Sbe Tflntveretts of CbicagoPrice $J«00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOtlbe Tttniversits of Cbtcago ©teasVOL II, NO. 45. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. FEBRUARY 4, 1898.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. Public Leadership. By the Honorable James H.Eckels - .- ¦ 347-351II. Pedagogical Talks to Graduate Students :I. Social Studies as Educational Centers ofCorrelation. By Head Professor AlbionW. Small ¦-•¦-. 352-353III. Official Notices -------- 353-354IV. Official Reports : Libraries - - -¦ - - 354V. Officers of College Divisions for the WinterQuarter, 1898 - - - - - -. - 354-355VI. Reports from the Botanical Club - 355VII. The Graduate-Divinity Deba - - - ¦ - 355VIII. Religious --------- 355IX. Recent Numbers of University, Periodicals - - 355-356X. Current Events 356XI. The Calendar 357Public Leadership*BY THE HONORABLE JAMES H. ECKELS,Ex-Compttoller of the Currency,I have thought that at this time and in this presence I could perform no better service than to discusssome phase of politics which, reaching beyond merepartisanism, embraces policies of national scope andof far-reaching importance. It was with this end inview that in response to the invitation extended to meby President Harper I announced that the subject ofmy address would be " Public Leadership."Tne appropriateness of the theme cannot but suggest itself when it is brought to mind the auspices* The Convocation address delivered on the occasion of theTwenty-first Convocation of the University, held at theAuditorium, January 3, 1898. under which we meet and the occasion of this gathering. Here are the officers, professors and teachers ofa splendid university presenting to the public representatives of their best efforts and highest care, witha certificate of a moral and mental training whichinvites the citizen to repose complete confidence intheir ability, integrity, and knowledge of the thingscalculated to contribute to the happiness of theirfellows and the well-being of the nation. Of right thedemand can justly be made that the university andthe college shall not be indifferent to public affairs orfail to instruct those within their keeping in thepolitical duties attaching to a responsible citizenship.The pursuit of any other course must result in anullification of the greatest benefits which should beconferred upon the state by institutions of learning.It would be a still further yielding to that already tooprevalent idea which has taken hold of political partyorganizations, that the trained scholar is unfitted toeither advise or lead in the serious movements ofpublic action and must be debarred therefrom.I am not unmindful of the fact that for many yearsafter the close of the war not alone the professor ofthe school but the collegiate engaged in the activitiesof business life gave willing assent to an idea thus bigwith possibilities of public danger, and withoutprotest acquiesced in their exclusion from governmental affairs. The outcome of errors, so fundamentalin their nature, were grave, and costly mistakesin matters of administration and an enormousgrowth of economic heresies which theretofore hadfound no defender either in public or private life.Beyond and above all this there was built up a publicleadership whose larger aim was the retention under348 UNIVERSITY RECORDthe government of places of trust and profit for theone purpose of forming and keeping intact partyorganization and party power. It undermined anddeadened the public will, and in more than one instance gave rise to public scandal.It was only when the voice of the men who teach,united with that of the men of educational and businesstraining was heard elsewhere than in the class roomand the countinghouse that something better thanstrife for official patronage and power characterizedrecurring campaigns and the strength of an unwholesome leadership weakened. I cannot, within theperiod of my years, recall a single presidential contestfrom which the scholar and the school held aloofwhere an appeal was ever made to the conscience ofthe elector or a great issue presented to him for hisdecision upon the sole grounds of merit and principle.So, too, I do not remember one in which theyentered as a positive and assertive force which wasnot carried on upon a higher plane of thought andpurpose and did not turn upon some question vital tothe public good. It is because of these patent evidences of the general public need, conserved and bettered by the active participation in matters of nationalimportance, that leads me to declare that the laborsof those connected with this great seat of higher education cannot be limited in their efforts to things ofmere scholastic learning, if their duty due both to thestate and the individual is to be discharged.Within the circle here formed and the atmospherehere created should be wrought an influence and control that would enable the student to meet, in thespirit of true patriotism, those public obligationswhich he owes in his relations to his fellows.The importance of this is today emphasized by ourhaving reached a point in affairs of national momentwhere, with changed conditions making a strong andacknowledged public leadership of greatest difficulty,the good of all is dependent upon the asserted individuality of each. It was declared by De Tocqueville,in his masterful treatise upon "Democracy in America," that " in a democratic community individuals arevery powerless," and " nowhere do citizens appear soinsignificant as in a democratic nation."At the time of his writing, the truth of the statement could hardly be gainsaid, nor was it of consequence that it should be otherwise. Nowhere was itobserved that any evil resulted therefrom, for he stillsaw the state, which represented them all and containedthem all in its grasp, was very powerful and the nationvery great. Whatever may have been the wish at theoutset to preserve a strong individualism in the citizenby having him show in more than a perfunctory man ner his interest in the least of his public duties, asexemplified in the town meeting of New England, evenhere he soon fell away, and was willing that othersshould take upon themselves the burden which properly belonged to him.It has been pointed out that this political individualism became less and less manifest as the home ofthe puritan was left behind and that of the cavalierapproached, despite a defended creed of party faithwhich aimed to magnify the individual citizen asagainst the powers of government, whether general orlocal.The force of strength of character in political actionand broad public purpose in statesmanship was illustrated even in the days of colonial struggles againstthe impositions and restrictions of Great Britain.These aggressions were felt alike by all and instinctively there was developed against them a nationalinstead of a local spirit of resistance. A nationalspirit of united opposition to ill-advised laws and unjustsystems of necessity gave birth to a national leadership undertaken by men to whom the individual wascontent to delegate without question or reserve fullpower to act, with approval already assured, nomatter what the step to be taken might be. Theknowledge of the strength of their leadership, restingin the confidence that their fellows were certain toaccept the decision reached, notwithstanding the boldness of it, gave warrant to those who met in Independence Hall to sign the declaration proclaiming adissolution of all allegiance to the mother country.And still later it was possible for the members of aconvention convened for a different purpose to promulgate a compact changing the status of the coloniesfrom an ill-adjusted confederacy into a united nation,bound together by the indissoluble bands of a greatconstitution. The creation of a distinctive nation,clothed with powers of self-preservation and authoritycommensurate with the dignity attaching to it, whileinsuring to the government more stability and to thecitizen better protection, in no wise changed his relations toward those whom he willingly permitted to behis leaders.He saw the formation of partisan political organizations and allied himself either with that of the federalist or republican, as the construction which he placedupon the new constitution might be liberal or restricted, granting as he did so to Alexander Hamiltonor Thomas Jefferson as full power of attorney to actin all things for him as in the days of the Revolutionhe had empowered John Adams and Richard HenryLee. In the known character, demonstrated abilityand proved knowledge of public affairs possessed byUNIVERSITY RECORD 349the men who made up the public leadership of theearlier days of our national life was given unquestionable assurance of a watchful care of the interests ofevery citizen and a continuing guardianship of all thatmade for the advancement of the nation.The individual citizen's faith in his leaders grewstronger as he witnessed from time to time a surrenderon their part of long cherished personal views of correcto-overnmental policies in the interests of the wholepeople. Thus he had seen Hamilton, the greatest ofall American constructive statesmen, supporting andsecuring the adoption of a constitution which was notto his liking, and Jefferson, the most technical ofconstitutional constructionists, acquiring a greatterritorial grant in violation of all his previouslydeclared views of governmental powers, because by sodoing they made more certain the future greatnessof the people.The wisdom of the public leadership of the first daysof the republic was evidenced in its approval ofscholarly attainments and business acumen. No manwas then excluded from participation in public affairsbecause of a belief that knowledge of books renderedhim impracticable or business training disqualifiedhim from properly solving political and economicquestions. However personal at times public issuesbecame, in their final treatment an appeal was alwaysmade to the facts of political history and thepast experiences in national life were never unheeded.Not less did the subjects presented for piiblic debatein the non-partisan politics of colonial life and thepartisan politics under the constitution, from theinauguration of Washington to Hayes, render the acceptance of absolute public leadership possible andunchallenged. Throughout the long years of itsexistence the lesser lights of localities and individualswere put aside for the more far-reaching ones of anational character. It was then the belief that astatesmanlike treatment of the greater problems ofnational life must inevitably work out " equal rightsand justice to all."The years which intervened from the rise to thedownfall of the party of the federalist were taken upwith discussions of questions of constitutional construction, the effect of which could not be limited togeographical sections. When the whig came as anactive force to contend with his democratic opponentthe issues were still national in character, growing asthey did out of an attempted renewal of the charterto a great central bank, the creation of the sub-treasury system, the enlargement of the protectiveidea [in raising revenues for the general government and the carrying on of great internal improvementsunder federal authority and at federal expense.In that period of party politics, based upon varyingviews of the relative powers of the state and nation,the citizen did not lay stress upon the fact of his individual rights being trenched upon, but it was the corporate body for which he was solicitous. His interestwas not individually asserted through individual independence of action, but national, state or party findingutterance through those in party authority.If, during the era which witnessed the agitation ofthe evil of slavery, the force of the abolitionist, themoral strength of a great nation, the proclaimed rightof secession on the part of a state from the federalunion, the Civil War and the emancipation of the slave,there was more independence of thought and less carefor political party ties, with the mass of the people wasstill a strong allegiance to accepted public leaders.I believe that then a spirit of widespread individualindependence, as against national leadership, wasthoroughly undesirable. Such a course could not buthave weakened those who were placed in positions ofhighest trust, involving the very life of the nation, andbrought on the disaster of a broken and helpless union.It was only when civil strife had ceased and reconstruction of the S3ceding states been accomplishedthat changed conditions in public affairs and the attitude of public men toward them could safely developan individual inquiry into the decrees of party conventions and the acts of party leaders.I have stated that during the slavery agitation andthe years of the Civil War this individual independence was undesirable. I believe it was equally undesirable in that earlier period when the country waspassing through its years of experiment in establishing upon a safe foundation a constitutional republic.Those delegated with authority, without abuse of it,secured to the citizen his fullest rights, and if at timesarrogant and keenly partisan, at the basis of every actwas an unselfish patriotism and a disinterested devotion to duty.Today, however, the country finds itself confrontedby a situation where individual independence of actionnot only will not jeopardize the nation's interests, butmust be invoked to rid it of threatened dangers.I do not underestimate the patriotism of those whocontrol party organizations and fill places of legislativeand administrative trust, but there must be somethingradically wrong in existing public morals and publicservice when questions of great national importanceare treated from the point of view of mere local desiresinstead of on the broader ground of a whole country'sinterests.350 UNIVERSITY RECORDIt cannot but suggest more than one serious doubtas to the future glory of the country when is noted thetendency upon the part of public servants to compressthe interests of all the people within the narrow confines of a congressional district, and measure the wisdom of taking courageous action by the possibilitiesof an election. The most friendly of our foreign criticshas declared that we have no great public leaders. Ifsuch be the case the reason for it is not difficult ofascertainment.The strength of political organization has in recentyears been built up at the expense of party principlesand public good. Its machinery has reached fromcity to state and from state to nation. By force of itsdemands there have been eliminated from party ranksmany of those who believe that political bodies shouldbe maintained in order to contribute substantial benefit to the government, whether it be national, state, ormunicipal, and not in a doctrine the reverse in practice.There was a time in the annals of our political history when the chief executive of the nation could atthe same time be both the leader of his party and thepublic. But that day has passed. There must continue to be an irrepressible conflict between the goodof the public service and modern party organization aslong as the latter makes abject party obedience theabsolute test of public preferment and politicalhonors, and the only guarantee of accepted service.It is not long since that the country witnessed adistinguished statesman leave the presidential office,scoffed at and distrusted by his party organizationbecause he could not fill the dual rdle of subservienceto party commands and devotion to the higher dutiesof his great office. And yet he had, in a period of greatdistress, upheld the public credit, maintained throughout the length and breadth of the land law and order,vindicated the dignity of the courts, made more respected at the seat of every foreign power the nationalgovernment, and improved the public service. If today he has the confidence and esteem of those whoadmire courage of action and honesty of purpose, it isbecause of an unflinching determination not to acceptthe dictates of party whether they be right or wrong.Out of all this disturbing and destroying force ofparty organization there has still come, in the largestmeasure, much of inestimable value to the public. Ithas aroused the business man to political action,called to duty the scholar, and created to a greater orless degree independence even in a partisan press. Iam confident that the public leadership which is nowthe most forceful thing for good in municipal, stateand national affairs rests with these elements in oursocial and political system. It is leadership divided on many issues and holdingto different views on many questions, but united in acommon purpose to unselfishly promote the cause ofgood government. Its virility is in the very individuality which is denied to those who denounce politicalindependence as something to be abhorred, and courage of conviction as against party decrees an unpardonable sin. Its good offices have more than onceduring the past two decades been enlisted in behalf ofreforms which have gained for the public at largebeneficial results and added to the comfort of theindividual.Despite the contempt in which the independent isheld by those who deny the possibility of error inparty acts or tenets of party faith he has gained, atthe hands of even those who denounce it, the creationand upholding of a system of civil service reform,which in general and in detail has raised the standardof efficiency of those who fill places of official trust,given to the public a more acceptable service and removed an increasing source of corruption of the elector at the polls.That system is not a temporary thing, but is sofixed by virtue of its own inherent merit, and theadded strength of the leadership which gave it birth,to insure that no political party or leader, no matterhow strong of purpose, will dare efface it from thestatute book or make it of no effect.The leadership to which I have called attention hasstood for other things and gained other victoriesagainst the organized efforts of party captains and aparty press. It has more than once augmented thecause of reform in municipal government and purgedtowns and cities of those who enlarged their privatefortunes from the public revenues. If it has here andthere failed of all it has undertaken it yet has madesuch progress as gives promise of a future triumph.It has as well, in almost every state in the union, organized and directed a public sentiment which hasbrought about the repeal of unwise election laws, supplanting them with those which tend to eliminate fraudand chicanery and make the ballot an instrument whichexpresses the will of the voter, unawed by threats anduninfluenced by hope of gain.But above all else, the independent leadership ofthe day has rendered its most substantial service tothe citizen by declaring that, in dealing with economicquestions, the facts of economic history shall not bedisregarded, and the experience of this and othernations overlooked.Its protest is against lowering the standard ofAmerican national and commercial integrity ; its demand that the country shall have a financial systemUNIVERSITY RECORD 351rational in construction and adequate to properly meetthe changing needs of trade and commerce. It rightfully insists that those who have the power and opportunity to act shall not take counsel of political expediency or endanger the financial fabric of the nationthrough unnecessary delay. It knows how great apower in the force of education and intelligent discussion it wielded in the contest for a sound and stablecurrency, when the practical politician, with all hisskill and cunning, had been driven back dismayed anddefeated ; and, knowing this, feels that it is but due tohave promises sacredly given and pledges made assacredly kept and redeemed.For more than seventy years the American peoplewere free from the teaching of a national monetaryerror by any respectable authority. Within thatperiod of time, irrespective of political affiliations orparty requirements, the statesmen who stood as publicleaders advanced no schemes for the money of thepeople which were in disregard of the laws of thecommercial world and defiance of business need. Thedollar advocated was the dollar of value, created byno legislative fiat and upheld by no legislative decreeThe functions of government, limited to the directnecessities of government, were kept apart from theundertakings of the private citizen, and no one importuned for a financial system that could not stand thetest of investigation or the burden of commercialundertakings. The research of the student of politicaleconomy, bringing forth the Jsame facts as the experience of the man of business, were enacted into legislation, and statesman and private citizen with equalreadiness approved of it.The immeasurable evil of thrusting economic questions into the arena of political contests has come toplague the lines of business, spread broadcast heretofore discarded theories of finance and make thegovernment of a great nation and an honest people thesubject of doubt at home and unfavorable criticismabroad.That which we term " the money question " is not apolitical question and under a true sense of publicresponsibility cannot be treated as such by thecountry's lawmaking powers. It is one which everydictate of common sense and business judgment demands shall be treated only with respect to the essential elements of sound financiering. The solution ofthe monetary problems which confront the Americanpeople is not within the powers of political statecraftwhich is fearful of political results and averse to decisive action.Here at least the student of finance and the man ofpractical affairs must have a commanding voice, for, if denied a hearing, a situation already threateningmust grow more perilous. In no country save this isit deemed the part of wisdom and an evidence of patriotic statesmanship to hold that knowledge of a mattervital to the prosperity of all the people shall stand inprejudice against wise counsel proffered and safe planssuggested. In no other country is there such financialconfusion, so much error of opinion on monetary subjects and so unnecessary a waste of resources. Elsewhere in the realm of finance knowledge, and learning,and experience count as the first of the contributingelements to make the position of the man who assumespublic leadership. With us, under an order of thingstoo unnatural to be long tolerated, they only enter ascomponent parts after the exigencies of politics havebeen cared for and the purposes of an election met.The thoughtful citizen everywhere must deprecatepolitical conditions which demand a leadership outsidethe lines of a responsible party organization. The factitself bespeaks the need of awakening of a dormantpublic conscience and calling to action a heedlesselectorate. It comes only when great issues are atstake and great interests involved. It constitutes adefense against those who, unmindful of the trustreposed in their keeping, would subvert the ends ofgovernment to personal desires and political ambitions.However weak the independent leader may be atthe caucus, he can boast of a power at the polls whicheach year grows more potent and with each electiongathers to his cause added force. He will remain as acontrolling factor in American politics until politicalorganizations are careful of the rights of all and guardwithout reference to private fortunes the greater interests of the public. He will disappear when in partyranks are leaders who are courageous and farseeingenough to deal with national questions in a nationalway, free from local environments and unmoved bylocal threats.His leadership and his following came because ofthe arrogance and unfaithfulness of the dominatingforces of a party machinery builded upon surrenderedpersonality and avowed loyalty to a self-constitutedleader and held together by a judicious bestowal ofpublic patronage. It cannot cease until this menaceto the country is removed and instead is given partyorganization, which, while faithful to party creeds andparty needs, still heeds the higher duty claimed of it.The greatness of the nation must always rest inthe keeping of a leadership strong in its sense of right,patriotic in its devotion to duty, and unwavering inits fidelity to the whole people. Upon no otherbasis can the republic endure or the happiness andprosperity of the citizen be vouchsafed.352 UNIVERSITY RECORDPedagogical Talks to Graduate Students.I. SOCIAL STUDIES AS EDUCATIONAL CENTERS OFCORRELATION.BY HEAD PROFESSOR ALBION W. SMALL.The best that has been said on this subject is contained in the last three chapters of Professor Vincent'slittle book, The Social Mind and Education. I amglad of an opportunity to call the attention of thegraduate schools to that very noteworthy discussion.I have in mind now just one stage in education, viz.,that point where required curricula are completedand the student is at liberty to shape his own course.Up to that time his education has consisted in pursuing a straight and narrow way, which in somebody'sopinion leads to life. If that somebody is right thestudent will complete the required course with atleast a vigorous desire to live ; and even if that somebody is wrong, the student may have survived the imposition with enough vitality to want wholesomemental experiences in the future to offset the unnatural constraint of the past. In either case, themental demand is for more light, more insight, morecomprehension. The mind needs a key to reality, andI will assume that it is seeking the wisdom which thekey should unlock. In this situation the student hasonly one alternative. There are but two sides ofreality to be studied. We cannot completely separatethem if we will. It is impossible to know much abouteither without learning much about the other. Unless the mind turns from reality to fantasy it has butthis single choice, viz., between studying chiefly theworld of things on the one hand, or chiefly the worldof people on the other. Besides these there is noreality open to our research.Unless the student has been the victim of an impossibly bad method, he has gained during the required curriculum some information about both theworld of things and the world of people. His aim incontinuing his studies should be first to organize thisknowledge, so that its parts fall into apparent relationscorresponding with reality, so that some of the gapsin his knowledge will appear, and so that he can decide what kinds of knowledge it would be best worthhis while to enlarge. My claim is that even if his special interest is in the world of things, it would be morerational for him to begin the organizing stage ofhis education by a kind and quantity of study aboutsociety sufficient to give him a center of operationsand a point of departure within the world of people.To be more specific, I would urge upon the student intending to be a mathematician, astronomer, physicist, chemist, biologist, or geologist, the propriety andthe large economy of first fixing his bearings withinthe world of people, as a preparation for deeper andwider and truer knowledge of the world of things.I admit that there are dangers in this method. Itmay lead to arbitrary imposing of conceptions takenfrom the world of people upon the realities of theworld of things. It may in that degree lead to nescience instead of science. But knowledge is a dangerous pursuit at best. There is even greater danger intrying to know the world of things without first accurately surveying the world of people. To our mindsthings have and always must have their meaning fromtheir relations to persons. The physical universe mayhave a quite different meaning to an infinite intelligence, but men have to estimate it in its relation tohuman conditions. Human wants decide for humanminds what is worth knowing about the world ofthings. A well balanced conception of the world ofpeople is a necessary condition of the broadest anddeepest knowledge of the world of things. The converse of this is also true, viz., a well balanced conception of the world of things is a necessary condition ofthe broadest and deepest knowledge of the world ofpeople. I accordingly urge all students of men toqualify themselves by much schooling in the sciencesof things. But men cannot successfully take a standpoint outside of humanity. Our outlook is the humanoutlook. Shall our self-knowledge be well proportioned, well balanced, well organized, and well matured before we attempt adult dealings with theworld of things, or shall we venture upon search ofnature while still in confusion about the most universal conditions in the world of people? My own firmbelief is that, other things being equal, he will be themost trustworthy natural scientist who is first themost intelligent social scientist.But there is perhaps even more need of presentingthe claims of social science to students within the fieldof social science. Until a very recent date most students of social facts went gaily at their work withoutthought of a social standpoint. If it were wise to tellthe whole truth I should add that ninety-nine in everyhundred students of social facts still cheerfully continue the same unconscious programme. But I refrain from the assertion, and simply say that we dissipate our energies if we fail to recognize the unity ofour subject-matter. The object of human knowledgeis not many "subjects," but one cosmos. That cosmos, as I have said, is composed of a world of thingsand a world of people. This world of people is in turna unit. For convenience we divide it into parts, butUNIVERSITY RECORD 353We delude ourselves unless we keepM ourselves conscious that these parts are all actually lumbers of thersocial whole. All observable reality that does not belong to the world of things, belongs to the socialrealm. It is either men, or men's groupings, or men'sworkings. Whether we study men's bodies, or theirtools, or trades, or arts, or foods, or clothes, or houses,.or wars, or games, or words, or prayers, or oaths, orsongs, or books, or laws, we are studying phases of theone social fact. We are all studying one thing, whether' we call ourselves students of language, or literature, orethnology, or history, or psychology, or philosophy, oraesthetics, or theology, or economics, or civics, or sociology. Our subject-matter is the world of people, itsconditions, its elements, its forms, its processes, itsproducts. We falsify this world at the start unless wesstudy our portion of it in conscious recognition of itsplace in the unity.The number of facts observable in the world ofpeople is so enormous that from the beginning untilnow the rule has been for students of human facts to-get so overwhelmed by the mass of facts within someone section of the world of people that they have neverdeveloped a sense of the proportions and unity ofhuman society. They have been like Yankee Doodle.They couldn't see the town for the houses. Consequently the world of people has been to them either avast senseless confusion, or it has been a little oasis of• order surrounded by a wilderness of chaos. For illustration of the latter case I would cite those expoundersof religions or literatures, who have supposed themselves to understand their abstraction of these socialfacts, while they were ignorant as babes about all therest of the civilization in which the religion or the literature had its setting ; within which alone either canbe seen in its real meaning. I would cite those expounders of economics or politics, who imagine thateither of these abstractions from the facts that makeup a society can be known as they are, without relating each objectively, not only to the other, but to thenatural environment, the domestic institutions, theaesthetic standards, the social traditions, the intellectual attainments, the religious beliefs, and the moralcodes of the society concerned. Above all I wouldcite every version of history which professes to reportthe life of any society without placing in due proportion and perspective each of the great groups of humanworkings which together fashion both the individualunits and the social combinations of the period described. Whatever phase of human fact we choose tolearn most intimately, we distort and mangle and pervert it unless we first get such an outlook over thewhole range of human facts that we can see our par ticular department of men's life in its actual workingrelations with all the rest.I regret that the man whom I rate as the mostacute social philosopher in Europe has a radically different view from my own about the scope of sociology.A few weeks ago I was discussing our differences withhim, and I tried in vain to argue him into acceptanceof my position. Presently I said: "However we maydefine our territory, the sociologists, at all events, arefighting for the perception that every point in everyman's life is related to every point in every other man'slife." Like a flash he answered : " There I agree withyou ; and when we have made everybody see that, thesocial problem is solved."Professor Vincent's book, to which I alluded, sharpens this perception and applies it particularly to theorganization of college curricula. My present appeal isto students who are thrown upon their own responsibility for synthesis of knowledge and organization ofstudy. Do enough study of formal social science, ascontrasted with study of concrete social facts, and abstracted groups of social relations, to get a good working comprehension of the proposition that in theworld of people everything is related to everything.Do not imagine that you are equipped for sane judgment of human relations until you are thoroughlyaware that whatever be your particular field of knowledge, your neighbors, studying other phases of humanfact in all directions around your own field, are reallycompleting your imperfect knowledge. Be a specialist, if you may. Concentrate your original researchupon one of the great phases of human fact. But avoidbeing a partialist, by learning how that phase mustbe coordinated with all the other phases in a true report of the world of people.Official Notices.Official copies of the University Record for theuse of students may be found in the corridors andhalls of the various buildings in the University quadrangles. Students are requested to make themselvesacquainted with the official actions and notices of theUniversity, as published from week to week in theUniversity Record.Hon. George R. Peck, General Counsel of theChicago Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company,will be the orator for Washington's Birthday. Hewill speak in the Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, at11:30 a.m. The music will consist of national airsand college songs.354 UNIVERSITY RECORDCHAPEL TALKS.Monday-Friday, February 7-11.At the chapel -assembly of the Junior Colleges onMonday, Assistant Professor Alexander Smith willspeak of his experiences as a student in Edinburgh.At the chapel-assembly of the Divinity School onThursday, Professor Shailer Mathews will give thefirst of a series of three addresses on " MinisterialTypes in Fiction," his particular topic being, "RobertElsmere."At the chapel-assembly of 'the Graduate Schools onFriday, Professor James will continue the series ofPedagogical Talks by an address on " Dangers of Over-Specialization in Preparing to Teach."THE UNIVERSITY CONGREGATION.The seventh meeting of the University Congregationhas been called for 3:00 p.m. Tuesday, February 22.Problems for consideration include :1. The following propositions chosen for discussionat the January meeting, and postponed : a) thatthe number of fellowships should be diminishedand the amount of stipend increased ; b) Thatposting should be adopted as a method of discipline.2. The following propositions chosen for discussionat the February meeting : a) That allied departments should hold conferences with a view tocoordinating their courses for the benefit ofstudents ; b) That the time limit of all Quarterlyexaminations should be extended to three hours,and that no two examinations for any one studentshould be held the same day.3. Such other business as may properly come beforethe meeting.Official Reports.During the month ending January 31, 1898, therehas been added to the Library of the University atotal number of 511 volumes from the followingsources :Books added by purchase, 342 vols., distributed asfollows :General Library, 56 vols.; Philosophy, 27 vols.; Pedagogy, 4 vols.; Political Economy, 18 vols.; PoliticalScience, 11 vols.; History, 4 vols.; Classical Archaeology, 1 vol.; Sociology, 23 vols.; Sociology (Divinity),10 vols.; Anthropology, 2 vols.; Semitic, 3 vols.; NewTestament, 1 vol.; Comparative Philology, 4 vols.;Greek, 7 vols.; Latin, 6 vols.; Greek and Latin, 1 vol.;Romance, 1 vol.; English, 53 vols.; Mathematics, 4 vols.;Physics, 42 vols.; Astronomy, 12 vols.; Geology, 6 vols.; Anatomy, 6 vols.; Botany, 2 vols.; Church History, lvol.; Systematic Theology, 15 vols.; Homiletics,6 vols.'Morgan Park Academy, 16 vols.Books added by gift, 130 vols., distributed as follows :General Library, 114 vols.; Political Economy, 1 vol.«Sociology (Divinity), 1 vol.; Comparative Religion, 2vols.; English, 1 vol.; Physics, 3 vols.; Astronomy, 3vols.; Geology, 1 vol.; Biology, 1 vol.; Botany, 1 vol.;Homiletics, 1 vol.; Haskell, 1 vol.Books added by exchange for University Publications, 39 vols., distributed as follows :General Library, 11 vols.; Political Economy, 5 vols.;Sociology, 2 vols.; Anthropology, 10 vols.; NewTestament, 3 vols.; Church History, 6 vols.; Homiletics, 2 vols.REPORT OP TRAVELING LIBRARIES FOR QUARTER ENDINGDECEMBER 31, 1897.No. Libraries at beginning of Quarter - 100" Libraries purchased during the Quarter - 18" Books at beginning of Quarter - * 3245" Books purchased during the Quarter (September-December) - - - 487" Books sold (July-December 1897) - - 143'• Libraries sent out for courses delivered(October-December) - - 48" Books sent out for courses delivered(October-December) - - - 2064Concerning the use of books loaned, the reportsshow generally that all the books are kept in activeuse, although in some cases no statistics of circulationare kept by the secretary. The books themselves bearevidence of constant use. Items of interest have beenreported as follows : Books read aloud in families areoften those not generally found in private libraries.At one centre the library of 35 volumes was in use forfour months preceding the lecture-course. Many ofthe reports on this subject, while generally encouraging are too indefinite for a statistical report.* Number counts 2 vols, of one work as 1 book.Officers of College Divisions for the Winter Quarter,1898.{SENIOR COLLEGES., B. S. Terry, Dean; Lawrence de Graff, Chairmanof Council.; Division I. — Professor Chandler, Division Officer ;; Harry Coy, Division Councillor ; President Harper,; Division Lecturer. Division Lecture: Wednesday, 5; p.m., in Haskell Oriental Museum.UNIVERSITY RECORD 355Division II. — Mr. Caterall, Division Officer; Mr.R, E. Graves, Division Councillor ; President Harper,Division Lecturer. Division Lecture (same as Division I).Division III. — Assistant Professor R. E. Herrick,Division Officer; Miss Charlotte Teller, DivisionCouncillor ; Professor Barnard, Division Lecturer.Division Lecture : Thursday, 5 p.m., Haskell AssemblyRoom.Division IV. — Associate Professor Tufts, DivisionOfficer ; Mr. J. E. Freeman, Division Councillor; Professor Barnard, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture(same as Division III).Division V. — Associate Professor Blackburn, Division Officer ; Mr. A. L. Barton, Division Councillor ;Professor Barnard, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture (same as Division III).Division VI. — Associate Professor Castle, DivisionOfficer ; Mr. F. A. Brown, Division Councillor ; Professor Barnard, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture(same as Division III).JUNIOR COLLEGES.Edward Capps, Dean ; Mr. C. L. Hoy, Chairmanof the Council ; Miss Marietta Norton, Secretary.Division I. — Associate Professor Capps, DivisionOfficer; Mr. C. L. Hoy, Division Councillor; DeanMacClintock, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture :Tuesday, 10:30, in Room 8 B, Cobb Hall.Division II.— Assistant Professor Smith and Dr. J.W. Thompson, Division Officers; Mr. E. E. Irons,Division Councillor ; Head Professor Laughlin, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture : Tuesday, 10: 30 a.m.,Room 6 A, Cobb Lecture Hall.Division III. — Assistant Professor C. H. Moore,Division Officer ; Mr. R. T. Rogers, Division Councillor;Head Professor Laughlin, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture (same as Division II).Division IV. — Assistant Professor W. B. Owen,Division Officer ; Miss Norton, Division Councillor ;Head Professor Laughlin, Division Lecturer. DivisionLecture (same as Division II).Division V. — Assistant Professor Vincent, AssistantProfessor Hill, Dr. Paul Kern, Mr. Damon, and Mr. A.W. Moore, Division Officers ; Miss Morgan, DivisionCouncillor; Assistant Professor Smith, Division Lecturer. Division Lecture : Tuesday, 10:30 a.m., Room20, Kent Laboratory.Division VI. — Dr. J. H. Boyd, Division Officer; President W. R. Harper, Division Lecturer. DivisionLecture : Thursday, 1 p.m., Haskell Oriental Museum. Reports from we Botanical Club.At the meeting of the Botanical Club, February 1,Dr. Chas. Chamberlain gave the results of his researches on Winter Sporangia. Several forms representing Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angio-sperms were examined and the conclusion was reachedthat plants do not merely continue to develop untilthey are checked by the cold weather but that eachform has some favorite histological condition in whichits sporangia best withstand the unfavorable weather.The fact that even after cold weather sets in thenucleoli seem to be undergoing changes together withthe fact that material brought into the laboratory latein winter resumes its active development morepromptly than material brought in earlier, led to theconclusion that the so-called resting stage is not aperiod of absolute inactivity. The paper with illustrations will appear in the Botanical Gazette forFebruary.The Graduate-Divinity Debate.The Graduate-Divinity Debate for this Quarter willbe held the evening of March 18, on the question :" Resolved, That the policy of increasing the UnitedStates Navy is wise and should be continued." TheGraduate School has the negative side. The briefsfor this debate must be left in the box of the President of the Graduate Council (Box 191) on or beforeFebruary 25. J. B. E. Jonas,Fres. Grad. Council.Religious.February 6. — Roman Thought as connected withChristianity. Professor R. M. Wenley, University ofMichigan.February 13.— The Birth of Christianity. Head Professor E. D. Burton.February 20. — The First Century of Christianity.Professor Shailer Mathews.February 27. — The Christianity of the Centuries.President Chas. J. Little, Garrett Biblical Institute.March 6. — The Christianity of Today. Rev. NewellDwight Hillis, D.D.March 13. — Christianity of the Future. Dr. JohnHenry Barrows.Recent Numbers of University Periodicals.The January number of the Astrophysical Journal begins Vol. VII. The main articles are " TheSystem of /3 Lyrae," by G. W. Myers, one of the papersread at the conference held at the dedication of the356 UNIVERSITY RECORDYerkes Observatory ; " The Algol Variable Plus17°4367 W. Delphini," by Edward C.Pickering; "OfAtmospheres upon Planets and Satellites," by G.Johnstone Stoney, a reprint of a paper in the Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society : " HeliographicPositions, III," by Frank W. Very ; "On the Conditions of Maximum Efficiency in AstrophotographicWork," Part II, by F. L. O. Wadsworth. The minorcontributions include " A Note on the Discovery of anError in the Papers of Struve and Lord RayleighDealing with the Application of the Principles of theWave Theory to the Determination of the Intensityof the Images of Fine Lines and Extended Areas atthe Focus of a Telescope," by F. L. O. Wadsworth ;" The Photographic Normal Solar Spectrum," byGeorge Higgs ; and a note on " Sun Drawings," byFrederick Slocum.Current Events. \Associate Professor Castle and Instructor Slaughthave been confined to their homes by sickness thisweek.President B. L. Whitman, of Columbian University,Washington, D. C, the speaker at the meeting of theChicago Baptist Social Union, Tuesday evening, visited the University on Wednesday and Thursday.The annual concert of the University of ChicagoGlee Club will be given in Central Music Hall Tuesday evening, February 8. Richard Mansfield, the well-known actor, gave aninformal address in Kent Theater Wednesday afternoon, the meeting being under the auspices of the-Graduate Club. Following the address Mr. Mansfieldwas the guest-of -honor at a reception tendered byHead Professor and Mrs. Judson.The Lincoln House has been organized with Assistant Professor George Vincent at its head. AssistantProfessor Sparks is at the head of the WashingtonHouse, which is ready for organization.Mr. E. C. Page, Associate in the Department ofHistory, delivered an address on " The Use of Mapsand Charts in Teaching History during the KaneCounty Teachers' Meeting at Geneva, 111., Saturday,;January 29.Friends of the University Settlement are lookingforward with much interest to the French and GermanDramatic Entertainment to be given in Kent Theater,.Friday, February 18, 1898, at 8: 00 p.m. The followingwell-known plays will be produced : "En Wagon" byVercousin, " Der Vetter aus Bremen " by KOrner, and"LaPoudreaux yeux" by Labiche. The parts areassumed by professors and students in the Universityand the proceeds will be used toward the support ofsocial "settlement work in the vicinity of Ashlandavenue and 47th street.President Harper will give the principal address on" Presentation Day " at John B. Stetson University.DeLand, Florida, Thursday, February 10, 1898.UNIVERSITY RECORD 357The Calendar.february 4-12, 1898.Friday, February 4.Chapel- Assembly : Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m.Saturday, February 5.Administrative Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, 8:30 a.m.Administrative Board of Student Organizations, Publications, and Exhibitions, 10:00 a.m.Sunday, February 6.Vesper Service. Kent Theater, 4:00 p.m.Professor R. M. Wenley, Head of the Department of Philosophy in the University of Michigan, on "RomanThoughts as connected with Christianity."Union meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A..Haskell Oriental Museum, Assembly Room, 7: 00 p.m.Monday, February 7.Chapel-Assembly: Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Tuesday, February 8.Chapel-Assembly: Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior CollegeStudents).Lecture before Junior Division I, B 8, Cobb LectureHall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture before Junior Divisions II-IV, A 6, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture before junior Division V, Kent Laboratory.Room 20, 10:30 a.m.Botanical Club meets in the Botanical Building,5:00 p.m.John G. Coulter will read a translation of a speciallyprepared paper by Guiguard on "Centrosomes inPlants."H. C. Cowles will review an article by Wachter on " WaterPlants."University Chorus, Kent Theater, 7:15 p.m. Wednesday, February 9.Geological Club meets in the Lecture Room of WalkerMuseum, 4:30 p.m.N. J. Lennes : " The Sierra Nevada Mountains."Lecture before Senior Divisions I and II, FacultyRoom, Haskell Oriental Museum, 5:00 p.m.Bacteriological Club meets in Room 40, ZoologicalBuilding, 5:00 p.m.Assistant Professor Jordan : " The Use of Meat from Tuberculous Cattle."C. V. Bachell§: "The Morphology of the Tubercle Bacilli."Prayer Meeting of the Y. M. C. A., Lecture Room,Cobb Lecture Hall, 7:00 p.m.Club of Political Science and History meets in theFaculty Room, Haskell Oriental Museum, 8:00 p.m.Mr. Garner on " Proportional Representation."Thursday, February 10.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture before Junior Division VI, Faculty Room,Haskell Oriental Museum, 1:00 p.m.Informal Talks on Books of Today by Assistant Professor Crow, Lecture Room, Cobb Hall, 2:00 p.m.Lecture before Senior Divisions III- VI, AssemblyRoom, Haskell Oriental Museum, 5 : 00 p.m.Address before the Students of the Divinity School,Haskell Assembly Room, 7: 30 p.m.Rev. Johnston Myers, D.D. : " The Prayer Meeting."Friday, February 11.Chapel-Assembly : Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Mathematical Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Room 35, 4:00 p.m.Head Professor Moore: "Concerning Cantor's Well-ordered Totalities."Notes: "On Symmetric Functions of Three Letters," byMr. Richer; " On Gravitation," by Mr. Moulton.First Term of Winter Quarter ends.Saturday, February 12.Second Term of Winter Quarter begins.Lincoln's Birthday. — A Holiday.There will be no Faculty nor Board Meetings.Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., inorder to be published in the issue of the same week.University RecordEDITED BY THE UNIVERSITY RECORDER]THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OFftfoe /University of CbicasoIt contains articles on literary and educational topics.The Quarterly Convocation Addresses and the President fsQuarterly Statements are published in the Record inauthorized form. A weekly calendar of University exercises, meetings of chibs, public lechires, musical recitals \ etc.ythe text of official actions and notices important to stu-dentsf afford to members of the University and its friendsfull information concerning official, life and progress at theUniversity. Abstracts of Doctors and Masters theses arepublished before the theses themselves are printed. Contentsof University jotirnals are summarized as they appear.Students for the Summer Quarter can subscribe for the UniversityRecord for the year or obtain single copies weekly at the Book Room ofThe University Press, Cobb lecture Hall.The Record appears weekly on Fridays at 3:00 p.m. Yearlysubscription $1.00; single copies 3 cents.