Price $1*50 Pet Year Single Copies 5 CentsUniversity RecordCHICAGOGbe TUniverstts of Gbtcago ipreesVOL. I., NO. 25. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3 P.M. SEPTEMBER 18, 1896CONTENTS.I. Educational - - - - - 353-355• " Pedagogy as a University Discipline,"by John Dewey.II. Official Actions, Notices, and Reports 355-357III. The University ------ 357Instruction ; Religions ;Libraries, Laboratories, and Museums;A distinct .division of labor is indicated as regardstraining in the science and art of education. Theremust be some schools whose main task is to train therank and file of teachers — schools whose function isto supply the great army of teachers with the weaponsof their calling and direct them as to their use. Itmust be the province of such schools to give discipline along lines already well established rather thanto undertake experiment along new lines. They must,indeed, be awake to the reception of new ideas, but inundertaking the primary preparation of teachers forthe school room, it will rarely be advisable to undertake their initiation into ideas or methods not havingsome guarantee of time and experience back of them.Parallel to such training schools must be thosewhich direct their energies to the education, not ofthe rank and file, but of the leaders of our educationalsystems — teachers in normal and training schools,professors of pedagogy, superintendents, principals of Literary :"County and Township Government inIllinois," by John Birdsey Curtis.VI. Current Events - - - - - - 359V. The Calendar -. - - - - 360schools in our large cities, many of whom have underthem more teachers than a superintendent in smallertowns. Such persons are not in need of introductionto the rudiments of their work ; they have alreadyserved their apprenticeship in practice and learnedthe elements of the theory. They are, moreover, as arule persons who have already had a college training,and who know what disciplined scientific work is.Such students are necessarily repelled if they findwork adjusted to a lower intellectual level than theyhave become familiar with, or carried on by lessorderly intellectual methods than they have mastered.Because of these facts college graduates very rarelyseek a normal or training school after having had acollege education; if they become dissatisfied withtheir pedagogical horizon, there is, at present, verylittle resource save a journey to some German university which has recognized the need of advanced aswell as elementary pedagogics.Entered in the postoffice Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.lEirucatumaLPedagogy as a University Discipline.By John Dewey.I.354 UNIVERSITY RECORDTraining schools of this type should and may, moreover, devote themselves more directly to the work ofpedagogical discovery and experimentation. Dealingwith those who know what has already been accomplished, what the existing status is, who are matureand have the balance of learning and experience,such work can be safely undertaken. There is nodanger of confusion, of premature introduction to arange of truth lying beyond capacity for successfulapplication. Such students are not only capable ofinitiation into the region of discovery and testing ofnew truths, but require it; since, as a rule, they seekafter this higher type of training just because theyare dissatisfied with the existing regime, or theireducational environment.It is obvious, without argument, that this highertype of training must be undertaken for the mostpart, if it is to be done in America at all, by universities and to a considerable extent as graduate work.An additional, urgent reason for attempting suchwork in an American University may be found in oursocial and political traditions. These are all againstany close, systematic and centralized direction andsupervision of education on the part of a governmentalauthority. Extreme local self-government has beenthe rule in education even more, if anything, than inany other part of the American system. It makeslittle practical difference, for present purposes,whether one regret or laud this tendency. It is clearthat our educational systems are in need of some kindof direction and systematization from expert sources.If the government does not furnish this, so much thegreater the necessity for its being undertaken on avoluntary basis. It must be assumed with theauthority of science, if without that of bureaucraticcontrol. The universities are the natural centers ofeducational organization, unless the chaos of extremecentrifugal force is to continue indefinitely. It is forthem to gather together and focus the best of all thatemerges in the great variety of present practice, totest it scientifically, to work it out into shape for concrete use, and to issue it to the public educationalsystem with the imprimatur, not of governmentalcoercion, but of scientific verification. Organizationon the basis of cooperation, of free and full interactionof the various parts of our educational system is anecessity. It must accomplish what the central educational departments of Germany and France accomplish under the conditions prevailing in those countries.One other fact may be mentioned as marking theuniversity as the destined place assuming the responsibility of this higher training. A reorganization of the educational system is already occurring. It isimpossible to undertake, here, a complete statementof the conditions meeting fulfillment in this reconstructive movement. One of these, however, is thegreat intellectual advance of the present century, anadvance equally great in the regions of history and ofscience. The accumulation of knowledge has becomeso great that the educational system is disintegratingthrough the wedges of new studies continually introduced. While there is an almost constant cry thatthe curriculum is being too diversified, that studentsare distracted and congested by the wealth of materialforced upon them, the demand for more studies andfor more time for each of these studies never ceases.The pressure began in the college and high school.It is now finding its way into the primary grades,partly from social infiltration, partly from the continued pressure from above for such training below aswill relieve the difficulties of the situation above. Itis as nearly certain as any educational expectationmay be that if the increased demands, as regardsnumber of languages, range of literary study, of history and of the physical and biological sciences areto be met, even half way, in the college and highschool, the response must proceed from changing themethods in the lower grades, and by beginning workalong these lines in the primary school — yes, and inthe kindergarten. It is not a mere question of localexpedience, whether it is advisable here and there tomodify the traditional "three R's" curriculum. Itis a question of the right organization and balance ofour entire educational system, from kindergarten touniversity, both in itself as a system and in its adjustment to the existing social environment.This reconstruction may go on in a haphazard, anempirical, way, now trying this scheme, now abandoning it for that, without consciousness of the ends tobe reached, without utilization of the manifold failures and successes and with all the waste of time,money and human life involved in such change. Orit may go on with some clear, if flexible, consciousnessof the nature of the problem, of the ends to be met,and with some adaptation of means to these ends thelatter conditions ought to be most clearly met at auniversity, where psychology and sociology are mostsystematically pursued ; where scientific inquiry is atits height and where methods of work are most fullydeveloped. In addition, it is at the university wherethere is the accumulation of the quantity and qualityof knowledge which is trying to break through intothe secondary and primary school systems. That isto say, the experiment of the introduction of scienceor history into lower education is a matter of subjectUNIVERSITY RECORD 355matter as well as of method. It is reasonable to suppose that it can most fruitfully and efficiently beattempted where this subject matter is most adequately and accurately represented. One of the difficulties in introducing scientific methods and materialsinto lower grades is that "facts" are taught whichare not facts ; or facts are brought in ah unrelated,relatively incoherent way ; methods are used whichare out of date. The child should be started on themost advanced plane, with the least to unlearn andto correct as regards both particular things andmethods ; with the maximum of attainable accuracyand with a selection of ideas and principles in someratio to their importance and future fertility. Wherespecialists abound, where investigations are continually in progress, where the laboratory and the library are thoroughly equipped, is, if anywhere, the placewhere such requirements are met. On the other side,the necessity of applying a specialized range of considerations to the purposes of education is the bestway of preventing the specialist from becomingnarrow. Such a task necessitates looking at thespecial material in the light of both its adaptation toother studies and to human nature. For one dangerof higher education, from the point of view of broadhuman intents, is that with high specialization thereis increasing likelihood of the center of scholarshipgetting removed from the mass of men, and the thingsof daily life. Culture becomes tangential to life, notconvergent. The problem of the application of theresults of special research to educational ends compelsa generalization both of subject-matter and of interest.©ffitctai Returns, Notices, atttr Heprts.OFFICIAL ACTIONS.The Faculty of the Graduate Schools :Voted, that it is the sense of this faculty that theDepartments of German and French decide regardingthe qualifications in a reading knowledge of German and French required for the higher degrees, but thatthe test be confined to a reading knowledge in the literature of the Departments concerned. (April 23, 1896.)OFFICIAL NOTICES.Meetings of Boards and Faculties.Faculty Room, Haskell Museum.September 19, the following special meetings willbe held :The Administrative Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, at 8:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Junior Colleges, at 9:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Senior Colleges, at 10:30 a.m.The Faculties of the Graduate Schools, at 11:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Divinity School, at 12:00 m.Requirements in German and French.Candidates for higher degrees should take notice ofthe Official Action printed in. this number of the University Record. In accordance with this note theRomance and German Departments have arranged togive a suitable examination in each of these languagesto all candidates for the degree of Ph.D. Thisarrangement will apply to all candidates whoserecommendations are received at the Examiner'sOffice on or after October 1, 1896. Schedule of Examinations.Summer Quarter, 1896.The Quarterly examinations for the current SummerQuarter will be held Monday and Tuesday, September21 and 22. Two hours will be devoted to each exercise,in the order of the daily programme, as seen in thefollowing scheme :Examination, Monday, 8:30-10:3010:30-12:302:00-4:00" Tuesday, 8:30-10:3010:30-12:302:00- 4:00Monday, 4:00- 6:00Tuesday, 4:00- 6:00During the examinations, the usual lectures and recitations will be suspended, except as indicated below.rcises held at 8 : 30 A.M." 4 9:30 "" ' 10:30 "" ' 11:30 "" * 2:00 p.m.," ' 3:00 "" ' 7:30 A.M.," * 4:00 p.m.,Important Announcement.1. In accordance with the action of The UniversityCouncil taken October 12, 1895, and in accordancewith University Statute £0, instructors not holding356 UNIVERSITY RECORDexaminations at the end of the quarter are requestedto hold the regular class exercises on the two consecutive hours set for the examination instead of at theregular hour on both days.2. At a meeting of March 17, 1896, the Councilvoted that the requirement of a special fee for aspecial examination is to be understood as applying toquarterly examinations as well as entrance examinations.Action of The Council, October, 12, 1895.In view of the statement of Statute 20, viz., " Eachresident instructor gives instruction thirty-six weeksin the year," and in view of the demoralization occasioned by irregularities on the part of instructors atthe close of the quarter ; and in view of the fact thatevery student is entitled to twelve full weeks ofinstruction each quarter ; and in view of the fact thatin many of the courses in the Graduate departmentsno examinations are conducted — the following requestis made of the University instructors :1) That class exercises and lectures be conductedaccording to the announcements, and that extrahours in the early part of the quarter be not given inorder that the work may be finished before the officialclose of the quarter.2) That instructors fulfill their obligations of twelvefull weeks' residence during each quarter.3) That in courses in which no examinations aregiven, lectures continue through the full twelve weeks.i) That in all courses not designated as " Primarilyfor Graduates " instructors are requested to conductexaminations at the close of the quarter.Final Examinations.For the Degree of S.M.Edward Brind Escott, Saturday, September 19,8:30-10:30 a.m., Boom 35, Byerson Physical Laboratory.Principal Subject — " Mathematics."Thesis — "The Primitive Substitution Groups ofClasses 5, 6, and 7.Committee — Head Professors Moore and Michelson,and Associate Professor Maschke. For the Degree of B.D.W. G. Carlson, Monday, September 21, at 9:00 a.m.,Boom 15, Haskell Oriental Museum.Subjects— Church History, and Old TestamentLiterature and Interpretation.Committee— Head Professor Hulbert, ProfessorJohnson, and Associate Professor Price.A. E. Goodman, Monday, September 21, at 9:00 a.m.,Boom 28, Haskell Oriental Museum.Subjects— Old and New Testament Literature andInterpretation.Committee— Head Professors Burton and Northrup,and Associate Professor Price.Instructors' Reports for the Summer Quarter, 1896.All members of the Faculties are requested toobserve that the reports of courses during the Summer Quarter are due at the Examiner's office (or theFaculty Exchange) not later than twelve o'clock m.,Saturday, September 26. It is of the utmost importance that every course be reported fully and promptly.Blanks will be furnished through the FacultyExchange not later than September 21.R. D. Salisbury, University Examiner.Office Hours of the Deans.summer quarter.For Graduate Students in the School of Arts andLiterature: Dean Judson, Cobb Hall, Room 9 A.11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., Tuesday-Friday.For Graduate Students in the Ogden (Graduate)School of Science: Dean Jordan, Kent PhysicalLaboratory. 10:30 a.m., Monday-Friday.For men in the Senior Colleges and UnclassifiedStudents: Dean Terry, Cobb Hall, Boom 4 A. 8:30to 9: 30 a.m., Tuesday-Friday.For men in the Junior Colleges: Dean Capps,Cobb Hall, Boom 4 A. 9:30 to 10:30 a.m., Tuesday-Friday.For women in the Colleges and Unclassified Students : Dean Bulkley, Cobb Hall, Boom 4 A. Monday,11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.; Tuesday, Thursday, andFriday, 5:00 to 6:00 p.m.For all Divinity Students: Dean Hulbert, Haskell Oriental Museum. 10:30 to 11:30 a.m., Tuesday-Friday.UNIVERSITY RECORD 357The Sixteenth Quarterly Convocation.Programme of Final Week.September 18, Friday.8:00-11:00 p.m. Reception to the Candidates for Degrees.Haskell Oriefital Museum,September 20, Sunday.4 : 00 p.m. Baccalaureate Services. Address by the President.Kent Theater. September 21, Monday.8:00 p.m. Senior College Finals. Address: "Savonarola."The Rev. Frank W. Gunsaulus, D.D., Chicago.Kent TheaterSeptember 30, Wednesday.9:00 A.M.-4: 00 p.m. Matriculation and Registration of IncomingStudents.Programme of Convocation Week.October i, Thursday.8 : 00 a.m. The Graduate Matutinal.Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students.Divinity Conference. Address : " Is the Prevalent Conception of the Work of the Minister the True One?"The Rev. Robert S. MacArthur, D.D., New York.Discussion will be led by the Rev. W. H, Geistweit,Galesburg, III. Haskell Oriental Mtcsetim.The Anniversary Chapel Service. Kent Theater.Divinity Alumni Luncheon.Haskell Oriental Museum.8:30-12:30 p.m.10: 00 a.m.12: 30 p.m.1 : 00 p.m.2:00-3 : 00 p.m.3 : 30 p.m. Business Meeting of The Divinity Alumni Association.Haskell Oriental Museum.The Sixteenth University Convocation.Address : " Modern Tendencies in Theological Thought."President Augustus H. Strong, D.D., LL.D., RochesterTheological Seminary.Conferring of Degrees.The President's Quarterly Statement.Gradtcate Quadrangle.8 : 00 p.m. Reception to Visiting Ministers and Divinity Alumni.Haskell Oriental Museum.October 2, Friday.7 : 30 a.m. The Lectures and Recitations of the Autumn Quarterbegin.9: 00 -4: 00 p.m. Matriculation and Registration of Incoming Students. 9:30 A.M. Divinity Conference. Topic: "Modern Tendencies inTheological Thought." The Discussion will be led byHead Professor George W. Northrup, D.D., LL.D.,Chicago, and by the Rev. Professor W. D. Mackenzie,D.D., Chicago. Haskell Oriental Museum.12 : 30 p.m. Chapel Service. Cobb Lecture Hall, — Chapel.3:00P.M. Divinity Conference. Topic: "Should a TheologicalSeminary Teach Men What to Believe or How toThink?" The Discussion will be led by President C.J. Little, D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111.,and the Rev. J. Q. A. Henry, D.D., Chicago.Haskell Oriental Museum.3 : 00 p.m. The Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of theTheological Union.Haskell Oriental Musetim, — Faculty Room.8 : 00 p.m. The Annual Meeting of the Theological Union. Addressby the Rev. Robert S. MacArthur, D.D., New York.Report of the Secretary 9f the Board.Immanuel Baptist Church.October 3, Saturday. University Extension Class -study Day.9 : 00-12 : 00 a.m. Consultation Hours.Cobb Lecture Hall, — Secretary's Office.3 : 00 p.m. Class-study Conference. Addresses by President Harper,Director Edmund J. James, Professor Rollin D. Salisbury,Head Professor Dewey, and others. Kent Theater.October 4, Sunday.4:00 P.M. Convocation Vespers. Address by President AugustusH. Strong, D.D., LL.D., Rochester Theological Seminary. Quarterly Report of the Secretary of the ChristianUnion. Kent Theater.Wi)t aJntbersttg.INSTRUCTION.Departmental Announcements.VIII. SEMITIC.Associate Professor Price delivers today, at 8:00p.m., the last lecture on "The Assyrian and Babylonian Monuments and their Importance for the Old Testament," Assembly Boom, Haskell OrientalMuseum.The special subject is : "Fall of Assyria and Rise ofBabylon."The lecture is illustrated with the stereopticon.358 UNIVERSITY RECORDRELIGIOUS.The chaplain for Monday, Sept. 21, to Wednesday,Sept. 23, will be Head Professor H. P. Judson.Chapel Service at 1:40 p.m.Baccalaureate Service.The Baccalaureate Service, Sunday, Sept. 20, will beconducted, with an address by The President. KentTheater, at 4: 00 p.m.Church Services.Hyde Park Baptist Church (Corner Woodlawn avenue and56th street) — Rev. N. S. Burton, Acting Pastor. Preachingservices at 11:00 a.m. and 7:45 p.m. Bible School and YoungMen's Bible Class, at 9:30 a.m. Young People's Society ofChristian Endeavor Monday Evening, at 7:45. Week-dayPrayer Meeting Wednesday evening at 8 : 00.Hyde Park M. E. Church (corner Washington avenue and 54thstreet)— Rev. Mb. Leonard, Pastor, will conduct services Sunday, at 10:45 a.m. and 7 :30 p.m. ; General Class Meeting at 12:00M. ; Sunday School at 9 : 30 a.m. ; Epworth League at 6: 30 p.m.;General Prayer Meeting, Wednesday, at 7 : 45 p.m. University Congregational Church (corner 56th street andMadison avenue)— Rev. Nathaniel I. Rtjbinkam, Ph.D., Pastor.Preaching Services at 11 : 00 a.m. No evening services during thesummer. Sabbath School and Bible Classes at 9 : 45 a.m. ; JuniorYoung People's Society of Christian Endeavor at 3:30 pjvi. ;Senior Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor at 6 : 45 p.m. ;Wednesday Devotional Hour, at 8 : 00 p.m.Hyde Park Presbyterian Church (corner Washington avenueand 53d street)— Rev. Hubert C. Herring, Pastor. PublicChurch Services at 10 : 45 a.m., and 7 : 30 p.m. ; Sunday School at12 : 00 m. ; Junior Endeavor Society at 3 : 00 p.m. ; Young People'sSociety of Christian Endeavor at 6 : 45 p.m. ; Mid-week PrayerMeeting, Wednesday, at 7 : 45 p.m.Woodlawn Park Baptist Church (corner of Lexington avenueand 62d street)— W. R. Wood, Pastor. Bible School at 9 : 30 a.m. ;Worship and Sermon at 11 a.m. ; Young People's DevotionalMeeting at6:45p.M; Gospel Service with Sermon at 7: 30 p.m.,General Devotional Meeting, Wednesday evening, at 7:45. Allseats are free.Hyde Park Church of Christ (Masonic Hall, 57th street, eastof Washington avenue)— Services : Sunday at 11 : 00 a.m. ; SundaySchool at 9:45 a.m. Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor at 6 : 45 p.m. Preaching by Rev. H. L. Willett, Ph.D.St. PauVs Protestant Episcopal Church (Lake avenue, northof 50th street)— Rev. Charles H. Bixby, Rector. Holy Communion, 8.00 a.m. every Sunday, and 11:00 a.m. first Sunday ofeach month. Morning Prayer with Sermon, 11 : 00 A.M. Men'sBible Class at the close of the eleven o'clock service. SundaySchool, 9 : 30 A.M.LIBRARIES, LABORATORIES, AND MUSEUMS.During the week ending September 15, 1896, therehas been added to the Library of The University atotal number of 286 books from the following sources :Boohs added by purchase, 284 vols.Distributed as follows :Philosophy, 10 vols.; Pedagogy, 9 vols. ; PoliticalEconomy, 7 vols.; Political Science, 7 vols., History, 39 vols.; Sociology, 1 vol.; Sociology (Divinity), 4 vols.; Semitics, 8 vols.; New Testament,4 vols.; Comparative Philology, 10 vols.; Greek, 21 vols.; Latin, 27 vols.; Romance, 4 vols.; German,1 vol.; English, 76 vols.; Physics, 11 vols.; Geology,17 vols.; Zoology, 4 vols.; Anatomy, 1 vol.; Neurology, 4 vols.; Elocution, 2 vols.; Church History,1 vol.; Homilitics, 16 vols.Books added by gift,Economy. 1 vol., assigned to PoliticalBooks added by exchange for University Publica-cations, 1 vol., assigned to Political Economy.LITERARY.Abstracts of Theses.County and. Township Government in Illinois.*By John Biedsey Curtis.In the thesis upon this subject an attempt was made to showthe historical development of County and Township Government in Illinois. In 1778 Illinois' was organized as a county ofVirginia, which it remained until it became part of the Northwest territory. The laws of that territory provided that thegeneral administrative affairs of each county should be entrusted to the court of Quarter Sessions, composed of the justices of the peace in the county who were appointed by thegovernor of the territory. This court controlled the subject oftaxation, provided for the poor of the county, exercised jurisdiction over public highways, and appointed township officers.The township existed merely as an administrative unit of the* Presented to the Department of Political Science for theDegree of Master of Arts. county. A process of development and a number of changestook place previous to the admission of the state into the Unionin 1818, and the first state constitution and the legislationimmediately following its adoption established the county commissioner system.The chief feature of the eounty commissioner system was theCounty Commissioners' court composed of three county commissioners elected for three years. Though constituted a courtof record with a judicial seal and power to punish for contempt,it was not a judicial body, and the term court was merely a survival of history. It was primarily the county legislature, andexercised the powers vested in the county as a body politic andcorporate. The county treasurer, who was ex officio assessor ;the sheriff, who was ex officio collector ; the coroner, surveyor,and county commissioner of schools, were elected by the votersof the county ; while justices of the peace and constables wereelected in the election precincts. The county was divided intoroad districts, for each of which the County Commissioners'UNIVERSITY RECORD 3S9court appointed a supervisor. The congressional townshipgained an increased importance at this time by being organizedas a school township, whose affairs were managed by a board ofthree trustees.In the northern part of the state a growing oppositiondeveloped to the county commissioner system, which foundexpression in the constitution of 1848 in the provision for theadoption of township organization. Under the* constitutions of1848 and 1870, and the legislation passed pursuant to them, atownship form of government has been developed, under whicha county may organize at any general election by a majorityvote, and which has been adopted by eighty-three of the onehundred and two counties in the state. The chief features ofthis system are the assumption of the control of local affairs bythe townships, each of which is constituted a town and givenwide powers by statute; and the substitution, in place of thedtuxxtntPrivy Councillor Dr. Johannes Conrad, Professor ofPolitical Economy in the University of Halle, Prussia,is now visiting the University. He delivered two lectures before The University this week on Wednesdayand Thursday, entitled respectively " German University System " and " German Political Economy." Professor Conrad is one of the best known instructors inPolitical Economy in Europe. He is editor of thenew German cyclopaedia of Political Economy, the bestwork on that subject thus far published in any language. He has also been editor for twenty years ofthe Annals of Political Economy (Jahrbucher derNational Oekonomie und Statistik), published atJena, the best known of the German periodicals uponPolitical Economy. Dr. Conrad is an especial authority upon agrarian questions, and was a member ofthe German Commission for drafting the civil code.He has had a more important and direct influenceupon the work of American economists, perhaps, thanany other living European authority. A large numberof American students have studied under him, andworked in his seminary ; among these may be mentioned Professor Richard T. Ely of the University ofWisconsin, Professor Edmund J. James of the University of Chicago, Professor J. W. Jenks of Cornell University, Professor Simon Patton of the University ofPennsylvania, Professor Fetter of the University ofIndiana, and many others occupying similar positionsin American institutions.He is well known for his work in the field of educational statistics in Germany. His work upon thestatistics of attendance at the German universitieshas been translated into English and formed a prominent part of the contribution of Germany to the educational department of the World's Fair in 1893.Professor Conrad was born in 1839 and began hisacademic career at the University of Vienna underHildebrand. He was called to the Chair of PoliticalEconomy and Statistics at Halle in 1872 where he hasremained until the present in spite of very flatteringcalls to other institutions.In the bitter struggle which has gone on in Germany in scientific circles in the last twenty-five orthirty years, Dr. Conrad has occupied an intermediateposition. He has not belonged to the ranks of the three county commissioners, of a county board of supervisorscomposed of all the supervisors elected in the t^wns. Thevoters of the town compose the town meeting which exercisesthe legislative powers of the town and elects the town officers.These officers are the clerk, supervisor, assessor, collector, justices of the peace, constables, and highway commissioners, anddifferent combinations of these form the various town boards.In addition to managing its own affairs the town plays an important part in relation to the county government. The representatives of the towns make up the county- board, while it isupon the assessment made by the town assessor that the countytax is levied, and all collections are made by the town collector.The significant fact therefore in the history of county government in Illinois is the development of the township from a mereadministrative division to a local self-governing body of widepowers.iEbotts-extreme free traders, nor has he felt able to followthe lead of the extreme protectionists who supportedBismarck's policy during the latter years of the greatchancellor's career. He has remained untouched bythe socialistic atmosphere which has prevailed solargely in German universities during the last generation. And while acknowledging the valuable workwhich has been done by the historical school of economics, he has not followed the example of many ofhis colleagues in depreciating the work of Englishscholars in the field of theoretical Political Economy.This personal attitude toward the important questionswhich have come up for settlement in Germany duringthe last twenty years has not been without its influence on the conduct of the Jahrbucher which he hasso ably edited. It has stood during the whole periodfor strictly scientific work allowing, however, thefullest and freest latitude for the scientific presentation of opposing points of view.Few German professors, either in the Departmentof Political Economy or any other, have shown sucha keen interest in the general questions of universitypolicy, and it is not too much to say that there is nobetter informed man in all Germany upon the questions relating to this important subject both in Germany and other countries than Professor Conrad.The University delights to honor such a man and isglad to be the first to bid him welcome to our American life. Professor Conrad is a delegate to the150th anniversary of the founding of Princeton College which occurs in the coming October.Head Prof essor John M. Coulter has been electedPresident of the Botanical Society of America. Thissociety is composed of professional botanists only andat present the membership is limited to twenty -five.Associate Professor Price delivered addressesat Conneaut Lake, Pa., August 28, on "The New-Old Historical Background of the Old Testament ; "at Kerrtown, Pa., August 30, on "The Bible, howto study and use it ; " at Meadville, Pa., August 31,on " The Discovery and Decipherment of the CuneiformInscriptions," illustrated with stereopticon.360 UNIVERSITY RECORD3Ti)e €alnttrar.Sept. 18=23, 1896.Friday, September 18.Chapel. — 1:40 p.m.Final examination of Elizabeth Cook, 2: 00 p.m.Public Lecture :Associate Professor Price on "Fall ofAssyria and Rise of Babylonia," 8:00 p.m.(seep. 357).The Young Men's Christian Association, 6: 45 p.m.Graduate Section, Assembly Boom, HaskellOriental Museum.College Section, Snell Hall.Saturday, September 19.Administrative Board of Physical Culture andAthletics, 8:30 a.m.Faculty of Junior Colleges, 9:30 a.m.Faculty of Senior Colleges, 10:30 a.m.Faculties of Graduate Schools, 11:30 a.m.Faculty of Divinity School, 12:00 m. (see p. 355).Final Examination of Edward Brind Escott,8: 30-10: 30 a.m. (see p. 356). Sunday, September 20.Baccalaureate Services, 4:00 p.m. (see p. 358).Monday, September 21.Chapel. — 1:40 p.m. (see p. 358).Quarterly Examinations (see p. 355).Final Examination ofW. G. Carlson andA. E. Goodman, 9:00 a.m. (see p. 356).Senior College Finals, 8:00 p.m. (see p. 357).Tuesday, September 22.Chapel. — 1:40 p.m.Quarterly Examinations (see p. 355).Second Term of Summer Quarter ends.Last Day for handing in Theses for the Doctorateand The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity orTheology to be conferred at the January Convocation.Divinity School Prayer Meeting, Lecture Room,Cobb Lecture Hall, 6:45 p.m.Wednesday, September 23, toMonday, September 30,Quarterly Recess.Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by WEDNESDAY, 12:00 M.in order to be published in the issue of the same week.