Price $J*50 Per Year Single Copies 5 CentsUniversity RecordCHICAGOGbe TUnivetsttE of Cbtcago pressVOL I., NO. 52. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. MARCH 26, 1897.Entered in the post office Chicago. Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. The Thought of God. By W. R. Harper - - 615-616II. Reports from the Zoological Club - 616-617The Cleavage of the Ovum as illustrated bythe Egg of Arenicola, by C. M. Child - - 616-617III. Official Actions 618IV. Official Notices - - - - - - - 618V. Official Reports : The Library .... 619VI. Recent Numbers of University Periodicals: TheBiblical World; The American Journal ofSemitic Languages and Literatures ("Hebra-ica") ; The American Journal of Theology;The Botanical Gazette; Astrophysical Journal ; Journal of Geology ; School Review ; TheAmerican Journal of Sociology ; The Journalof Political Economy - 619-621VII. Current Events 621-622VIII. The Calendar 622The Thought of God. *There is opportunity this afternoon for but a singleword ; that word will be an old word ; one many timesrepeated and yet one which in some form must berepeated every day; one accepted, in times past, bymany nations and many individuals ; one, however,which must be accepted afresh by every nation thatwould be great, by every being who would be strong.It is a word which may appropriately be presented onthis occasion as bearing directly upon the life andthought of those who have finished the college course;a word which, it seems to me, may appropriately besuggested on this occasion also, assembled as we areto listen to the last of the twelve studies, which have* Address to the Graduating students by the President of TheUniversity, March 21, 1897. dealt with the after-life. It is a word concerningGod. Will you listen to it ?Nations have existed whose names have long beenlost. Of other nations only the name has come downto us. These have done nothing for the world ; haveadded nothing to its history. They have maintainedfor a longer or shorter period merely the dead level ofmonotonous existence. In the case of other nationsthe very opposite is true. Separating themselves inan early period from the environment of which theyformed a part, they have gradually lifted themselvesaway from that environment to higher and higherplains of life and thought. It is the history of thesenations that makes up the world's history.Of the many millions of human beings thathave lived, the mass are as if they had not lived.There is no tangible evidence of their existence. Theyhave been born, they have existed, and they havedied, but this is all. There has been no contribution to life or thought. In the case of some, however,this does not hold true. Imbued with a spirit eagerto secure that which was higher; driven by an impulsegrowing out of a desire to help humankind; controlledby a power which they themselves could not comprehend, these men have led the world in each step ofits progress. What now, in each case, was the factorwhich differentiated the few nations from the many,the few individuals from the masses ? I answer : aconception of God. And in proportion as this conception was true, and clear, and strong, in that proportion did the nation or the individual rise out ofdarkness into light; to that extent nation or individual entertained true and clear and strong conceptions of life, and the relationships of life, of death616 UJSTIVEBSIl'T BEG ORBand the significance of death. In other words, if wemay point out the idea concerning God which prevails in any nation, or which is accepted by any individual, there is furnished, at once, the key whichwill explain the laws of the nation, the habits ofthe individual, the literature of the nation, the utterances of the individual, the spirit of the nation, thesoul of the individual.If you will tell me, my friends, what you think ofGod, the relationship which you sustain to him, I candetermine the measure of your influence in the world.Is it possible that you have no thought of God ; thatyou have not come to realize the existence of God andyour dependence on him ; that you do not yet understand the goodness of God and his power to inspireyour soul? Then, indeed, you are to be pitied; foryou are one of that vast multitude whose hands haveworked, but without avail. The great and controllinginfluence which is needed in order that your workshall count, has been lacking. I do not have in mindthe meanings of the creeds, or the work of thechurches. It is something higher and deeper — thecontact of the human soul with the power thatcreated it; the communion of that soul with thespirit that continues its existence. Just as light hascome into the world, and progress, with the coming ofthe truer conception of God, so light will enter thesoul, and the life of that soul will make progress withthe increasing appreciation of the goodness and thegreatness of God. Life is but the outward expressionof thought, and thought is most ideal when it isthought of God. Let us free ourselves so far as wemay from the things which fetter the spirit in itseffort to come into contact with the great spirit ofwhich it is a part. Let us break down the barrierswhich stand between us and the God in whose imagewe were made. Let us avail ourselves of every opportunity to grow upward rather than downward. Letus earnestly seek that higher life in which spiritmeets spirit and the ideal of man's creation is at lastattained.What is it to be free ? It is to be in touch with thedivinity. What is it to be strong ? It is to be a companion spirit of the great spirit. What is it to betrue? It is to be in harmony with the truth of theuniverse which is itself the reflection of the characterof God.The minds of some of us, have turned very frequently in these recent days, to the words utteredhere at The University as well as elsewhere by thatprince of Christian men, Henry Drummond, a manwhose life entered into the lives of so many of hisfellow men. Is there a Christian man or woman in Americawhose life has not been quickened by his words?whose attitude of mind has not been strengthenedand softened by his spirit ? And how was such powerhis ? Because he lived with God. Not in any sickly,sentimental sense of the sacred phrase, but in itstruest, deepest sense, it may be said, God dwelt in. hissoul.I ask you this afternoon in token of a desire whichall men must entertain, to know more surely thisGod of humanity, by whatever name he may becalled, and in memory of this pure and noble character recently taken from earth, to rise and, whilestanding, join with voice and heart in a verse ofthat familiar hymn "Nearer my God to Thee."Reports from The Zoological Club:The Cleavage of the Ovum as Illustrated by the Eggof Arenicola.*i. cleavage of egg of arenicola.The cleavage belongs to that type known as "spiral" orbetter "Joblique." There is considerable yolk in the egg and itis almost evenly distributed before segmentation. The firstcleavage is meridional and unequal. The second cleavageis also meridional, dividing the egg into three smaller cells andone very large one which represents nearly half the entire egg.All the cells contain yolki The two "cross-furrows" on theupper and lower poles of the egg are parallel and are formed bythe blastomeres B and D; the cross-furrow at the lower pole ismuch longer than the other, however, and is perfectly constantup to a stage shortly before the closure of the blastopore, thusaffording an invaluable means of orientation. The futuremedian plane passes at right angles to this furrow and thusforms an angle of 45° with each of the first two cleavage planes.Thus the large cell (D) is dorsal, its opposite (B) is ventral,and the other two cells (A and C) are lateral. The upper poleforms the anterior end and the lower pole the posterior end ofthe worm.Cleavage proceeds by the typical oblique methodi the ectoderm being formed by three quartets of rather large micromeres,of which one, the dorsal one of the second quartet, is the largestcell in the egg after its formation. This blastomere later formsthe ventral or somatic plate. The first four cells arising fromthe first quartet of ectomeres divide twice, thus forming sixteencells. These are the primary trochoblasts, which do not becomeciliated till a very late stage of development ; they are then supplemented by three cells from each of the small micromeres ofthe second quartet, which occupy the space between the groupsof primary trochoblasts and thus complete the ring except dor-sally, where a break is left. Through this space four cells,derivatives of the first quartet, pass and come to lie posteriorlyto the prototroch. The first bilaterally symmetrical division inthe egg is the fourth division of the blastomeres of the firstquartet, viz., the formation of the apical cross of eight cells.This occurs at a stage when the egg is composed of fifty-eightcells. There are no head-kidneys, and the cell corresponding to* Abstract of paper presented at the meeting of March 3, 1897.UNIVERSITY RECORD 617the nephroblast remains on the surface as a small, inconspicuousectodermal cell.The ventral or somatic plate grows as in Amphitrite. Thesecond bilaterally symmetrical division in the egg is the thirddivision of the large posterior cell (X). A smaller cell is givenoff anteriorly and lies across the median plane. The somaticplate broadens laterally and posteriorly, the lateral portionsgrowing posteriorly faster than does the central portion, sothat finally the cells along the posterior edge begin to meet inthe median line just dorsal to the blastopore. The point wherethis concrescence begins is the point where the paratroch appears. This organ is formed from derivatives of X but by anentirely different set of divisions from those which take place inA mphitrite, according to Dr. Mead's very kind personal communication. Within the paratroch are enclosed certain smallcells which later become the proctodeum.The mesoblast is formed at the 38-cell stage in the usualway as the posterior cell of the fourth quartet, of which theother members form endoderm. Its bilaterally symmetricaldivision (the first) is the fourth symmetrical division in the eggand occurs at the stage of seventy cells .In the endoblasts a fifth quartet is formed and the threecells of the fourth quartet divide symmetrically. No furtherdivisions occur before the closure of the blastopore.The first bilateral division in the small ectomeres, in thelarge X cell, in the mesoblast and in the entomeres all occur atvery different periods in development, but in the same generation of cells, viz., the eighth, counting the unsegmented egg asthe first.Gastrulation is a combination of invagination and epiboly.The mesoblast shows the first sign of invagination. Shortlyafter its bilateral division it elongates inward and finally iscompletely closed in from the surface and occupies the segmentation cavity. After this the entomeres also elongate inward,but are not overgrown for a considerable time by the ectomeres,although the blastopore is continually narrowed, in consequence of their inward growth. Finally they form a columnextending to the ectoderm of the upper pole. Now the ectomeres overgrow their lower surface from the sides and ventrally, forming a triangular blastopore with its short basedirected ventrally. The cells forming the lateral and ventrallips of the blastopore are twelve derivatives of the third quartetof ectomeres and later form the stomodseum. The proctodsealregion enclosed by the paratroch cells should probably beregarded as a part of the blastopore as it is originally continuous with the rest of the opening. It becomes separated fromthe stomodseum by the postero-anterior concrescence of thesomatic plate. The position of the blastopore is ventral to theposterior pole. The proctodseal region and the paratroch cellssurrounding it occupy the posterior pole before the blastoporecloses. Thus the gastrula is bilaterally symmetrical "and itsaxis corresponds to none of the principal axes of the adult.During the closure of the blastopore the mesoblast bands areforming in the interior of the egg. In this case we have anactual change of the plane of the mesoblast bands throughnearly 90°, i. e., from nearly dorso-ventral to longitudinal. Thefirst cells of the bands are given off almost ventrally, but witheach successive division of the mesoblasts, the direction of thespindle is more nearly longitudinal with respect to the egg,until finally the cells of the bands arise anteriorly from themesoblasts.A number of details regarding the various divisions of theblastomeres afford evidence on the so-called laws governingcellular division, but they are reserved for a later paper. Sufficeit to say that divisions occur which cannot be explained by anyof the "laws " already given by various investigators.A word concerning the cleavage of ISternaspis scutafa may be added here. This was worked out as far as the 80-cell stage bythe author of this paper and corresponds, cell for cell, with thatof Arenicola, differing, however, as regards size and structureof blastomeres and order of their formation. Sixteen relatively large cells corresponding to the primary trochoblasts ofArenicola are formed, but Sternaspis possesses no prototrochand these cells form part of the ectoderm.II. THE OBLIQUE CLEAVAGE AND ITS RELATION TO THEMOSAIC THEORY.After a review of the positions held by Roux, E. B. Wilson,Driesch, Hertwig, etc., the mosaic theory was taken up in detail.The following is a brief summary of the arguments givenagainst it :1. The failure of cell-homology in a rapidly increasing number of cases in the oblique cleavage.2. The very different size and structure of blastomeres whichhave the same normal fate in different species.3. Experimental work. — Professor Wilson and Mr. Cramptonerr in regarding the experiments of the latter on Ilyanassa assupporting the mosaic theory, for in most cases " regeneration "occurs. Mr. Crampton himself states in the text that in y% and% embryos the endoderm cells are completely overgrown byectoderm and also gives figures illustrating the same fact. It is,of course, impossible for ectoderm cells, which normally coveronly the outer surface of certain endoderm cells, to overgrow inthe V2 and % embryo all sides of these cells and thus completelyenclose them, unless " regeneration "or " post-generation "occurs. Consequently Mr. Crampton's so-called Vi and % embryos have at least made an attempt to become whole embryos,and Crampton and Wilson are wrong when they state that thepower of "regeneration" or "post-generation" is entirelyabsent.A number of other points in this work were mentioned asaffording evidence against instead of for the mosaic theory,even as modified by Wilson.The next question is naturally as to the cause of the obliquecleavage. In general terms, it is of course the result of theorganization of the egg. It may be pointed out that it is theform of cleavage which brings each cell into contact with thegreatest number of other cells. It is certainly not " mechanical" in Wilson's sense, for even the constant direction ofobliquity cannot be explained in this way.O. Hertwig's view of the organization of the egg cannot beregarded as sufficient to explain the facts. Examples weregiven showing the extreme differences in the allotment of yolkin different species even when the yolk was similarly placed inthe unsegmented egg. There is an organization more fundamental than the visible one, governing both the form ofcleavage and the^position of yolk in the blastomeres.The egg appears to be a complex of substances possessingthe power to produce an embryo and through this an adult, bya series of processes not as yet understood. Visible localizationin the egg or early cleavage stages, which is only a localizationof protoplasm and deutoplasm, does not necessarily imply acorresponding location of the morphogenetic factors. Thefacts rather appear to indicate that what we call the morphogenetic factors are the processes going on in the egg as a whole.Any strictly cellular theory of development must be inadequate as Professor Whitman has shown in his essay, " The Inadequacy of the Cellular Theory of Development."In the final analysis, the organization of the egg is dependent on the structure of the " idioplasm." This would seem tofavor Dr. Whitman's view that the egg has a definite organization from the start. The localization of protoplasm and deutoplasm, however, which we find in the mature egg, must beacquired during ovigenesis, C, M. Child,618 UNIVERSITY RECORDOfficial Actions.The Faculties of the Graduate Schools, March ,24,1897, accepted the following persons as candidates forhigher degrees :For the Degree of Master of Science :Theodore Christian Frye.For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy :Philip Castor Baird,Jacob Dorsey Forrest,Cora Louise Scofield.Official Notices.The Programme of the Exercises of ConvocationWeek is as follows :April i, Thursday.8: 30 A.M.-12: 30 p.m. Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students.9: 00 a.m. The Graduate Matutinal.12 : 00 m. First Division Meetings of the Junior and theSenior Colleges.2 : 00 p.m. Meeting of all the Candidates for Degrees with theExecutive Officers.Cobb Lecture Hall,— Chapel.8 : 00 p.m. The Eighteenth University Convocation.Address : " The University and its Effect upon theHome." Her Excellency, The Countess ofAberdeen, Ottawa, Canada.Conferring of Degrees.The President's Quarterly Statement.The A u dito rium.April 2, Friday.8:30 A.M. The Lectures and Recitations of the SpringQuarter begin.8: 30A.M.-12: 30 p.m. Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students.April 3, Saturday.2 : 00-5 : 00 p.m. Meeting of the University Congregation.Haskell Oriental Museum., — Faculty Room.7 : 00 p.m. Dinner of the University Congregation.Haskell Oriental Museum, — Assembly Room.April 4, Sunday.4: 00 p.m. Convocation Vespers.Address: Professor Francis G. Peabody, A.M.,D.D., Harvard University.Quarterly Report of the Secretary of the ChristianUnion. Kent Theater.Senior Division Meetings and Lectures. — TheFirst Division meetings of students of the SeniorColleges will be held in Cobb Hall, Thursday, April 1,at 12:00 m., as follows :Division I, C 7." II, C 8." III,- C9." IV, C 10.V, C 11." VI, C 3. The lectures before Divisions II-VI for the SpringQuarter will be given by Head Professor Judson inthe Lecture Room, Cobb Hall, beginning Monday,April 5, at 10:30 a.m.Junior Division Meetings and Lectures. — Themeetings of the Divisions of the Junior Colleges atwhich the student councilors are to be elected, willbe held in Cobb Hall, Thursday, April 1, at 12 o'clock,as follows :I. Division Officer, Dean Capps ;Chairman, Mr. Robert Law. B7II. Division Officer, Mr. Hill ;Chairman, Mr. F. C. Hack. B 6III. Division Officer, Dr. Boyd ;Chairman, Mr. R. C. Hamill. B 8IV. Division Officer, Assistant Professor Smith;Chairman, Mr. W. J. Schmahl. B 9V. Division Officer, Assistant Professor Miller;Chairman, Mr. R, G. Gould. B 2VI. Division Officer, Mr. Kern. B 10The weekly Division Lectures will be resumedTuesday, April 13, at 10: 30 a.m.The members of the Board of Physical Culture fromthe student body, elected under amended StatuteXVIII to act with the Board of Physical Cultureand Athletics upon all matters affecting athleticinterests, are as follows :From the Junior Colleges : Charles F. Roby.From the Senior Colleges : William S. Bond.From the Graduate and Divinity Schools : HenryT. Clark, Jr. (U. of C, 1896); H. E. Jones.The term of office of these members expires July 1,1897.The Council of the Graduate School consists of thefollowing :President, Merton L. Miller. Vice-President, Eugenia Winston. Secretary, Otis W. Caldwell. W. C.Mitchell and W. E. Moffatt.The Council of the Divinity School consists of thefollowing :President, J. T. Crawford. Secretary, W. P. Behan.R. M. Vaughn, C. E. Clough, H. S. Gait, H. W. Niceand Chas. Firth.UNIVERSITY RECORD 619Official Reports.During the week ending March 23, 1897, there hasbeen added to the Library of The University a totalnumber of 187 books from the following sources :Books added by purchase, 150 vols., distributed asfollows :General Library, 5 vols.; Philosophy, 7 vols.; Pedagogy, 9 vols.; Political Economy, 9 vols.; PoliticalScience, 7 vols.; Classical Archaeology, 1 vol.; History,4 vols.; Sociology (Divinity), 6 vols.; Semitic, 1 vol.;New Testament, 1 vol.; Greek, 2 vols.; Latin, 2 vols.;English, 48 vols.; Physics 1 vol.; Geology, 3 vols.;Physiology, 16 vols.; Homiletics, 2 vols.; ChurchHistory, 3 vols.; Morgan Park Academy, 20 vols.;Dano-Norw.-Swedish, 3 vols.Books added by gift, 36 vols., distributed as follows :General Library, 32 vols.; Political Science, 1 vol.;Sociology (Divinity), 2 vols.; Comparative Philology,1 vol.Books added by exchange for University publications, 1 vol., assigned to New Testament Department.Recent Numbers of University Periodicals.The Biblical. World for January, 1897, resumes the editorials which have been omitted for six numbers. The topicsdiscussed in this number are the three biblical and theologicaljournals of The University of Chicago, the new experiment atThe University of giving university credit for English Biblework, The University Vesper services with the addresses on" Life after Death," and the annual meeting of the " Council ofSeventy." The first article, by Associate Professor Goodspeed,deals with "The Ideal Childhood in Non-Christian Religions," and gathers up the various traditions about the childhood of the founders of the great religions of the world, Buddha,Mohammed, Confucius, and others. Associate Professor Fosterdiscusses " The Theological Training for the Times," and maintains that it must find its center in the three words, " Christ, myLord." A study of the difficult text, Matthew 23:35, and theproblem as to who was the Zacharias there mentioned is givenby Rev. John Macpherson of Scotland. The view is maintainedthat the father of John the Baptist was referred to. An arrangement of the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah in its original poeticform follows. Special biblical studies for students are given on" The times of the earlier prophets " and on " The primitive eraof Christianity." Dr. J. H. Breasted discusses on the basis ofthe original text the now famous "Israel" tablet, and concludes that Merneptah can no longer be called the Pharaoh ofthe Exodus. A careful review of Plummer's Commentary onLuke is given under " Book Reviews." The usual bibliographyconcludes the number.The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (continuing "Hehraica") for January contains thefollowing articles : I. " A Commentary on Deuteronomy," takenfrom the four German manuscripts of Gregory Abulfarag Bar-Hebraeus, edited by George Kerber, Ph.D. II. "A Grammarof the Aramaic Idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud,"by C. Levias. III. "The Faith of al-Islam," by Duncan B. Macdonald. IV. A Semitic Bibliography (October-December,1896.) V. A list of Semitic and Old Testament Professors andInstructors in Continental Institutions, by Ozara Davis. VI.Book Notices.The first number of The American Journal of Theologyfor January, 1897, is a large volume of 288 pages. The firstarticle, " Theological Agnosticism " by Professor Bruce of Glasgow, describes and criticises the new theological tendency inGermany known as " Ritschlianism." Professor Gregory ofLeipzig gives an appreciation of Bernhard Weiss, the greatNew Testament commentator and critic. " The Scope of Theology and its Place in the University" is discussed by ProfessorCharles A. Briggs. " The Natural History of Sacred Books " byProfessor Allan Menzies, of St. Andrews, shows the commonfeatures in the development of the idea of a sacred literature inthe various religions of the world, and connects all with theChristian doctrine of inspiration and the canon. ProfessorSanday of Oxford writes of F. J. A. Hort, the famous textualcritic of the New Testament, whom he regards as one of thegreatest English theologians. The last article, on " RecentTendencies in Theological Thought," embodies a recent convocation address delivered before The University by PresidentStrong of Rochester. In "Critical Notes" President Harperhas some suggestions concerning the original text and structureof Amos 1 : 3—2 : 5, in which he inclines to the view that the sections on Tyre, Edom, and Judah are interpolations. There followover eighty pages of book reviews, twenty pages of synopsesof current periodical literature with criticisms, and eighteenpages of theological bibliography.The Botanical Gazette for February, contains a notablepaper on "Opportunities for research in botany offered by-American institutions.'' Only those institutions, fourteen innumber, are selected where work in botany is offered leading tothe doctor's degree, and the paper presents well the possibilitiesfor such work in America, the amount of it that is done being asurprise to those who think only of the German laboratories insuch a connection. Josephine E. Tilden, of the University ofMinnesota, contributes an illustrated paper describing certainnew algae which are concerned in making calcareous orsiliceous encrustations about springs. G. T. Moore, of Harvard,publishes an interesting account, with plate, of the life historyof Uroglena Americana, a volvox like alga. E. J. Hill undertakes to separate more clearly the forms of Thaspium andZizia, which simulate each other so remarkably ; and L. F.Henderson describes a new Isoetes from Idaho. The editorialsurge the use of the metric system in manuals of botany, anddiscuss further the tropical laboratory commission. The usualnumber of book reviews, minor notices, notes for students, andnews items, complete the number.The Astrophysical Journal for February offers the following table of contents: "The Absorption of Light as aDetermining Factor in the Selection of the Size of the Objective for the Great Refractor of the Potsdam Observatory," byH. C. Vogel. "The Spectrum of C, Puppis," by Edward C.Pickering. " On the Spectrum of £ Puppis," by H. Kayser. " Onthe Spectra of Heavy and Light Helium," by J. S. Ames andW. J. Humphreys. "Oxygen in the Sun," by Lewis E. Jewell."On the Effect of Pressure in the Surrounding Gas on theTemperature of the Crater of an Electric Arc. Correction ofResults in Former Paper," by W. E.Wilson and G. F. Fitzgerald."Preliminary Table of Solar Spectrum Wave-Lengths. XVII,"by Henry A. Rowland. " On the Comparative Value of Refract-620 UNIVERSITY RECORDing and Reflecting Telescopes for Astrophysicallnvestigations,"by George E. Hale. " On a New Form of Mounting for Reflecting Telescopes Devised by the Late Arthur Cowper Ranyard,"by F. L. O. Wadsworth. " A Support System for Large Specula,"by G. W. Ritchey. Minor Contributions; Reviews; RecentPublications.The Journal of Geology for February-March 1897 has the following table of contents : "Professor Geikie's Classification of theNorth European Glacial Deposits," by K. Keilhack. The classification given in the Journal (Vol. Ill, pp. 241-269) is criticisedand one recognizing but three glacial epochs is proposed. "TheAverage Specific Gravity of Meteorites," by O. C. Farrington.A specific gravity of 3.69 is found as the result of a study of thesp. gr. and weight of 142 specimens. "Drift Phenomena in theVicinity of Devil's Lake and Baraboo, Wisconsin," by R. D.Salisbury and W. W. Atwood. The results of the field work ofthe summer quarter are summarized. "Comparisons of theCarboniferous and Permian Formations of Nebraska, andKansas, II," by Charles S. Prosser. Continued from the lastnumber of the Journal. "The Geology of the San FranciscoPeninsula," by Andrew C. Dawson. A reply to criticism in thepreceding number of the Journal. " Note on the Geology ofSouthwestern New England," by Wm. H. Hobbs. Corrections ofthe author's earlier papers (Jour. Geol., I, 717-736, 780-802,)." Studies for Students : Deformation of, Rocks, V," by C. R. VanHise. Supplementary notes on the subjects treated in earliernumbers (Jour. Geol., IV, 195-213).The School Review for March 1897 appeared on the 5th ofthe month. The first paper is on " Teaching English Grammar "by Professor Oliver F. Emerson of Western Reserve University.Professor Elmer E. Brown prints the second installment of his" Bibliography of the History of Secondary Education in theUnited States." This is a continuation of his series oh the " History of Secondary Education" which is to run through the presentyear. The Review seldom prints so long an article as the thirdin this number on " The Purposes of English in the High School."Seldom either does it have as comprehensive and finished a discussion of a single subject. The paper is by Mr. George B. Aiton,state superintendent of high schools, of Minnesota. Mr. F. A.Manny, of The University of Chicago, has a paper on "HighSchool Extension" which shows the methods and results ofsome unique work undertaken at Moline, 111. There are BookReviews by Professor M. V. O'Shea, Professor I. B. Burgess,Associate Professor Bronson, and Professor David Eugene Smith.An installment of Foreign Notes is contributed by Mr. GeorgeH. Locke. A much larger proportion than usual of the magazineis given up to original articles of permanence and importance,the departments occupying this month less space than is customary.The American Journal of Sociology for March containsimportant material upon a wide range of subjects. The leadingarticle "A Day at Hull House," by Dr. Dorothea Moore, isillustrated, and exhibits the social settlement as social laboratory, observing station, clearing house, and dispensary. Underthe title " What is Socialism?" Associate Professor Zueblin presents a historical and bibliographical syllabus of English socialism since 1832. The article is a most valuable guide to a studyof the subject. Mr. C. A. Ell wood epitomizes a volume which hasexerted very large influence in France, in a sketch of "TheLe Play Method of Social Observation." As American sociology is emerging from the speculative to the positive stageexact methods of observing and classifying social facts are coming into demand, and French influence is sure to modifyprevailing German tradition. Dr. E. Miinsterberg, of Berlin,'concludes his account of " Public Charity and Private Philanthropy in Germany." The two papers furnished to the journalby this eminent organizer of charities are peculiarly timely,since the subjects of which they treat are of growing importancein this country.Professor Lester F. Ward entitles his eleventh consecutivepaper on systematic sociology, " Individual Telesis." His contention is that ingenuity is the mainspring of civilization, butthat civilization is an unresolved paradox because ingenuityhas thus far been directed in the interest of the individual, andhas in many ways obstructed social telesis. The problem ofdynamic sociology is the coordination of individual telesis andsocial telesis.Dr. O. Thon, of Berlin, continues his discussion of the" Present Status of Sociology in Germany." The present section analyzes the influence exerted by socialism on the development of German sociology.The department of book reviews is a strong feature of thejournal. The reviews attempt to be constructive, and to usethe work of the authors noticed as material for further elaboration of sociology. Accordingly valuable discussions of debatedpositions in sociology are carried on in this department. Thepresent number contains a voluminous bibliography of recentsocial science.The March number of The Journal of Political Economyis larger than usual, containing five articles, beside the regularcomplement of notes and book reviews. In the first article, tyfr.Wesley C. Mitchell attempts to estimate how much the issue ofthe greenbacks increased the cost of the Civil War. He arguesthat the use of a paper currency increased the expenditures ofthe government, because its depreciation raised the prices thathad to be paid for war supplies ; but that this increase of costwas partially offset, (1) by an increase in the receipts from taxation, (2) by a lessening of the interest charge, (3) by making itpossible to pay a portion of the public debt in depreciateddollars. The net increase of cost is estimated at half a billiondollars. The closing section of the paper shows the effect ofthe depreciation upon the purchasing power of the soldiers' pay.Professor David Kinley presents, in the second article, theresults of an exhaustive inductive investigation of the extentto which credit instruments are used in the transactions ofbusiness. The study is based upon the replies made to a set ofinquiries addressed by the comptroller of the currency to all thebanks of the country. A careful analysis of this material leadsProfessor Kinley to the conclusion that about 80 per cent.of all the business of the United States is done by means ofchecks, drafts, etc.Mr. Robert H. Whitten discusses " The Assessment of Taxesin Chicago." He describes the present method of assessmentby the town assessor, review by the town board, review andequalization between the towns of the county by the countyboard, and finally between the counties of the state by the stateboard of equalization, and dwells upon the evils which result,competitive undervaluation, inequality, and the serious limitation of the city's power to tax and borrow. As a remedy, thedivorcement of state from local taxation, and the reservationof the real estate tax to local governments is suggested.A paper upon "Trade-Union Organization in the UnitedStates" is furnished by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie King. It gives aconcise account of the general development of trade-unionismin America since its commencement in 1825-30, describing therapid expansion of the local unions and their later bandingUNIVERSITY RECORD 621together into great national societies, such as the AmericanFederation of Labor, the Knights of Labor, etc.Associate Professor Zueblin writes the fifth article, "England's Dominant Industrial Position." He finds that the commercial and industrial primacy of Great Britain is due to twogreat natural advantages, viz. : a central geographical positionand a geological formation that gives her excellent harborsand immense mineral resources.Notes and book reviews complete the number. Among theformer is an appreciative estimate of the late President Walker'seconomic works by Head Professor Laughlin.Current Events.Mr. Karl D. Jessen of the Germanic Departmenthas been appointed to an instructorship in the IowaState University. ,.Mr. Charles H. Beeson, of the Department of Latin,has been called to fill temporarily the place of Instructor in Latin in the University of Indiana.Dr. Rene' de Poyen-Bellisle has published throughthe press of The Friedenwald Co., Baltimore, a volumeof poems in French entitled Journe'es d'Avril.A University Extension class in Library Economyhas been organized at Aurora, 111. Mrs. Zella AllenDixon met the class for the first time on Wednesday, March 10.At the meeting of the Chicago Society of BiblicalResearch held on March 20, Head Professor Burtonread a paper upon "The Politarch Inscriptions, asillustrating Acts 17: 6, 8."In the March number of Progressive Thought, anew monthly magazine devoted to Philosophy, Science,and Homiletics, Mr. I. W. Howerth has an article on" The Family and its significance in Social Reform."At a meeting of the History sub-section of HighSchool Teachers of Chicago held on March 18, Associate Professor Goodspeed made an address upon thesubject, "The History of the Ancient East as an Introduction to Classical History."In the second revised and enlarged edition of the"Lehfbuch der Religions-Geschichte " by ProfessorP. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye of Amsterdam, Dr.Edmund Buckley, Docent in the Department of Comparative Religion in The University, writes the sections on Die Mongolen and Die Japaner, and revisesin part the section on Die Ghinesen. \A song recital was given at Kent Theater Wednesday, March 10, at 5:00 p.m., by Miss Helen Buckley,soprano, and Miss Roosevelt Fuller, accompanist.The Western University of Pennsylvania, situatedin Allegheny, Pa., celebrated the 110th anniversary ofits incorporation and the 75th anniversary of thebeginning of university instruction in its halls, onMarch 23, 24, and 25, 1897. The University of Chicago,in response to an invitation to be present, appointed Associate Professor George E. Hale to represent iton that occasion.The Central Illinois Teachers' Association, whichmeets at Galesburg March 26 and 27, has printed inadvance of the meeting to serve as a basis of a generaldiscussion several papers upon "Training for Citizenship," among which are one by Dr. Charles A. Mc-Murry and another by Professor Edmund J. Jamesof The University. The view is presented that thestudy of society must be carried down from the University through the college, secondary school, andinto the elementary school, just as the study ofnatural science under the term Nature Study hasbeen extended through these grades.The Ninth Semi- Annual Conference of High Schoolsand Academies, affiliated or cooperating with TheUniversity, was held in Cobb Lecture Hall, March 12and 13. The meeting was called to order by President Harper, at 4:00 p.m. After the reading of theminutes of the Eighth Conference, Head ProfessorCoulter, of The University, addressed the conferenceon "Some Problems in Education." After a shortdiscussion the meeting adjourned until 8:00 p.m. Atthe evening session, in the absence of SuperintendentGoss, who was to have read a paper, Principal W. E.Watt, of the Graham School, Chicago, read a paperon " Waste in Preparatory Education."At the session of Saturday, at 10:30 a.m., AssociateProfessor Starr W. Cutting addressed the conferenceon "The Relation of Expression to Literary Appreciation." Miss Charity Dye, of Indianapolis, read apaper on "The Cultivation of Power through theStudy of Fiction," which aroused considerable discussion. Principal J. O. Leslie, of the Ottawa Township High School, then spoke briefly of the changes inteaching and courses of instruction that had occurredin the past twenty years.At the close of the general conference, a motion wasmade and carried that a permanent committee onresolutions be appointed, the committee to be com-622 UNIVERSITY RECORDposed of seven teachers appointed by the President ofThe University. The general conference then adjourned to meet in departmental conferences.The Third Annual Meeting of the Baptist Educational Union was held at The University, March 18and 19. The opening session was in PresidentHarper's library, Thursday evening, March 18. ThePresident of the Union, Head Professor Albion W.Small, read a paper upon the subject, " Why BaptistEducation ?" Discussion of the paper and the reportsof committees appointed at the previous annual meeting, occupied the remainder of the evening. OnFriday morning the Union met in the parlor of theQuadrangle Club, and after further consideration ofcommittee reports, the remainder of the forenoon wasdevoted to the discussion of the subject, "What arewe doing to create in our several territories a demandfor higher education ? " At one o'clock luncheon wasserved in the gymnasium of the Quadrangle Club.Members of Baptist churches belonging to theFaculties of The University had been invited to meetthe members of the Union, and the number at theluncheon was thirty. Informal remarks were madebetween courses by Dr. A. K. Parker, representing theTrustees, Dean Hulbert, Rev. Dr. Jackson, Pastor ofthe Hyde Park Baptist Church, and President Harper.The first topic at the afternoon session was, "Whatmethods are we employing to develop financialsupport for our Institutions?" The discussion wasclosed by Dr. T. W. Goodspeed and President Harper.The last topic considered was the kind and degree ofresponsibility of Faculties for the welfare and conduct of students. President Slocum, of Kalamazoo,led the discussion. The representatives present fromabroad were : Presidents Slocum of Kalamazoo, Stottof Franklin, De Blois of Shurtleff, Riggs of Ottawa,Chaffee of Pella, Leavitt of Ewing, and PrincipalsAbernethy of Cedar Valley Seminary, and Nash ofSac City Institute. President Slocum of Kalamazoo,was chosen president of the Union for the coming year. THE CALENDAR.march 26- april 3, 1897.Friday, March 26,TOWednesday, March 31,Quarterly Recess.Thursday, April 1.Chapel- Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students,Cobb Hall, 8:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m.The Graduate Matutinal, President's House, 9:00 a.m.First Division Meetings of the Junior. Colleges, 12:00m. (see p. 618).First Division Meetings of the Senior Colleges, 12:00m. (see p. 618).Meeting of all the Candidates for Degrees with theExecutive Officers, Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall,2:00 p.m.The Eighteenth University Convocation, The x\udi-torium, 8:00 p.m.Friday, April 2.Chapel- Assembly : Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture and Recitations of the Spring Quarter begin,8:30 a.m., Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students,8:30 A.M.-12 :30 p.m.Saturday, April 3.Meeting of the University Congregation, HaskellOriental Museum, 2:15 p.m.Dinner of the University Congregation, HaskellOriental Museum, 7: 00 p.m.Material for the TOITVERSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY", 8:30 A.M., inorder to be published in the issue of the same week.