Sbe Ttlniversits of CbtcagoPrice $1.00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOGbe mnfversftE ot Gbtcago ipressVOL III, NO. 16. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. JULY 15, 1898.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. Principles, Utterances, and Acts of John C Calhoun, Promotive of the True Union of theStates. By the Hon. J. L. M. Curry, LL.D. - 93-96II. Official NoticeB 96-97III. Special Announcements for the Summer Quarter 97-98IV. The Annual Register 98V. Reports from the Zoological Club:The Metamerism of Hirudo Medicinalis. ByV. E. McCaskill 99The Axes of the Annelid Egg. By C. M. Child 99VI. Historical Excursion 99VII. Current Events 99VIII. The Carfondar 100Principles, Utterances, and Acts of John C. Galhoun,Promotive of the True Union of the States*BY THE HON. J. L. U. CURRY, LL.D., RICHMOND, VA.I.Of all days, apart from those commemorative ofevents connected with our Christian religion, theFourth of July is most significant. One English writercalls it a red-letter day for Englishmen as well asfor Americans. Morley speaks of our revolutionaryattitude of 1796 as a necessary step in the developmentof British liberty. It is epochal in the history of humanfreedom, and, under present circumstances!, it is peculiarly fit to revive the celebration with all its inspiring*An address delivered before the University of Chicago onIndependence Day, July 4, 1898.t See Atlantic Monthly, July 18, 1898, for an interesting discussion of the advantage to English liberty from the severance. memories. North Carolina, Virginia, and Massachusetts, may be chiefly entitled to the honor of its orignation, of conducting " the mighty preliminary argument of the Revolution," but all the thirteen statesconcurred in the Declaration, which was not a legislative act, conferring power, making a government,creating the Union, but it was a pivotal event, and, asa result of renunciation of allegiance to Great Britain,every colony became free, sovereign and independent,possessing, not what the government of Great Britainmay have possessed, but each one, every and all therights pertaining to sovereignty. As lately belligerentsections are now blended in national patriotism, incourage, in readiness to make all needful sacrifices forthe glory of a common flag, it is most appropriate andimportant to cement these fresh ties into enduringbrotherhood, and go back to first principles, and studywith unprejudiced and receptive diligence whatbrought the colonies into Federal Union, and whatwill make the alliance a perpetual blessing. Cruelestpublic opinion has placed under ban some of theseprinciples and their advocates, and there was never astronger obligation on universities to teach the truthsof republican liberty or §l the art of applying them "to practical government. Conscious that I undertakea difficult task, but emboldened by the assurance ofPresident Harper that this university is for the investigation of truth, and challenges the boldest discussion,I set myself to the task of demonstrating that JohnC. Calhoun, in conviction, creed and conduct, was atrue and devoted friend of the Union of our fathers,and that his policy and principles, adopted in publicopinion and applied in practice, in executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the government,94 UNIVERSITY RECORDwould be the best guarantee of constitutional liberty,of the permanence of our complex and well-guardedsystems, and of the peace and happiness of the people.His political course, instead of being hostile to theUnion, was the best auxiliary and surest promoter ofits original end and purpose, and its integrity was theparamount object of his ambition and efforts.n.Let us ascertain the meaning of terms. A cleardefinition will rid discussion of much that is irrelevant and confusing. Some make the Union a fetish,an idol, and paeans to its glory, cries of "Union, Union,the glorious Union," are substitutes for argumentsand facts, and become spells of the enchantress toexorcise demons. Some habitually speak of it as apersonality, or, in itself, a self-existing government,make a profession of attachment the shibboleth fordetermining loyalty and a cover or excuse for anyinjustice or wrong. It has elicited rhetoric and poetryand some of the most eloquent periods in the Englishlanguage, but we have need to go beneath words, however beautiful and thrilling, remembering that rhetoric and history are two very different things, andthat "gush sometimes verges dangerously on falsehood." The Union is a creation, a result. We knowthe creators. We can fix the day of its cominginto existence. The ratification of the Constitution by the States made it, and prior to 1789 itwas only a dream, an expectation, a hope. To predicate Union, with present meaning, on the condition ofthings antecedent to that year, is a gross historicalsolecism. We bless God for the Constitutional Union.We recognize it as full of dignity, honor, and inspiration, as the source of incalculable blessings, and weadopt, as our creed, the striking phrase of ChiefJustice Chase, " an indissoluble union of indestructible states." Let us cherish a reverential attachmentto our written Constitution as the palladium of American liberty, the truest security of the Union, the onlysolid basis for the public liberties, the substantialprosperity, and the permanence of our representativeFederal Republic.Let us look at the Union in the light of historicaltruth. Apart from the Constitution it is a myth, anunembodied abstraction. The Union is a federationof states, compacted, vivified, held together, having itsbeing, its authority, solely in the breath of the Constitution. Destroy the Constitution and the Union perishes instantaneously, without heir or descendant. Itis the grossest error to liken it to governments whichderive their power from tradition, from usage, frompresumption. The Union has no original, inherent powers, none by virtue of the fact that it is a government. Every power, every function, is derivative. *What the states did not grant nor surrender, the general government, the Union, does not possess, cannotusurp. Before powers were " delegated," there wereno powers in the United States ; in fact, no UnitedStates existed.There is so much misapprehension on this subjectthat I must crave indulgence for expansion. Thefacts are few and not difficult of ascertainment ifsought and considered without prejudgment. TheUnion is the consequence of a political partnership,the terms and conditions of which are embodied inthe Constitution. As a government it is not absolute,nor in all matters supreme, but is one of well-definedgrants, of carefully imposed limitations and restrictions. When a question arises, a measure is proposed,a course of action is suggested, the reference is to awritten instrument, and not to prescription or scattered statutes which have not been classified into acoherent whole. One need not suppose nor fear thata great residuary mass of power and obligations isnon-existent or floating in limbo. If not granted andrecorded in the Constitution, nor prohibited to thestates, they are in the states, or the people of thestates, most precautiously preserved. The Union ispartial. For some civil purposes it exists ; for some,it does not. For some purposes, as war, treaties, relations with foreign powers, imposts, naturalization,coinage, copyrights, post office, etc. — purposes greatin importance, unlimited in degree, but very limitedin number — there can be no question as to its supremacy, its plenary powers, its sole and undividedresponsibility. That laws made in pursuance of theConstitution are the supreme laws of the land, nobody questions. The contention begins back of this.Who is the final arbiter to determine what laws are inpursuance of the Constitution ? Within the limits ofthe granted powers the states are united; withoutthose limits, as in matters of religion, bearing arms,right to a speedy and public trial, and to all powersnot delegated by the Constitution, nor prohibited byit to the states, the states are as disunited, as separatefrom the central government, as that government isfrom Great Britain, and these great rights are left forrecognition, protection, and security to the stateswhich have sole and exclusive jurisdiction over them.* In the case of Marin vs. Hunter's Lessee (1 Wheaton, 326),Chief Justice Marshall laid down the rules as follows :"The Government of the United States can claim nopowers which are not granted to it by the Constitution ;and the powers actually granted must be such as areexpressly given, or given by necessary implication."UNIVERSITY RECORD 95In these reserved powers are embraced the protectionand security of life, liberty, and property, the unrestricted power to determine what these rights are,their extent and limit, and all the processes of law fortheir vindication; also, all jurisdiction over the conduct of men, the conservation of morals, the preservation of the public health, and the entire power overall contracts, all property situated within the bordersof the state, over schools, colleges, and universities,over marriage, over the relative rights, duties, andpowers of husband and wife, parent and child, teacherand pupil, employer and employed. The state authority meets the child at his birth, attends him throughinfancy, manhood, and old age, and, through the freeexercise of his religious belief, secures an opportunityto gain a blissful hereafter.*III.How was this Union, or the Federal Government,made ? Prior to the Revolution the states formed distinct colonies, as distinct, said Dr. Small, as thoughcreated by different sovereignties, and in their separate colonial assemblies the grievances which exasperated the people were discussed, and the stepslooking to resistance and reparation were adopted.*fThese distinct colonies were politically united onlythrough the British Crown, the inhabitants beingamenable to British law, with rights of common citizenship in any part of the British realm, and, exceptas to geographical proximity, were as separate asCanada and New South Wales. In all movementsagainst the encroachments of the mother country theyacted as distinct political communities, and not asindividuals, nor as an aggregate people. In the Declaration of Independence they proclaimed themselvesfree and independent states, and the treaty of peace,by name and enumeration, recognized them as such." In that character they formed the old confederation,*In the case of Collector vs. Day (11 Wallace) the Federalcourt undertook to define the relative rights of States andof the Federal Government. The Court said: "The General Government and the States, although both existwithin the same territorial limits, are separate and distinct sovereignties, acting separately and independentlyof each other within their respective spheres. The formerwithin its appropriate sphere is supreme, but the Stateswithin the limits of their powers not granted, or, in thelanguage of the tenth amendment, * reserved/ are as independent of the General Government as that Government,within its sphere, is independent of the States .... Inrespect to the reserved powers the State is as sovereign andindependent as the General Government."fSee Atlantic Monthly, July 1898, for a discussion of thesalutary influence of colonial dependence for the first century and a half. and when it was proposed to supersede the articles ofthe confederation by the present Constitution, theymet in convention as states, acted and voted asstates, and the Constitution, when formed, wassubmitted for ratification to the people of theseveral states. It was ratified by them as states,each state for itself ; each by its ratificationbinding its own citizens; the parts thus separately binding themselves, and not the whole theparts." These indisputable facts show that the Constitution and the resulting Union are the work of thepeople of the states, acting as separate political communities. Their power created it, clothed it withauthority, and the Union, of which the Constitutionis the bond, was the union of states and not of individuals. The people of the United States, as individuals or in the aggregate, never performed a single actin connection with the making or the ratification ofthe Constitution, and, from that day to this, havenever performed an act as a nation or as onepeople. This notion of a universal democracy, of thepeople, collectively, acting as a unit, apart from orderly, legal procedure, prescribed antecedent forms,or otherwise than through state organisms, is modern, is Dorrism, is mobocracy. The Constitution, asthe written fundamental law, is such because adoptedby the concurrent ratification of conventions of thepreexisting states. Each state had antecedentlya written constitution of its own establishment,"an efficient government of its own," says CabotLodge, and the effect of the new Constitution wasto make a division of power between the admittedsovereignty of the states and the authority of thenew Federal Government. Mr. Jefferson said :" States and Federal Governments are coordinate departments of one simple and integral whole." TheFederal Constitution is not the whole of government ;it is only a fragment, incomplete and unintelligible,taken alone. " The Constitution of the United States,with the government it created, is truly and strictly theconstitution of each state, as much so as its own particular constitution and government, ratified by thesame authority, in the same mode, and having, as faras its citizens are concerned, its powers and obligations from the same source." The constitutions ofthe several states are an indispensable complement ofthe Federal Constitution. The Federal Constitutionand state constitutions are complements, the one ofthe other, and, within the limits and jurisdiction ofthe states, both are the constitution of the states. Agovernment with no other powers than those grantedin the Federal Constitution would be an abortion ; agovernment, considered as a whole, with no other pow-96 UNIVERSITY RECORDers than those reserved by the states, would be powerless outside its own territorial domain and whollyinefficient in many important respects within. Thatthe Federal Government is absolute, and has unlimited scope of action, is a political monstrosity, diametrically in contravention with the wisdom andpurposes of its founders. The convention of 1787 andthe Constitution had a double object in view — first, tocreate a common government, a national government,showing foreign countries a united people with amplepowers of protection, and, secondly, at the same time, tomaintain the independence of the separate states whichhad endowed the Federal Government with powersdeducted from their sovereignty of states. In theprocess of the formation of the Federal Governmentthere was no arrogated superiority, no assumed mastery, of the states, nor any distrust of their faith orability. The states, by an unusual act of self-abnegation, created a superior authority for defined purposes,but they still lived their own separate life, with vastand beneficial powers in their own hands, correlatedwith the federal powers they had surrendered. Staterights are not abstract nor indeterminate rights ; theyare actively practical, essential to liberty and goodgovernment, and comprise great muniments of freedom. The refusal to concede many rights, the adoption of twelve amendments out of the 124 proposed by the states at the time of their ratification,were to limit the Federal Government in its possiblepowers and render it incompetent to usurp what thestates had reserved for their own exclusive control andprotection. From this history of the adoption of theConstitution and these early amendments, the inference is irresistible that the purpose was to form ageneral government of limited powers and to preserveand guarantee the equality and the reserved rights ofthe separate states. The contention of some that thestates by accepting the Constitution fused themselvesthereby into a nation, is a wholly illogical inference,contrary to facts, and not deducible from the premises,even if no amendments in restraint of federal power,or to supply defects of the original instrument, hadbeen adopted. With the Tenth Amendment such atheory is absolutely irreconcilable. The logical effectof the Constitution was that the states should retaintheir undelegated powers, but, out of abundant cautionand jealousy of the central government, it was deemedwise to have a specific amendment to that effect.Massachusetts proposed it ; New Hampshire, Virginia,North Carolina, and South Carolina concurred, andMadison included it in his series of amendments proposed to the First Congress. The language, "to thestates respectively or to the people," is the demonstra tion that the reservation was to the several states andto the people in their separate character, and not tothe whole as only one people or nation. That thepowers of government are trust powers, delegated,not absolutely transferred, could not be more clearlyand explicitly stated than has been done in that article.IV.It cannot now be difficult to decide who have been,and are, the truest friends, the real preservers, of theUnion. Obviously and necessarily those who conserve the true spirit and end of the Union and of theinstrument which made it. The action of the government or of any of its departments, denying the legitimate supremacy of the states as the constitution-making power, is a rebellion of the^creature against thecreator, a profane denial of the source of the life andbeing of the Congress and the other departments.The fathers were never guilty of the folly and madness of intrusting absolutism over the property, lives,and liberties of the people to irresponsible power.They had a vigilant care over popular liberty, the dignity, equality, and rights of the states, and with prophetic prevision were jealous of centralism. The truefriend of them and of their work is he who regardswith just apprehension and resists with vigor a subversion of the relation of the Federal Government tothe states, and all attempts, direct or furtive, to substitute consolidation in lieu of the federated planwhich they established. The Union being an instrumentality to accomplish certain specified ends, he isan enemy who perverts it from its original purpose,and he is the true friend who keeps it within prescribed metes and bounds, who preserves the original% intact, who resists and defeats all infractions, and noman abstained more carefully than Calhoun from violations of the Constitution or was more forward to arrest them. A change in the Constitution, made irregularly, without due authority, is a disruption of theoriginal Union, and, strange to say, those who havemade and who advocate the perversion have arrogatedthe rble of defenders and resorted to the old cry of" Stop thief ! " to divert attention from their owncriminality. (To be continued.)Official Notices.Official copies of the University Recoed for theuse of students may be found in the corridors andhalls of the various buildings in the University quadrangles. Students are requested to make themselvesacquainted with the official actions and notices of theUniversity, as published from week to week in theUniversity Record.UNIVERSITY RECORD 97IB. DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGY.(Summer Quarter, J98.)28a. Special Problems. — Division of labor in the educational work of a community ; public schoolsand other schools. Differentiation within thepublic school system: (a) the special function ofeach division of the school — kindergarten, primary, grammar, secondary, and higher schools ;(6) the special problems of supervision, methodin study and recitation, child-study, gradingand promotion, teachers' meeting, training ofteachers, experiments, extension, hygiene, equipment* etc., from the point of view of the school ;" persons" — the community, school board, superintending force, teaching force, children.Second Half of First Term, 3: 00 p.m.Mr. Manny.286. Social Aspects of the Curriculum. — The following subjects will be discussed : First principles ;the history of the school ; the average curriculum of today and its tendencies ; mothertongue ; hand work and tool work ; number andnumbers; home craft and nature study; thecitizen student ; the arts ; "moral," " religious,"and "spiritual" education; play.Second Half of First Term ; 3: 00 p.m. Mr. Manny.The final examination of Lucia Halliday Ray forthe degree of Ph.M. will be held Saturday, July 16, at8:30 a.m., in room 4 D, Cobb Hall. Principal subject,English ; secondary subject, Latin. Thesis : " TheElements of Latin Influence in the Style of Bacon,Clarendon, and Browne." Committee : Head Professor Manly, Assistant Professor von Klenze, Professor Abbott, and all other instructors of the departments immediately concerned.Special Announcements for the Summer Quarter.I. CHAPEL ASSEMBLIES.The different divisions of the University meet inthe Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, at 10:30 a.m., asfollows :Junior Colleges on Monday ) AttendanceSenior Colleges on Tuesday ) required.College students will sit by divisions. Seat ticketsfor the Chapel Assemblies have been distributed at theFirst Division Meeting on Friday, July 1st, at 10 : 30 a.m.Graduate Schools on Thursday,Divinity School on Friday. While thus an Assembly is provided for each division of the University on a particular day, all studentsare welcome to attend any or all of the Assembliesabove announced. Th© attendance of UnclassifiedStudents, which may be with any of the Assemblies,as well as that of Graduate and Divinity students isvoluntary. The Chapel exercises consist of a briefreligious service and such officialmay be desirable. announcements asII. VESPER SERVICES.On each Sunday afternoon at 4 o'clock there is heldin the auditorium of Kent Chemical Laboratory aVesper Service, to which all members of the University are invited. Beside the musical programme,there will be a brief address. The name of thespeaker and the subject will be published each weekin the University Record and on the bulletinboards.III. GENERAL LECTURES.Throughout the Quarter there is given a series ofgeneral lectures by speakers representing the differentdepartments of University work. These lectureswill be given in most cases at 4 : 00 p.m. The roomsand subjects for each week will be published in theUniversity Record of the preceding week and postedon the bulletin boards.Professor Gaston Bonet-Maury, of the Universityof Paris, will give a series of twelve lectures duringthe second three weeks of the First Term on the" History of the Struggle for Liberty of Conscience inFrance since the Edict of Nantes and among theSlavs," as follows :1. Religious Liberty in General : Religious Sentiment amongthe Slavs.2. John Huss,— the Precursor of the Reformation.3. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the Bloody Codein France.4. The War of the Camisards : the Prophets of the Cevennesand the Meetings in the South.5. Peter Cheltsiky and the Bohemian Brothers.6. John Lasky and Protestantism in Poland.7. The Reorganization and Martyrs of the Protestant Church inFrance in the Eighteenth Century.8. Amos Comenius and the Moravians.The Edict of Toleration (1787) and the American Assistants.J. J. Rousseau and the Triumph of Religious Liberty in 1789.Leon Tolstoi and the Martyrs of the Protestant Reformationin Russia.The Antisemitic Movement and the Present Struggle forReligious Liberty in France.Professor John Henry Barrows will give a seriesof six lectures during the second term on " The Chris-98 UNIVERSITY RECORDtian Conquest of Asia." — Observations and studiesof religion in the Orient (The "Haskell Lectures"for 1898) :1. The Cross and the Crescent in Asia. Sunday, August 21.2. Observations of Popular Hinduism. Tuesday, August 23.3. Philosophic Hinduism. Thursday, August 25.4. Some difficulties of the Hindu Mind in accepting Christianity. Sunday, August 28.5. Christianity and Buddhism in Asia. Tuesday, August 30.6. Confucianism and the Awakening of China.Thursday, September 1.No credit is given for this course.Professor L. A. Sherman, of the University ofNebraska, is giving a series of thirteen lectures on"The Interpretation of Literature." The remaininglectures are these :8. Paramount Modes and Means of Imaginative Appeal.9. The Relations of Prosaic and Interpretative Diction.10. The Literary Elements.11. The Literary Elements, continued : Literary Technique.12. Criteria and Degrees of Literary Excellence.13. Higher Aspects of Literary Synthesis.The following course of lectures is being given inthe German language :Associate Professor Cutting: " Einige Betrachtungentiber die Aufgabe des Sprachlehrers."Me. Almstedt : " Eine Fusstour in Thiiringen."Dr. Kern : " Der Civis academicus im deutschen Heere."The following are the remaining lectures given in theFrench language by Dr. Rene de Poyen-Bellisle :2. La Po6sielyrique populaire.3. Les tendances actuelles au theatre.4. La critique d'aujourd'hui.It is hoped also that some lectures in the Frenchlanguage may be given by Professor Bonet-Maury.The following lectures will be given in the Departments of Philosophy and Pedagogy :2. Associate Professor Tufts: "Work and Play as Factorsin Human Development."3. Head Professor Dewey : "Social Factors in EducationalReform."4. Assistant Professor Angell : " Recent Discussions Concerning Experimental Psychology."5. Professor N. K. Davis (to be announced later).6. Associate Professor Bui.kl.ey : " An Experiment in Jena.<These are the remaining lectures on " The Life ofJesus " given by Professor Shailer Mathews :2. The Kingdom of God.3. Messiahship as Defined by Jesus.4. The Conflict with Tradition.5. The Jesus of History and the Christ of Experience. Besides the above, it is expected that lectures willbe given on subjects in Political Economy, by HeadProfessor Laughlin, and Professor Bernard Moses ofthe University of California ; on subjects in PoliticalScience, by Head Professor Judson and ProfessorJames ; on subjects in History, by Professor Turner,of the University of Wisconsin ; on subjects connectedwith Hebrew Language and Literature, by AssociateProfessor Price ; on subjects connected with the English Language and Literature, by Associate ProfessorMacClintock, Assistant Professor Reynolds, and Dr.Triggs ; on subjects connected with Astronomy, byProfessors Hale, Frost, and Barnard, of the YerkesObservatory ; on subjects connected with' Geology, byProfessor Salisbury ; on subjects connected withBotany, by Head Professor Coulter ; on subjects connected with Theology, by Professor Casper Ren£Gregory.Other lectures will be announced from time to time.The Annual Register.The sixth volume of the Annual Register is nowready for distribution, appearing nearly three monthsearlier than the one of 1896-7. It is a book of 480 pages,an increase in size of 36 pages of the issue of last year,The general style of former years has been followed,but a number of improvements have been introducedtending to make the Register of greater practicalvalue to those who have occasion to refer to it frequently in the course of administrative duties.The summary of attendance shows a total enrollment for the year of 2307 individuals, 1428 being menand 879 women. By quarters the figures are :Summer '97 - - - 1273Autumn '97 .... 1170Winter '98 - - - 1169Spring '98 .... 1094Every state in the Union except Delaware hasbeen represented among the students, Illinois leadingwith 1094, followed in order by Indiana with 162, Iowawith 154, Ohio with 119, Wisconsin with 107, no otherstate having a hundred representatives. The widespread influence of the Graduate Schools is shown bythe fact that forty-one states have representatives inthe student body of these schools.225 institutions sent students to the GraduateSchools and 188 to the Divinity Schools. Ten foreigncountries contributed students, Canada leadingwith 36. A striking feature of the enrollment is thefirst heading, " Doctors of Philosophy Pursuing Special Courses," twenty men and three women havingplaces in this list.UNIVERSITY RECORD 99Reports from the Zoological Club*the metamerism of hirudo medicinalis.Results were obtained by the use of gold chlorideand methelyn blue.The typical somite consists of the double nervecord, Faivre's nerve, Leydig's cell, six ganglionic sacs,and two pairs of nerves, the anterior of which carriesaccessory ganglia. The anterior nerve innervates allthe ventral sense organs and the marginal and outerlateral on the dorsal side. The posterior innervatesthe inner lateral and the median on the dorsal side.The innervation is pentannulate and dimeric, the twoposterior rings of one somite being united with thethree anterior rings of the next somite in the innervation.The anal ganglion is clearly made up of seven segments, as indicated by the forty-two ganglionic sacsand the seven pairs of double nerves. The brain islikewise composed of seven fused metameres. This isindicated by the presence of forty-two ganglionic sacs>and also by the peripheral distribution of the nerves.The body of hirudo is, therefore, made up of thirty-five segments, seven in the brain, seven in the analregion, and twenty-one intermediate somites.V. E. McCaskill.THE AXES OF THE ANNELID EGG.The unfertilized egg of Arenicola cristata is flattened and elongated, thus possessing three axes ofunequal lengths— approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.2. The germinal vesicle lies somewhat nearer one end of theshorter axis and thus furnishes the only means oforientation at this time, since the cytoplasmic structure is uniform. Direct proof of the coincidence ofthese axes with those found at later stages is thusimpossible, but the probability of coincidence isgreat.At the time of formation of the first polar spindle, therelations of the axes are 1 : 1.66 : 2.00, after fertilizationand before cleavage, and in the resting stages of twoand four cells, 1 : 1.37 : 1.50, eight-cell stage 1 : 1.27 : 1.27.In all cases the polar axis is the shortest, and, aftercleavage begins, the longest axis is always parallel tothe second cleavage plane and the third axis parallelto the first cleavage plane. Thus the first cleavagespindle lies in the longest axis. In later stages the* Meetings of the Spring Quarter, 1898. egg approaches a spherical form. The constancy ofthe axes in all cases where orientation is possible,renders it extremely probable that they are alwaysconstant. The two larger axes coincide with none ofthe axes of the adult, but are parallel with the firsttwo cleavage planes.C. M. Child.Reviews and other papers presented during thequarter : " Professor Minot on the Ancestry of Vertebrates," by A. L. Treadwell ; " Spermato-genesis of theRat " (von Lenhossels), by M. F. Guyer ; " FinerAnatomy of the Nerve Cell" (van Gehuchten), byG. W. Hunter ; " Origin and Variation of the Wing-bars of Pigeons," by Head Professor C. O. Whitman ;"Structure and Development of the Lens in LowerVertebrates" (Rabl), by Miss E. R. Gregory ; " Luminous Organs of Vertebrates," by Assistant ProfessorS. Watas6; "Cell-Lineage and Ancestral Reminiscence " (Wilson), by A. L. Treadwell ; " The Placenta-tion of Perameles " (Hill), by Assistant Professor W.M. Wheeler ; " The Eyea of Amphioxus " (Hesse), byAssistant Professor W. M. Wheeler.Historical Excursion.The members of the classes in American Historywill make the first of a series of historical excursionsto places of local interest on Saturday, July 16. Dr.T. W. Goodspeed, a member of the second class of theOld University of Chicago, will give explanatorydescriptions at the site of the Old University, at thesite of Camp Douglas and at the Douglas monument.Afterward, the scene of the Chicago massacre andLibby Prison museum will be visited. Other studentsinterested are invited to join the classes at 9:00 a.m.sharp at the corner of Cottage Grove avenue andThirty-fourth street. Estimated expense under 50cents.Current Events.The address delivered by Professor Edmund J.James upon " The Function of the Modern University,and its Relation to Modern Life" at the Commencement exercises of the University of California, May 18,1898, has just been printed by the University of California in its Chronicle.100 UNIVE,Calendar.JULY 16-22, 1898.Friday, July 15.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Public Lecture : " The Paramount Modes and Meansof Imaginative Appeal," by Professor L. A. Sherman. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture (in German) : " Lenau," by AssistantProfessor von Klenze. Lecture Room, Cobb Hall,4:00 p.m.Mathematical Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Room 36, 8:00 p.m.Dr. Kurt Laves: "The ten integrals of the problem of nbodies for forces involving the coordinates and theirfirst and second derivatives."Note: J. A. Smith, "An abstract group of order 54, afactor of the modular group."Saturday, July 16.Final examination of Lucia Halliday Ray, 4 D, CobbHall, 8 : 30 a.m. (See p. 97.)Sunday, July 17.Vesper Service, Kent Theater. 4:00 p.m.Union meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,Chapel; Cobb Hall, 7 :00 p.m.Monday, July 18.Chapel-Assembly : Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Public Lecture : "The Relations of Prosaic and Interpretative Diction," by Professor L. A. Sherman.Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Tuesday, July 19.Chapel-Assembly: Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior College Students). F RECORDPublic Lecture: "The Literary Elements," by Professor L. A. Sherman. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture (in French) : " La poe"sie lyrique populate," by Dr. de Poyen-Bellisle. Lecture Room,Cobb Hall, 4: 00 p.m.Public Lecture : " The Kingdom of God," by ProfessorMathews. Assembly Room, Haskell Museum,4:00 p.m.Wednesday, July 20.Public Lecture : " The Literary Elements (continued);Literary Technique," by Professor L. A. Sherman.Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture (in German) : " Einige Betrachtungenuber die Aufgabe des Sprachlehrers," by AssociateProfessor Starr Willard Cutting, Lecture Room,Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Prayer Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,east steps, Haskell Museum, 7:00 p.m.Thursday, July 21.Graduate Assembly : — Chapel, Cobb Hall, 10: 30 a.m.Public Lecture : " Criteria and Degrees of LiteraryExcellence," by Professor L. A. Sherman. Chapel,Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture : " Work and Play as Factors inHuman Development," by Associate Professor JamesH. Tufts. Lecture Room, Cobb Hall, 8: 00 p.m.Friday, July 22.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Public Lecture: "Higher Aspects of Literary Synthesis," by Professor L. A. Sherman. Chapel, CobbHall, 4:00 p.m.Philological Society meets in Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 8:00 p.m.Assistant'Professor Clifford H. Moore will read a paper on"The Roman House," illustrated with the stereopticon.Material for the UETCVICRSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., inordar to be published in the issue of the same week.