ftfoe ^University of CbtcaooPrice $J»00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOtlbe mniversitg of Gbicago ©teesVOL. Ill, NO. 2. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. APRIL 8, 1898.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. Poetry and Science, Their Contrasts and Affinities. By Professor William Knight, LL.D. 9-15II. Official Notices 15III. The Award of Fellowships 16-17IV. The Convocation Orators, 1893-98 - 17-18V. Current Events - - - 18VI. The Calendar 19Poetry and Science, Their Contrasts and Affinities.BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM KNIGHT, LL.D.,St. Andrews' University, Scotland.All who are familiar with the intellectual discussions of recent years know that there has been acutecontroversy between the advocates of literary andscientific culture ; and that some of the champions onboth sides have carried on the debate as if there werea fundamental antagonism between the two sides, andas if the conflict could only cease by the extinction ofone of the combatants and the sole supremacy of theother. It would not be difficult to show that, as inthe case of many minor quarrels, much of the controversy has been due to a misunderstanding ; andthat, although the debate may have done good, inbringing out the respective merits of each, thedifference between them has been much more apparentthan real.* The Convocation address delivered on the occasion of theTwenty-second Convocation of the University, held at theUniversity Congregational Church, April 1, 1898. It is only indirectly, however, that I shall deajwith that question. It is rather of the two differentways of interpreting nature — to which the scientific,and the literary or poetic temperament respectivelytend — that I mean to speak ; and, I do not enter intothe controversy, as a partisan of either side. I wishrather to vindicate both, and to show how the one isthe natural complement, or sequel of the other.A preliminary glance at the old battle of the " rivalcultures," may however, clear the way towards a moreadequate discussion of the subject. Now, whateverused to be the feeling, in old academic haunts, amongsta former race of teachers, half a century ago, I amsure that nowadays there is no disparagement ofscience in the universities of Great Britain, orAmerica, or the continent of Europe. There is, on thecontrary, quite as generous an acknowledgment ofthe value of scientific culture, and of the place ofscience in the curriculum of a liberal education, by thehumanists, as there is a recognition of the value of letters, by the scientific specialists. Nay, our modernscholarship is all permeated by the scientific spirit.Our nineteenth century literary criticism is basedupon scientific methods of procedure. I think it isquite incorrect to say as was said sometime ago by avery distinguished scientific man — that the "humanists of the nineteenth century take their stand uponclassical study, as the sole avenue of culture, as firmlyas if we were still in the age of the Renaissance." Iam not aware of any one in the most conservativequarters, in the most mediaeval of colleges, who does10 UNIVERSITY RECORDso ; and I question very much if such a position isnow maintained in the colleges of the Roman church.There is no fear of the undervaluation of science inour time. On the contrary, the risk is all the otherway ; and therefore — while my own attitude hasalways been, and will always remain, a catholic andcosmopolitan one — inasmuch as one of the two tendencies is always more dominant than the other inevery period, I do not scruple to say that the overvaluation of science may very easily become one ofthe intellectual heresies of the future.And by the term "heresy" I, of course, mean nothing offensive, but simply what the word itself denotes,viz., a sectional or sectarian view of things. Now, ifone enters into this controversy with any ardor, it isvery difficult not to enter into it as a partisan ; and, ifone enters into it as a partisan, he is almost sureto state the position he wishes to refute somewhatunfairly. That is, however, the bane of all controversy ; but, perhaps, the antidote may be found in are-statement of the problem from a fresh point ofview.Well, here is one way of putting the question atissue between the disputants : Is a knowledge of anyof the earlier forms of animal life on this planet, sayof the protozoa, more important to mankind than aknowledge of the thoughts of Plato and of Aristotle ;or, is a knowledge of the laws of electricity more valuable to the race than an initiation into the imaginative wealth of Sophocles, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe,or Wordsworth? That may seem to some to be anunfair way of stating the case ; but, if it seems tothem extreme, I may restate it thus : " Is it moreimportant for man to know facts and laws than to riseabove them into the realm of ideas? "Now, the panegyrists of science, who are relativelythe depreciators of literature and philosophy, misconstrue the latter when they do not recognize anythingin the universe that is verifiably true except theirfacts and laws. On that view of things, literary andpoetic culture is of use mainly in so far as it is ornamental, or as a relief to the votary of knowledge whenhe is tired of the study of facts and laws. Perhaps thebest way of dealing with that view of the universe isto make our inquiry into the nature and the methodsof scientific research more thorough ; in other words,to ascertain what it is that science really does forus ; so that we may be in a position to see if anythingelse remains to be done for us, by another agency, atthe point where science leaves us, either stranded orbewildered.It is for this reason that I wish to discuss the relations of poetry to science, and of science to poetry, rather than to enter further into the claims of scientific and literary culture ; because, if we can vindicatefor the two, i. e., for poetry and science, coordinateplace, and a complementary function, their respectivemerits, as contributing to universal human culturewill be apparent.Scientific knowledge is a knowledge of facts andlaws. It is a knowledge of phenomena reduced tolaw, of causes related to their effects, and of effects related to their causes. When anything is known scientifically it is known not as an isolated fact or event,but in relation to its antecedents and its sequents. Itis scientifically explained, when that which gave riseto it, and that to which it gave rise, is understood andexplained. Science, therefore, demands that all presuppositions and guesses and theories, as to the causesof events must be rigorously tested first by inductiveexamination and next by subsequent experiment ; andfarther, tnat all alleged facts be scrutinized and analyzed. One result of this scrutiny and analysis isthat the points on which phenomena resemble eachother are brought out, and they can then be arrangedin departmental groups, or classes. Their order, andtheir place in the system of nature, can be discernedand tested. Individual phenomena can be explainedby being grouped together and reduced to law. Minorlaws can be taken up into major ones, the final aim ofthe scientific quest being the discovery of an all-comprehending law, within which lesser ones are embraced, and in which they finally disappear from view.Thus the scientific quest begins with individual existences, and it does so by way of generalization, advancing [from a lower to a higher unity, precisely as thearea swept by it is extended. Each event being, inthe first instance, dealt with analytically, by a processof scrutiny, and the application of sundry tests — so asto bring out its real meaning, and to connect it withits antecedents and sequents — but this only preparesthe way for a second method of dealing with each isolated fact of experience.Every one of these isolated facts of experience maybe dealt with synthetically at the first ; that is to say,each may yield us a point of departure from which wemay pass at once, through intuition, to that largerwhole of which it is a part, and which it may eitherdirectly suggest or indirectly shadow forth, and mayeven at times reveal. In other words, instead of beinga dark point, on which the light of science must beturned to make it intelligible, or to bring out its meaning, it may be a luminous point, which, by a flash ofsuggestiveness, shows a meaning latent within it ; andconnecting it, in its isolation and particularity withthe vaster world of the unembodied.UNIVERSITY RECORD 11Now, when any fact or event, any phenomenon oroccurrence, is regarded by us, not in isolation, as a linkin the chain of things to be inspected by us in detail —catalogued, registered, and reduced to law — but asthe passing embodiment of what transcends itself;and as yielding us a point of departure toward thatlarger unity, of which it is a fragment, it is regardedno longer analytically, but synthetically ; no longerscientifically, but poetically. The end both of poetryand of science may be said to be the discernment ofunity, viz., the ultimate harmony of the universe ;but, whereas science begins with detail, and works upto unity by generalization from detail, poetry rises —to speak in a figure — with one sweep of wing, to theheight whence the whole variety of the cosmos isseen to be embraced within that " unity where nodivision is," after which science laboriously toils.Poetic vision is intuitive, and the unity it seeks isreached by " a fine suddenness." It does not beginby analyzing and cataloguing things, taking inventories in detail, but it takes us straight away, over allchasms, at a single bound to unity. Furthermore, theunity to which science leads is the unity of law,whereas the unity to which poetry conducts is theunity of expression or inward meaning. Note, however, that in distinguishing scientific from poeticinsight, we distinguish two methods of interrogatingand interpreting nature, which are common to thewhole race, and which have been in operation from thevery dawn of civilization. It is not a distinction between methods which are the respective property ofpoets on the one hand and scientific specialists on theother. What distinguishes the writer of poems fromother men, and what distinguishes the scientific discoverer from the rude observer of nature, is a mostinteresting question; but what is before us now issomething very different, viz., the distinction betweenthat poetic insight which is, or may be, common toall men, and the scientific insight which is open to all,although in its supremacy it is possessed only by afew. It may be easily shown that there are certainaspects of the universe, certain phases of it, which canonly be recognized adequately, or even accurately, bypoetic vision, and that there are others which canonly be dealt with through scientific investigation.In illustration of this, let us take any single object,or group of objects in nature, e. g., the starry heavens,the sunset, a flower, or a gem. How does science dealwith these things ? In answer we have the sciencesof astronomy, meteorology, botany, and mineralogy.But are the results reached by these sciences exhaustive of the objects with which they respectively deal ?Suppose that you have become tolerably familiar with these sciences, have they told you all about theobjects with which they are severally concerned ? Ithink that almost every student of science, in proportion to the thoroughness of his study, will admit thatthere is a certain fragmentariness- in the departmentof knowledge with which he deals ; and that, howeversatisfactory the results which he may reach in theway of discovery, it is unsatisfactory to be confinedto details, which he is unable to connect together,first in a unity which embraces them along with otherphenomena outside or beyond them, and secondly, ina harmony which transcends them all.Now the point in which poetic vision has the superiority over scientific insight is this. It conducts usto a certain kind of unity, which embraces the detailsof the sciences within it. Take the four illustrationsalready mentioned. There is something common tothe starry heavens, the sunset, the flower, and thegem. That common element within them all, andpervading them, is the spirit of the beautiful and thesublime. It is as real an aspect of nature, and one asworthy of being known, as anything which the foursciences of astronomy, meteorology, botany, and mineralogy disclose. It manifests itself in a vast varietyof ways, but it is essentially one underneath them all ;and it is a unity, much more easily discernable andmuch more readily grasped than is the unity ofscience. Each separate object which awakens thefeeling of the beautiful, opens as it were a door,through which we may pass on to grasp this vastunity of nature. I think that the specialty of the disclosure which the separate objects afford us is this,that it immediately carries the contemplator far beyond himself into the wide and even boundless realmof the infinitely beautiful.It will be doubtless said by some — as it has beensaid a score of times — that, notwithstanding of this,there can be no poetic interpretation of nature. Nowthe poet knows very well that he must carry his ownsubjectivity along with him into all his interpretationsof the external universe. Less he could not do, without ceasing to be a poet, or even a man. He knows —as one of the great fraternity put it — that an " auxiliarlight" comes from the mind, which "on the settingsun bestows new splendor." He cannot help interpreting external nature in the light of his own personality;but the poet, and all poetic minds, also know very wellthat, in their most exalted moods of feeling, insight isdeeper than ecstasy ; and also that, in these moods,one aspect of the universe is disclosed to them whichthe logical intellect does not perceive, which cannotbe discovered by the dry light of science, but withwhich science cannot legitimately interfere.12 UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is undoubtedly true that this aspect of nature isrecognizable, only in certain states of the percipientmind ; and, therefore, the same object may appeartotally different to the individual at different times,and still more different to persons of opposite temperament or idiosyncrasy. It is only in certain conditionsof the percipient subject that the discernment of therelation between man and nature is possible ; and itis only under fixed conditions that even then it ispossible. It may be worth noting however, that thevery same thing is true of all scientific knowledge.That there is a dependence between the soul of man,and the objects which call for the poetic feeling, andevoke poetic insight, is as natural and necessary as isthe relation between our intellectural faculties andthe objects with which they deal.No one doubts that, as a matter of fact, nature appeals to all of us in certain moods, in a totally different way from that in which she appeals to us whenwe investigate her laws. She has done so from thedawn of history ; and the story of the way in whichthis appeal has been met is part of the literary historyof the world ; a most interesting chapter in the bookwhich records the evolution of humanity. The recordof the way in which nature, in all her aspects, has beenregarded by men throughout the ages forms a largepart of the history of human civilization. We cantrace it from the fear of the savage mind, crushed before the might of nature, to the gradual utilization ofnature by the primitive colonist or settler ; and wecan see the latter slowly giving place to the curiosityof the primitive investigator. We find also that theprimary idea of nature as material substance, distinctfrom man, kept any special interest in it in the background. But with the rise of a deeper and truer philosophy which considered nature as a treasury of forceskindred to man, interest in nature itself revived. Ingeneral it may be said that so long as nature was conceived of as dead inanimate substance, it was regardedprosaically, although to a certain extent scientifically,and, in so far as it was conceived of as living force, itwas regarded poetically.This brings me back to the distinction betweenthe scientific and the poetic tendency, as respectivelyanalytic and synthetic. The poet is not the analystof nature, except in so far as he divines the secret ofcertain of its more hidden aspects; but, he apprehends its unity, as a unity of suggestiveness ; and hedoes so, by the exercise of no special gift which is hisalone, but by the intense action of a power, which iscommon to him and to the whole race. The writer ofpoems —the poetic artist — is endowed with keener, quicker, and finer preceptions than other men, withgreater sensibility of soul, and a more delicateresponsiveness to nature ; but, so it is also in thepoetic moods of many who never write poems, butonly feel them, and discern their truth. In our mostreceptive assimilative and poetic moods, our perceptions are keener, and quicker, and finer than theyusually are. It is then that we are most responsiveto the direct touch of nature.But, the scientific quest is never inconsistent withpoetic insight or aspiration. On the contrary itinvariably aids the poet by giving him new pointsof departure. It does not lessen the glory of theheavens, to his eye, if he knows something ofastronomy. It does not diminish his sense of themystic meaning of a flower, if he has learned a littleof botany ; or his appreciation of a gem, if he knowsthe laws of crystallization. Doubtless, in the coureeof the scientific investigation, poetic insight must bekept in the background. It cannot be present whenscientific analyses are being carried on; but this ismerely due to the intellectual necessity for some"division of labor," and because concentration onone phase or aspect of nature is always necessary toits successful pursuit. But, at any and every pointin the scientific process, and during every pause inthe analysis, poetic visions may and must come in,both to verify and to interpret the results of science.I know that there are some scientific men, who havethe most vivid sense of the limits, at well as of therange of their own sphere of knowledge ; and whoseappreciation of poetry has been deepened by the veryconsciousness of these limits. There are others, however, like the late Mr. Lewes, who wrote : " Howinsignificant is the existence of a thousand Ciceros incomparison with a single law of nature ! "It is for this reason that no extension of science canever put poetry aside. Investigation of phenomena,and the discovery of laws, invariably opens up newpathways for poetic labor. " Out of the eater comesforth meat, and from the destroyer sweetness."Science may occasionally disenchant old poetictheories, and change the character of our interpretation of nature ; but it can never supersede poetic work,because the tendency of culture is not towards uniformity, but rather towards increasing complexity.Besides, a time comes, after the most brilliantscientific discoveries are made, when their results arebest expressed in poetry. It is well known that poetryhas often popularized science, but poetry has a far-higher office than this ; it is needed to interpret thelast results of science, because when we have got allUNIVEBSITY BECORD 13our facts and laws we need an explanation or readingof them different from that which science gives us.I must try to unfold this further.The phenomena of nature are not expressionless.They have a language, invisible, audible, sensible,which their mere reduction to law does not exhaust.And the deepest meaning, both of the phenomenaand their laws, is reached not by the analysis of theunderstanding, but by the synthesis of intuition.In other words, all phenomenal facts are the signs orsymbols of a reality which underlies them ; and it isthrough poetic insight, or intuition, that we get aglimpse of the things which they signify. It is somewhat remarkable that many of the old Greek realistsof Ionia and elswhere, who struck out new physicaltheories of the universe, wrote down their ideasthrough the medium of poetry. So did Lucretius;and the physical theory of Pythagoras, and that ofmany others was expressed and embodied in a poeticform.It may even be said that every scientific discoverybecomes in course of time fit material for poetic treatment. The theory of gravitation, the atomic theory,the glacial theory, the theory of evolution in any ofits forms, after they have been elaborated by the understanding, and demonstrated by a process of verification, after they have taken their place in the greatstructure of scientific thought, become — just as anyimportant national event, or any great historicaloccurrence — a fit subject for the poet to deal with ;and he deals with them, not as a recorder or chronicler,but as an interpreter. It is thus also that the creations of the poet have more individuality than those ofthe scientific investigator ; and are, in consequence,more durable, in the form in which they first arose.They are not superseded, as theories of nature aresuperseded, by being taken up into the advancingcurrent of the world's scientific thought. The mostbrilliant discoveries of science are not only superseded, but they disappear in the new ones whichsucceed, and which reembody them ; but the greatpoems of the world do not thus disappear. I do notmean by this that scientific discoveries are forgotten,or that their discoverers pass into oblivion; but thatthe particular frames of theory in which scientific discoveries are for the time being embodied, disappearinevitably ; and it may be said that they are meant todisappear, when others more complete take theirplace.To put the case otherwise, scientific thought is notindividual, but general. Were it individual, or personal, it would not be scientific. It would be but thehypothesis of an individual mind ; and all the individ uality that enters into a scientific theory when firstadvanced, disappears — and must disappear, so soonas the theory is taken up into the permanent buildingof the science of the world. There is nothing, for example, of the individuality of Sir Isaac Newton in thetheory of gravitation, or of that of Charles Darwin inthe theory of evolution. But one of the very conditions of immortality in any work of poetic genius isthat it must be full of the individuality of its author.It is the individuality of the Iliad, of the Divine Comedy, of Hamlet, of Paradise Lost, of Faust, of thelyrics of Burns and Wordsworth, that is at once thesource of their charm and the guarantee of their endurance.It is thus that the prosaic facts, with which sciencedeals analytically, become poetic, when looked at, notas they are in themselves, but as they are in relationto that larger unity which they suggest or adumbrate.And while we get no exact knowledge from the poeticinterpretation of nature, we nevertheless get a deeperkind of knowledge because it is more penetrative andsuggestive than anything disclosed to us by the drylight of science. This may be put in a simple way bythe help of an illustration, although it is rather presumptuous for a Scotchman to describe anythingAmerican to Americans. Suppose yourselves to belooking upon the Falls of Niagara, standing on theCanadian shore, just at the edge of the HorseshoeFall, and looking right into the heart of the greatcauldron. There is perhaps no spot in the world —not excepting the grandest of Alpine peaks or passes— where nature speaks more significantly, both to thescientific and to the poetic imagination. The geologisthas much to learn from Niagara, as to the way inwhich that great trough — through which the St.Lawrence River descends to Lake Ontario — has beencut out in the course of the ages. Now, suppose thatyou could calculate, as Sir Charles Lyell tried to do,the precise number of millions of gallons of water thatare precipitated over the fall per minute, or the preciserate at which the fall is annually receding, you wouldbe adding something to your store of scientific knowledge ; but, when you had ascertained all the laws ofmatter and of motion, which are so grandly illustratedat Niagara, how far would you have got in the realinterpretation of nature ? Suppose your inventory ofall the natural forces and phenomena at work to becomplete, and that you had reduced the whole withinthe domain of science, you would be as yet only at thethreshold of the interpretation of nature ; and the poet,or even your own aesthetic insight, could carry youmuch further in one direction, even without thescience.14 UNIVERSITY RECORDSuppose yourself to be standing where the wholevolume of water from the rapids above comes plunging forward ; and those great unbroken ridges ofgreen water hasten and bound forward, fill they strikethe underlying rocks, and are tossed into sheetsof dazzling spray. You see the broad volume of theriver at the crest of the precipice — where the columnof solid water is estimated to be over thirty feet inthickness, and where it is over two thousand feet inbreadth. The green of the upper current shades intoa rich amber color at the base, produced by the rockbehind, till it breaks away in a single sheet of snow,and goes down into the unsunned abyss, whence risethe most delicate wreaths of spray, that are whirled bythe wind into forms of airy loveliness, and tossed athousand feet into the sky, through which — as a thingauze-veil — the sunlight streams. What gives itsspecialty to Niagara is, I think, the peculiar transparency both of the water, and of those wreathsof spray that float up from the great cauldron, asnatural incense skywards. And what it awakens in aympathetic beholder is not a feeling of the beauty, oreven of the sublimity of nature, but of its glory. Noother word is adequate to express it. And if you addall the suggestions of multitudinous force and resistless energy, of continuity and patience, of serenityand repose allied to strength, and the marvelousmusic of the Fall — the harmony of all the differentnotes that ascend forever frcm that natural oiches-tra, — who will venture to say that all those suggestions, given forth by nature at such a place, are to beset down as the mere idealizations of ike mind thatcontemplates them, and are not rather disclosures ofwhat lies within the physical framework, and behindthe barrier of her laws.I might make the illustration more effective for thepi esent purpose by combining it with the revelationsof nature which one occasionally meets with amid thehigh Alps of Europe ; but one illustration is as goodas a hundred. And not even on Monte Rosa or theMatterhorn at daybreak, when the saffron and rosylights of sunrise touched the snowfields with inexpressible loveliness, have I felt the apocalypse ofnature so rich as at the stupendous fall of Niagara.You cannot get away from it ; you are magnetized orspellbound by it.And now I wish to ask whether the disclosure of theheart of nature, occasionally made to use in the presence of such objects as the high Alps or Niagara, isnot as far-reaching as the knowledge which scienceyields us. I do not ask which of the two interpretations of nature is the higher, although I have my ownbelief upon the subject ; but there is no use in argu ing whether the scientific interpretation or the poeticvision of nature is the deeper of the two, because eachappeals more strongly to the mind that is constitutionally more in sympathy with it.It is enough if they are seen to be coordinate. Theknowledge of nature which we get from science isprecise, definite, and clear ; but it limits us by itsprecision, its definiteness, and its clearness. It fixesus among details. It detains, and sometimes hampersus, by a sense of arrestment. Poetic vision, on thecontrary, gives us hints and suggestions of infinity.Opening up tracks which it does not pursue, but inwhich it leaves us to range at will, invariably givesus freedom, life, and movement.Thus, in general, we may say that science deals withthe real, and tends to make its students realistic tothe core, while poetry rises to the ideal, and tends toraise its disciples more and more into the idealisticsphere. It lifts us above the actual, out of the regionof mere facts, events, and laws, which is on the wholea prosaic region ; but it does not carry us, as in a balloon into cloudland. We do not take with it an aerialvoyage into the mist, when we forsake the comparatively level road of scientific law. We pass, by poeticimagination, into a higher world of knowledge ; andwe find that when we have entered into this idealsphere we are nearer to reality, to the very core of existence, to the " last clear elements of things," thanwhen we are fumbling amongst phenomena, or trudging along the lines of mere mechanical sequence.Then, I must remark that the poetic or ideal interpretation of nature, and the universe, which is thecomplement and supplement of its scientific interpretation, comes out quite as much in the constructionof the great ideal philosophies, as in the great poemsof the world. It is seen quite as much in the philosophy of Plato and Plotinus, of Erigena, of Descartes, ofSpinoza, Kant, and Hegel, as it appears in the DivinaCommedia, in Hamlet, in the ode Intimations of Immortality, in Paracelsus, in the Idylls of the King,or in Faust.We may perhaps get some further light on this subject, when we combine what has been already statedwith the larger idea that all the knowledge which weacquire by science comes primarily from without,although, to convert the reports that reach us fromwithout into knowledge proper, the mind must exertits own apriori power of arranging, comparing, grouping, classifying — whereas the source or spring of theknowledge we attain by poetic intuition lies withinthe soul itself. The more knowledge we get fromwithout, the more is the mind of the knower dominated by it, I might even say subdued by it. But,UNIVERSITY RECORD 15the poetic intuition, which rises out of the depths ofthe soul, and passes outwards, interpreting the scrollof nature, does not dominate over us, as science does.It rather liberates us, and shows that mind, if notsuperior to matter, is at any rate coordinate.Poetry is thus continually restoring for us the balance between man and nature, which a one-sided science is incessantly disturbing. Furthermore, thispoetic glance, which pierces to the core of things, andis interpretative of that vast reality which underliesall the shows of sense, rises from the actual to theIdeal. Ever aspiring, though not restless, its very existence and uprise within us is a sign that the actualis, and must be, unsatisfying ; and so it takes a constant, although a calm and steady flight towards theideal, at once above and within the actual. I thinkthat poetry may thus be regarded, in its noblest anddeepest aspect, as the flight of the human soul beyondthe realm of fact and law ; not a lawless flight, for —as one of our own poets has told us, "nothing isthat errs from law" — but as an expression of humaneffort to get beyond, and to rise above, the dominionof mere facts or events in their law-ruled manifestations and phases. Its outcome is one evidence, andperhaps the highest expression, of the craving of thehuman soul for liberty, for emancipation from the fetters of custom, from the tyranny of tradition, from theweight of precedent, from the slavery of use and wont,in other words, it testifies to the perpetual need offresh air, and for those aerial voyages of the imagination, which, starting from the real, rise to theideal.If, therefore, in reference to the emancipation of thehuman intellect, modern science can say, "with agreat price I obtained this freedom" — the price ofages of misrepresentation, misconstruction, and obloquy, and also of struggle with repression exertedfrom many quarters — poetry may reply to heryounger sister in the words, " But I was free-born," Iwas never in bondage to any of the facts or laws,which it is the function of science to investigate.I think it is one of the happiest signs of our time —which is one of extreme diffusion, rather than concentration, of culture when knowledge is " running toand fro," and influencing unexpected quarters — thatthe old estrangements, intellectual moral and social,which our forefathers felt so keenly, while laboringin different spheres of effort, are giving place to a moregenerous recognition of the worth of every branch ofhuman culture, to a more genuine appreciation of theresults obtained in each one of them, and of the meritof each worker who has contributed the smallest shareto the result. I shall be glad if one result of our consideration ofthis subject is to show the great significance of thewords of the late poet laureate of England in his well-known lines in the prologue to the Palace of Art,where he tells us of thatBeauty, truth, and goodness are three sistersWhich mutually dote upon each other, friends to man,Living together under the same roof,And never can be sundered without tears.Official Notices.Official copies of the University Record for theuse of students may be found in the corridors andhalls of the various buildings in the University quadrangles. Students are requested to make themselvesacquainted with the official actions and notices of theUniversity, as published from week to week in theUniversity Record.The Council of the Junior Colleges for the SpringQuarter will be made up as follows :Chairman — E. E. Irons.Secretary — Margaret Morgan.Councilors at Large — E. E. Irons. R. T. Rogers, andMargaret Morgan.Division I — A. G. Hoyt." II— G. P. Hall." III— Clara Welch." IV— R. S. McClure." V.— Fred Sass.LECTURES BEFORE THE GEOLOGICAL CLUB.Beginning with Saturday, April 9, Dr. E. C. Casewill give a series of lectures before the GeologicalClub on the " Evolution and Geological Relations ofthe Vertebrates." These will be held on Saturdayforenoons at 10: 00 a.m. in the Lecture Room of WalkerMuseum. Open to all interested.The Final Examination of Mrs. Charlotte Com-stock Gray for the degree of D.B. will be held Monday, April 11, at 3: 00 p.m., in H 15. Principal subject,Church History; secondary subject, Homiletics.Thesis : " Michaelangelo — His Place in the ReformatoryMovement." Committee : Head Professors Hulbertand Anderson, Professors Johnson and Foster, Associate Professor Moncrief, and all other instructors inthe departments immediately concerned.16 UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS.The following appointments for fellowships for i8g8-g have been made by theBoard of Trustees. The stipend in each case is indicated in the officialletter to the candidate. Other appointments will be announced later:I. University Fellows.STUART, HENRY WALDGRAVERISLEY, ADNA WOODALLEN, HAMILTON FORDASHLEY, MYRON LUCIUSBECHTEL, EDWARD AMBROSEBIDDLE, HENRY CHALMERSDUNN, ARTHUR WILLIAMGALE, HENRY GORDONGOLDBERG, HYMAN ELIJAHMCCRACKEN, WILLIAMSLIMMER, MAX DARWINSTURTEVANT, EDGAR HOWARDTHOMPSON, HELEN BRADFORDABBOTT, EDGAR WILLIAMSGOODELL, CHARLES ELMERMILLIS, HARRY ALVINSIEBENTHAL, CLAUDE ELLSWORTH GeologyBALLOU, SUSAN HELENNEWMANN, HORATIO HACKETTSMITH, JOHN M. P.DAVIES, HOWELL EMLYNLOGAN, WILLIAM NEWTONBRECKENRIDGE, SOPHONISBA PRDODGE, ERNEST GREENELLOYD, HENRYHEWES, AMYKIMBLE, RALPH GRIERSONMERRILL, KATHERINEDIXON, CHARLES EDWARDLILLIE, RALPH STAYNERROOD, CLEMENT EUGENEHULT, GOTTFRIEDGUYER, MICHAEL FREDERICKBURNET, PERCY BENTLEYLEHMER, DERRICK NORMANNORLIN, GEORGESCHIBSBY, MARIANSTERNS, WORTHY PUTNAMHOBEN, THOMAS ALLENDONOVAN, WINFRED NICHOLSBRONK, ISABELLABARTA, ALOISDAVIS, KATHERINE BEMENTELLWOOD, CHARLESFINCH, JOHN WELLINGTON Philosophy University of California CaliforniaHistory Colgate University ColoradoNew Testament Greek Williams College IllinoisPhilosophy Northwestern University IllinoisLatin Johns Hopkins University IllinoisChemistry Monmouth % College IllinoisAnthropology Knox College IllinoisPhysics University of Chicago IllinoisChemistry University of Chicago IllinoisChemistry University of Michigan IllinoisChemistry University of Chicago IllinoisComparative Philology University of Indiana IllinoisPhilosophy University of Chicago IllinoisRomance Franklin College IndianaPolitical Science Franklin College IndianaPolitical Economy University of Indiana IndianaGeology Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. IndianaLatin University of Chicago IowaZoology McMaster University IowaSemitic Des Moines College IowaZoology University of Kansas KansasGeology University of Kansas KansasITON Political Science i Wellesley College KentuckyGreek Berea College KentuckyMathematics Kentucky University KentuckySociology Women's Coll. of Baltimore MarylandSociology Lombard University MassachusettsEnglish University of Kansas MassachusettsLatin Depauw University MichiganZoology University of Toronto MichiganAstronomy Albion College MichiganEnglish University of Minnesota MinnesotaZoology University of Chicago MissouriGermanic University of Nebraska NebraskaMathematics University of Nebraska NebraskaGreek Hastings College NebraskaComparative Philolog) r Vassar College NebraskaPolitical Economy University of Nebraska NebraskaNew Testament Univ. of New Brunswick New BrunswickSemitic Colby University New HampshireRomance Wellesley College New YorkSemitic Obergymnasium of Kolin New YorkPolitical Economy Vassar College New YorkSociology Cornell University New YorkGeology Colgate University New YorkUNIVERSITY RECOttt) IfLINDSAY, FREDERICK BROOKS EnglishHARDESTY, IRVING NeurologyBAWDEN, HENRY HEATH PhilosophyRANSOM, CAROLINE LOUISE ArcheologySCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY LAWRENCE HistorySTEVENS, FRANK LINCOLNBRAUN, WILHELM ALFREDCROSS, GEORGELAIRD, ELIZABETH REBECCAGEORGE, RUSSELLMCDONALD, JOHN HECTORSELLERY, GEORGE CLARKSIDEY, THOMAS KAYSMITH, WILSON ROBERTWALLACE, MALCOLM WILLIAMCOLESTOCK, HENRY THOMASGREGORY, EMILY RAYROSS, CLARENCE FRISBEEHOUGH, ROBERT HARBISONWILSON, DELONZA TATEACREE, SOLOMON FARLEYMcCALEB, WALTER FLAVIUSREICHMANN, FRITZMITCHELL, SAMUEL CHILESSHANNON, CHARLES HENRYCLEVELAND, FREDERICK ALBERT Political ScienceBOLTON, FREDERICK ELMER PedagogyCOMSTOCK, ELTING HOUGHTELING MathematicsJONAS, JOHANNES BENONI EDOUARD GermanicFREEHOFF, JOSEPH C. Political EconomySIKES, GEORGE RUBENS SociologyBotanyGermanicSystematic TheologyPhysicsGeologyMathematicsHistoryLatinBotanyEnglishChurch HistoryZoologyGreekPhysicsAstronomyChemistryHistoryPhysicsPolitical ScienceComparative Philology Allegheny CollegeWake Forest CollegeDenison UniversityMt. Holyoke CollegeMarietta CollegeRutgers CollegeUniversity of TorontoUniversity of TorontoUniversity of TorontoMcMaster UniversityUniversity of TorontoUniversity of TorontoVictoria UniversityMcMaster UniversityUniversity of TorontoBucknell UniversityWellesley CollegeAllegheny CollegeUniversity of NashvilleUniversity of N. CarolinaUniversity of TexasUniversity of TexasUniversity of TexasGeorgetown CollegeEmory and Henry CollegeDepauw UniversityUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of ChicagoII. Special Fellows.KOHLSAAT, PHILEMON BULKLEY SpecialMITCHELL, WESLEY CLAIR SpecialWILLISTON, FRANCES SpecialHARRIS, MARY BELLE Special University of ChicagoUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of ChicagoBucknell University New YorkNorth CarolinaOhioOhioOhioOhioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioOntarioPennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaTennesseeTennesseeTexasTexasTexasVirginiaVirginiaWashingtonWisconsinWisconsinWisconsinWisconsinWisconsinIllinoisIllinoisIllinoisPennsylvaniaThe Convocation Orators, 1893-98.i. January 2, 1893. — Head Professor H. E. vonHolst : "The Need of Universities in theUnited States."2. April 1, 1893. — Head Professor T. C. Cham-berlin : "The Mission of the Scientific Spirit."3. June 26, 1893. — Head Professor WilliamGardner Hale : "The Place of the Universityin American Life."4. October 2, 1893. — Professor Henry Drum-mond : " Some Higher Aspects of Evolution."5. January 2, 1894. — Professor Ira Remsen : "TheChemical Laboratory."6. April 3, 1894.— Head Professor John M.Coulter : "Some University Fallacies." 7. July 2, 1894. — Head Professor A. A. Michelson"The Evolution and Influence of ExperimentalPhysics."8. October 1, 1894. — The Reverend John HenryBarrows: "The Greatness of Religion."9. January 2, 1895. — President Seth Low: "TheUniversity and its Relation to Questions of theTimes."10. April 1, 1895. — The Honorable Chauncey M.Depew : " The Present : its Opportunities andPerils."11. July 1, 1895. — Professor Emil G. Hirsch : "TheAmerican University."12. October 1, 1895. — Professor Alexander Bal-main Bruce : " The Future of Christianity."18 UNIVERSITY RECORD13. January 2, 1896. — The Honorable William Eus-tis Russell : "Individualism in Government."14. April 2, 1896.— Prince Serge Wolkonsky :"Memory and Responsiveness as Instrumentsof Culture.',15. July 1, 1896. — The Reverend ProfessorGeorge Adam Smith : " The Part whichthe Old Testament has Played in the Education of the Race, and How Far its Power toEducate and Inspire is Affected by ModernCriticism."16. October 1, 1896. — President Augustus H.Strong : " Modern Tendencies in TheologicalThought."17. January 1, 1897. — The Honorable Henry D.Estabrook : " Lafayette."18. April 1, 1897.— Her Excellency the Countessof Aberdeen : " The University and its Effectupon the Home."19. July 1, 1897. -The Right Reverend John H.Vincent: "The Church and the University."20. October 1, 1897. — The Reverend Amory H.Bradford : " The Unity of the World."21. January 3, 1 898. — The Honorable James H.Eckels : "Public Leadership."22. April 1, 1898. — Professor William Knight,LL.D.: "Poetry and Science, their Contrastsand Affinities."Current Events.M. Rene Doumic, Professor in St. Stanislaus College, Paris, and one of the editors of the Revue desDeuxMondes, gave two lectures at the Universityduring the present week. Professor Doumic came tothis country at the invitation of Harvard Universityto deliver the " Hyde Lectures," and since has lecturedat Columbia, Yale, Johns Hopkins, and Bryn Mawr.He addressed the students at 10:30 a.m. Wednesdayupon "L' Alliance Frangaise." This secures a seriesof summer lectures at the Sorbonne, given duringJuly and August, for the benefit of foreigners whovisit Paris in large numbers at that time. The planhas been in operation for five years, and last summerfive hundred students took advantage of it. Provision is made by which the students secured board inFrench families which ordinarily do not take boarders,thus affording to them the best advantages in learning to acquire the language. The lectures are given inthe morning and in the afternoon, the interveningtime being taken with visits to various parts of thecity. In the evening special arrangements for entertainment are provided, so that students secure all thebenefits of Parisian residence under the most favorable auspices. At the conclusion of the lectures, twokinds of certificates are awarded, (1) to those whohave an understanding of French, and (2) to those who have a sufficient knowledge of the language forpurposes of teaching.On Thursday evening Professor Doumic lectured inHaskell Museum on "French Literature of Todayand Society in France," the lecture being followed byan informal reception. Tonight he will lecture on" Alfred de Musset."On Wednesday Professor Doumic was the guest ofhonor at the meeting of the Club Frangais at thehome of Mrs. Knowles, 4564 Oakenwald Avenue. Themembers of the Faculty of the Romance Departmentof the University, and the French and Belgian Consuls of the city were present as special guests.Professor Doumic is accompanied by his brotherM. Max Doumic, who has a special commission fromthe French government to inspect libraries and libraryequipments in the United States.The Forum Literary Society will hold its thirdannual open meeting Tuesday evening, April 12, 1898.To this it earnestly invites all members of the University. The programme for the evening, consisting ofthe incoming president's inaugural address, paper,debate, and impromptu speeches, will be representative of the regular work of the society.The "Forum," which recently entered upon itsfourth year, is an organization of undergraduates forthe purpose of " intellectual culture, practice in public speaking, and a knowledge of parliamentary rules."Meetings are held weekly on Tuesday evenings.Professor Minton F. Warren, Ph.D., head of theLatin Department in the Johns Hopkins University,delivered a lecture on " Manuscripts of Terence," inB 8, Cobb Lecture Hall, at 4:00 p.m. Wednesday,April 6.^^_^^Luzac & Co., of London, Eng., have just publisheda Manual of Sanskrit Phonetics, by Dr. C. C. Uhlen-back, a copy of which has been received by the University Record, and placed in the Sanskrit library.Zella Allen Dixson, of the University of Chicago,lectured to the Tuesday Club at St. Charles, 111.,March 22, at 2 : 30 p.m. The subject of the lecturewas : " Characteristics of American Libraries."At the twenty-second Convocation of the MorganPark Academy, held at Blake Hall, Monday, April 4,1898, 8:00 p.m., Rev. Kittredge Wheeler, D.D., delivered the Convocation address on : " A Millionaire."UNIVERSITY RECORD 19Calendar.APRIL 8-16, 1898.Friday, April 8.Graduate-Assembly: — Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall,10:30 a.m.Public Lecture by Lieut. John M. Palmer, HaskellAssembly Hall, 4:00 p.m." The War Power of the United States."Public Lecture by Professor Rene Doumic, of Paris,Haskell Museum, Assembly Room, 8:00 p.m.Alfred de Musset.Saturday, April 9.Special Meeting of the Faculty of the Divinity School,8:30 a.m.Faculty of the Junior Colleges, 10: 00 a.m.The University Council, 11 : 30 a.m.Lecture by Dr. E. C. Case before the Geological Club10:00 a.m. (seep. 15).Sunday, April 10.Vesper Service, Kent Theater, 4:00 p.m.Head Professor E. B. Hulbert: "The Influence of Christianity upon Education."Union meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.Haskell Oriental Museum, Assembly Room, 7: 00 p.mMonday, April 11.Chapel Assembly : Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Final Examination of Mrs. Charlotte Comstock Gray,Room 15, Haskell, 3: 00 p.m. (see p. 15).New Testament Club meets at the home of ProfessorShailer Mathews, 5736 Woodlawn av., 7:30 p.m.Professor George H. Gilbert, Ph.D., D.D., of the ChicagoTheological Seminary, will read a paper.Tuesday, April 12.Chapel-Assembly: Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior CollegeStudents).Material for the UNIVERSITY BEOORD mustorder to be published in the issue of the same week. University Chorus, Kent Theater, 7:15 p.m.Third Annual Open Meeting of the "Forum," HaskellAssembly Room, 8:00 p.m. (see p. 18).Wednesday, April 13.Zoological Club meets in Room 24, Zoological Building, 4:00 p.m.M. F. Cuyer: "Spermatogenesis of the Rat" (von Leen-hossek) .G. W. Hunter: "Apattry and Bethe on the PrimitiveFibril of the Invertebrate Nervous System."Bacteriological Club meets in Room 40, ZoologicalBuilding, 5:00 p.m.Assistant Professor Jordan: Buchner's Researches on" Plasmin."O. W. Caldwell: "The Supposed Alcoholic Enzyme inYeast."Prayer Meeting of the Y. M. C. A., Lecture Room,Cobb Lecture Hall, 7:00 p.m.Thursday, April 14.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.University Chorus, Kent Theater, 7:15 p.m.Friday, April 15.Graduate Assembly : — Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall10:30 a.m.Mathematical Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Room 35, 4: 00 p.m.Head Professor Moore : " An arithmetic treatment of thePellian equation."Note: "A problem in the geometry of linear fractionaltransformations of the complex variable," by Mr. Bliss.Saturday, April 16.Administrative Board of University Affiliations,8:30 a.m.Faculty of the Senior Colleges, 10:00 a.m.Faculty of the Divinity School, 11:30 a.m.Lecture by Dr. E. C. Case before the Geological Club,10:00a.m. (seep. 15).sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., inUniversity RecordEDITED BY THE UNIVERSITY RECORDERTHE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF£he IHniversit^ of ChtcaooIt contains articles on literary and educational topics.The Quarterly Convocation Addresses and the President' sQuarterly Statements are published in the Record inauthorized form. A weekly calendar of University exercises, meetings of clubs, public lectures, musical recitals, etc.,the text of official actions and notices important to students, afford to members of the University and its friendsfull information concerning official life and progress at theUniversity. Abstracts of Doctors and Masters theses arepublished before the theses themselves are printed. Contentsof University journals are summarized as they appear.Students in Residence can subscribe for the University Record forthe year or obtain single copies weekly at the Book Room of The University Press, Cobb Lecture Hall.The Record appears weekly on Fridays at 3:00 p.m. Yearlysubscription $1.00; single copies 5 cents.