Price $1*50 Per Year Single Copies 5 CentsUniversity RecordCHICAGOftbe TUnfversitB of Cbicago ipreesVOL I., NO. 48. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M.' FEBRUARY 26, 1897.Entered in the post office Chicago. Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. The University Congregation and the Board ofTrustees of The University. By Martin A.Ryerson - -* - - - - - - - 579-580II. Irritability of Roots. By Dr. D. T. MacDougal 580III. Civil Office in Missouri. By Harry L. Stern - 580-581IV. School Record, Notes, and Plan, XVI : The University of Chicago School ----- 581-582V. Reports from The Zoological Club :I. On the Morphology of the Skull of the Pely-cosauria and the Origin of the Mammals.By Gt. Baur and E. C. Case - - - - 582-584II. The Cranial Region of Dimetrodon. ByE. C. Case 584-585VI. Official Notices 585-586VII. Religious - - - - 586VIII. The Calendar 586The University Congregation and The Board of Trusteesof The University*Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen.It gives me great pleasure to be present at this firstdinner of The University Congregation in an officialcapacity and with personal sentiments which enableme to unite to an official expression of welcome to thenew organization, an expression of satisfaction in itscreation which is, I am sure, shared by every memberof The Board of Trustees.We feel that the existence of the University Congregation is the promise of the introduction into thedirection of University affairs of element's of verygreat importance ; we feel that the policy of our University to give to its work the broadest influence and* Remarks by Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, President of the Boardof Trustees of The University, at the first CongregationDinner, January 2, 1897. outward expression is reinforced by a step which notonly provides for a union of the Faculties which willinterest in questions pertaining to the general welfareof The University those who, by reason of their specialduties, now have their attention confined to particularphases of University management, but a] so providesfor that reaction upon University work which isnecessary to keep it in close touch with the demandsof modern life.Much of the spirit which in the Middle 'Ages keptuniversities apart from and frequently in conflict withthe community, survived until quite recently in acertain scholastic exclusiveness which only slowlyadmitted the idea that education even in its highestforms must measure its value by the influence director indirect with which it penetrates and permeatesevery stratum of society ; but I think that all nowfeel that education may be considered to deserve thetitle of higher only insomuch that it shapes its aimsand methods with the broadest conception of thepreparation of mankind for the duties, the trials, andthe pleasures of life ; only insomuch that it is possessed of the idea that however advanced and specialmay be its work, it must find ultimate and permanentjustification in the depth and wholesomeness of itsinfluence to that end.It follows from this measuring of methods by resultsthat while the problems of education must be solvedby educators, those problems must be stated and thesolutions verified by life itself, not alone the life of t.hescholar, nor that of any class of a community, buthuman life in its broadest sense. And so the experiencesand educational needs of all, should be brought to theknowledge of educators, the practical as well as the580 UNIVERSITY RECORDintellectual and spiritual requirements of mankindshould be made known by contact with the worldwhich will test theories by practice and direct educational energies in useful channels.The value and influence of a university are therefore dependent upon a reaction upon it of the life ofthe community. The chief magistrate of our nationhas recently at the celebration of the PrincetonSesqui-centennial entered a plea for the interest ofcollege men in public affairs. Should not special stressbe laid upon a plea for the interest of all educatedmen in education, in our public schools, our academies,our colleges and our universities, is it not throughthese institutions that we must eventually reach theremedy for political and social ills ?I think I may say for the Board of Trustees that ifwe found satisfaction in creating, with the advice of theFaculty, this new organization, it was because we feltthat by so doing, we were taking a step toward bringing The University into closer relation with the community, and thus allowing an opportunity for that complete adjustment of action and reaction which is necessary to progress. We see beyond the desirable unionof the Faculties for which it provides, the provisionwhich looks toward enlisting in University affairs thecontinued interest of our growing body of graduates ;we trust that the field of advice and criticism open tothis body will be carefully cultivated by them andthat they will take a vigilant and friendly interest inall that The University is doing and trying to do. Aclose succession of business and academic control willpromote the continuous and systematic progress ofan institution, but that control can only retain itsvitality and usefulness by keeping in contact not onlywith the progress of modern thought, but also withthe changes in modern life, and that very continuityand that concentration of management make it themore necessary that such management should be keptopen to outside advice and criticism. We shall welcomethrough this body, which we hope will contain a constantly increasing circle of men and women who havegone forth from The University into the different walksof life, such advice and criticism. But may we notexpect even more from these reunions ? May we nothope that they will come to have for the graduateswho form a part of this body a sentimental interest ofgreat value ? We know that deeper and often morevaluable than the direct influence which the activitiesof trained men exert in a community, is the indirectinfluence exerted by character and ideals. If University training tends to the creation of character andideals, may we not say that they will be better maintained in presence of the experiences of life by renewal from time to time at one of the sources of their strength?It is no idle sentiment which makes the college man'smind revert with affection to his Alma Mater, it is thevaluable manifestation of a real tie, it is another phaseof the sentiment which makes him revert with upliftingtenderness to the home of his youth with its pureinfluences and its happy anticipations. Should notevery man and woman who goes forth from The University feel that through a continued interest in andcontact with it, lie the best means of constantly measuring realization by the standards of early hopes andaspirations.In closing let me be moved by the sympathetic presence here of many guests who are proud to owe allegiance to sister institutions, to say that The Universityof Chicago will be well satisfied if the men and womenwho go forth from its halls will equal in characterand distinguished services, and in devotion to theirAlma Mater, those who have come here tonight tobring us assurances of good will.Irritability of Roots.*There are displayed by the root more forms of irritabilitythan by any other plant organ, geotropism, hydrotropism,chemotropism, thermotropism, heliotropism, traumatropism,rheotropism, and autotropism being distinctly observable.Curvature of the root at about 5 or 6mm from the apex appears,therefore, in consequence of stimulus received from any one ofeight sources, the course of a root under natural conditionsbeing the result of combined influences. The irritable portion,or " sensory zone," of the root proves to be a cup-shaped massof meristem tissue directly underlying the root cap. A latentperiod of variable length, determinable by experiment, elapsesbetween the time of stimulation and the resulting curvature,and investigation of the mechanism of movement leads to thebelief that the latent period of sixty minutes' duration in theexperiments made upon the root of maize, expresses not thetime taken in the transmission of the stimulus, but in theaccomplishment of changes in cell dimension. The researchesof the speaker seemed to demonstrate that root curvature is thedirect result of the elastic extension of the cell walls upon theconvex side.* Abstract of an address before the Botanical Club, January11, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Assistant Professor of PlantPhysiology in the University of Minnesota.Civil Office in Missouri*Missouri today stands as the outgrowth of a sectional struggle and represents the fusion of opposing political principles.Her central geographical position and the fact that her governmental system embodies these various compromises entitleher to claim consideration as a fairly typical state ; her officialorganization may be regarded as representative of the administrative structure to be found in the states of our Union.*Abstract of a thesis presented to the Department of PoliticalScience, in candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts byHarry <L. Stern.UNIVERSITY RECORD 581A brief outline of the constitutional history of Missouri isessential for our purpose. The state was admitted into theUnion in 1821. The most noticeable feature of her first constitution was its pro-slavery bias ; this constitution received variousamendments up to 1858, mainly directed toward a judiciaryentirely elective. During the Civil War most of her officersfavored secession and deserted their posts ; the state was thengoverned by a constitutional convention which abrogated lawsand offices, disfranchised voters, and disqualified officers byexacting an oath of past loyalty. A second constitution wasframed in 1865 which survived only a decade ; it was succeededin 1875 by the present constitution which is remarkable mainlyfor the restrictions imposed upon special legislation.Among the offices of constitutional creation we note the following changes : The terms of governor, lieutenant governor,secretary of state, state treasurer, auditor and attorney-generalwere reduced in 1865 from four to two years ; but the constitutionof 1875 restored the original tenures. These fluctuations reflectthe political sentiment of the times. The third constitutionrendered the negro eligible to the offices from which he had previously been disqualified. Moreover, under the first constitutionthe secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, and attorney-general had been appointed by the governor ; amendments in 1850made the offices elective. Under the first constitution the statetreasurer was elected for two years by the legislature but, throughamendments in 1850, this compromise method gave way to directelection by the people ; in 1875 the term was lengthened to fouryears. There were many minor changes in the method of fillingoffices, tenure, and qualifications.The offices of statutory creation present a series of kaleidoscopic changes. Election by the legislature is superseded bydirect election, or, in some cases, by appointment by the governor. The members of most of the state boards are nowappointed by the governor, as are also several central executiveofficers such as the commissioner of labor and the superintendent of insurance. We find, however, that most of the centraloffices of statutory creation are now directly elective by thepeople ; but within the last few years we notice a counter tendency toward appointment by the governor.A study of the local government in Missouri discloses the factthat the county is still the unit, although township organization, under a local option law, is rapidly spreading. The mostimportant county offices are filled by popular election ; the termis generally two years ; in the remaining offices the county courtexercises the appointing power.Cities in Missouri are divided into four classes, accordingto population, and each class has its own administrativeorganization; furthermore, the city of St. Louis has its ownpeculiar charter, adapted to the city's special needs. In citiesof the first and second class, the mayor is vested with a considerable power of appointment and removal ; an elaborate systemof checks between mayor and council aims to prevent politicalremovals. All appointments are made at the beginning of thethird year of the mayor's term in order to avoid the politicalpressure which immediately follows an election. All in all thetendency now seems to be toward a greater centralization inmunicipal government.School Record, Notes, and Plan. XVI.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SCHOOL.February 24, 1897.The shop work is finishing balances, fitting downweights to proper amounts ; finishing foot rules, making and marking yard sticks for use in sewing ; and making dominoes, stamped with double-twos todouble-nines, inclusive ; and large wooden cubicaldice stamped from four to nine, inclusive. Theselatter are for use in number games.The sewing has continued upon bean bags andaprons ; the older children are giving attention to thevarious processes, and the various kinds of stitcheswith their technical names.The work in the other directions is still upon thesame lines as indicated in the three previous reports.A general statement of the plan of work as outlinedby Professor Coulter upon tree and plant life is herewith appended.Beginning with horse-chestnut twigs and buds theline of development was as follows :1. Are twigs alive ? How do we know anything isalive when it is quiet ? What is breathing ? Whatdo we breathe through ? Do twigs breathe, and how ?Hunt for breathing mouths.2. Discovery of leaf scars ; the old and new leaves ;new leaves present but hiding ; their protection ; theirfood and how obtained.3. Demonstration of tubes in the stem by observation of rough sections, especially of the oak; byexperimenting with twigs, cut under, and left in water,stained with red aniline dye ; cutting twigs afterwards to see how far stem is stained ; same experimentation with stalk of the Calla blowing through thestalk into water and watching for bubbles.4. Do all parts of the stem carry water ; note partsstained and those not. Observation of sections to seethe two colors in the wood ; difference of sap woodand heart wood ; usefulness of the two parts andwhy.5. Breathing. What do we breathe ; experimentaldemonstration of air and moisture; do plants breathethrough leaves ; experimental test of green leaf underwater in the sunlight ; leaves confined under bell jaror tumbler.6. Where does the plant get the moisture it breathesout ? Connection with previous work on the tubes.The effect of water on salt and sugar ; dissolution bywater of salts in the ground ; transportation throughthe plant up to the leaves ; do plants breathe out thesalt ; experimental demonstration of solution andevaporation ; can the salts still be found in the leaves ;burning and testing of the ash of dried leaves.When this work is completed the relations of plantsto light will be taken up in the same manner ; it isunderstood of course that as much of the work as ispossible is done through experiment and demonstration, and where this is not possible, by drawing upon582 UNIVERSITY RECORDanalogies with the rest of the children's experience.The work is accompanied throughout with drawingand painting to record the observations made ; theolder children also make written record.Reports from The Zoological Club*I. On the Morphology of the Skull op the Pelycosauriaand the Origin of the Mammals.!The name Pelycosauria was given by Cope in May 1878 to certain Reptilia from the Permian Formation of Texas. In regardto the genus Clepsy drops Cope, he makes the following remarks :" Of the general affinities of this genus it is only necessary nowto state that my reference of it to the Rhynchocephalia is confirmed. It differs from the recent species of the order in theabsence of the quadrato-jugal arch, and the remarkably developed ischia. On this account I refer to Clepsydrops and itsallies as a distinct suborder under the name of Pelycosauria"Later we find the following additional notice : " The divisionPelycosauria is established primarily on the genera Clepsydropsand Dimetrodon, but their cranial structure renders it highlyprobable that Ectocynodon, Pariotichus and Bolosaurus belongto it. It is also probable that the genera Empedocles, Embolo-phorus and others determined from vertebrae belong to it, as thelatter are frequently accompanied by pelvic bones of the type ofthat of Dimetrodon. All the genera known from teeth are of carnivorous habit, excepting Bolosaurus and Diadectes ; they maybe referred on this account, to a single family which I call theClepsy dropidce. Bolosaurus will form the type of another familycharacterized by the transverse position of the crowns of theteeth, under the name of Bolosauridce." Owen's Theriodontia correspond, according to Cope, to his Clepsy dropsidce, since Owendoes not include herbivorous forms in his division. "As it isplain that the herbivorous and carnivorous types belong to thesame order, and probably suborder, it becomes necessary tosubordinate the term Theriodontia to that of Pelycosauria."On the 7th of November, 1878, Cope read a paper before theNational Academy of Sciences, at the meeting in New York, inwhich he made further remarks about the Pelycosauria. Anabstract of this paper was published in the December numberof the American Naturalist. The order Theromorpha is established, as distinct from the Rhynchocephalia, containing thesuborders Pelycosauria and Anomodontia (Owen).The characters of this order with its two suborders were givenas follows :Theromorpha Cope. Scapular arch consisting at least ofscapula, coracoid and epicoracoid which are elosely united.Pelvic arch consisting of the usual three elements, which areunited throughout, closing the obturator foramen and acetabulum. Limbs with the phalanges as in the ambulatory types.Quadrate bone proximally united by suture with the adjacentelements. No quadrato-jugal arch.Pelycosauria. Two or three sacral vertebrae ; centra noto-chordal ; intercentra usually present. Dentition full.Anomodontia. Four or five sacral vertebrae ; centra not noto-chordal: no intercentra. Dentition very imperfect or wanting.The Rhynchocephalia have no distal ischio-pubic symphysis,* Abstracts of papers presented at the meeting of February10th, 1897.t Presented by Associate Professor Baur of the Departmentpf Palaeontology of The University of Chicago, and apparently no epicoracoid bone. They have an obturatorforamen, and a quadra to-jugal arch.The order Theromorpha was regarded by Professor Cope asapproximating the Mammalia more closely than any otherdivision of the Reptilia, and as probably the ancestral groupfrom which the latter were derived.In 1884 Professor Cope was fully convinced that "the Mammalia are the descendants of the Pelycosauria."The order Theromora has been admitted by nearly all palaeontologists and zoologists, and the opinion of the close relationship of this group with the Mammalia has found very many supporters.In 1886 Baur published a paper "Ueber die Kanale im Humerus der Amnioten," in which he stated that the Theromorawere too much specialized to be the ancestors of Mammals. Tothe hypothetical group which gave origin to the Theromora andMammals he gave the name Sauro-Mammalia.On March 8, 1887, Baur read a paper "Ueber die Abstam-mung der amnioten Wirbeltiere" before the " Gesellschaft furMorphologie und Physiologie " at Munich. He established theorder Proganosauria based on Stereosternum Cope, which heconsidered as ancestral to all Amniota.The Sauro-Mammalia were regarded as the ancestors of bothTheromora and Mammalia. This view has been considered bymany as the most probable one. We shall see that it is not correct. It will be shown, that the order Theromora has no existence. The Pelycosauria cannot be brought together with theAnomodontia, since they have both the upper and lower temporalarches, like the Rhynchocephalia.The material on which this result is based was collected during the spring of this year, by the junior author while in chargeof the field expedition of the Department of Palaeontology ofThe University of Chicago. The locality is in Seymour county,near Bellah, in the breaks of Little Wichita River, belongingto the Wichita Division of the Permian.We shall now give a short account of the morphology of theskull of a well-preserved specimen, which at present we refer toDimetrodon incisivus Cope.This specimen consists of the skull, nearly complete, with thebones disarticulated, and very little, if at all distorted. Thevertebral column is known from cervicals, dorsals and caudals.Of the cervicals, the atlas -with the exception of the neuralarches, the axis, the third cervical, and three others are preserved. There is one, possibly two missing. The number of dorsals found is sixteen ; eleven of which are well preserved. Fiveor six retain the enormous spines almost complete. In theninth the spine is entire. Its length is 0.863 m. The verticaldiameter of the centrum is 0.033 m, the horizontal 0.026 m. Thespines of other vertebrae equal or even surpass this one. Thesacrals are not preserved, but other specimens show that therewere only two vertebrae in the sacrum, and that these were freefrom each other. The sacral ribs, horizontally expanded distally,were united by suture with the anterior portion of the centra.Of the caudals, five belong to the anterior region and very probably follow the sacrum, or are very close to it ; three of these arein connection. The ribs are long and slender, and much curvedforwards and downwards. The posterior caudals become smalland slender, indicating that there were certainly not less thanthirty caudals, and possibly more. Intercentra are preservedfrom the cervical, dorsal, and caudal region ; showing that theyexisted between all the vertebrae. The ribs are two-headed in allthe presacral vertebrae, the atlas excepted. Here they aresingle-headed and are articulated to the first intercentrum,which shows a facet on each side behind, as in the Crocodiliafor instance.In the anterior caudals the division into two heads is indi-UNIVERSITY RECORD 583cated by a deep groove on the posterior side of the proximalend of the rib. The articular faces on the centrum are locatednear the anterior end, and the capitulum sends a process towardsthe intercentrum.As already stated above, all the ribs have two heads, with theexception of the atlas- The tuberculum articulates with thetransverse process of the cervico-dorsal vertebrae which becomevery strong and elongated in the posterior dorsal region. Thecapitulum is connected in the cervical region with the intercentrum and the anterior portion of the centrum, in the dorsalregion only with the intercentrum. Baur has shown in 1886 thatthe ribs of Sphcenodon show in principle the same articulationas those of the Pelycosauria.Of the shoulder-girdle scapula and coracoid, of the fore limbshumerus, radius and ulna are preserved. No part of the pelviswas found, but it was well represented by other specimens in thecollection. Of the posterior limbs femur and tibia are present.We shall now describe the skull. The most important fact isthe presence of two temporal arches ; an upper, postorbito-squamosal arch, and a lower quadrato-jugal arch. There is ofcourse also a parieto-quadrate arch.Seen from above the following openings are found in the skull :the anterior nares, far in front, bounded by the premaxillaries,maxillaries and nasals ; the orbits placed nearly vertically, andsurrounded by the frontals, prefrontals, lacrymals, jugals, post-orbitals and postfrontals ; the infratemporal fossae formed bythe postorbital, jugal, quadrato-jugal and prosquamosal and thesupratemporal fossae bounded by the parietal, postorbital,prosquamosal, and squamosal. The pineal foramen is placedbetween the parietals. The posttemporal fossae are surrounded by the posterior parietal processes, the squamosal,the paroccipital processes and the supraoccipital.The premaxillaries are small, strong, paired bones, sendingshort processes backwards between the nasals. They are connected with the maxillaries, nasals, and doubtless also with thevomer. There are three teeth; the anterior large and strong,followed by two smaller ones. The nasals are long bones, connected with the premaxillaries, maxillaries, prefrontals, andfrontals. The frontals are of peculiar shape. They form a veryshort suture with the parietals, extend in front between theposterior ends of the nasals, and send out lateral processes,which take part in forming the upper border of the orbit. Theyjoin the nasals, prefrontals, postfrontals, and parietals. Theparietals are quite small. They are not suturally united withthe supraoccipital, but by cartilage. They send backwardsprocesses to join the squamosal, thus producing a parieto-quadrate arch. The parietals are connected with the frontals,postfrontals, postorbitals, squamosals and supraoccipitals.The maxillaries are very large bones, which extend far upon the side of the skull, reaching the postfrontals. There are17 teeth, the first being very large and strong, and somewhatlarger than the anterior incisor. Between the maxillaries andpremaxillaries there is a deep excavation which is crossed bythe suture. The alveolar border is gently convex downward.The maxillary is joined with the premaxillary, nasal, prefontal,lacrymal and jugal above and the palatine below. The prefrontals are extensive bones, which take part in the anteriorand upper border of the orbits. They join the frontals, nasals,maxillaries and lacrymals. The postfrontals bound the orbitabove, and are placed between the frontal, parietal and postorbital. The lacrymals are large and very thin plates of bone ;they form the anterior lower border of the orbits, and are joinedto the prefrontal, maxillary and jugal. The postorbitals takepart in the formation of the orbits behind. They are unitedwith the postfrontals and parietals above, behind by a processwith the prosquamosal and below with the jugal. The jugal is a large bone which borders the orbit below. In front it isjoined to the lacrymal and the posterior process of the maxillary, above to the postorbital and behind to the quadrato-jugal.A strong ridge on the lower side bears a face for theectoptery-goid. The quadrato-jugal is placed between the jugal andprosquamosal and covers the quadrate externally. Between thequadrate and quadrato-jugal, in front, a deep pit is present,which represents the foramen between the quadrate and quadrato-jugal in Sphaenodon. The prosquamosal overlaps thequadrate behind, nearly reaching the articular face. It isseparated from the distal end of the quadrate by a posteriorprocess of the quadrato-jugal, which extends as a wedge betweenthem. It shows on its upper posterior surface a strong ridge,It is united above with the postorbital and on its internallateral face with the squamosal by a straight suture. Thesquamosal covers the remaining portion of the quadrate behindand wraps around its inner edge, to appear on its anterior face.The quadrate is a most peculiar bone. It is entirely coveredon the superior and lateral surface by the quadrato-jugal, prosquamosal and squamosal. A small part of the anterior portion,the region of the pit, is seen between the squamosal and quadrato-jugal. The articular face for the lower jaw is divided, by alongitudinal ridge, into two long, parallel, deep grooves. Thesegrooves are directed inwards at an angle of about 45° to themain axis of the skull.The cranium is formed by the union of the basioccipital,exoccipitals, supraoccipital, the very large paroccipitals, andthe petrosals. The basi sphenoid is completely free from thebasioccipital; the connection was, without any doubt, by cartilage. It shows a well developed, vertically expanded presphe-noid portion. The basipterygoid-processes are very short, closetogether and show distinct articular faces, which were coveredwith cartilage, for the pterygoids. The basisphenoid is excavated below and behind by a very large fossa.The following elements of the palatal region are preserved;both the pterygoids (the left nearly complete) ; the palatine ofthe left side, lacking the posterior portion and parts of theright one. No traces of the vomers have been found.The pterygoids are large bones, which show three processes :an anterior one, becoming very thin in front, and underlying thepalatines ; a posterior one, forming an extensive, verticallyexpanded plate, and an external very massive ectopterygoidprocess. The anterior process is the longest; the inner edge isbent vertically upwards, and lies very close to. or even touchesthe corresponding part of the opposite pterygoid. The lowerportion is covered nearly completely with small conical teeth,those on the outer and posterior region being the largest. Agroove extends between this tooth-bearing region and a ridgemarking the origin of the vertical plate. There are a few smallteeth in the groove and the ridge also bears a series of smallteeth. The vertical posterior processes were connected byligament with the quadrate region. The very strong and massive ectopterygoid process bears, at its ventral rounded edge,eleven comparatively large teeth which are placed in distinctalveoli, and replaced from behind.The pterygoids were attached to the basipterygoid processesof the basisphenoid by ligament. The connection between theposterior processes with the quadrate region was also ligamentous.It is very probable that a small ectopterygoid existed ; thereis a distinct face for such a bone on the inner face of the jugalwhere it meets the maxillary. The distal faces of the ectopterygoid processes are not preserved, being broken off on bothsides.The palate is a strong bone, becoming more slender posteriorly. It is connected with the maxillary by _ the entire584 UNIVERSITY RECORDexternal edge by suture. The articular face is broadened andvertical. The inner portion of the ventral side of the palate iscovered with small conical teeth. The region bordering theposterior nares is preserved and determines their position, theirposterior ends being just behind the large canine tooth.The vomer is not represented by any portion; but there isvery little doubt, that it was paired and covered with teeth.The lower jaw is represented by three bones, the articular,dentary and a third bone (angular?). The dentary containstwenty-seven teeth, which are located on a thickened ridge inalveoli. The first tooth is slender, conical and slightly recurved.The succeeding two are nearly as large as the canine above ;and the remaining teeth are all small and recurved. Thelower edge of the dentary is thin, and marked internally bystrong suture-lines. The symphysis is short. The articularshows two parallel ridges, for articulation with the quadrate.The angular (?) is an incomplete element attached to the loweredge of the articular.THE AFFINITIES OF THE PELYCOSAURIA.There cannot be any doubt that Dimetrodon is nearest to theRhynchocephalia and Proganosauria (Palceohatteriidoe) . Thestructure of the skull, the vertebral column, and the humerusare of the same type. The presence of a distinct squamosaland prosquamosal is of special interest. The same condition wefind in Sapheosaurus H. v. Meyer (Sauranodon Jourdan) of theJurassic Sapheosauridoz) , and there is very little doubt thatthese two elements are also present in Palozohatteria Credner.The bone marked squamosal by Credner is the prosquamosal ;the true squamosal must have been free, and connected with theparietal processes.In Sphcenodon the maxillary forms the lower boundary ofthe orbit ; in Palozohatteria and Dimetrodon, the jugal excludesthe maxillary from the orbit. The vertebras with the well-developed intercentra, the ribs with the double articulations,can only be compared with those of the Rhynchocephalia andProganosauria (Palceohatteriidce). The presence of a freecentral bone in the tarsus of the Pelycosauria is an originalcharacter, which is shared only by the Palceohatteriidce andProterosauridce- ; but in the Palceohatteriidce tarsals 4 and 5 arefree, in Proterosaurus and Dimetrodon they are united, to support metatarsal 4 and metatarsal 5. The humerus of Dimetrodon can be directly reduced to that Of Sphcenodon. Theentepicondylar foramen is well developed in both, the ectepi-condylar foramen of Sphcenodon is represented by a very distinct ectepicondylar groove in Dimetrodon.The specialization of the Pelycosauria consists in the enormous development of the neural spines of the dorsal vetebrae,and in the reduction of the upper part of the quadrate and itsnearly complete inclosure by the squamosal, prosquamosal andquadrato-jugal. It is quite evident, that the Pelycosauria iviththe two temporal arches, and the specialized neural spines cannot be the ancestors of mammals; they represent a specializedside branch of a line leading from the Proganosauria to theRhynchocephalia, which becomes extinct in the Permian.The mammals have a single temporal (zygomatic) arch ; theposterior" nares are placed far back, and are roofed over by themaxillary and palatine plates ; the quadrate is completely co-ossified with the squamosal and quadrato-jugal ; the occipital condyle is double, the entepicondylar foramen is present in all thegeneralized forms. The ancestors of mammals must show thesame condition.Seeley has combined a number of Permio-Triassic Reptiliafrom South Africa into an order which he calls Gomphodontia.These reptiles are : Tritylodon Owen (always so far considered a mammal), Diademodon Seeley, Gomphognathus Seeley, Microgomphodon Seeley, and Trirachodon Seeley.In Gomphognathus we have a double occipital condyle ; theposterior nares are placed far back and are roofed over by themaxillary and pterygoid plates, and there is an entepicondylarforamen. The quadrate seems to be of the reduced form ; a condition we see also in the closely related Cynognathus.These forms look very much like mammals and could possiblybe ancestral to them. We must suppose that the condition ofthe palate seem in the Mammalia and Gomphodontia, has beendeveloped from a type which we find among the Rhynchocephalia.The Crocodilia, where we have a palate similar to that of mammals, shows us how such a type of palate was developed from theRhynchocephalia, through the Belodonts and the Teleosaurs.It is possible that the Gomphodontia originated from the Proganosauria. The question to be solved nowjs : What is the single temporal arch in the Gomphodontia and Mammalia ? Thereare two possibilities ; it represents either both the upper andlower arches united, or the lower one alone, the upper one beingreduced.Seeley, in his paper on the Cynodontia, gives a lateral view ofthe skull of Cynognathus crater onotus. There is a large supra-temporal fossa, but besides, there is a small vacuity betweenthe squamosal and the jugal. If this vacuity is natural, it canonly represent the infratemporal fossa. By the disappearanceof this infratemporal fossa a single temporal bar would result.In Cynognathus the scapula has a spine, a characteristicfeature for the mammals. There are twenty-nine presacral vertebrae. There are intercentra in the cervical region and perhapsbetween all the vertebrae. There are seven cervicals and twenty-two dorsals and two sacrals. The ribs are articulated, according to Professor Seeley, as in the Pelycosauria, and he makesthe following remarks: "In Cynognathus intercentra are unknown in the dorsal region, and the vertebral column may sofar be regarded as more mammalian ; but the comparison seemsto me to show beyond question that the Cynodontia as represented by Cynognathus, and the Theromora \Pelycosauria~\ asrepresented by Dimetrodon and Clepsydrops, must both be referred to the same group of animals, for they are distinct invertebral characters from other reptiles. The mode of articulation of the ribs is distinct from that seen in any other reptile type, recent or fossil \_Sphaenodon], and only capable ofbeing compared with mammals. Not that it is identical withthe mammalian, condition, but the approximation is so greatas to suggest the pc sition of these fossils as a new and closerlink with mammalia, which indicates a possible transition."These are Seeley 's results. Alter the passage concerning thePelyosauria, Dimetrodon and Clepsydrops is removed we haveno objection to the results secured. We are fully convincedthat among these South African forms, one of which was foralong time considered a mammal, we have those reptiles whichmight be considered as ancestral to the mammals or at leastclosely related to their ancestors. Further finds and carefulcritical observations have to decide this.G. Baur and E. C. Case.II. The Cranial Region of Dimetrodon.The paper presented additional evidence of the relationshipof Dimetrodon incisivis Cope, to the living and extinct Rhynco-cephalia. Compared with the skull of Sphcenodon, it was foundthat the ninth, tenth, and twelfth nerves left the skull by a common opening, which also transported the jugular vein. InDimetrodon, the foramen for the twelfth was separated by aslight partition from the foramen transmitting the others, butUNIVERSITY RECORD 585all opened in a common mouth. The openings for the seventhnerve were found to have a closely similar position, both internally and externally in both forms. This was found to be true,also, of the fifth. The internal carotids enter the lower surfaceof the basisphenoid in Dimetrodon by a pair of foramina andleave the upper surface by a common foramen at the base of thesella turcica through which they gained access to the braincavity. This is true also of Sphcenodon.It was shown that in Dimetrodon there was a common distalopening of the Eustachian tubes, as in the Crocodilia, and a glossal Anura, and that this opening corresponded to a deep pit in theposterior part of the lower surf ace of the basisphenoid. Therewas a large hypophysis, which extended backward nearly as faras the tympanic region, and occupied an excavation of the lowerpart of the basioccipital, just as the hypophysis occupies anexcavation in the basisphenoid in young Crocodilia. The tympanic region was not separated from the brain cavity by a wallof bone, but communicated freely as in fishes and some amphibians. A cast of a part of the brain cavity showed that the posterior region was very similar to the brain of Sphcenodon. Thenerves all occupied similar positions. The cerebellum wasprobably thin antero-posteriorly, and elongated from side toeide and elevated. There was a sharp descent of the medullain its anterior portion, forming an angle with the part anteriorto it. This angle is very apparent in the brain of Sphcenodon,but absent in most other reptilian brains, where the medulla ishorizontal, or joins the mid-brain at only a very slight angle.E. C. Case.Official Notices.The regular meetings of Boards and Faculties, to beheld Saturday, February 27, 1897, in the FacultyRoom, Haskell Oriental Museum, are the following :8: 30 a.m. — The Administrative Board of Libraries,Laboratories, and Museums.10:00 a.m. — Faculty of the Graduate Schools.11:30 a.m. — Faculty of Senior Colleges.The Junior Division Lectures for the coming weekare as follows :Junior I. Dean McClintock, Tuesday, 10:30 a.m.,B 6, Cobb, " Election of Studies."Junior II. Head Professor Dewey, Tuesday, 10:30a.m., Lecture Hall, Cobb, "The Philosophy of Life."Junior III-IV. Head Professor Small, Tuesday,10:30 a.m., Assembly Room, Haskell Oriental Museum, " The Science of Association."Junior V. Head Prof essor Whitman, Tuesday, 10:30a.m., C 9, Cobb, "The Organic Sciences."Junior VI. President Harper, Wednesday, 10:30a.m., Faculty Room, Haskell Oriental Museum, "Introductory Talks."The following new course is announced in theDepartment of sociology for the Spring Quarter:98. The Social Mind and Education. Education will be presented as the conscious attempt ofsociety. to bring the developing individual into intrinsic relations with that common body of race knowledge,judgments and ideals described as the social mind.The aim will be to organize the contributions of thepsychological school of sociologists, and certain educational theories such as those of the culture epochsand the correlation of studies into a coherent system.The guiding principles thus based on a synthesis ofboth the individual and the social points of view willbe applied practically to the problem of the curriculum in secondary and higher education.Mj. Assistant Professor Vincent.The examination of Edwin Howard Borden forthe degree of D.B., will be held in Room 21, HaskellOriental Museum, at 8: 30 a.m., Wednesday, March 3,1897. Committee : Head Professors Harper andAnderson, Associate Professor Foster and Dr. Cran-dall.The examination of Mabel Earle for the degree ofMaster of Arts will be held on Friday, March 19, at3:00 p.m., in B 3, Cobb Lecture Hall. Committee:Head Professors W. G. Hale and Shorey, and Professor Tarbell.In the series of "Readings from Recent Books,"given on Mondays, Assistant Professor Crow will giveby selections and synopsis, Ibsen's new play, "JohnGabriel Borkmann," on Monday, March 1, at 2 : 00 p.m.,D 6, Cobb.Dr. A. F. Nightingale, Superintendent of ChicagoHigh Schools, will conduct an open meeting of theSeminar in City School Systems on Monday, March1, at 8 : 00 p.m., in B 9, Cobb Hall. The subject is"The Organization and Curriculum of the ChicagoHigh Schools." All who are interested in high schoolwork are invited to be present., The Semitic Club will meet Tuesday, March 2, at. 7:30 p.m., in Haskell Oriental Museum. AssociateProfessor R. F. Harper will speak on "Babylonian and) Assyrian Casts in the Haskell Museum.") Commander Booth-Tucker will present the Salvation Army plan of dealing with the pauper classes andthe submerged in Chicago at a general meeting to beheld in Kent Theater, Tuesday, March 2, at 5:00 p.m.The Zoological Club will meet Wednesday, March 3,at 3:00 p.m., in K 22. Dr. Child will give a paper en-t titled "The Cleavage of the Ovum as illustrated byz the egg of Arenicola marina "¦586 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Botanical Club will meet Wednesday, March 3,at 4:00 p.m., in Walker Museum. Mr. H. C. Cowleswill present the results of certain ecological studies.The Club of Political Science and History will meeton Wednesday, March 3, at 8:00 p.m., in the FacultyRoom, Haskell Oriental Museum. B. A. Ulrich willspeak on "The Granting of Franchises in the City ofChicago." Magazine Report by Mrs. Inskeep.The address before the Political Economy Club byHon. Lyman E. Cooley, on "Deep Waterways" ispostponed until Thursday, March 4, at 8:00 p.m., inthe Faculty Room, Haskell Oriental Museum.The Chemical Journal Meeting will be held on Friday, March 5, in K 20, at 5 : 00 p.m. Mr. H. N. McCoywill read on " The addition of Prussic Acid to unsaturated compounds."The Philological Society will meet on Friday,March 5, at 7 : 30 p.m., in Cobb Lecture Hall. Thefollowing papers will be presented: Head ProfessorW. G. Hale, "Did Verse-Ictus destroy Word-Accentin Latin Poetry?" Professor G. L. Hendrickson,"On the Title of Horace's Letters."Religious.At the Vesper Service, Sunday, February 28, at 4: 00p.m., in Kent Theater, Head Professor Ernest D. Burton will give the address on "Life after Death inthe New Testament." Admission by ticket only untilfour o'clock.Assistant Professor Howland will speak at the unionmeeting of the Y. M. and Y. W. C. A., in HaskellOriental Museum, at 7:00 p.m. Sunday. All areinvited to attend.THE CALENDAR.FEBRUARY 26 to MARCH 6, 1897.Friday, February 26.Chapel-Assembly : Graduate Schools. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Meeting of Senior College Council, 1:30 p.m.Mathematical Club, R 35, 4: 00 p.m.Chemical Journal Meeting, K20, 5:00 p.m. (see p.586).Saturday, February 27.Administrative Board of Libraries, Laboratories andMuseums, 8:30 a.m.Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD must beorder to be published in the issue of the same week. Faculty of the Graduate Schools, 10:00 a.m.Faculty of the Senior Colleges, 11:30 a.m.Sunday, February 28.Vesper Service, 4:00 p.m. (see p. 586).Union Meeting of Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., 7:00 p.M(see p. 586).Monday, March 1.Chapel-Assembly : Junior Colleges.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture, Senior Divisions II-VI. Dean Terry, Lecture Room, Cobb, 10: 30 a.m.Readings from Recent Books by Assistant ProfessorCrow, D 6, Cobb, 2: 00 p.m. (see p. 585).Tuesday, March 2.Chapel- Assembly : Senior Colleges.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture, Junior Division I. Dean McClintock, B 6Cobb, 10:30 a.m.Lecture, Junior Division II. Head Professor DeweyLecture Room, Cobb, 10:30 a.m.Lecture, Junior Division III-XV. Head ProfessorSmall, Assembly Room, Haskell, 10 :30 a.m.Lecture, Junior Division V. Head Professor Whitman, C 9, Cobb, 10: 30 a.m.Address by Commander Booth-Tucker, Kent Theater,5:00 p.m. (seep. 585).University Chorus, Rehearsal, Kent Theater, 7:15 p.m.Semitic Club, Haskell, 7 : 30 p.m. (see p. 585).Wednesday, March 3.Final Examination of Edwin H. Borden, 8:30 a.m.(see p. 585).Lecture, Junior Division VI. The President, FacultyRoom, Haskell, 10:30 a.m.Zoological Club, K 22, 3 : 00 p.m. (see p. 585).Botanical Club, Walker, 4:00 p.m. (see p. 586).Club of Political Science and History, Faculty Room,Haskell, 8: 00 p.m. (see p. 586).Thursday, March 4.Chapel-Assembly: Divinity School.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Lecture, Senior Division I. The President, FacultyRoom, Haskell, 5:30 p.m.Political Economy Club, Faculty Room, Haskell,8:00 p.m. (seep. 586.)Friday, March 5.Chapel-Assembly : Graduate Schools.— Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m.Chemical Journal meeting, K 20, 5: 00 p.m. (see p. 586).Philological Society, Cobb Lecture Room, 7:30 p.m.(see p. 586).Saturday, March 6.Administrative Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, 8:30 a.m.Administrative Board of Student OrganizationsPublications, and Exhibitions, 10:00 a.m.The University Senate, 11:30 a.m.sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., in