Price $f*50 Per Year Single Copies 5 CentsUniversity RecordCHICAGOZbc XXnivexsitv ot Gbicago pxcesVOL NO. 2. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY AT 3 P.M. APRIL 10, 1896.I. Addresses and Papers -"The Character of Macbeth," by Sir HenryIrvingII. Educational 34-38The North Central Association of Collegesand Secondary SchoolsIII. Official Actions, Notices,. and Reports - 38-40IV. The University - - - - - - 40-47InstructionLiteraryMusic CONTENTS.29-34 ReligiousLibraries, Laboratories, and MuseumsPhysical Culture and AthleticsV. The University Extension Division ¦VI. The University Settlement -VII. The University AffiliationsVIII. The Alumni IX. Important Events of the Winter QuarterX. The Calendar for the Week 474950505152gUforeasea ants papers.The Character of Macbeth.*By Sir Henry Irving.The generally received opinion regarding Macbeth others,has been that of a good man who has gone wrongunder the influence of a wicked and dominant wife.In the words of one critic: "Macbeth, a man ofhonor in the first act, led astray by his wife, murdershis benefactor and his king and becomes a monster ofwickedness." This tradition has been in force formany years and was mainly due in England to thepowerful rendering of the character of Lady Macbeth by Mrs. Pritchard, her interpretation beingfollowed by Mrs. Siddons, whose strong personalitylent itself to the view of an essentially powerful anddominant woman. This tradition flourished for someyears without challenge of any kind, save now andthen some scholarly comment which practically neverreached the masses, though in later years Shakespeare students and critics seem to be less unanimousin their conclusions as to Macbeth's nobility and hispartner's wickedness of character.Fletcher (a remarkable Shakespeare critic) we findin 1847 opposing Schlegel, Hazlitt, Coleridge and and gradually bringing to light the character of the true Macbeth. " The first thing," writesFletcher, " that strikes us in such a character is theintense selfishness — the total absence both of sympathetic feeling and moral principle — and the consequent incapability of remorse in the proper sense ofthe term. So far from finding any check to his designin the fact that the king bestows on him the forfeitedtitle of the traitorous Thane of Cawdor as an especialmark of confidence in his loyalty, this on]y serves towhet his own villainous purpose."Another critic writes in 1867:" We must presume that the lady has too high anopinion of her husband. We already know him as aquickly determined murderer in .thought and anaccomplished hypocrite, and this nature of his is notbelied by his letter in act I, scene 5, and appears onlythinly disguised. The lady knows at once what he isafter; she knows and openly acknowledges that his'milk of human kindness' will not deter him fromattempting the life of the old King Duncan, but only* An address delivered at The University Finals, Kent Theater, March 17, 1896.30 UNIVERSITY RECORDfrom catching the 'nearest way' — that is, from layinghis own hand on it."Then we find Professor Leo, of Berlin, writing in1871 : " We exhaust all the sensational epithets at ourcommand in paintiug in bright colors the terrible,tigerish nature of Lady Macbeth. She has beenstyled the intellectual originator of the murder, xtheevil spirit goading her husband to crime — and, afterall, she is nothing of the kind ; she is of a proud,ardent nature, a brave, consistent, loving woman, thatderives her courageous consistency from the depths ofher affection, and, after the first step in crime, sinksunder the burden of guilt heaped upon her soul. Buthe lives and rages on, destroying in his tyrannoushate whatsoever stands in his path. Macbeth's is anature predestined to murder, not needing the influenceof his wife to direct him to the path of crime, alongwhich at first she leads him. The wife, on the otherhand, at the side of a noble, honorable husband,always faithful to the right, would have been a pureand innocent woman, diffusing happiness around herdomestic circle, in spite of some asperities in hertemper" — and I have lately had my attention drawnto a most scholarly essay by a professor of your ownuniversity, Professor Tolman, who writes : " Thereis one person in that world which Shakespeare hasmade known to lis whose utterances are especiallymarked by the fine charm of true poetry. From hislips drop pearls. At the close of many of his speecheswe are compelled to stop our reading to enjoy themusical, imaginative language. Our sympathy goesout instinctively to this instinctive poet. The man towhom I refer is that bloody and ever bloodier villain,the remorseless committer of murder upon murder,Macbeth.""In the tragedy of 'Macbeth' two streams are everflowing — an unforced stream of exquisite poesy and astream of innocent blood shed by ruthless hands —and both of them find their source, their only andsufficient cause, in the soul of Macbeth. I believethat this strange contrast will help us to interpretthe character of the man."Now, I should like it today to be our work toexamine briefly this proposition. I think we shall findthat Shakespeare has in his text given Macbeth as oneof the most bloody minded, hypocritical villains in allhis long gallery of portraits of men instinct with thevirtues and vices of their kind. It is in the very textthat, before the opening of the play — before the curtain rises upon it — Macbeth had not only thought ofmurdering Duncan, but had even broached the subjectto his wife, and that this vague possibility became aresolute intention under stress of unexpected develop ments; that although Macbeth played with the subject, and even cultivated assiduously a keen sense ofthe horrors of his crimes, his resolution never reallyslackened. Thus we find that the very first suggestion of murder comes from him on the occasion of hismeeting with the witches.Why do I yield to that suggestion,Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair,My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical?Up to this moment no other suggestion of murderhas been made by anybody — even the witches — andthere does not seem even the active cause for it whichlater appears. The prognostications of the witches areon purely natural lines, and it needs positively noeffort of imagination and only a very small exercise ofthe logic of cause and effect to understand that anygypsy might have made a guess at the prophecy ofthe weird sisters, even without the special gift ofinvisibility and corporeal transference which theseladies seem to have had in common with the modernmahatma of esoteric Buddhism. They hail him underthree titles — Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor andking that shalt be. Now, regarding the first of these,the new title was manifestly in Macbeth's own mind —By Sinel's death I know I am Thane of Glamis.With regard to the second; he was returning fromhaving conquered in battle the Thane of Cawdor,who, leagued with his country's enemies, had beenfighting against the king, and it was but natural tosuppose that on his attainder his estates and honorswould be forfeit, and, as usual, bestowed upon his victor, who had fought the king's battle so successfully.With regard to the third, it was so apparent a possibility that even Banquo, the loyal soldier, whose loyaltyis all through the play held up in star-like purity, didnot show any surprise at it.Good sir, why do you start ; and seem to fearThings that do sound so fair?Even the acceptance of the thought that he mightbecome king — nay, even to build upon it — did not initself imply any murderous intent on the part ofMacbeth. History, as told by the chronicler, Holin-shed, gives all the necessary facts, and these werebefore Shakespeare when he wrote and embodied themin his work. There are, I believe, many who thinkthat Macbeth was an ordinary villain, a mere noble orchieftain — one of the many of the same kind — who,under the influence of an ambitious wife, coveted thecrown, and got it by the simple process of killing theowner and taking it for himself. Crowns are. not tobe treated in the simple manner of property in thetypical melodrama in which the legal canon is: "Whena man dies, his property goes to the nearest villain.' 'UNIVERSITY RECORD 31At the time of the opening of the play Macbeth wasthe next heir to the crown, and it was only human thathe should dream of natural possibilities of succession.It is true that Duncan's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain,stood between him and succession so long as the kinglived; but then these were both minors, and, as such,unable to succeed if not of age to bear arms.This point is of vital importance, as we shall seepresently. When Duncan hailed Macbeth as " cousin "it was not merely a vague designation of kinship ; thetwo men were first cousins, each being the only son ofone of the coheiresses of Malcolm, the kingly predecessor of Duncan, who was the common grandfatherof them both. The full relationship is thus told bythe chronicler, Holinshed :"After Malcolme succeeded" . . "Duncane, thesonne of his daughter Beatrice : for Malcolme hadtwo daughters, the one of which was this Beatrice,being given in marriage unto one Abbanath Crinen,bare of that marriage the foresaid Duncane. Theother, called Doada, was married unto Smell, theThane of Glammis, by whom she had issue [one Mak-beth, a valiant gentleman, and one that if he had notbeene somewhat cruell of nature, might have beenethought most worthie of the government of a realme."Thus it is that we understand Macbeth's utterance :By Sinel's death I know I am Thane of Glamis.He is simply speaking of his own father ! Thus, too,we can see that whilst it was only natural for Macbeth to dream of succession to the kingship of Scotland, there was no need for any unnatural crime toachieve such a possibility. Why then was it that thepresage of the witches created such a tumult in themind of the victorious Thane ? Why did his sealedheart knock at his ribs — why did his " fell of hair "stand on end — " rouse and stir as life were in't ? " Theanswer is simple. Because he had long before discussed with his wife the question of the murder of theking and his heart beat with a tumult of guiltythought and expectation. When Duncan is in Macbeth's castle he, Macbeth, begins to play with hisconscience, after his habit, as a cat does with a mouse ;this is after he has made up his mind definitely tocommit the murder. He tells his wife that he willnot go on with the project, to which she replies :What beast was't then,That made you break this enterprise to me ?. Nor time nor placeDid then adhere, and yet you would make both ;They have made themselves, and that their fitness n»wDoes unmake you.Is there any possibility of mistaking the significanceof this passage? Here it is definitely stated thatbefore the present time the subject of the murder hacl been broached, and that it was Macbeth who hadbroached it. "Was the hope drunk wherein youdressed yourself ? Hath it slept since ? " Is thereany evidence here of a good man gone wrong underthe influence of a wicked wife ? Let us see how farrecorded history bears out the view. Holinshed says,and we know that Shakespeare had his Holinshedbefore him :"The same night [that of the day of seeing thewitches, and, in sequence, before his coming to hisown castle], at supper, Banquho jested with him, andsaid : ' Now, Makbeth, thou hast obtained those thingswhich the two former sisters prophesied, the remain-eth onelie for thee to purchase that which the thirdsaid should come to passe.' Whereupon Makbeth,revolving the thing in his mind, began, even then, todevise how he might attaine to the kingdome."It is quite possible that Macbeth led his wife tobelieve that she was leading him on. It was apart of his nature to work to her moral downfall insuch a way. We see a similar instance of his hypocrisy in the scene in the first act, when the witchsalutes him with the new given title of the king,"Thane of: Cawdor." He answers :The Thane of Cawdor livesA prosperous gentleman.It was true that the Thane of Cawdor lived, buthis "prosperity" was little doubtful. He had beenconquered in battle fighting against his king andcountry, and by the very man who spoke of him as"prosperous." His conqueror had handed him overto the officers of the king, well knowing that his dayswere numbered and his prosperity was nil. There wasshort shrift for unsuccessful rebels in the eleventhcentury! It was, in fact, the conscious exercise ofthis hypocritical spirit which marked the " essentialdifference" of Macbeth's character. His hypocrisyruns throughout the play and there is no strongerinstance of it than when, in the presence of his wife,he pathetically and hypocritically pictures the aspectof the murdered king — the murdered guest — and theinnocent attendants whose faces he and his " dearestpartner of greatness" had smeared with blood.This is certainly too much for the lady, for shefaints right off and is carried away. He was a poetwith his brain — the greatest poet that Shakespeareever drew — and a villain with his heart, and the mereappreciation and enjoyment of his own wickednessgave irony to his grim humor and zest to his crime.He loved throughout to paint himself and his deeds inthe blackest pigments and to bring to the exercise ofhis wickedness the conscious deliberation of an intellectual voluptuary, All through the play his blackest32 UNIVERS1deeds are heralded by high thoughts, told in the mostglorious word-painting, so that after a little the readeror the hearer comes to understand that the excellenceof the poetic thought is but a suggestion of the measure of the wickedness that is to follow. Indeed, heconveys the same idea, told by Lewis Carroll in " TheWalrus and the Carpenter," when that skilled laborerwas dealing so unmercifully with the oysters :With sobs and tears he sorted out those of the largest size.Holding his pocket handkerchief before his streaming eyes.When the murder of Duncan is at hand, for theking is now his guest, he says :If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere wellIt were done quickly, if the assassinationCould trammel up the consequence, and catch,With his surcease, success ; that but this blowMight be the be-all and the end-all here,But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,We'd jump the life to come. But in these casesWe still have judgment here ; that we but teachBloody instructions, which, being taught, returnTo plague the inventor : This even-handed justiceCommends the ingredients of our poison'd chaliceTo our own lips. He's here in double trust :First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,Strong both against the deed ; then, as his host,Who should against his murtherer shut the door,Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this DuncanHath borne his faculties so meek, hath beenSo clear to his great office, that his virtuesWill plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, againstThe deep damnation of his taking-off :And pity, like a naked new-born babe,Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, horsedUpon the sightless couriers of the air,Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,That tears shall drown the wind — I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent, but onlyVaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself,And falls on the other side.I can see the tears streaming down Macbeth's cheeksat his beautiful simile of the naked new-born babe —perhaps the most helpless thing on earth — which hasfrequently been quoted as a proof of the struggle inMacbeth's mind. It is simply a proof of Macbeth'spoetic imaginings, which run on throughout the playon every possible occasion. When Lady Macbethsuggests how the murder of Duncan can be accomplished without any fear of discovery every thoughtof pity vanishes at once. Macbeth, the poet — the manof sentiment and not of feeling — was the Macbeththat Shakespeare drew.And when he is actually on his way to Duncan'schamber he thus plays with his own guilt in poeticphrase:Now o'er this one half-worldNature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuseThe curtain' d sleep ; witchcraft celebrates Y RECORDPale Hecate's offerings ; and wither'd murther,Alarum'd by his sentinel, the wolf,Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace,With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards his designMoves like a ghost — Thou sure and firm set earth,Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fearThe very stones prate of my whereabout,And take the present horror from the time,Which now suits with it."Even on the eve of murder he revels in the wealthof poetic imagery.Again, when he has devised and arranged themurder of Banquo and Fleance, he remarks to hiswife :Ere the bat hath flownHis cloister' d flight ; ere, to black Hecate's summons,The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums,Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be doneA deed of dreadful note.Lady M. What is to be done ?Macb. Be innocent of knowledge, dearest chuck, tillthou applaud the deed.Now to return for a while to the first act. We haveseen that Macbeth had, even before the opening of theplay, a vague purpose of murdering Duncan :Why do I yield to that suggestion,Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair.My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical?A vague purpose, for he says, in his rapt soliloquy,after the meeting with the witches :If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown meWithout my stir.Here we get the clew to that vague side of his character spoken of by his wife :Wouldst not play falseAnd yet would wrongly win.If chance has to do the dirty work for him, all welland good ; but it is of the essence of evil natures thatthey cannot wait and must do their own dirty work;and of evil prophecy that it conduces to its own fulfillment. After his meeting with the weird sisters hegoes away almost content to see what will happen.Here again we may note how Shakespeare has takenhis hint from history, for Holinshed says :"But he yet thought with him self e that he musttarrie a time, which should advance him thereto (bythe divine providence) as it had come to passe in hisformer preferment."What does happen is the very spuT needed to hisintent. The king, in his full-hearted generosity,flushed, as he is, in the full tide of warlike and political success, gives away great rewards to all.Sons, kinsmen, thanes,And you whose places are the nearest, know,We will establish our estate uponOur, eldest, Malcolm ; whom we name hereafterUNIVERSITY RECORD 33The Prince of Cumberland : which honor mustNot, unaccompanied invest him only,But signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shineOn all deservers.Among other things he gives that which does notbelong to him, for he makes his eldest son Prince ofCumberland, thus naming him to the succession of histhrone, for at this time, according to Stevens, Cumberland was in the position of a fief held by Scotlandfrom England, and the heir to the monarchy hadgenerally the title* of Prince of Cumberland. On thisepisode of history Holinshed writes :" King Duncane, having two sonnes by his wife,which was the daughter of Siward, Earle of Northumberland, he made the elder of them called Malcolme,Prince of Cumberland, as it were thereby to appointhim his successor in the kingdome, immediatelie afterhis deceasse. Makbeth sore troubled herewith, forthat he saw by this means his hope sore hindered(where, by the old [laws of the realme, the ordinancewas that if he that should succeed were not of ableage to take the charge upon himselfe, he that wasnext of bloud unto him should be admitted), he beganto take counsell how he might usurpe the kingdomeby force, having a just quarell so to doo (as he tookthe matter), for that Duncane. did what in him lay todefraud him of all manner of title and claime whichhe might, in time to come, pretend unto the crowne."This setting forth of the historical fact and condition is only a more detailed statement than is madein the action of the piece as set down by Shakespeare ;but the great master of the stage knew that here camethe opportunity for the actor's art — the words werebut the skeleton, which the player had to clothe withflesh, so that he could breathe into it the fire of life.At the close of Duncan's speech Macbeth, havingexpressed his intention of being the king's joyous harbinger, adds in an aside:The Prince of Cumberland!— That is a stepOn which I must fall down, or else o'erleap,For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires !Let not light see my black and deep desires :The eye wink at the hand ! yet let that beWhich the eye fears, when it is done, to see.It should always be borne in mind that this point isthe pivotal one in the action of the play. The positionof affairs now is in the development of the story thatMacbeth has his former inchoate intention of murdercrystallized into an immediate and determined resolveto do the deed, for he realizes that the king's unconstitutional action will day by day raise an ever-heightening barrier between him and the throne. Up to thismoment there was — in the present and in the immediate future — but one life between him and the golden circlet. Now there are two and possibly three, forwhat was done in case of Malcolm may yet be done incase of Donalbain, and so Macbeth, who is all resolutewhen his mind is made up for action, has alreadydecided that the overleaping of the barrier must bedone this very night.Let that beWhich the eye fears, when it is done, to see.When the murder is accomplished Macbeth isspared the further exercise of his craft, for Malcolmand Donalbain, who suspect him as the author of thedeed, run away to seek shelter out of Scotland, and hehas only to blacken their characters by pointing totheir flight as an evidence of their guilt, and he atonce steps into his place as King of Scotland.There is another side light upon the character ofMacbeth which George Fletcher has pointed out — theview taken of the usurper by the weird sisters andtheir mistress, Hecate, as Shakespeare calls her. Inthe fifth scene of the third act Hecate takes thewitches to task for their presumption in their dealingswith Macbeth:How did you dareTo trade and traffic with Macbeth,In riddles and affairs of death ;And, which is worse, all you have doneHath been but for a wayward son,Spiteful and wrathful ; who, as others do,Loves for his own ends, . . .Here we have it on a high authority — for it is asupernatural being who speaks — that Macbeth is"spiteful and wrathful," and is also "a wayward son."To what paternity he is attributed it is not set forth,but in Wintown's legendary " Cronykil " it is laid downthat the actual father of Macbeth was none other thanthe devil himself, who had in the shape of a " f ayrman " met his mother.We must, of course, take these things for only whatthey are worth, but they most certainly must be considered, for Shakespeare had them within his observation, and throughout the play there are distinct evidences of his study of the Chronicles. For instance,the whole episode of the murder is taken from anearlier passage of Holinshed, the actual words "sofaire a day" came from the same source, with themanifest apposition of foul and fair united in a breath.And, in fact, Shakespeare everywhere, af ter^his usualmanner in dramatizing a story, has availed himself ofevery word and every suggestion which can add localcolor, vraisemblance and living interest to his work.In one point I wish no one to mistake me, that is asto Macbeth's bravery. Of this there can be no doubteither historically or in Shakespeare's play. Indeed34 UNIVERSITY RECORDShakespeare insists throughout on this great manlyquality, and at the very outset of the tragedy twiceputs into the mouths of other characters speechescouching their declaration in poetic form:The brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name.Ross designates him by the majestic figure, "thatBellona's bridegroom." It is to his moral qualitieswhich I refer when I dub him villain. He bearswitness himself at the close of act III, when heannounces his fixed intent on a general career of selfish crime, and this to the wife whose hands havetouched the crown and whose heart has by now feltthe vanity of the empty circlet.For mine own goodAll causes shall give way : I am in bloodStepp'd in so far, that, should I wade no more,Returning were as tedious as go o'er.Strange things I have in head that will to hand,Which must be acted ere they may be scann'd.How any student, whether he be of the stage or not,can take the above passages, and, reading them in anylight he may, can torture out a meaning of Macbeth'snative nobility or honor, I am truly at a loss to conceive. Grapes do not grow on thorns or figs onthistles, and how anyone can believe that a wish forand an intent to murder — and for mere gain, thoughthat gain be the hastening to a crown — can find alodgment in a noble breast, I know not. Let it besufficient that Macbeth — hypocrite, murderer, traitor, regicide — threw over his many crimes theglamour of his own poetic, self-torturing thought.He was a Celt, and in every phase of his life his Celticfervor was manifest. It is not needed that we, whoare students in our various ways of an author's meaning, should make so little of him as to lose his mainpurpose in the misty beauty of his poetic words.The first annual meeting of the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools was heldat The University of Chicago on Friday and Saturday,April 3 and 4. The Association was formed a yearago to further the interests of higher education in agroup of North Central States including Illinois,Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa,Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. To this numberColorado was added at this meeting. The purpose of We are sometimes [told that Shakespeare did notintend to make Macbeth a psychological study. Hedid make him so and it is sufficient that we find hisintent in the result, for Shakespeare was not only thegreatest dramatist and the great poet of all time, buthe was also a psychologist of every phase of humancharacter and human thought, and the accomplishedand perfect master of every trick and turn of humanthought, from the loftiest to the basest. Lavater saysthat a man can only be a perfect physiognomist whohas all the good qualities, for even the best of menhas in him enough of the old Adam to enable him tothink of evil, whereas the evil man cannot think thehighest good. The wide range of Shakespeare's intellectual sympathies [fixes [his high place even by thisrule of judgment.A poetic mind on which the presages and suggestions of supernatural things could work; a naturesensitive to intellectual emotion so that one canimagine him even in his contemplation of coming*crimes to weep for the pain of the destined victim;self-torturing,*self -examining, playing with conscienceso that action and reaction of poetic thought mightsend emotional^waves through the brain while theresolution was as grimly fixed as steel and the heartas cold as ice; a poet supreme in the power of words,with vivid imagination and quick sympathy of intellect, a villain cold-blooded, selfish, remorseless, with atrue villain's nerve and callousness when braced toevil work and ^the physical heroism of those who areborn to kill; a moral nature with only sufficient weakness to quake momentarily before superstitious terrors — the man of sensibility and not the man of feeling. Such, I believe, was the mighty dramatic character which Shakespeare^gave to the world in Macbeth.the Association is similar to that of the New EnglandAssociation of Colleges and Secondary Schools andthe Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools ofthe Middle States and Maryland, organizations thathave accomplished notable results in the East.The membership of the Association is limited toone hundred and fifty persons. Prominent colleges,universities and secondary schools may become members as institutions. Individual membership is alsoIB&ucatUmaLTHE NORTH CENTRAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND.SECONDARY SCHOOLS.First Annual Meeting April 3 and 4, 1896.UNIVERSITY RECORD 35emitted. The attendance at all the sessions, whichwere held in Cobb Lecture Hall, was large. Representatives were present from all the states in the Association except Kansas and Nebraska. The numberpresent at various sessions varied from two hundredto three hundred, for those not members of the Association were admitted to hear the discussions. At thefirst session, Friday 2:30 p.m., after prayer by President William F. King, of Cornell College, PresidentHarper welcomed the Association on behalf of theUniversity. The President of the Association, President James B. Angell, of the University of Michigan,followed in an address in which he sketched the opportunity and work opening before the Association.The topic of this session was " The Report of the Committee of the New England Association on CollegeRequirements in History." Unfortunately, PresidentAdams, of the University of Wisconsin, whose paperwas to introduce the discussion, was prevented byillness from being present. In his absence the discussion was taken up at once by President Eaton, ofBeloit College, who stated the essential characteristicsof the proposed requirements. Discussion was continued by Principal C. W. French of the Hyde ParkHigh School, Chicago, Principal E. W. Coy of Cincinnati, Principal J. T. Buchanan of Kansas City,Principal J. O. Leslie of Ottawa, Head Professor JohnDewey, of The University of Chicago, and PrincipalH. L. Boltwood, of the Evanston High School. Thesespeakers all substantially agreed that the preparatoryschools were being asked to do impossibilities anddeclared that additional requirements in history couldnot be adopted by the schools without displacing otherwork.. Professor Dewey suggested that the remedyfor this crowding could only be found in enriching thegrammar school course so that high school workshould practically begin two years earlier than atpresent. In order that this discussion should not endwithout some definite formulation, it was voted toappoint a committee to report at the next meeting onthe subject of entrance requirements in history. TheAssociation then adjourned until Saturday morning.In the evening the Association was entertained atdinner by the University in Haskell Oriental Museum.After the dinner the Glee Club sang, and toasts wereproposed, President W. R. Harper acting as toastmaster.President James B. Angell, responding for Michigan,spoke of the influence of Prussian ideas on the earlyhistory of education in that state. The ideal thatMichigan educators have long cherished is that ofsympathetic individual instruction. President Newton C. Dougherty, of the National Educational Asso-*An abstract of President Jesse's paper will be given in tl ciation, responding for that society, spoke of itsremarkable growth and comprehensive organization*It is keenly alive to our national need of the highesteducational ideals. President Henry Wade Rogers, ofthe Northwestern University, spoke for the state ofIllinois, and pointed to the growing educational importance of Chicago ; the city has 6000 students in itsuniversities, and spends more money on public schoolsthan does any other city in the world. He expresseda hope that through the Association legislation mightbe secured to control the indiscriminate conferring ofdegrees in the north-central states. President W. G.Ballantine, of Oberlin, spoke for Ohio. Ohio collegesare numerous but of very uneven rank. There isneeded the help of the Association to secure commonhigh standards. President Gates, of Grinnell College,responded for Iowa, and said that the educationalgrowth of Chicago is due to the historic Chicagopolicy of skimming the cream from Iowa and transmuting it into wealth by the Lake Front. He urgedthe need of absolute frankness in discussing the subjects before the Association. Principal Buchanan, ofKansas City, speaking for Missouri, paid tributeto the efficacy of the public schools in Americanizingour foreign elements. Principal James W. Ford, ofthe Pillsbury Academy, promised the support of Minnesota to any measure the Association might undertake looking towards closer correlation between schooland college. Principal Albee, of the Oskosh NormalSchool, said that, although Wisconsin is so heterogeneous in population it is a unit in devotion to th ehigh school system. Of late, particularly since thefounding of The University of Chicago, there has beenin the state a remarkable quickening of interest inuniversity work proper. Superintendent David K.Foss of Indianapolis responded for Indiana. Insummarizing the speeches of the evening, PresidentHarper urged particularly that the difficulties in theway of a uniform system of entrance requirementswere surely not insuperable.The subject Saturday morning was "What Constitutes a College and What a Secondary School."The discussion was introduced by a paper by President Richard H. Jesse, of the University of Missouri.*The discussion was participated in by Principal E.W. Coy of the Hughes High School, Cincinnati, Ohio,President Andrew S. Draper of the University ofIllinois, Principal J. W. Ford of Pillsbury Academy,Owatonna, Minn., and President Charles A. Schaefferof the University of Iowa. As a practical outcome ofthis discussion it was voted on motion of PresidentHarper, to appoint a committee on legislation whichnext issue of the University Record.36 UNIVERSITY RECORD.should enable the Association to act as a unit in influencing legislatures to pass laws properly regulatingthe conditions under which institutions could bechartered to confer academic degrees. The followingcommittee was appointed :President J. B. Angell, Chairman; President An-rtdrew S. Draper, University of Illinois; PresidentHenry Wade Rogers, Northwestern University ; E. E.White, Columbus, Ohio ; President James H. Smart,Purdue University; Principal G. S. Aldee, Oskosh'State Normal School ; President C. Northrup, University of Minnesota ; President C. A. Schaeff er, University of Iowa ;* President W. S. Chaplin, WashingtonUniversity; Chancellor McLean, University of Nebraska; and President Snow, University of Kansas.In a business meeting the following officers wereviehosen for the ensuing year :President, C. K. Adams, University of Wisconsin.Secretary, F. L. Bliss, Detroit.Treasurer, George N. Carman, Chicago.Vice Presidents :— President C. F. Thwing, WesternBeserve University ; Principal E. W. Coy, Cincinnati ;"President Delos Fall, Albion College ; Principal W. H.Butts, Orchard Lake ; President E. D. Eaton, Beloit-College ; Professor H. J. Fallen, Racine, Wis. ; President G. S. Burroughs, Wabash College ; Superintendent J. W. Knight, Laporte, Ind. ; President W. R.Harper, University of Chicago ; Principal J. H. Collins, Springfield, 111. ; President C. A. Schaeffer, University of Iowa; Principal W. N. Turnbul, Sioux City,Iowa ; President R. H. Jesse, University of Missouri ;Principal J. T. Buchanan, Kansas City; Professor D. L.Kiehle, University of Minnesota ; and Principal J. W.Ford, Pillsbury Academy.After luncheon with President Harper, the Association reassembled to discuss various methods of admission to college. Papers were presented on the Michigan System by Professor B. A. Hinsdale of the University of Michigan; on The University of Chicago byProfessor Harry P. Judson of The University of Chicago ; and on the Old Examination System by AssistantProfessor Clifford H. Moore of The University of Chicago.Professor Hinsdale, after describing the historical origin of the Michigan system and the chief features of it as at present administered, said :The schools have been stimulated to a higher grade>©f work ; the preparation for the university has beenmade more uniform, and the scholarship of the lowerclasses has been elevated; a closer reciprocal interestbetween the schools and the university has beencreated, and a livelier interest in the university awakened in the public mind. On the side of the schools the superintendent, principal^ and teachers, look to the visits of the examinerswith interest, as occasions for comparing notes, rectifying errors, discussing policies and methods, andreceiving fresh stimulation. In a word, they receivefrom the university the most practical and usefulreport on their work that it is possible for them toreceive.On the side of the university, the faculty, in themost practical and direct of ways, renews its acquaintance with the schools. Faculty discussions and decisions on many subjects are guided in' no small degreeby the observations of the professors who have seenthe teachers and pupils in the schools.The system has been extended far beyond its original intent and limits. Private schools and academieswithin the state, and private schools, academies, andhigh schools beyond the state, have been admitted tothe diploma circle. It cannot be claimed that all thearguments for the system that apply to the state highschools apply to these schools.But it will hardly be denied by competent judgesthat the standards of many of these schools have beenraised, their methods of teaching improved, theirapparatus and libraries augmented, and their toneelevated by being brought into diploma relations withthe University of Michigan.The most serious weakness is a certain tendency toundue expansion. The amount of examining to bedone tends to outgrow the ability of the faculty to dothe work as it should be done. The last calendar contains the names of 144 diploma schools. This tendency may show itself in hasty or superficial examinations or in infrequent ones, or in both these results.If this is not the case, then too much committeeservice may be thrown upon the professors, thus calling them away from their regular and appropriatework. It may be added that the larger the diplomacircle becomes, the less close the tie between the university and the school is likely to be, and the moreloosely is the whole system likely to be administered.But a reasonable conservatism in administration willfurnish a safeguard against these dangers.The main features of the Chicago plan were statedby Professor Judson, as follows :The steps to be taken in establishing the relation inquestion between the University and the preparatoryschool are these. First, the University takes the initiative. v The reasons for this are obvious and need notbe discussed. If it appears that the school desires tocooperate, the University then sends an officer, whogives a careful inspection. This inspection covers thematerial equipment, the course of study, the qualifications of the teachers and the methods of instruction.The inspector's report is quite elaborate and is placedon file in the office of The University Examiner. Asecond visit is then made to the school by a memberof the faculty of the University, who pays particularattention to the instruction. He also files a carefulreport. The acceptance of the school is then considered by The University Board of Affiliations, andtheir action is based on the two reports in question.If the school is accepted, its teachers then becomeAdvisory Examiners of the University. At the closeof a subject of instruction, the teacher of a class pre-UNIVERSITY RECORD mpares a list of questions. This is sent to the University at a suitable time preceding the date set for theexamination and is put in the hands of the Department Examiner. It is then returned with his comments to the teacher. The examination being held, theanswer papers, together with the questions, are sent tothe University. The answer papers need not bemarked by the school, although it is expected that theteachers will send to the University only those paperswhich they consider ^up to the grade. The answerpapers are then read* and marked by the Universityreaders and the results entered in the records of theExaminer's office, a copy being sent to the school. Atthe same time with the answer papers, the teachersends to the University the term record of the studentsunder examination. This is simply for the enlightenment of the University and may be used in the consideration of doubtful cases. A student who, on successive examinations, finally completes the requirements for admission to the University, thereby becomesentitled to admission.The supposed advantages of the system are these:In the first place, it preserves the system of examinations. Whether examinations are or are not all-important, need not here be discussed. That the system has great advantages there is no doubt. Theseadvantages the University desires to preserve. At thesame time, by taking into account the work studentshave done throughout the term, it is thought that injustice may be avoided. In the next place, the University keeps in touch with the examinations and isable to give the benefit of its experience and of itsstandard to the teachers in the schools. This isthought to be of large importance in order to unify thesystem of examinations in different schools and inorder to keep them up to a high standard. At thesame time, if the University should prepare its examinations independently of the schools the disadvantageis at once incurred of making questions which are notin all respects adapted to every class in schools in different parts of the country. It is thought that theteacher who has conducted a class, is, after all, theproper person to prepare a just examination and, ifthat examination is revised by the University authorities, it would seem that all reasonable needs are secured.Professor Moore in presenting the claims of theexamination system said in part: Examinationsfor students in any high school should be of a character to test the power as well as the knowledgeof the students examined. Therefore, our examinations# in foreign languages will be generally atsight ; in mathematics the student will be expectednot only to perform fundamental mathematical processes but also to solve problems previously untried ;and in the sciences, his skill in manipulation, accuracyof observation and ability to approach new problemssuccessfully will be tested quite as much as the factsof science he has learned in previous study. Examinations themselves furnish valuable practical discipline. Again, secondary education is far from beinghomogeneous. Standards of scholarship and educational ideals vary widely. Under the examination thecollege is saved the burden of a student who isunprepared to do his work and the student is sparedthe disappointment and discouragement incident to failure to maintain himself in college. Three commoncharges are made against entrance examinations.First, that the test furnished is inadequate; second^that it is often unfair ; third, that it is usually made.under strained and usually unfavorable surroundings^and fourth, that it is too severe. In answer to the firstwe may reasonably decide that if the student acquits,himself well on the questions asked, he is moderately-equipped with knowledge of the whole subject.Entrance examinations are seldom too exacting. It is.not an unknown thing for colleges to receive complaints that their examinations are too easy. The?system of dividing examinations and of local examinations largely does away with the strain of adverse.conditions. Every teacher who has prepared studentsfor entrance examinations knows their value in spurring the students to acquire and the teacher to impartdefinite knowledge. The visitation of schools is notpeculiar to the certificate system. In that system thestandard of scholarship is fixed by examination for noschool is accredited until its graduates have shownthat they are well prepared in examinations. Theinstitutions that admit by certificate have neither setnor do they at present maintain standards for thecountry at large. The success of pupils on entranceexamination is a current stamp of approval on theteacher's work that the teacher values highly. StateUniversities and endowed institutions are on quite adifferent basis and the reasons that would justify a.state university in adopting the certificate system arenot applicable to the endowed institutions.The discussion was continued from the point of viewof the secondary schools by Principal William A.Greeson, Superintendent Newton C. Dougherty, Principal Herbert J. Fisk, Principal John J. Schobinger*Principal J. T. Buchanan, Principal J. E. ArmstrongsSuperintendent A. F. Nightingale and Principal E. W»Coy.A committee was appointed to consider the wholequestion and report at the next meeting. In a discussion on the place of meeting a majority seemed tofavor the plan of holding the meetings regularly inChicago as the most centrally located and easily accessible point in the territory of the association.At the close of the session the following resolution.was offered by President Rogers, of Northwestern, and!adopted :Resolved, That in the opinion of this association n©college is considered in good standing that confers thedegree of doctor of philosophy or doctor of science*.except after a period of at least two years' of residencegraduate study.Resolved, That no college not in good standing-under the above resolution is eligible to membershipin this association.Notable features of the meeting were the large anctrepresentative attendance, the general feeling of theseriousness and importance of the work of the association, and a marked disposition to proceed by businesslike methods towards the accomplishment of definite38 UNIVERSITY RECORDends. This was shown by the appointment of the the time of the meeting of the National Educational As-yarious committees mentioned above, and also by the sociation. Nothing perhaps so well indicates the spiritappointment of a delegation to meet with repre- and method of the new association as the appointmentsentatives of like associations in the east and south at at its first meeting of a committee on legislation.©flirfal action*, flattest, an* SfiUporta.OFFICIAL ACTIONS.The Board of Trustees:Voted, that the Princeton Yale-School be made an affiliated school of The University. (April 1.)The Council:Voted, with respect to student fraternities :(1) A list of members shall be kept on file by theDean. (2) These fraternities shall be organized ashouses of The University. (3) No solicitation formembership, pledging, or initiating shall be doneduring the first two quarters of the student's residence,it being understood that this regulation applies tothe Junior Colleges only. (February 1.)Voted, that the recommendation of the Head ofSnell House, to appoint Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth and Mrs.John C. Coonley as patronesses of the House, beapproved. (February 1.)The Faculty of the Senior Colleges:Voted, that all students entering The Universitywith as many as eighteen majors advanced standingThe Faculty of the Junior Colleges:Voted, that the following regulations concerningentrance conditions be adopted :(1) Students admitted with conditions are requiredto apply themselves at once to the removal of theseconditions.(2) In administering this principle the followingrules are adopted : (a) Students with more than onecondition shall not be allowed to take more than tworegular courses of study, provided that the Dean mayfor good reason make individual exceptions, whichexceptions are to be reported to this Faculty.(&) All conditions must be removed within the firstthree quarters of the student's residence, (c) Studentsmaking up such conditions shall do the work underthe advice and supervision of departmental examiners.(d) The Examiner shall furnish each departmentalexaminer each quarter a list of students admittedwith conditions in that department. (January 17.)Voted, that advanced standing in the JuniorColleges be allowed to students in The Morgan ParkAcademy for work done over and above the thirteenunits required for admission in amount not exceedingthat which would be required to give the student fullwork while he is completing the thirteen requiredunits; the ratio is to be that of two double minors Voted, that all residents in the houses, members orguests, shall be understood as subject to the generalhouse regulations. (February 1.)Voted, that the Registrar be instructed to give precedence in assigning rooms in women's halls to pastmembers intending to return to The University.(March 7.)Voted, that the statement with respect to the specialfee for the special examination is to be understood asapplying to quarterly examinations as well as toentrance examinations. (March 24.)be classified as Senior College students.(January 18.)for one unit for all work covered by the entranceexaminations of The University of Chicago ; anydepartment in the University so desiring may varythis ratio. (February 8 and March 14.)Voted, that the following regulations respectingElocution be adopted : (1) All students having ninemajors credit shall take the course in Elocution described:"!. Required Elocution." Those who have aminimum of six majors credit are allowed to take thecourse. (2) The required Elocution must be taken beginning October 1st, succeeding the completion of thenecessary requirements. (3) Students entering withadvanced standing will not be excused from requiredelocution unless they present satisfactory evidence tothe Department of having done work reasonablyequivalent to that required in The University of Chicago. (4) Any student having more than threeabsences in one quarter shall discontinue the workuntil the beginning of the corresponding quarter ofthe following year. (5) These requirements shall gointo effect July 1, 1896, and supersede regulations previously enforced.Voted, that the present passing mark of 60 per cent.allowed on examinations set for admission to the University be retained. (March 19.)UNIVERSITY RECORD 39The Board of the University Press.Voted, that the publication by the Biological Departments of a series of publications to be called " In-Meetings of Faculties and Boards.Faculty Room, Haskell Museum.April 11. The following are the regular meetings :The Administrative Board of the University Press,at 8:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Junior Colleges, 10:00 a.m.The University Senate, 11:30 a.m.Regular Quarterly Meeting of the Instructors of theAffiliated Schools with the AdministrativeBoard of Affiliations, 2:00 p.m.Official Copies of the University Record.Official copies of the University Record for theuse of students may be found in the corridors andhalls of the various buildings in the University quadrangles.* Students are requested to make themselvesacquainted with the official actions and notices of TheUniversity, as published from week to week in theUniversity Record.Assignment of Lecture Rooms.Cobb Lecture Hall.D 9 and 15 are assigned to the Department of Philosophy.ilonthly neeting.The Graduate Schools will hold their monthlymeeting with the Graduate Faculties on Wednesday,April 15, 12:30 p.m., Chapel, Cobb Lecture Hall.Prince Serge Wolkonsky will deliver the Address.Graduate Hall.Organization. — Head of House, Camillo vonKlenze ; Counselor, Head Professor A. W. Small ;Patroness, Mrs. C. R. Crane; Secretary, C. T.Conger ; Treasurer, A. T. Walker.Members. — Arnold, J. K.; Cahn, E.; Clarke, H. L.;Conger, C. T.; Cornell, W. B.; Crewdson, C N.;Cumming, A.; Dahl, O.; Davis, B. M.; Dibell, C. D.;Eckhart, P. B.; Flanders, K. F.; Fulton, L. B.; Good- vestigations," or "Archives," to be edited by thedepartments concerned, be approved. (March 14.)Division Officers.Spring Quarter, 1896.The following Division Officers for the Spring Quarter have been designated :Senior Colleges.Division 1 — The President.Division 2 — Professor B. S. Terry.Division 3 — Assistant Professor George C. Howland.Division 4 — Associate Professor C. F. Castle.Division 5 — Associate Professor F. A. Blackburn.Division 6 — Assistant Professor C. von Klenze.Junior Colleges.Division 1 — Associate Professor W. D. McClintock.Division 2, Section A — Dr. E. H. Lewis.Division 2, Section B — Assistant Professor C. H.Moore.Division 3, Section A — Assistant Professor F. J.Miller.Division 3, Section B — Dr. J. W. A. Young.Division 4, Section A — Mr. Wm. Hill.Division 4, Section B— Mr. P. O. Kern.Division 5, Section A — Mr. W. B. Owen.Division 5, Section B — Dr. O. L. Triggs.Division 5, Section O— Mr. A. T. Walker.Division 6— Dr. F. H. Boyd.Unclassified Students.Division 1— Mr. R. C. H. Catterall.Division 2, Section A — Associate Professor S. W,Stratton.Division 2, Section B — Dr. Myra Reynolds.man, C. A.; Griswold, H. H.; Hoxie, R. T.; Hoyne, T.;N Hubbard, H. D.; Learned, H. B.; Lowenstein, G. H.;. McKinley, A. E.; Moore, R. B.; Palmer, H. A.; Rubel,p. N.; Sawyer, C. H.; Squires, V. P.; Steigmeyer, F. F.;Thompson, J. W.; Vaughan, L. B.; Von Klenze, C;,.. Walker, A. T.; Williams, J. W.; Woodruff, H. T..; Chief Events. — On Lincoln's Birthday, February 12,».; a reception was given for which about 800 invitationsI- were issued.OFFICIAL NOTICES.OFFICIAL REPORTS.The University Houses.40 UNIVERSITY RECORDSnel! House.Organization. — Head of House, J. E. Raycroft;Vice Head, W. O. Wilson ; Counselor, Head ProfessorH. P. Judson ; Patronesses, Mrs. Mary H. Wilmarth,Mrs. Lydia A. Coonley; Secretary-Treasurer, JohnLamay ; House Committee, Otto Wieland, Geo. Sawyer, H. A. Peterson, J. Leiser.1 Members. — Members of the House in residence during the Winter Quarter were : Dickerson, S. C;Breeden, W.; Raycroft, J. E.; Nichols, F. D.; Lamay,J.; Wieland, O. E.; Wilson, W. O.; Linn, J. W.; Williams, J. W.; Macomber, C. C; Hershberger, W.;Weston, H. M.; Burkhalter, R. P.; Sawyer, G. H.;Van Osdel, E. B.; Abernethy, H. A.; Brooking, L. W.;Roby, C. F.; Peterson, H. A.; Mosser, S. C; Lackner,E. C; Pomeroy, G. S.; Abells, H. D.; Barrett, C. R.;The Biological Club.President — Head Professor C. O. Whitman.Vice President — Head Professor PL H. Donaldson.Secretary and Treasurer — H. S. Brode.Meets fortnightly, Wednesdays at 4:00 p.m., in KentChemical Laboratory.The work of this Club consists in the presentationof carefully prepared papers and lectures, dealing withsubjects under investigation, or with subjects of general interest to those engaged in research. Each lecturer aims to give an exhaustive critical review ofsome special field, to bring together the results Bachelle, C. V.; Hulshart, J.; Leiser, J.; Smith, K. G.;Wiley, H. D.; Fair, N.M.; Appell, C. J.; Stewart, C. W.Taylor, A. B.; Thach, J. H.; Keith, A. J.; McDonald,A. J.; Clendening, T. C; Sincere, V. W.; Walden,E. C; Bergar, M.; Stern, C; Greenleaf, D.; Flint, N.W.; Hallingby, O.; Brown, J. S.; Clarke, H. T.; Clarke,M. G.; Laughlin, J. M.; D'Ancona, C. P. Total, 49.Guests. — Guests in residence during the WinterQuarter were: Parish, C. O.; Burkhalter, L.; Campbell, H. B.; Hack, T. C; Sparks, C. H.; Gauss, J. H.Total 6.Total residents, members, and guests, 55.Pictures have been presented by Mr. Atkinson andthe members of the Pi Club.The principal events of the Quarter were two Monday receptions.reached by others and by himself, to point out the general bearings of the subject, and to indicate the problems to be solved. The purpose of the Club is toprovide for the higher instruction which only specialists can give and only specialists require. It thusaffords a means of supplementing the work of theregular courses of lectures.Paper read during the Winter Quarter :"The Question of the Transmission of Acquired Characters."President C. Lloyd Morgan(University College, Bristol, Eng.) Feb. 7„Ki)t ©tmbeusitg.INSTRUCTION.Departmental Announcements.XL GREEK.Associate Professor Capps proposes to organize avoluntary class, to meet informally once a week, forthe purpose of reading rapidly selected portions ofGreek Literature to supplement the regular coursesand to encourage independent reading. The subjectsselected for this Quarter are :-5£schylus — Persians,Euripides — Orestes,Aristophanes — Frogs.Graduate students, and others sufficiently advancedto take part in the reading, are invited to join theclass. The first meeting for consultation and fordetermining the hour of meeting will be held Friday,April 10, in B 5, Cobb Lecture Hall. XIV. GERMAN.The Germanic Club and Seminar meets in B 11Cobb Lecture Hall, Monday, April 13, at 3:00 p.m.Mr. Kern : "Die erste Ablautsreihe im Frtihneu-hochdeutschen."336. German Comedies (Kern) will be given at 11:30every day, except Saturday, in B 10, Cobb LectureHall.XV. ENGLISH.The English Club meets in B 8, Cobb Lecture Hall,Tuesday, April 14, at 8: 00 p.m.Mr. B. A. Heydrick on "Literary Criticism in England, 1700-1750."The Departmental Clubs.UNIVERSITY RECORD 41The Classical Club.President — Associate Professor Edward Capps.Vice President — Head Professor Paul Shorey.Secretary— Dr. G. B. Hussey.Executive Committee — The President, Vice President, and the Secretary, with C. K. Chase andMiss H. L. Lovell, of the Graduate School.The Classical Club meets once a month for the purpose of having papers presented by Graduate studentsand members of the Faculty, on subjects pertaining toGreek, Latin, and Classical Archaeology, and for informal discussion of the topics presented.Paper read during the Winter Quarter :" A Metrical Translation of the CEdipus ofSeneca."Assistant Professor F. J. Miller. Feb. 14.The Chemical Club.President— Head Professor J. U. Nef .Meets every ^Friday at 5:00 p.m., in Room 20, KentChemical Laboratory. The purpose of the Club is to present work done inChemistry during this century.Papers read during the Winter Quarter :"On some Hyperoxides."Assistant Professor Smith. Jan. 10." The Formation of Carbohydrates inPlant Tissue."Mr. O. K. Folin. Jan. 17." Tetrinic Acid."Mr. Charles Kinney. Jan. 24." On the Isolation of Organic Radicals."Mr. R. B. Moore. Jan. 31." On Inosite." Miss Harriet Stone. Feb. 7." The Chemistry of the Zinc Alky Is."Mr. R. B. Moore. Feb. 14.."The Atomic Weight of Tellurium."Mr. Hesse. Feb. 21." On Ozone." Mr. L. W. Jones. Feb. 28." Crotonic and Isocrotonic Acid."Mr. James Bert Garner. March 6-LITERARY.Mr. Horace Spencer Fiske, of the UniversityExtension Division, Department of Literature, has inthe current number of The Century, a sonnet entitled"Today for Me, Tomorrow, Death for You." At theopening of the Stratford Charnel Plouse, in 1880, askull was thrown out bearing the inscription hodiemihi, eras tibi. A letter accompanying the sonnetgives an interesting account of the circumstancesunder which the skull was found, with the inscriptionupon it.The Philolexian Society.This society was organized (1) for literary and par liamentary practice and (2) to furnish its membersthe pleasures and advantages of more intimate association.President — H. R. Jordan.Vice President — J. E. Freeman.Secretary — P. B. Eckhart.Treasurer — O. J. Arnold.Critic — A. T. Burns." Sergeant-at-Arms — C. S. Winston.Executive Committee— R. E. Graves, M. P. FrutcheyrA. T. Pienkowsky.Judiciary Committee — J. E. Freeman, G. A. Dudley, W. G. Walling,Abstracts of Addresses.The Subject of the "Iliad."*The Iliad has a definite plan which has been better understood by the poets who have dealt with it than by Wolf and thetechnical scholars who have followed his lead. The plan andthe subject of the Iliad are best understood in the light of awell-considered appreciation of Homer's view of nature. Thesubject is the whole war about Troy, and is not exhaustivelydescribed as the Wrath of Achilles. Homer begins about thequarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon as a particular eventwhich gives him his opportunity to portray the war when actually in progress. The subject of the Odyssey in the sense of itseventum, is the slaying of the suitors. The suitors are clearlyintroduced in the 91st line of the first book of the Odyssey, their* Delivered before The University by Professor Louis Dyer slaughter is already foreshadowed in the 18th and 19th lines.Just so the taking of Troy, which is the eventum of the Iliad isfirst mentioned in the 18th and 19th lines of the first book.Horace was right in uniting the two poems" as dealing withRes gestae regumque ducumque et tristia bella. The sack ofTroy falls between the two poems, but is talked of in the Odyssey.From the artist-poet's point of view it was equally importantthat the war be in motion at the end as at the beginning of theIliad. Dry den has given a poet's clear account of the relation^between the quarrel of the chiefs and the whole poem. There isa sense in which the Wrath of Achilles may be called the subject of the Iliad, for Homer pictures the Trojan war by selecting fifty-one ''specimen days," which are bounded by the episodeof Oxford, England, April 6, 1896.42 UNIVERSITY RECORDof the quarrel between the chiefs. Scattered references in theIliad to the coming sack of Troy may be paralleled by frequentallusions in the Odyssey to the coming slaughter of the suitors;The Iliad and the Odyssey are too little studied and enjoyed aswholes, else it would be very evident that no brief phrase cangive the subject of either. A scrutiny of the first seven lines ofthe Iliad reveals the importance from Homer's point of view ofthe words Atb? S'eTeAetero j3ouAtj and makes Wolf's proposed substitute for them a frigid jeu d^sprit. Must these opening linesbe a table of contents ? The exordia used by Dante and Lucretius do not encourage such a view. A consideration of Plato'sIon (533) and of the Plutarchian Be Musica (ch. iv) makes itreasonable to regard the eleventh Homeric Hymn as an ancientSome Aspects of Greek Philosophy.*Commerce was of fundamental importance in Greek life sinceit was only by commerce that the surplus population couldspread abroad, and that later on the mainland so large populations could be supported. It is interesting then to note how farthe movement of Greek philosophic thought corresponds to thesocial development that depended upon commerce in a largedegree. We find that it was in communities that were at theheight of commercial development on the Coast of Asia Minor,where the old mythological world had become inadequate tocarry the discoveries in the north and west, where those whospeculated upon this new world were therefore thrown back uponan animistic statement, and found themselves face to face witha vast territory that lay outside their social and spiritual Welt-Reaction Tirrle— A Study in Attention and Habit.J. R. ANGELL AND A. W. MOOEE (ASSISTED BY J. I. JEGl) .A series of experiments extending over three quarters showed :(1) That some reagents at the outset respond more quickly withthe focus of attention upon the sensory phase of the stimulusthan when it is upon the motor phase ; (2) that for the samereagent the faster " form " of attention differs for different coordinations ; (3) that after a course of practice on the same coordination in which both the "sensory" and "motor" formsbecome highly reflex, the time difference between the two formslargely disappears, leaving a small margin in favor of the" motor " as the faster form.From the experiments the following points of interpretationwere made : (1) that in relation to the whole act of attentionthe sensory and motor elements are both stimuli. The actconsists in coordinating these two elements ; (2) In their relations to each other inside the act the sensory and motor factorsare each both stimulus and response to the other; (3) thatwhether the focus of attention is "located" in the sensory ormotor phase of the act, depends upon the degree to which eachphase has passed under the control of habit, the attentionspontaneously falling upon that phase least habitualized ;(4) that the time of the reaction is increased when the "artificial" attempt is made to focus upon the more habitual element of the coordination ; (5) that the final shorter time for themotor form of attention after a long course of practice on bothforms may be charged to the fact that the motor phase of thestimulus is less stable and fixed than the sensory, hence lesscapable of passing so completely under the control of habit. poet's summary of the Homeric theme of the Iliad and theOdyssey, an invocation to Athene, and a prelude to the Iliad.It is truer to say the subject of the Iliad is the glory of Atheenthan, as Wolf suggests, the glory of Achilles. Virgil's exordiumto the Mneid preoccupied Wolf and led him to make falserequirements of the opening lines of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Virgil was greatly influenced by the Argonautica in the exordium, to which we find something like a table of contents, butApollonius was the least epic of epic poets. Wolf asked thefirst seven lines of the Iliad to perform what Virgil — followingApollonius-— made the function of the first lines of his JEneid.The subject of the Iliad should be considered broadly as theancient critics and the modern poets view it.anschauung, that it was under these circumstances that the firstphilosophy sprang up. It answered to these conditions in beingoccupied chiefly with the great physical features of the world.On the Greek Mainland on the contrary, society did not developfaster materially than their mythology could expand in theHesiodic and Orphic theologies and theogonies. They retainedtherefore the same naive unconsciousness of the material meansas in the earlier periods, while the social consciousness deepenedand expanded, answering to the more healthful and organicpolitical and religious evolution here. The expression of thismovement is to be found in the theologies, the mysteries, andmost evidently in the dramatists.* Read before the Philosophical Club, January 22, by Assistant Professor Mead.The Organic Effects of Agreeable and DisagreeableStimuli.J. R. ANGELL AND S. F. MCLENNAN.These experiments formed part of a wider investigation intothe nature of emotional processes generally. The particularpoint in consideration here, being the relation of the organiceffects to agreeable and disagreeable stimuli.The result arrived at, based upon almost a year's investigation, was this : The general doctrine that agreeable stimuli areconnected with an expansion, and disagreeable stimuli with adepression of the life processes, holds within certain limits inthe case of the coarser affective states. But a fundamentaldifficulty appears in this method. We can never control suggestion from physical and mental sources and the subjects mostopen to these influences are those most suitable for giving reactions which can be recorded.In short, conscious processes are so interwoven with one another and with the organic processes that the attempt to isolatephases of that life in^its higher reaches must take this fact ofsolidarity into account.The Effect of a Second Stimulus on Color Discrimination.AMY TANNER AND KATE S. ANDEESON.About 1800 experiments were performed on six subjects, during a period of two months in the autumn of 1895. In the previous spring, experiments were made for three months, but theresults were not kept because so many changes were made fromtime to time in the apparatus and conditionsAbstracts of Papers.Reports from the Psychological Laboratory.UNIVERSITY RECORD 43The problem for solution is this : When attention is focusedupon a barely perceptible sensation , does the addition of another sensation render the first more or less perceptible? Is thethreshold for a sensation raised or lowered by the presence ofanother sensation? Physiologically, is the functional activityof any sense organ conditioned by the activity of any other?Conditions for experiment were all arranged with a view toleaving the subject entirely unbiassed in his judgment.The first stimulus was yellow, red, green, or blue ; the additional one, was one of the colors, a 256v. or 2048v. tuning fork,an electrical stimulus on the palm of the hand, or a noise.These stimuli were all constant in intensity.A color was first presented to the subject just below or justabove the threshold. A second stimulus was then given and theeffect on the color was reported. The positive results, i. e., results where the color was made visible or clearer, were as follows : of the whole number of experiments, 72% ; with the 2048v.fork, 90% ; with the 256v. fork, 88% ; with red, 88% ; with yellow,83% ; with green, 80% ; with blue, 70% ; with electricity, 46% ;with noise, 40%.A Study of Visual and Aural Memory Processes.LOUIS GEANT WHITEHEAD.In the experiments here undertaken the object was to determine the general validity of the Ebbinghaus-Muller- Schumannmethod of procedure when applied to the following problems:(1) What is the relative quickness of the visual and auralsenses? (2) What is the relative power of retention for mattermemorized visually and aurally? (3) In what manner is theease of learning anew matter once memorized, but now partly orwholly forgotten — affected by the fact of its being presented onthe second occasion to a different sense from that to which itwas originally presented?For a detailed criticism of the validity of the method in question as applied to the above problems reference may be made toThe Psychological Review, May 1896. The method is essentially this :— nonsense syllables, consisting of a vowel placedbetween two consonants, are arranged in series of any numberof syllables. [In the present experiment the series ranged fromseven to twelve syllables each.] These separate syllables arepresented to a subject, both visually and aurally, at regular intervals, the interval being given by a metronome. The test ofsuccess in memorizing is the ability to repeat the list in thetime and order in which it is given.Organizations.University students are cordially invited toidentify themselves with, some one of the followingmusical organizations :The University Chorus.The University Glee Club.The Women's Glee Club.The Mandolin Club.The Women's Mandolin Club.The University Choir for the Spring Quarter.Misses Glenrose M. Bell, Catherine D. Paddock, Ciara D.Hulbert, Mary A. Boyd, Esther W. Sturges, Ida M. MacLean ; The validity of the method depends upon the justice of comparing the senses upon such terms. Should not the subject beallowed to repeat the series at his own rate — or, rather, shouldnot the rate be made to correspond to that which the subjectfalls naturally into? It seems probable that subjects differ inthe rate at which they can best memorize the presentation —some require a more rapid rate than others ; each individualapparently has his own peculiar rhythm. Again a direct comparison of the visual and aural capacity is impossible becauseof the tendency of the subject to turn all presentations intovisual-motor and auditory-motor terms. This must, in fact, bethe basis of comparison. Nonsense syllables do not, as theyought for the purposes of a memory test, possess equivalenttendencies to set up associative processes. For the conditionsof a successful comparison are that the stimulation of eachorgan shall be of equal clearness and intensity and be of likesubjective duration. Now such conditions are exceedinglydifficult to get, since the widely different characteristics of theeye and ear render very divergent the duration of stimulus,objectively measured, just competent to give a clear and equallyintense stimulation. The number of repetitions as a test ofcapacity is defective because of the subject's persistent andapparently necessary attempts to repeat before the series islearned. The actual time consumed in learning is, therefore,perhaps a better criterion. In general the physical conditionof the subject at the time of the experiment should be takeninto consideration.Giving full credit, then, to the inadequacy of the methodused we may regard the results of our experiments, which haveextended over nine months, as provisional. Of the thirteenpersons — seven women and six men, from whom we are free todraw conclusions, ten were able to memorize more rapid] y fromvisual presentations, two from aural, and one indifferent.Little can be said positively of the relative power of retentionof the two senses, except that that sense which was slowest onthe first presentation required a proportionately less amount oftime to relearn. If we credit this gain of the second presentation to greater power of retention it will yet remain true thatsuch power was never sufficient to overcome the greater quickness of the other sense. In making the second presentation toa different sense than the first, it was found that if the sensewhich had the greatest number of repetitions, or was slowest,was coordinated with the sense which was quickest, the serieswas learned more rapidly than in the reverse case, i. e., transferring from the quicker to the slower sense. Such were the netresults of the investigation.Messrs. Paul G. Woolley, Melvin E. Coleman, Charles T. Wyckoff,Harry R. Fling, F. Day Nichols, William P. Lovett.The Husical Lectures and Recitals.Musical Lectures and Recitals are given in KentTheater, Wednesday Afternoons at 5:00 o'clock,throughout the year.A Lecture Recital was given on Wednesday afternoon, April 8, by Mrs. John Vance Cheney, assisted byMiss Violo Klein, pianist, upon the subject, " How toMUSIC.44 UNIVERSITY RECORDListen to, and what to look for, in Beethoven's Compositions."A Violin Recital will be given on Wednesday afternoon April 15, by Mr. Earl Drake, assisted by MissCarrie R. Crane, Pianist.The University Chaplain.The University Chaplain, Associate Professor C. R.Henderson, can be found, during his office hours, from1:30 to 2:00 p.m. in C 2, Cobb Lecture Hall, Monday,Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday.The Christian Union.At a special meeting of the Christian Union held onTuesday, April 7, at 12:30, in the Chapel, portion ofSection 4 of the Constitution was amended so as toread:The Philanthropic Committee of the Christian Unionshall consist of nine members chosen by the ExecutiveCommittee of the Union, including one representativeeach from the Faculties of the Divinity School, theGraduate Schools, the Senior Colleges, the JuniorColleges, the University Extension, and from the Boardof Trustees, and additional members not exceeding sixnominated by the various bodies contributing to thework of the Committee. The additional members shallbe apportioned among these bodies by the ExecutiveCommittee, to which their nomination must be submitted for approval. The term of membership shallbe three years, one-third of the membership of eachclass expiring annually. The President of The University and the President of the Christian Unionshall be ex officio members of the committee.Announcements.The chaplain for the week : Saturday, April 11, toSaturday, April 18, will be Dean Eri B. Hulbert.Professor Emil G. Hirsch will address the University on Sunday, April 12, at 3:30 p.m., in Kent Theater. His subject will be: "The Human Side ofReligion." A vesper service will be held in connection with the lecture.The Young Hen's Christian Association.OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.General Secretary, H. D. Abells ; President, W. A. Payne ; ."Vice President, H. D. Abells; Treasurer, Abraham Bowers;Recording Secretary, J. S. Brown; Corresponding Secretary,W. E. Chalmers. Voluntary Courses in Music.Wardner Williams, Ph.D. Instructor in MusicElementary Vocal Music— Tuesday, at 5:00 p.m.Harmony.— Monday and Tuesday, at 8: 30 a.m.Theory of Music— Tuesday and Friday, at 8:30 a.m.History of Music— Wednesday, at 8:30 a.m.Committees were appointed as follows :Devotional Committee: W. R. Shoemaker, Chairman.Graduate Section: S. F. McLennan, D. A. Lehman, O. W.Caldwell, C. E. Comstock, M. H. McLean.Undergraduate Section: J. E. Raycroft, S. C. Mosser, F. D.Nichols, C. C. Macomber, E. B. Evans, C. E. Herschberger, H.D. Abells.Membership Committee :H. D. Abells, A. A. Stagg, T. L. Neff, John Hulshart, J. H,Thatch, W. D. Merrell, H. S. Gait, A. Gumming,Advertising Committee :W. H. Allen, H. Hubbard, C. E. Dickerson, C. B. Walker, N*M. Fair.Finance Committee:Abraham Bowers, E. J. Goodspeed, Waldo Breeden, G. H.Sawyer, C. C. Oglivie, J. Norwood.Reception Committee :W. O. Wilson, J. S. Brown, R. R. Snow, C. H. Gallion, H. T.Clarke.Missionary Committee:W. A. Wilkin, C. B. Williams, V. O. Johnson, F. P. Bachman*Bible Study Committee:M. P. Friitchey, H. S. Gait, F. D. Tucker, H. C. Henderson,J. Hulshart, J. W. Fertig.Intercollegiate Work Committee:W. E. Chalmers, Messrs. Davidson, Welden, Y^escott, McGee,,Fislc Street Mission Committee :M. P. Friitchey, R. L. Hughes, S. C. Mosser, Warren Chase*C. A. Torrey,The Young Women's Christian Association.officers and committees.Executive Committee.President, Mary T>. Maynard; Vice President, AletheiaHamilton ; Recording Secretary, Lila C. Hurlbut ; Corresponding Secretary, Mary Thomas; Treasurer, Mabel A. Kells..Assistant Treasurer, Carrie Moore.Reception Committee :Jeanette Kennedy, Martha Klock, Maud Radford, Lucy*Johnston.Membership Committee :Ruth E. Moore, Mrs. Stagg, Julia Dumke, Mabel Freeman,,Edith Neal, Miss Backus.Missionary Committee:Cora Allen, Fanny Bates, Jessie Mighell, Emily Reynolds*Anna Fuicomer, Mrs. Calvin.Prayer Meeting Committee :Cora Jackson, Charlotte Teller, Miss Lovell, Nellie Taylor*Mabel Eaiie.RELIGIOUS.UNIVERSITY RECORD 45Sub-Committees :Sunday Evening.Harriet Agerter.Music— Ella Osgood, Mabel Earle, Susan Harding.Ushering— Marion Cosgrove, Mary Furness, Emma Wallace,Cora A. Tilton.Advertising— Elsa Miller, Glenrose Bell, Ethel Miller, Alice€larke, Effie Gardner, Mabel Martin, Miss Hubbard.Bible Study Committee :Loa Scott, Carrie Breyfogle, Mrs. Dixson.Finance Committee :Mabel Kells, Cora Gettys, Frances Williston, Carrie Moore,Ella Osgood, Eugenia Radford, Florence Pierce.Intercollegiate Relations Committee:Mary Thomas, Emily Guthrie, Miss Andrews, Miss Shield.Bible Classes Committee :Miss Chamberlin, Miss Scott, 'Mrs. Dixson. into doubt, in his case as in that of his age, the outcome ofcriticism will be a more intelligent and a profounder faith in arevealed God.* Delivered before the Divinity School, February 5, by Associate Professor Shailer Mathews.Abstracts of Religious Addresses.The Keturn of Faith. *Religious life today is full of a renascent faith. This maynot appear at first glance but may be judged from the followingfacts :1. The so-called ''conflict between science and religion" isnow practically over. It was always less between science andreligion than between science and traditional formulas and interpretations. Today each party has made concessions, and abetter understanding, if it has not led to a conversion of eitherparty, has at least made faith more intelligible and rational,and science less ready to deny the existence of spiritual phenomena.2. Criticism has established beyond serious question theauthenticity of the chief Pauline epistles, and has discoveredsources of the gospel story older than even the gospels as theynow stand. The historical character of Jesus is beyond dispute.Even in the matter of his resurrection there has been a steadytendency among unconservative scholars to admit that the gospel narrative is at heart historical.3. Theological thought under the influence of this historicalcriticism has of late been setting towards a restatement of theevangelical position rather than of its opposite, especially inthe case of Beyschlag, Lobstein, Sabatier, Wendt, Weizsackerand Sanday.4. Biblical scholars are increasingly recognizing among thecriteria of criticism, the existence of the Christian consciousness, that is, the spiritual experience of Christ. In many particulars the faith of the scholar is in advance of other men'sfaith, for he has learned to separate between the ephemeral andthe eternal, and is holding fast to the eternal.Criticism is therefore not of necessity a weakener of faith., The honest student may confidently scrutinize his Bible, givingit no critical odds, assured that even if at first he may be thrown Church Services.Hyde Park Baptist Church (Corner Woodlawn avenue and56th street) — Preaching services at 11 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 30 p.m.Bible School and Young Men's Bible Class, conducted by Professor Shailer Mathews, at 9:45 a.m. Week-day prayer meeting,Wednesday evening at 7 : 45.Hyde Park M. E. Church (corner Washington avenue and"54thstreet)— Rev. Mr. Leonard, Pastor, will conduct services Sunday, at 11 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 30 p.m. ; General Class Meeting at 12 : 00m. ; Sunday School at 9:30 a.m.; Epworth League at 6: 30 p.m.;General Prayer Meeting, Wednesday, at 7 : 45 p.m.University Congregational Church (corner 56th street andMadison avenue)— Rev. Nathaniel I. Rtjbinkam, Ph.D., Pastor,Preaching Services at 11 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 30 p.m. Sabbath Schooland Bible Classes at 9 : 45 a.m. ; Junior Young People's Society ofChristian Endeavor at 3 : 30 p.m. ; Senior Young People's Societyof Christian Endeavor at 6 : 30 p.m. ; Wednesday Devotional Hour,at 8 :00 p.m.Hyde Park Presbyterian Church (corner Washington avenueand 53rd street)— Rev. Hubert C. Herring, Pastor. PublicChurch Services at 10 : 30 A.M., and 7 : 45 p.m. ; Sunday School at12 : 00 M. ; Junior Endeavor Society at 3 : 00 p.m. ; Young People'sSociety of Christian Endeavor at 6 : 45 p.m. ; Mid-week PrayerMeeting, Wednesday, at 7 : 45 p.m.Woodlawn Park Baptist Church (corner of Lexington avenueand 62d street;— W. R. Wood, Pastor. Bible School at 9 : 30 a.m. ;Worship and Sermon at 11 a.m.; Young People's DevotionalMeeting at 6 : 45 p.m ; Gospel Service with Sermon at 7 : 30 p.m. ;General Devotional Meeting, Wednesday evening, at 7 : 45. Allseats are free.Hyde Park Church of Christ (Masonic Hall, 57th street, eastof Washington avenue) — Services Sunday at 10 : 30 A.M. ; EveningService at 7 : 30. Sunday School 12 : 00 m. Preaching by Rev. H.L. Willett.St. PauVs Protestant Episcopal Church (Lake avenue, northof 50th street)— Rev. Charles H. Bixby, Rector. Holy Communion, 8 . 00 A.M. every Sunday, and 11 : 00 A.M. first Sunday ofeach month. Morning Prayer with Sermon, 11 : 00 A.M. ChoralEvening Prayer, 7 : 30 p.m. Men's Bible Class at the close of theeleven o'clock service. Sunday School, 3 : 00 p.m.Unitarian Services. Rev. W. W. Fenn, of the first UnitarianChurch, will speak every Sunday afternoon at 4:00 o'clock, atMasonic Hall, 216, 57th street. Students and friends are cordiallyinvited.LIBRARIES, LABORATORIES, AND MUSEUMS.During the week ending April 7, 1896, there have beenadded to the Library of The University a total numberof 471 books from the following sources :Books added by purchase, 269 vols. Distributed as follows :General Library, 33 vols.; Philosophy, 13 vols.;Pedagogy, 2 vols.; Political Economy, 1 vol.;Political Science, 30 vols.; History, 25 vols.;46 UNIVERSITY RECORDSociology, 3 vols. ; Sociology in the DivinitySchool, 3 vols. ; Sociology (Section Folk Psych.),40 vols. ; Comparative Religion, 4 vols. ; Semit-ics, 4 vols. ; j$ew Testament, 3 vols. ; ComparativePhilology, 3 vols.; Latin, 4 vols.; Latin and Greek,6 vols.; Romance, 3 vols.; German, 4 vols.; English, 2 vols. ; Physics, 13 vols. ; Geology, 13 vols. ;Biology, 1 vol. ; Zoology, 1 vol. ; Physiology, 4 vols. ;Botany, 16 vols. ; Church History, 34 vols. ; Dano-Norwegian Seminaries, 4 vols.The Board of Physical Culture and Athletics, actingon the Rules prepared by the Convention of AthleticBoards of Western Colleges, Feb. 8, 1896, adoptedthem as a whole, after making certain changes inRules 1 and 4 and dropping Rule 12 as unnecessary.The Rules, accepted by the board,. April 4, 1896 withamendments, are as follows :1. No one shall participate in any intercollegiategame or athletic sport unless he be a bona fide studentdoing full work in a regular or special course as definedin the curriculum of his college.2. No person shall be admitted to any intercollegiatecontest who receives any gift, remuneration, or pay forhis services on the college team.3. Any student of any institution who shall be pursuing a regular prescribed resident graduate coursewithin such institution, whether for an advanced degree or in any of its professional schools, may be permitted to play for the minimum number of scholasticyears required before securing the graduate or professional degree for which he is a candidate.4. No student shall be eligible for any contest whohas ever used or is using his athletic skill for gain.This rule shall not apply to any bona fide student, whowas a member of this University or any secondaryschool on February 8, 1896, for what he has done inthe past.5. No student shall play in any game under an assumed name.6. No student shall be permitted to participate inany intercollegiate contest who is found by the facultyto be delinquent in his studies.7. All intercollegiate games shall be played ongrounds either owned or under immediate control ofone or both of the colleges participating in the contest,and all intercollegiate games shall be played understudent management, and not under the control of anycorporation or association or private individual.8. The election of managers and captains of theteams in each college shall be subject to the approvalof its committee on athletics. Books added by gift, 199 vols.Distributed as follows :General Library, 72 vols. ; Political Economy, 24vols. ; Political Science, 75 vols. ; Sociology, in theDivinity School, 26 vols. ; German (ScandinavianDivision), 1 vol. ; Neurology, 1 vol.Books added by exchange for University Publications,3 vols.Distributed as follows :Political Economy, 1 vol. ; Geology, 2 vols.9. College football teams shall not engage in gameswith professional teams, nor with those representingso-called athletic clubs.10. Before every intercollegiate contest a list of themen proposing to play shall be presented by eachteam or teams to the other or others, certifying thatall members are entitled to play under the conditionsof the rules adopted, such certificate to be signed bythe officer or officers designated by boards of control.It shall be the duty of the captain to enforce thisrule.11. No person who has received any compensationfrom the University for services rendered by way ofregular instruction shall be allowed to play upon anyteam. This rule to take effect December 1, 1896.13. Each candidate for a team is to subscribe to astatement that he is eligible under the letter andspirit of the rules adopted. The form of statement isas follows : I, . . . of theclass in The University of Chicago hereby declarethat I am a bona fide student and an amateur, andeligible in all other respects, according to the letterand the spirit of the foregoing rules.Signed in my presence, 189..14. The following rules for the guidance of athleticcommittees in the administration of the foregoingagreement were adopted unanimously :1) It is agreed that all athletic association accountsshall be audited by committees of the respectiveuniversities upon which there is a faculty memberof the athletic committee.2) It is agreed that the following shall be expresslytolerated as legitimate expense for an athleticassociation to bear : (a) The difference betweentraining table expenses and ordinary expenses.(5) Traveling expenses, (c) Expenses for uniforms, shoes, and other articles of clothing, (d)Medical expenses connected with training or disabilities incurred in practice or in contests, (e)Expenses incurred in providing players with inexpensive souvenirs such as watch-charms, sweaters,photographs, provided there shall be no elementPHYSICAL CULTURE AND ATHLETICS.Rules Governing Athletic Games.UNIVERSITY RECORD 47of compensation for services rendered in the givingof any such souvenirs.3) It is further agreed that the athletic committeesof the institutions here represented will do all intheir power, both officially and personally, to keepintercollegiate athletic contests within their proper bounds, making them the incidental and not theprincipal features of university and intercollegiatelife. All that is dishonorable, unsportsmanlike,ungentlemanly, or unnecessarily rough in anybranch of athletics is particularly and expresslycondemned.Schedule of Baseball Games.The following schedule of baseball games for thepresent season has been approved :(Where no place is named, the game is to be playedon Marshall Field.)Saturday, April 11, University of Illinois, at ChampaignTuesday, 14, Illinois Cycling Club.Thursday 16, Lake Forest.Saturday 18, Whitings, West Side Park.Tuesday, 21, Rush Medical College.Friday, 24, Blackburn University.Saturday 25, Whitings.Tuesday, 28, Rush Medical, at West Side Park.Wednesday, " 29, University of Illinois.Friday, May 1, Chicago National League. Saturday, May 2,Tuesday, " 5,Saturday, " 9,Monday " 11,Wednesday, " 13,Saturday, " 16,Wednesday, " 20,Friday, " 22,Saturday, " 23,Monday, " 25,Wednesday, " 27,Thursday, " 28,Saturday, " 30,Wednes., June 10,Saturday, " 13,Saturday, " 20, Northwestern, at Evanston.Illinois Wesleyan.University of Michigan.Detroit.University of Michigan.University of Indiana.University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor.Cornell University, at Ithaca.Orange Athletic Club, at Orange.University of Penn., at PhiladelphiaYale, at New Haven.Harvard, at Cambridge.University of Michigan, at Detroit.Purdue University.University of Wisconsin, at Madison.University of Wisconsin.Slije ffittiibergitg 3Bxtmmmi Uibtstott.THE CLASS -STUDY DEPARTMENT.Saturday and Evening Classes.Spring Quarter, 1896.During the Spring Quarter The University of Chicago will organize classes in various parts of the city,and in a variety of subjects. These classes are designed for those who, for any reason are preventedfrom attending the regular sessions of The University.They meet the needs especially of young men andyoung women who wish to improve themselves, ofteachers who wish to prepare for better work, and ofbusy men and women engaged in the daily vocationsof life, who nevertheless wish to advance their ownculture by reading and study. The following is theschedule of courses, containing the times and placesof the first meeting of each class :The University of Chicago.Cobb Lecture Hall.Educational Psychology (John Dewey), Room 13C, Monday, April 13, 4: 15 p.m.Social Selection (C. C. Closson), Room 7 C, Monday, April 13, 7:45 p.m.Political Economy (George O. Virtue), Room 3 C.Monday, April 13, 7: 45 p.m.Rhetoric and English Composition (E. H. Lewis),Room 9 B, Monday, April 13, 7: 45 p.m. General Course in English Literature (Ella AdamsMoore), Room 9 D, Monday, April 13, 7:45 p.m.Elementary Bacteriology (A. H. Cole), Room 6 B,Monday, April 13, 7:45 p.m.Mediaeval History (E. A. Balch), Room 8 B, Tuesday, April 14, 7:45 p.m.Elementary German (P. O. Kern), Room 10 B, Tuesday, April 14, 7: 45 p.m.Plane Geometry (H. E. Cobb), Room 10 B, Tuesday,April 14, 4:30 p.m.Zoology (W. Whitney), Room 7 B, Wednesday,April 15, 7:45 p.m.Modern European History (William Rullkqetter),Room 8 C, Thursday, April 15, 7:45 p.m.Thought and Imagination in Shakespeare (HoraceS. Fiske), Room 9 D, Thursday, April 16,3:00 and7: 45 p.m.General Physiology (W. R. Mitchell), Room 8 B,Thursday, April 16, 4:15 p.m.Advanced Political Economy (George O. Virtue)Room 8 C, Saturday, April 11, 7: 45 p.m.Social Economics (C. C. Closson), Room 3 C, Saturday, April 11, 7: 45 p.m.48 UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Study of Children (C. H. Thurber), Room 10 B,Saturday, April 11, 10: 30 a.m.American History (E. C. Page) Room 8 B, Saturday,April 11, 10: 00 a.m.The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era(J. W. Fertig), Room 9 B, Saturday, April 11, 7:45p.m.Sociology (I. W. Howerth) Room 10 C, Saturday,April 11, 10:00 a.m.The Beginnings of Society (A. W. Dunn), Room 11O, Saturday, April 11, 10: 00 a.m.Sanitary Science (Hannah B. Clark), Room 10 C,Saturday, April 11, 10: 00 a.m.Biblical History (H. L. Willett), Room 6 D, Saturday, April 11, 4:00 p.m.Elementary Greek Course (Grace Jackson), Room2 B, Saturday, April 11, 2: 00 p.m.Greek Prose Composition (Grace Jackson), Room2 B, Saturday, April 11, 4:00 p.m.Introduction to New Testament Greek (M. G. Der-ham), Room 7 D, Saturday, April 11, 4: 00 p.m.Latin (C. A. Orr), Room 7 B, Saturday, April 11, 2:30-3: 00 p.m.Elementary French (Eugene Bergeron), Room 16B, Saturday, April 11, 4:00 p.m.Modern German Prose (P. O. Kern), Room 10 B.Saturday, April 11, 4: 00 p.m.Beginners Course in Russian (Mr. Yousephopf),Room 9 D, Saturday, April 11, 9: 30 a.m.Masterpiece Course (W. B. Woods), Room 9 D, Saturday, April 11, 7: 30 p.m.General Course in English Literature (Ella AdamsMoore), Room 9 B, Saturday, April 11, 10: 00 a.m.Elementary Zoology (W. T. Wilson), Room 11 C,Saturday, April 11, 7:45 p.m.Walker Museum.Comparative Religion (Edmund Buckley), Saturday, April 11, 10:00 a.m.Botany (J. M. Coulter), Saturday, April 11, 2:00/P.M.Western Union Building.Room 310.Mediaeval History (E. A. Balch), Monday, April 13,7:45 p.m.French (Paul de Compigny), Tuesday, April 14,4: 00 p.m.History of American Literature (E. C. Page),, Tuesday, April 14, 7:45 p.m.Political Economy (George O. Virtue), Wednesday,April 15, 7:45 p.m. American History (E: C. Page), Thursday, April 16,7:45 p.m.The Beginnings of Society (A. W. Dunn), Friday,April 17, 7:45 p.m.Latin (C. A. Orr), Friday, April 10, 7:30 p.m.Thought and Imagination in Shakespeare (HoraceS. Fiske), Friday, April 17, 3:00 and 7:45 p.m.An Introduction to Educational Psychology (G. H.Mead), Saturday, April 11, 2:00 p.m.Advanced Political Economy (George O. Virtue),Saturday, April 11, 4:15 p.m.Rhetoric and English Composition (E. H. Lewis),Saturday, April 11, 7: 45 p.m.Advanced Algebra (H. E. Cobb), Saturday, April 11,9:00 a.m.Analytical Geometry (H. E. Cobb), Saturday, April11,11:00 a.m.The Newberry Library.Modern German Prose (P. O. Kern), Monday, April13,7:45 p.m.English Romantic Poets (Horace S. Fiske), Monday, April 13, 7: 45 p.m.Economic and Social History (C. C. Closson), Tuesday, April 14, 7: 45 p.m.Political Economy (George O. Virtue), Wednesday, April 15, 7:45 p.m.Latin (C. A. Orr), Wednesday, April 15, 7: 45 p.m.French (Paul de Compigny), Wednesday, April 15,7:45 p.m.American History (E. C. Page), Friday, April 17,7:45 p.m.Zoology (W. Whitney), Friday, April 17, 7:45 p.m.Comparative Religion (Edmund Buckley), Saturday, April 11, 4: 00 p.m.Beginning Greek (M. G. Derham), Saturday, April11, 7:45 p.m.English Literature (W. B. Woods), Saturday, April11, 4:00 p.m.Italian (L. C. Cipriani), Monday, April 13, 7:45 p.m.The Chicago Academy.Introduction to New Testament Greek (M. G. Derham), Monday, April 13, 7: 45 p.m.English Literature (W. B. Woods), Tuesday, April14,7:45 p.m.Elementary German (P. O. Kern), Wednesday,April 15, 7:45 p.m.English Romantic Poets (Horace S. Fiske), Wednesday, April 15, 7:45 p.m.Beginning Greek (M.G. Derham), Friday, April 10,7:45 p.m.UNIVERSITY RECORD 49Xenophon (M. G. Derham), Friday, April 10, 4:30p.m.Latin (M. G. Derham), Friday, April 10, and Saturday, April 4, 10:00 a.m.Chicago Preparatory School.3715 LangSey Avenue.The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era(J. W. Fertig), Monday, April 13, 7:45 p.m.English Literature (W. B. Woods), Monday, April13, 7:45 p.m.Elementary French (Eugene Bergeron), Monday,April 13, 7:45 p.m.Elementary German (P. O. Kern), Thursday, April16, 7:45 p.m.Latin (C. A. Orr), Thursday, April 6, 7:30-8:00 p.m.Cook County Normal School.Thought and Imagination in Shakespeare (HoraceS. Fiske), Tuesday, April 14, 7:45 p.m.An Introduction to Educational Psychology (G. H.Mead), Wednesday, April 15,4:00 p.m.The Study of Children (C. H. Thurber), Friday,April 10, 7:45 p.m.Botany (J. M. Coulter), Saturday, April 11,10:00a.m.Training School Centre.2970 Grovefland Avenue.Biology (A. H. Cole), Saturday, April 11, 3:00 p.m.Representative Plays of Shakespeare (Mrs.Brainard), Saturday, April 11, 9:00 a.m.The University Settlement of The University of Chicago was established two years ago under the auspicesof the Christian Union. It is situated at 4655 Grossavenue, in the center of what is not a "slum " districtbut a community of laboring people where becauseof the uncertainty of obtaining work there is a constant tendency towards pauperism. Within the settlement district from Halsted street to Western avenueand from 39th to 55th streets, there are about seventy-five thousand people. The voters number about tenthousand. By nationality they may be classified as,Poles seven thousand, Bohemians five thousand, Germans nine thousand, and the remainder a mixture of Modern German Literature (Camillo von Klenze),Saturday, April 11, 11:00 a.m.Englewood.Cumberland Presbyterian Church.French (Paul de Compigny), Monday, April 13,4:30 p.m.Englewood High School.Latin (C. A. Orr), Monday, April 13, 7:30 p.m.Zo5logy (W. Whitney), Monday, April 13, 7:00 p.m.6310, Harvard Avenue.English Literature (Ella Adams Moore), Tuesday,April 14,7:45 p.m.Chemical Laboratory of the West Division HighSchool.Chemistry (F. L.Morse), Saturday, April 11, 10:30a.m.Lake High School.ZoSiogy (W. T. Wilson), Friday, April 17, 4:30 p.m.Suite 6 ? 77 CSark Street.Political Science (A. W. Blakely), Saturday, April11,7:30 p.m.Hull House,S35 South Halsted Street.American History (E. C. Page), Monday, April 13,4:00 p.m.McAllister School.36th Street near Halsted.Latin (C. A. Orr), Tuesday, April 14, 4:00 p.m.Irish, Scotch, English, and Americans. Two hundredsaloons stand over against seven churches of whichthree are protestant (two Lutheran and one Methodist), the remainder Roman Catholic. The Lutheranand Roman Catholic churches have parochial schoolsand there are seven public schools in the district.Still many children do not attend school anywhere.The Settlement has seven residents. It maintainsseventeen clubs, various classes, a dispensary, a savings bank, concerts and choruses weekly. About onethousand one hundred and fifty people attend theclasses and clubs and a great number besides are indirectly influenced. The University means much ;toSTije ^Ettibersttg Settlement50 UNIVERSITY RECORDthese foreigners. Its sympathies are universal, itsauthority is that of thought, its work is impersonal,and on that account the impression made is such ascould not be made by church or mission, in view of thepeculiar character of the community at the StockYards.A brief statement of the work and workers in detailmay be of interest. Friday afternoons, Miss McDowell,the head resident, is at home to friends of the Settle-merit. The Woman's Club and Children's Chorus,meeting on Friday afternoon, well deserve a visit on thepart of thole who wish to know more of the work done.The University has supplied faithful and generoushelpers. Miss France has a class of earnest students inLatin. Miss Breckenridge teaches English to a largeclass of Bohemian women. The Settlement takes pridein this class because it indicates that the suspicion withwhich foreigners look upon the interest taken in them by Americans is breaking down. Every two weeksthe Polish neighbors meet in the Settlement Hall. Asyet they are not willing to be led by Americans.Only a few desire to be taught. The class in history, taught by Mr. E. O. Sisson, has been in sessionfor two winters and recently presented the Settlement with a case of maps which had been sorelyneeded. Mr. Braam has taught bookkeeping for twowinters.Several men would be very gratefully welcomed toassist in the Gymnasium, especially on Monday andTuesday evenings from 7: 30-9:00. A teacher of Englishfor a few bright' German women is needed. This classmeets in the daytime.The Settlement can be reached by taking the 47thstreet electric cars to Ashland avenue and turningdown the diagonal street to the red brick house, 4655Gross avenue.Ei)t Sinibersitg affiliations.Quarterly Meeting of Teachers of the Affiliated Schools.Faculty Room, Haskell Museum, 2 p.m., Saturday, April 11, 1896.1. " How to Mark the Term Average of Pupils."Dean John C. Grant, Harvard Schooland Kenwood Institute.2. "The Fundamental Principles which Underliethe Setting of Examination Papers."Ten minute summaries for the various departments :Mathematics. Dean J. J. Schobinger,Harvard School. Science. Robert H. Cornish,Morgan Park Academy.History. Dean C. W. Mann,Chicago Academy.English. Orlo J. Price,South Side Academy.Foreign Languages. Elizabeth Faulkner,Kenwood Institute.3. Questions from Teachers as to any difficultiesrespecting Affiliation.4. Suggestions as to Programme for next Meeting.gllumni.The following is a list of the second and third class-divisions that graduated from the Senior Collegesof The University on January 1 and April 1, 1894, with their present address, as far as can be ascertained:Bachelors of Arts.Dickerson, Philip Jackson, Lula, Va. Willis, Henry Parker, Fellow, The University ofChicago.Milligan, Henry Forsythe, 2337 Calumet av., Daniels, Mary Luoretia, Graduate Student, TheChicago. University of Chicago.In order to keep a correct list of the addresses of the Alumni of The University, changes of residenceshould be promptly reported to the Recorder of The University,I/mVERSITY RECORD 51iBbcnts of tfie WLttk.Prince Serge Wolkonsky delivered an addresson Sunday, April 5, at 3:30, in Kent Theater. Hissubject was " Count Tolstoy's Social Theories." TheVesper service was conducted by Head Professor Judson, who also introduced the speaker.Professor Louis Dyer, of Oxford University,England, addressed the University in Kent Theater,on Monday, April 6, at 5:00, upon "The Subject of theIliad." An abstract of his address will be found onpage 41.A lecture-recital upon the folk-song of Germanywas given at the rooms of The Quadrangle Club, onMonday evening by Mr. W. Waugh Lauder, thePianist, who sketched the growth of folk-song fromthe earliest period to the present, and illustratedthem with selections from different types. The Clubis indebted to Mr. Wardner Williams for the entertainment.Professor Franklin Johnson addressed the members of the Divinity School at their monthly meeting,on Wednesday, April 8, at 12:30. His subject was" Two Pioneer Missionaries." The address was a poemin commemoration of the father and mother of Professor Johnson, and specially of their missionarylabors. The statement concerning its occasion andorigin was as follows:It is known that the anniversaries of the American BaptistBenevolent Societies were to have been held next month atPortland, Oregon, and that the place has been changed toAsbury Park, on account of the financial difficulties of thecountry. Perhaps it is not so well known that Oregon wasoriginally chosen in order to commemorate the beginning of ourdenominational work there fifty years ago, and in particularthe dedication of the First Baptist Church ever built on thePacific coast. This house was largely the product of the energyof my father, Rev. Hezekiah Johnson, who solicited aid andtoiled with his hands to secure its erection. The little structurestill stands at Oregon City, though long outgrown by the congregation, and not now used for religious purposes.In 1845 my father and mother went to Oregon under theappointment of the American Baptist Home Mission Society.The journey over the Rocky Mountains, and what was thencalled the Great American Desert, occupied six months. My father continued to labor in Oregon as a minister till the closeof his life, He and my mother, according to their request, wereburied under the tall fir trees of a farm near Oregon City, andon the lowly monument which marks the spot are engraved thewords : " Pioneer Missionaries."Before it was known that the anniversary meetings wouldnot be held in Oregon, a few verses came to me, recording thejourney of my parents across our continent and their subsequent labors on the Pacific coast, and I intended to havethem read at the meeting of our Home Mission Society. Iremember to have heard the incidents of the journey relatedoften at the fireside of my early home, and I have several timesvisited the scenes among which it lay, so that it is familiarto me.Professor Edmund J. James, Director of the University Extension Division, lectured Friday evening,April 3, on " The Life and Work of Bismarck," beforethe faculty and students of the Illinois State NormalUniversity, at Bloomington.Mr. Cleveland K. Chase, Fellow in Latin, has beenappointed instructor in Latin in Oberlin College forthe coming year.Prince Wolkonsky's first lecture on "Russia andRussian Institutions" was delivered last Mondayevening, at Steinway Hall, before a large and appreciative audience. The course has been taken up bymany prominent people in different parts of the city,and the success of the enterprise is now assured.The next lecture will be given this evening at 8 :00o'clock.Preceding each lecture, Miss Ada M. Williams willgive an organ recital for a half hour.The topics and dates of the remaining lectures willbe as follows :"The First Romanovs— Peter the Great." April 10." Catherine the Great." April 13."Russia in the First Decade of this Century." April 17." Nicholas I — Accession of Alexander II." April 20," The Sixties — Alexander II and the Emancipation of the Serfs — Tourgeniev, Dos-toyevsky, Tolstoy." April 24.52 UNIVERSITY RECORD<£alenirar for t%z Wizzk.April n-18, 1896.Saturday, April 11. ¦The Administrative Board of the University Press,8:30 a.m.The Faculty of the Junior Colleges, 10:00 a.m.The University Senate, 11:30 a.m. (see p. 39).Quarterly Meeting of Teachers of AffiliatedSchools, 2:00 p.m. (see p. 39).Sunday, April 12.Address by Professor Emil G. Hirsch, KentTheater, 3: 30 p.m. (see p. 44).Union Prayer Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y.W. C. A., Lecture Room, Cobb Lecture Hall,7:00 p.m.Monday, April 13.Chapel. — 12:30 p.m. (see p. 44).Germanic Seminar and Club at 3:00 p.m. (seep. 40).University Extension Lecture by Prince Wol-konsky, Steinway Hall, at 8:00 p.m. (see p. 51).Tuesday, April 14.Chapel. — 12:30 p.m. Divinity School Prayer Meeting, Lecture Boom,Cobb Lecture Hall, 6 :45 p.m.English Club meets at 8:00 p.m. (see p. 40).Wednesday, April 15.Monthly Meeting of the Graduate Schools, Chapel,Cobb Lecture Hall, 12:30 p.m. (see p. 39).Violin Recital, Kent Theater, at 5:00 p.m. (seep. 44).Thursday, April 16.Chapel.— 12:30 p.m.The Young Women's Christian Association, Lecture Boom, Cobb Lecture Hall, 1:30 p.m.Friday, April 17.Chapel.— 12 : 30 p.m.The Young Men's Christian Association, Lecture Boom, Cobb Lecture Hall, 7:00 p.m.University Extension Lecture, by Prince Wol-konsky, Steinway Hall, at 8:00 p.m. (see p. 51).Saturday, April 18.The Administrative Board of Affiliations, 8: 30 a.m.Faculty of the Senior Colleges, 10:00 a.m.Faculty of the Divinity School, 11:30 a.m.Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD must be sent to the Recorder by WEDNESDAY, 12:00 M.,in order to be published in the issue of the same week.