Natural Science, 10 in Art, and 2 in Economic History and Political Science. This reveals alarge increase in History as compared with previousyears, and a slight decrease in each of the other subjects. The secretary calls attention with regret to thedecreasing interest in economic teaching, while heemphasizes the fact that while the demand for suchteaching has unquestionably diminished, the necessity for it is more pressing than ever. "It was confidently believed," he declares, "that when theUniversity Extension movement was inaugurated theartisans in the great centers of industry would bemore eager for instruction in Economics than in anyother subject ; but recent experience tends to beliethese anticipations." It may be said that this anticipation and this experience are very similar to theircounterparts in the United States.Attention is called to the flourishing condition ofthe University Extension College established at Reading under the auspices of the Delegacy in 1892. During the past session 730 students attended regularcourses, while the popular lectures delivered by Professor W. J. Sollas were attended by an audience ofnearly 1000 persons. The regular staff now consists.of forty members.The secretary notes that the delegates continue toreceive a large number of applications for lectureshipsfrom men of high academical qualifications, but mostof them must be necessarily declined.Edmund J. James.Calendar.december 16-24, 1898.Friday, December 16.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall. 10: 30 a.m.Final Examination of H. W. Hoover in Haskell Museum, Room 36, at 4:00 p.m. (see p. 241).Old French Club meets in Cobb Hall, 14 C, at 4:00 p.m.Paper by Mr. J. S. Will on " The Neuter il in Old French,"Election of officers. Physics Club meets in Ryerson Physical LaboratoryRoom 32, 4:00 p.m.Paper: "Recant Developments in the Vortex Theory," byJ. A. Thompson.Notes: "On the Free Expansion of Gases," by Mr. Gale;*' On the Interpretation of Brush's Experiments," byMr. C. W. Chamberlain.Mathematical Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Room 35, 7:30 p.m.Paper: "K5nis?'s new proof of the quadratic reciprocitytheorem," by Mr. Lehmer.Notes: "Osgood's example of a single-valued functionwith a natural boundary whose inverse is also single-valued," by Mr. La Motte; "Concerning- mechanicalmethods of solving equations," by Assistant ProfessorYoung.Senior College Finals for the University prize, KentTheater, 8: 00 p.m.Senior College Reception, President's House, 9:00-11:00 p.m.Saturday, December 17.Regular Meetings of Faculties and Boards :Administrative Board of University Affiliations,8:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Ogden Graduate School of Science, 8:30 a.m.Administrative Board of Student Organizations,Publications, and Exhibitions, 10:00 a.m.The Administrative Board of the University Press,10:00 a.m.The Faculty of the Divinity School, 11:30 a.m.Administrative Board of Physical Culture and Athletics, 11:30 a.m.Sunday, December 18.Baccalaureate Services :Prayer Service in Haskell Museum, Assembly Room, forCandidates for Degrees, 3:30 p.m.Vesper Service in Kent Theater with BaccalaureateAddress by the President on "The University in itsRelations to Democracy," 4 :00 p.m.Monday, December 19.Chapel-Assembly: Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hail, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Tuesday, December 20.Chapel-Assembly: Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior CollegeStudents).Wednesday, December 21,to Friday, December 23,Quarterly Examinations.Saturday, December 24,to Monday, January 2,Quarterly Recess,