Gbe ^University of ChicagoPrice $ J. 00 founded by john d. rockefeller Single CopiesPer Year__ 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOXLbc Tttnfvetstts ot Cbicaao pressVOL II, NO. 15. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. JULY 9, 1897.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. Biology and Medicine. By Professor William H.Welch, M.D., LL.D. 141-146II. Official Notices 146III. The Calendar - - 147B/ology and Medicine.*BY PROFESSOR WILLIAM H. WELCH, M.D., LL.D.Johns Hopkins University.Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:It is a great pleasure to bring hearty congratulations to the University and the city of Chicago uponthe completion of the Hull Biological Laboratories.This University, the offspring of unexampled privatemunificence, marvelous in its birth and infancy andclearly destined to great achievements for education,for science, and for humanity, may well rejoice uponthis occasion ; but Miss Culver by her beneficent gifthas earned the gratitude not of this University alone,but of all interested in the progress of the biologicalsciences. A gift of such magnitude as this one, devoted to " the increase and spread of knowledge withinthe field of the biological sciences" is of far more thanany local significance. It must awaken the cordialinterest far and near of those who understand thescope and meaning of the sciences of organic nature.What is here planned and has already been accomplished gives assurance that the wishes of the donor?Address delivered in the Hull Biological Court at the dedication of the Hull Biological Laboratories, July 2, 1897. and the expectations of others will be amply fulfilledand that in these laboratories in unusual measure willknowledge of the forms and activities of living thingsgrow and hence be diffused.Laboratories are now so universally recognized asessential for the systematic study and advancementof all physical and natural sciences that we canhardly realize that they are almost wholly the creation of the last three-quarters of the present century.With the awakening of scientific thought in westernEurope in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesnatural phenomena again began to be studied bythose methods of exact observation and experimentwhich had received their last fruitful application centuries before in the hands of the natural philosophersand physicians of Greece and Alexandria. For thepurposes of such study learned academies and societies were founded, botanical gardens were planted,explorations and collections of natural curiositieswere made, apparatus was devised, and individualinvestigators had their scientific workships. All ofthese material circumstances greatly promoted scientific inquiry and discovery, but with one exceptionthey did not lead to the formation of laboratoriesfreely open to students and investigators. The exception was the establishment of laboratories for thestudy of human anatomy.It is of no little interest, both for the history of biology and for that of science in general, that the first laboratory for the training of students was the anatomicallaboratory. For over six hunded years there has beenat least some practical instruction in anatomy and for142 UNIVERSITY RECORDover three hundred years there have existed anatomical laboratories for students and investigators. Untilthe end of the first quarter of the present centurythere was no branch of physical or natural science,with the exception of anatomy, which students couldstudy in the laboratory. Only in this subject couldthey come into direct personal contact with the objectof study, work with their own hands, investigate whatlay below the surface, and acquire that living knowledge which alone is of real value in the study ofnatural science.The era of modern teaching and investigating laboratories was ushered in by the foundation of one devoted to another of the biological sciences. In 1824Purkinje established a physiological laboratory inBreslau which antedated by one year Liebig's morefamous chemical laboratory in Giessen. This latter;however, which is usually, and, as we have seen, notquite correctly, considered to be the first of modernteaching laboratories, exercised the determining influence upon the establishment and organization ofscientific laboratories in general. The significance ofLiebig's memorable laboratory is that it provided aplace, furnished with the needed facilities and undercompetent direction, freely open to properly preparedstudents and investigators for experimental work inthe entire field of the science to which it was devoted.Such an impressive illustration of the value of laboratories for instruction and research could not fail tobe followed by other departments of science. In thismovement for the establishment of laboratories Germany has been the leader and by their instrumentalityshe has secured the palm for scientific education anddiscovery.We owe especially to Louis Agassiz the introductioninto this country fifty years ago of laboratory methodsin biological study, but it is only within very recentyears that nearly the whole field of biology has beenrepresented among us by laboratories worthy of thename. To the small number of suitably equippedbiological laboratories existing in this country thosewhose opening we are assembled to celebrate make amost notable addition, unsurpassed, I believe, in construction, in equipment, in plan of organization, andin opportunities for scientific work.Modern laboratories have completely revolutionizedduring the past half century the material conditionsunder which scientific work is prosecuted. They havebeen the great instrument of the unexampled progressof the physical and natural sciences during this period.Their educational value cannot well be overestimated.They impart or should impart to the student something of the scientific habit of thought which is no less valuable in daily life and in other pursuits thanin science. At the present day no university can holdeven a respectable place in the march of educationand progress unless it is provided with suitable scientific laboratories, and it is one of the glories of thisUniversity that this conception prevailed and borefruit at its inception. The establishment and supportof good laboratories require large outlays of money,and it is chiefly this requirement which calls for endowments of universities far surpassing anything neededbut a few years ago. But the benefits to mankindderived from such endowments outweigh beyond allcomputation the money expended, which, as has beentruly said, is " a capital placed at a high rate ofinterest."One sometimes hears the remark, and it is of coursetrue, that large endowments, palatial buildings,splendid laboratories do not make a university. Thebreath of life, the vitalizing principle, must comefrom those, both teachers and students, who workwithin their walls. If the phenomena of nature couldbe learned by contemplation and by hearsay thatfamous university which consisted of a log with MarkHopkins at one end and the student at the other mightexist somewhere outside of the imagination. Butknowledge of nature is not to be acquired otherwisethan by observation and experiment, for which thefacilities at the end of a log are somewhat inadequate.The great teachers and investigators are most likely tobe attracted to those universities where the resourcesand opportunities for their special work are the mostample.Laboratories are only workshops ; that which is ofvital importance is what is done within them. Provision has been made in the Hull Laboratories for thecultivation of all departments of what is ordinarilycalled biology. The domain of biology embraces allliving things, both vegetable and animal. Of vitalmanifestations it is only some of the mental operations and doings of human beings which the biologistat present excludes from his survey and even thisself-sacrificing curtailment of his province may not beenduring.The main directions of biological study relate to theforms and anatomical structure, however minute, ofliving organisms, to their functions or activities, totheir development, to their systematic affinities andclassification, and to their distribution over the globein present and in former geological epochs. This vastfield of study is far more than can be compassed byone man, however versatile and industrious, or in onelaboratory. It necessitates such specialization andsubdivision of labor as is represented by these labo-UNIVERSITY RECORD 143ratories and by those appointed to conduct the workin them.All that relates to the vegetable kingdom, whetherit be anatomical, physiological, or palaeontological, isincluded under botany. The historical developmentof this science has been far more consistent and symmetrical -than that of animal biology. In the latterthe central position is appropriately occupied byzodlogy in the widest sense. Unfortunately the termzoology has not had the same comprehensive meaningin reference to animals that botany has in referenceto plants, but there is a growing tendency, which Iam glad to see is here recognized, to include underthe designation "zoology" more and more of animalbiology, and especially to discard the artificial distinction between zoology and comparative 'anatomy,a distinction which can be traced historically to theearly development and exceptional position of humananatomy, to which I have already alluded. Not lessimportant than the study of organized form and structure, and inseparably intertwined with it, is that ofphysiology, which concerns itself with the propertiesand actions of living beings. Subordinate to physiology but still deserving recognition as a specializedbiological science is physiological chemistry, which ismost fruitfully cultivated by one, trained both asa chemist and as a biologist, who gives his whole timeto the subject. The study of the structure and functions of the nervous system has become so specializedand has such important relations to psychology thatneurology has here received special recognition as aseparate department. The same is true of palaeontology which forms a connecting link between biologyand geology and which has shed most valuable lightupon fundamental problems concerning the originand development of animals and plants.There are some who see in the setting up of all ofthese divisions and subdivisions of biological sciencepeculiar perils resulting from the severance of naturalrelations and loss of perspective. This is the familiarcry of the general worker against the specialist, a crywhich, however loudly uttered, - will not be heeded.Where proper organization exists, I do not sharethese apprehensions. The principle of specializationand subdivision of labor has been the great factor inscientific progress. Whenever a body of scientificknowledge has reached a stage of development inwhich its extent is considerable and its problems andthe methods of attacking them are special, it is convenient and proper to recognize it as a branch ofscience whose interests will be best furthered byworkers specially trained to its service. But while conceding to the fullest extent the practical benefits which attend the separate cultivation ofdifferent departments of biology, I would even morestrongly emphasize the essential unity of the biological sciences. In essence these sciences constitute butone science, and the great service of the word biologyin its present use is to embody this conception. Thefundamental problems everywhere in biology arethe same, the determination of the structure and theproperties and the laws controlling them of livingmatter. In whatever department knowledge begained as to these fundamental questions, it is a contribution to all departments of biology. The expansion of our knowledge brings closer together all physical and natural sciences, physics with chemistry andboth with biology. It is of incalculable advantagethat the surfaces of contact between the differentbranches of biological study should be kept clearly inview and that knowledge gained by one should bemade readily available for others. Hence it seems tome that the general plan of organization of theselaboratories, providing as they do for special development in all proper directions of biological study, whileretaining the conception of biology as one science, iseminently wise.It would be a hopeless task for me to attempt toindicate to you all of the more important questions inwhich biologists at the present time are especiallyinterested, even if I were myself familiar with themall. They penetrate into all provinces of life andrelate to such matters as the complex organization ofcells, the problems of heredity and development, thecauses of variation in living organisms, the influenceof physical and chemical agencies, and in general ofenvironment, upon the behavior of living cells, therelations of micro-organisms to fermentation anddisease, the finer architecture of the central nervoussystem, and countless other themes. An especiallyinteresting and new direction of development, towhich the Biological Department of this Universityhas made important contributions, is the applicationof the experimental method to the solution of certainmorphological problems. From this source we mayreasonably expect valuable light to be thrown uponthe great problems of variation and heredity andthereby we may acquire a clearer and more accurateinsight than we now possess into the factors concernedin organic evolution.No branch of human knowledge exceeds in interestand importance the study of biology ; none has madegreater advances during this century of scientificprogress ; none is of more importance to human wel-144 UNIVERSITY RECORDf are ; none has more deeply impressed modern philosophic thought. Biology has profoundly influencedman's attitude toward Nature and the views as fox hisown position in the scale of being. It has importantbearings upon social and moral questions. With truereligion it has no contest, whatever may have beenits influence upon dogmatic theology. It reveals themarvelous fitness of organic nature, and it cultivatesone of the finest human sentiments, the love of nature.Who but a biologist, who was also a poet, could havesung of the chambered nautilus ?Year after year beheld the silent toilThat spread his lustrous coil ;Still, as the spiral grew,He left the past»year's dwelling for the new,Stole with soft step its shining archway through,Built up its idle door,Stretched in his last-found home, and knew the old no more.To those who seek the practical utility of scientificstudy biology can show its triumphs, but here as elsewhere in science the important discoveries whichhave found useful applications, have been made bythe devotees of pure science and not by those whomake technical utility their guiding principle.No more striking illustration of the practical benefitsconferred by biological discoveries can be given thanthat derived from the investigation of those lowlymicro-organisms which are partly our friends, the preservers of the very existence of life upon this globe,and in smaller part our enemies, the causes of infectiousdiseases. It would be a long story should I attemptto rehearse the useful discoveries in this domain ; howPasteur saved the silkworm industries of France byhis studies of a microscopic parasite ; how agricultureand dairies and industries concerned with fermentativeprocesses have been benefited ; how preventive inoculations have saved the lives of hundreds of thousandsof animals; how surgery has been revolutionized byLister's application of Pasteur's discoveries ; how thescientific study of immunity has opened up new vistasin preventive and curative medicine, as exemplifiedby the antitoxic treatment of diphtheria and preventiveinoculations for rabies, which have led to the savingof untold thousands of human lives. All of the moneyever expended for the promotion of biological sciencehas been repaid a thousandfold by the useful applications of biological discoveries, and in making thisstatement in this presence I trust that I shall not bethought for a moment to countenance that philistineview of science which would estimate its value inmoney or in mere practical utility.I have already had occasion to touch upon anotherside of biology, which is not at present here providedfor, and which may not be so familiar to all as a biolog ical science. I refer to pathology or the study of lifein its abnormal forms and activities. This is the purescience of medicine as distinguished from the art ofhealing. It is just as truly a department of biology asis the study of normal life. The relations of pathologyto practical medicine are so intimate that the broaderconception of this science as a part of biology is notalways appreciated. Nevertheless pathology may becultivated as a science no more subordinated to practical ends than is any other natural science. Its subject-matter is any living thing which deviates from thenormal condition. Its province is to investigate abnormal structure, disordered function and the causes ofthese abnormalities. Pathological biology must restupon a knowledge of normal biology. Between thesetwo great divisions of biology no sharp lines of demarcation can be drawn. The province of one encroachesat many points upon that of the other and they arecapable of yielding each other mutual aid.Although certain directions of pathological studycan be followed in a university independently of amedical school, the natural environment of a pathological laboratory is the medical school and hospital,where it can obtain the necessary material for study.Here only can pathology flourish in its entirety.At the exercises connected with the laying of thecorner stones of these laboratories President Harperuttered these significant words: "In laying thesecorner stones today, we are laying the foundations ofa school of medicine, for aside from the distinct workoutlined in each department there is that great andimportant service to be rendered in the establishmentof a school of medicine, the chief work of which shallbe investigation." It will not therefore be out of placeat the dedication of these laboratories if I say a fewwords concerning their relations to the proposedschool of medicine and the need of such a school.A university is the historical and proper place forthe establishment of a medical school. Before therewas a school of law at Bologna, or of theology at Paris,there was a school of medicine at Salernum. For centuries all that there was of biology was to be found inthe medical faculty. The union between medical schooland university is of mutual advantage and each receivesrenown from the other. The distinction of great universities has often rested in no small measure upontheir medical faculties, as witness such names asJohannes Miiller, Virchow, DuBois-Reymond, Ludwig,Kolliker, to mention only a few biologists. The advantages to the medical school of this union are manifold.Among the more important of these maybe mentionedthe encouragement of research, the development ofthe scientific spirit and of university ideals, the properUNIVERSITY RECORD 145maintenance of laboratories, contact with other departments of science, economy of organization, and improved methods of instruction. To secure these advantages the union must be a real one. There is nosaving grace in merely calling a medical school adepartment of a university. The medical school mustbe a vital, integral, coordinate part of the university.It shall also be said in this connection that the granting of the doctor's degree is the function of a universityand it is a usurpation for it to be assumed by independent medical schools responsible to nobody.Medical science and art rest upon a knowledge ofanatomy and physiology and these latter subjects areincluded in the special medical studies. But beforeundertaking these special studies it is in every waydesirable that the student should have had a liberaleducation which includes a fair training in physics,chemistry and general biology with the ability to readFrench and German. You not only have here alKjiatis requisite for the training preliminary to medicaleducation, but you have in these biological laboratoriesthe foundation of a medical school and a part of thesuperstructure. The usefulness of these laboratories,great as it is under existing conditions, would in myjudgment be still further enhanced, especially incertain departments, by association with a medicalschool, and I need not emphasize the enormous valuewhich the medical school would derive from them.Not only this University but also the city of Chicagoby its size and situation offers peculiarly favorableconditions for the foundation of a great medicalschool such as is here contemplated.The present state of the science and art of medicineand of medical education renders especially urgentthe claims of higher medical education. Medicalscience has made enormous strides during the lasttwo decades. The present is a period of great andfruitful activity in medicine. New points of viewhave presented themselves. Problems of the highestimportance to science and to humanity are awaitingonly suitable opportunity and patient investigationfor their solution. Methods of the laboratory are nowapplied to the practical study of disease for purposesof diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. The practiceof the healing art is a far more scientific and rewarding pursuit now than formerly. The great discoveriesrelating to the agency of micro-organisms in the causation of disease have given a firm basis to preventivemedicine, which has as yet been able to utilize only arelatively small part of the available knowledge.To the new conditions medical education has as yetonly imperfectly adjusted itself. The great need ofour medical schools is the establishment of thor oughly equipped and well organized laboratories andthese require endowments which none in this countrypossess to any adequate extent and few possess at all.While the primary aim of a medical school is totrain practitioners of medicine and surgery, a greatmedical school should also advance the science andart of medicine. This art is becoming in increasingdegree applied science, and it cannot be fully acquiredwithout training in the biological medical sciences.I think that in a four-years' medical course, the firsttwo years should be devoted to the study of the fundamental medical sciences, such as human anatomy,physiology, physiological chemistry, pharmacology,and pathology, and the last two to strictly professional training in practical medicine, surgery andobstetrics. It is one of the most important problemsof medical education to maintain the proper balancebetween the purely technical training in the medicalart and the study of the medical sciences. The cultivators of pure science in this or any other universityneed have no fear that the introduction of a medicaldepartment, organized in accordance with the presentstate of medical science, and to meet the existingneeds of medical education, will bring any elementsunsuited to the highest university ideals.A suitably endowed medical school united with auniversity has today in this country unequaled opportunities to achieve success, and to confer a great service upon medicine and upon humanity. The need ofsuch schools is everywhere recognized by the medicalprofession which would give to their establishmententhusiastic support.For this purpose you will need large endowments.You will require a hospital with dispensary service.This need not be a very large hospital, but it shouldbe entirely under your control. You will require additional laboratories of pathology, hygiene, pharmacology, and physiological chemistry. The teachersselected should be also investigators and those engagedin the scientific departments should be well paid, sothat they can give their whole time to their subjects.Medical education has not been a favorite object ofendowment. Its needs are very imperfectly understood by the community, and our medical schools inthe past have for the most part not been such as toencourage their support by private beneficence. Butthese conditions are'changing, as witness the names ofsuch benefactors of medical education as Johns Hopkins, Vanderbilt and Mary Garrett.Everyone, who has a patriotic pride in seeing thiscountry take its proper place in the great movementforward in medical science and education, would rejoiceto see here in connection with this University and in146 UNIVERSITY RECORDChicago, such a medical school as I have endeavoredto indicate. In no other direction could this University expand with greater promise of usefulness andrenown, than in the promotion of the highest medicaleducation. With the unbounded energy and will ofthis University and of this city, never content withwhat has been accomplished, however wonderful, butbuilding for the future, it is not too much to say thatyou could attain something greater and better thanhas been hitherto achieved.In conclusion, I desire to express the hope, indeedthe conviction, that the Hull Biological Laboratories,which are now open for active work, will fulfill theirhigh promise, will be guided by wisdom, will cherishhigh ideals, will contribute abundantly to knowledge,will be a center to which students will wander fromfar and near, will be a fortress of sound biologicalthought and education.Official Notices.Official copies of the University Record for theuse of students may be found in the corridors andhalls of the various buildings in the University quadrangles. Students are requested to make themselvesacquainted with the official actions and notices of theUniversity, as published from week to week in theUniversity Record.Special attention is called to the following regulation :The University Council, at a meeting of June 14Voted:That, in order to secure the full number of classroom exercises for the first term of the SummerQuarter, classes shall meet on Saturday and Monday, July 3 and 5, and, if necessary for this purpose,on Saturday and Monday, July 10 and 12, also.Office Hours of the Deans, Summer Quarter.Graduate Students : Dean Judson, Cobb Hall,Room 9 A, Tuesday-Friday, 11:00 A.M.-12 :00 m.Senior Colleges and Unclassified Men : Dean Mac-ClintocKj Monday-Friday, 12:00 m.-1:00 p.m.Junior Colleges, Men : Dean Capps, Cobb Hall,Room 4 A, Tuesday-Friday, 9:30-11:00 a.m.Colleges and Unclassified Women : Dean Bulkley,Cobb Hall, Room 4 A, Monday and Friday, 11:00-12:00 a.m.; Wednesday and Thursday, 5:00-6:00 p.m.Divinity School : Assistant Professor Moncrief(acting) Haskell Oriental Museum, Tuesday-Friday,9:30 a.m. Visitors to Classes.— No one is entitled to attendthe exercises of any class unless duly registered. Permits to visit any class, for two occasions, will be givenby the President or by the Dean of the Faculties ofArts, Literature and Science.New students are warned of the danger of drinkingwater which has not been previously boiled.Per order,Dr. C. P. Small,University Physician.Chapel Assemblies. — The attention of membersof the University is called to the following generalregulation of the University:1) Weekly assemblies of the various schools andcolleges are held as follows : On Monday theJunior Colleges, on Tuesday the Senior Colleges,on Thursday the Divinity School, on Friday theGraduate Schools.2) The time of the assembly is from 10 : 30 to11:00 a.m. The assembly hour on Wednesdayis reserved for general meetings of the University.3) The exercises include a brief religious serviceofficial announcements, and such other thingsas may seem desirable.4) Members of the particular Faculties concernedare expected to attend, and a meeting of theFaculty for the transaction of business may becalled in connection with an assembly withoutprevious notice.5) Undergraduates are required to attend theirrespective assemblies.6) All are invited to attend any assembly.The Student Councillors of the Junior Colleges forthe Summer Quarter are as follows : —T. B. Blackburn, Chairman.J. J. Walsh, Secretary.E. L. Poulson, 1P. Blackwelder, CouncillorsW. T. Gardner, f at Large.E. D. Howard, JM. E. Coleman, Division 1L. DeGraff, " 2J.J.Walsh, " 3A.T.Russell, " 4A. Cohn, " 5UNIVERSITY RECORD 147THE CALENDAR.JULY 9-16. 1897.Friday, July 9.Chapel-Assembly ; Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10 : 30 a.m.Public Lecture : Movements of the Earth's Surface, by Professor R. D. Salisbury, 4: 00 p.m. [Opento all members of the University.]Mathematical Club, Ryerson Physical Laboratory,Room 36, 7 : 30 p.m. Associate Professor Maschke on"A theorem concerning the coefficients of the substitutions of linear homogeneous substitution groupsof finite order."Saturday, July 10.The University Council, Faculty Room, 10 :30 a.m.Sunday, July 11.Vesper Service, Kent Theater, 4:00 p.m. Rev. W. H.P. Faunce, D.D. will speak.Union Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,Haskell Oriental Museum, Assembly Room, 7: 00 p.m.Monday, July 12.Chapel- Assembly ; Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Public Lecture : The Theory and Practice of Contemporary Psychology, by Assistant ProfessorAngell, Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, 4 : 00 p.m. [Opento all members of the University.] Public Lecture (in the German language): Schiller's Wallenstein, by Associate Professor Cutting,Cobb Lecture Room, 4 :00 p.m. [Open to all members of the University.]Tuesday, July 13.Chapel- Assembly ; Senior Colleges.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior CollegeStudents).Public Lecture (in the French language): Lamar-tine, by Dr. de Poyen-Bellisle, Cobb Lecture Room,4:00 p.m. [Open to all members of the University.]Public Lecture : Spoken English, by ProfessorHempl, Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall, 8:00 p.m.[Open to all members of the University.]Wednesday, July 14.Music Recital, Kent Theater, 5:00 p.m. [Open to allmembers of The University.]Thursday, July 15.Chapel-Assembly; Divinity School.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10: 30 a.m.Friday, July 16.Chapel-Assembly ; Graduate Schools. Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10 :30 a.m.Public Lecture : A Trip to North Greenland(illustrated by the stereopticon), by Professor Salisbury, Kent Theater, 4 : 00 p.m. [Open to all members of the University.]Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., inorder to be published, in the issue of the same week.University RecordEDITED BY THE UNIVERSITY RECORDERTHE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OFftbe IHniversits of CbtcagoIt contains articles on literary and educational topics.The Quarterly Convocation Addresses and the President'sQuarterly Statements are pttblished in the Record inauthorized form. A weekly calendar of University exercises, meetings of clubs, public lectures, musical recitals •, etc.,the text of official actions and notices important to students, afford to members of the University and its friendsfull information concerning official life and progress at theUniversity. Abstracts of Doctors and Masters theses arepublished before the theses themselves are printed. Contentsof University journals are summarized as they appear.Students for the Summer Quarter can subscribe for the UniversityRecord for the year or obtain single copies weekly at the Book Room ofThe University Press, Cobb Lecture Hall.The Record appears weekly on Fridays at j : oo p.m. Yearlysubscription $1.00; single copies 5 cents.