tffene&al & Document RjHousing report giVerf to BeadleA three man faculty com¬mittee to review UC rentalpolicy has praised the Univer¬sity’s long range goals butcriticized short range admin¬istration in a memorandumsubmitted to president GeorgeBeadle.The 12.000 word memo, re-] used today, states support of; V's policy of ‘stable integration,’Piit calls for more effective im-. ( mentation of that policy.Signing the report were Alli¬son Dunham, professor of lawa i chairman of the committee,5 : ;!ip Hauser, professor of soci¬ology, and George Shultz, profes¬sor in the graduate school of busi¬ness. The committee began re-s uch for the memo on January‘>2, shortly after UC was firsti urged with discriminatoryhousing policies in its apartmentbuildings.Up for considerationThe committee’s report willr. w be considered by appropriateadministration and trustee com¬mittees. No definite action is ex-p i tod immediately, although ac-t iding to President Beadle, “YVewill, of course, take these recom¬mendations very seriously.”I’he report is divided into sixsections: conclusions, recommen¬dations, a review of the urbanpopulation movements in the na¬tion. in Chicago, and in the Hydei’ ark Kenwood area, a discussionof UC residential property hold¬ings and their occupancy pat¬terns, a statement by Ray Brown,vice president for administrationof the University explaining cur¬rent administrative policy, and adiscussion of the University’s or-conization for administering prop¬erties which it owns.Divides communityIn its recommendation sectionthe committee divided the Hyde-I’ar k Kenwood community intothose areas which are all Negroand those which are all white. Itsaid, "In the predominantly whitesector bounded by 55th, 59th,Woodlawn, and the IC tracks, forexample, the University shouldassume the initiative under a man¬aged program for integration, be¬ginning with its own faculty, stu¬dents and administrative staffand continuing with Negro appli¬cants who meet the requisitestandards. It should also use itsinfluence to encourage otherproperty owners in the area tofollow suit within the frame¬work of managed integration. “On the other hand, managedintegration in a predominantlyNegro sector may sometimes bestbo served by maintaining an all-white building. Still a differentproblem is presented in an areawhere the emerging racial com¬position of the block or area isuncertain. Thus we feel that astatement is incorrect if it as¬sumes that the only way to in¬tegrate a block is to integrateeach individual piece of propertyin that area or block.Not all integrated“YVe recommend that Universi¬ty policy statements should notsuggest that every building mustbe integrated.”The committee pratsed what itconsidered UC’s leading effortsin the relatively untried field ofurban integration. The reportstates, ‘‘The University merits ac¬clamation for what it has alreadydone toward this goal (of stableintegration), and support in themajor tasks which still lie ahead.The undertaking, it must berecognized, is an experimentalone. It has never yet been ac¬complished in the United Statesfor a population as large as thatinvolved. There is no guaranteeof success. The cost of the taskin human and monetary termsis enormous . . . The committeebelieves that the University mustcontinue to work for an inte¬grated area and to do so in amanner that will broaden under¬standing of the processes andproblems involved.” The deteriorating Universitycommunity, the Committee stat¬ed, posed a “real, not imaginarythreat” to UC’s continued exist¬ence. For this reason, “It maymore soundly be argued that theUniversity was extraordinarilylate in undertaking a program topreserve itself — not that it wasunjustified in doing so.”However, administration ofpolicy came under sharp attack.The report charges that “Untilvery recently, there has not beena publicly-stated policy on occu¬pancy of University-owned resi¬dential properties. In effect it hasseemed to the residents of thearea (and this appears all tootrue to the Committee) that poli¬cy has been left in the hands ofthe middle and lower echelonsof the organizations managingthe property . . . Even among thegroups charged with administra¬tion of this policy, we found dif¬ferences of view about just what the policy was at a given mo- be in charge of this operation,ment of recent time.” Duties of this officer would in*The only mention of studentsegregation test cases occurs inthis connection, when it is statedthat, “The Committee has ex¬amined the cases manufacturedby students affiliated with UCCORE and presented to the Ad¬ministration some weeks ago.YYTiile we pass no judgment onthe particular details of the indi¬vidual cases, we view them ashelpful in portraying accuratelythe loose administrative prac¬tices that have been followed andthe gap between policy and prac¬tice that has resulted.”Recommends procedureTo correct this administrativeproblem, the committee recom¬mended the establishment of anew procedure for supervisingrental properties. It asked for theappointment of a high-level offi¬cer, reporting to the president, to elude:1. supervising offices for buy¬ing and selling property, for deal¬ing with student housing, andfor administering the housingprogram;2. representing the Universityin projects with communitygroups attempting to solve neigh¬borhood problems;5. delegating to realtors ex¬perienced in inter racial housingthe responsibility for managingUC properties;4. if this proves impossible, as¬suring that only responsible in¬dividuals be employed in man¬aging such properties;5. securing central administra¬tion for rental policies, to assurethat no violations of official poli-(continued on page 3)i m ChicagoM araonVol. 70 — No. 69 University of Chicago, Wednesday, Mar. 7, 1962 31The complete text of thefaculty committee reportto president Beadle ap¬pears on pages 5 through9 of todays Maroon.Citing statistics, the Commit¬tee pointed out that the Universi¬ty owns some 121 residentialproperties in the Hyde-Park-Kcn-wood area. Of these, twelve aresingle family dwellings and eightare apartment-hotels.Some 33 UC properties, com¬prising 60% of the total units,have both Negro and white occu¬pancy. However, only 107 Uni¬versity-owned units (6% of thetotal) are occupied by Negroes.Some 55% of the properties arereserved exclusively for students.Of the 33 integrated buildings,only two were integrated whenfirst purchased by UC. Five oth¬ers were all-Negro, and 27 wereall white. News analysisUN bond issue discussedWhen the United Nationswent into the Congo almosttwo years ago to help the newnation with its transition toindependence, it did not ex¬pect to stay more than a fewmonths.UN forces are still trying tobring stability to the Congo,however, and the unforseen dura¬tion of the operation has put theUN in grave financial difficulty.The United Nations is currentlyshouldering a huge debt, whichwill near $170,000,000 shortly,unless some delinquent nationspay their share of emergencyexpenses.Its members have agreed thatEx-UN aide explainsoperation in CongoThe pressures of his of¬fice behind him, UC presi¬dent George Beadle re¬laxes during rehearsal for1962 Faculty Revels pro¬duction. Beadle plays awaiter in the revue, to bepresented this weekend. The United Nations had togo into the Congo and helpit become independent be¬cause the Belgians did nottrain their colony for the indepen¬dence it gained in 1960, said aformer UN official yesterday.YY:hen the Belgians ruled theCongo, they spent most of theirefforts developing agriculture andcities in the Congo for their ownbenefit and exploiting the richesand people of the Congo.They did not, said AndrewCordier, former undersecretary ofthe UN, train the Congolese forthe task of self government.Cordier, who recently resigned aUN post in which he had workedclosely with all the General As¬sembly presidents since 1946 andthe late Dag Hammarskjold, gavethe second of two campus lectureson the UN yesterday afternoon.He discussed the UN’s role in theCongo crisis.The UN in the Congo must beable to successfully make thetransition from its many militaryactivities to sorely needed econ¬omic and social activities.The present "successful” Congogovernment of Cyrill Adoulla, hesaid, offers great hope towardsthe achievement of such a transi¬tion.At the time the Congo govern¬ment was transferred from theBelgians to the Congolese, the Congo’s first elections, between■Kasabubu and Lumumba, were in¬decisive. As a result, the formerwas made president and the lat¬ter, prime minister.The Congolese, then deciding tothrow all Belgian officers out ofthe Congo, rapidly promoted theirown lower rank officers into topranking commanders unable tomaintain public discipline.Against a background of whiteresidents suddenly fleeing theCongo, the Congolese cabinet metand requested United Nations as¬sistance to restore law and order,said Cordier.Fifteen thousand troops weresent to the Congo within oneweek after the July 12, 1960Congolese request for aid, hesaid. Unforunately, many of themhave not yet been able to leavethe Congo.July to September, 1960, weremarked by governmental confu¬sion and dissent, culminating inKasabubu and Lumumba’s public¬ly firing each other.Last MaroonThis is the last Maroonof the winter quarter. Thenext issue will appear onTuesday, March 27.Greater stability seems to be ap¬proaching in the Congo situation,he said, under Adpulla. the soundest and fastest way forthe UN to overcome its financialproblem and continue to supportthe emergency Congo activities isby a $200,000,000 bond issue.The bonds would be redeemablein 25 years by the UN, and bearinterest at the rate of two percent per year.The Foreign Relations commit¬tee of the Senate is currently con¬sidering President Kennedy’s pro¬posal that the United Statespurchase half of these bonds.Republican opposedTwo Republican senators, how¬ever, feel the United Stales wouldbe too generous if it bought thebonds. George Aiken of Vermontand Bourke Hickenlooper ofIowa instead advocate a two yearUS loan to the UN of $100,000,000at an interest rate higher thanthe bonds.Officials of Kennedy’s adminis¬tration have reportedly expresseddisapproval of the Aiken-Hicken-looper proposal, which was pre¬sented to the Senate Monday asan amendment to the bill author¬izing the Bond purchase.Their feeling is that the USwould pay more of the emer¬gency’s bill with its short termloan than by purchasing bonds.The UN, on the other hand,feels that if it succeeds in main¬taining world peace, the economyof its members will so improvethat in 25 years redeeming thebonds will not be difficult.The bonds will be repaid withmoney from the UN’s regularbudget, for which all membernations are assessed by the gen¬eral assembly on the basis of theirrelative prosperity.US pays 40%On this basis, the United States'share is ±0r/o, but as it has beenagreed that no one nation willcontribute more than 1/3, the USpays 32%.The general budget, coveringstaff expenses, has presented noproblems. Nations have paid theirdues consistently, and, accordingto the UN charter, those thatdon’t usually lose their vote inthe General assembly.The UN also gets funds fromvoluntary contributions to specialprograms, such as the technicalassistance program, to which manynations contribute.Last October, 86 nations volun¬ teered $100 million for a programof expanded technical aid. TheUS volunteered 40% of thismoney.The UN’s financial problemsstem from controversy over em¬ergency expenses. Some nationsfeel those expenses are not bind¬ing on those who do not wish topay; whereas others feel they arsas binding sis the regular UN bud¬get because the actions causingextraordinary expenses are votedby the security council or gen¬eral assembly.The last assembly authorizedthe secretary general to ask theinternational court of justice foran advisory opinion to settle thisdispute.In the case of the Congo, im¬mediate action had to be takenin 1960 in response to a pressingappeal from the Congolese gov¬ernment. The UN has beenworking on curbing disease, re¬cruiting school teachers, andhelping development of the Con¬go’s economic life, while policingthe area and working for Congo¬lese unity.Soviets won't payAlthough it supported the orig¬inal resolution to send a UNforce into the Congo, the Sovietunion won’t help pay for it. Ithas been reported that Sovietopposition to the project stemsfrom Russia's failure to gain con¬trol over a part of the Congo.France, perhaps because of itstroubles in Algeria, NorthernAfrica, also has refused to helppay for the Congo forces.Other nations which are under¬developed cannot afford to con¬tribute any money.Seventeen nations, however,mostly from Asia and Africa, havecontributed manpower to the Con¬go effort. (It was agreed thatthe major powers would not con¬tribute men).And so, because of others’ un¬willingness to cooperate or in¬ability to pay, a large share ofthe financial burden falls backto the United States.“The United States could havopaid all” of the debt, accordingto Philip Klutznick, US repre¬sentative on the economic andsocial council. However, the bondissue is a means of restoring “asense of mutuality and collectiveresponsibility” to the UN.(continued on page 3)—N e WS b its 3wmMtmso*msw^Beadle speaks at PennUC president George Bea¬dle will deliver three lectureson genetics this month at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.The first in this series of 1962Jayne Memorial lactures will be“From Mendel to Watson andCrick,” given Wednesday. The oth¬ers, “In molecular terms” and“Evolution andman,” will be March 14 and 21. Cox, regarded as one of theoutstanding wrestlers in the Mid¬west, racked up a 15-1 record Hewill go down weight class fromhis normal weight of 137 to com¬pete at 130. Baillie, 8-4-2, will slimdown 130-123.Pierce has exhibitionJames Gilbert, associateprofessor of humanities, willhave a display of water colorsand oils in the second floorlounge of Pierce towers throughMarch 17.The exhibition will be a retro¬spective show, that is, about 25paintings covering a period oftime, and done in Puerto Rico,Martha’s Vineyard in Massachu¬setts, and Chicago.Matmen in NCAA meetMaroon wrestlers Cliff Coxand Jim Baillie will competein the NCAA college divisionmeet at DePaul university inGreencastle Indiana Friday andSaturday. Both are sophomoresand have co-captained the Maroonsfor two years. Schedule 2 buses to NYTwo Student Governmentof buses, instead of the oneoriginally scheduled, will leavefor New York next week.One of the buses will departThursday evening, March 15. Theother will leave the next day at7 pm. Both buses will leave NewYork City on Sunday afternoon,March 25, to arrive on campus thefollowing day.The round trip costs $26 25.Seats are still available and canbe obtained with a $10 deposit inthe SG office today from 5 to 6pm and tomorrow from 12 to 5pm. Those who have already madereservations are reminded by SGthat their $16.25 balance is due.Aspen skiing plannedInterim skiing at Aspen,Colorado, is being planned bythe UC Outing club.The group will stay at theSt. Moritz lodge, within walkingDR. A. ZIMBLER, OptometristIN THENEW HYDE PARK SHOPPING CENTER1510 E. 55th St. DO 3-7644EYE EXAMINATIONSPRESCRIPTIONS FILLED CONTACT LENSESNEWEST STYLING IN FRAMESSTUDENT DISCOUNTfor college undergraduatesOUR "346" DEPARTMENTAND OUR UNIVERSITY SHOPThese two fine departments offer a widechoice of practical, good-looking clothingand furnishings, reflecting our taste, ex¬clusive styling and unmatched experiencein outfitting undergraduates. We inviteyou to visit our stores during Spring vacar.,tion, and make your selections.OUR "346” DEPARTMENT.(sizes 36 to 46)Dacron® Polyester and Worsted Tropical Suits} $80Woollen Suits, $90 to $105Tweed Sport Jackets, jrom $65 to $75OUR UNIVERSITY SHOP(sizes 35 to 42)Dacron® Polyester and Worsted Tropical Suits ,$ 60Washable Suits, jrom $40Odd Jackets, jrom $25 * Blazers, $40Khaki Chino Odd Trousers, $ 10ESTABLISHED 1818SSjSsTB^Servs furnishings, Hats %$hoes74 E. MADISON ST., NEAR MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 2, ILL.NEW YORK ♦ BOSTON • PITTSBURGH • SAN FRANCISCO • LOS ANGELESCHICAGO MAROON • Mar. 7. 1962 distance of the slopes. Cost ofthe trip is $95, including trans¬portation by bus, lodging, insur¬ance, and breakfasts and dinnersat various Aspen restaurants.Ski lessons and equipment rent¬als are available at the lodgeInformation can be obtained atthe Administration building in¬formation desk.Beadle to lectureUC President George Beadlewill be the principal speaker atthe 9th Charter day ceremoniesof the University of California atLos Angeles on March 27. Faculty in peace groupA group of University of Chicago faculty members arejoining faculty on other campuses in the formation of a new“broadly based,” peace group. The new group is called theCouncil for the Gradualist Ways to Peace.“The council’s purpose is to putbefore the public, and before thegovernment, a third alternative topeace, between surrender and nu¬clear war,” stated Hans Morgen-thau, head of the UC council.Morgenthau is professor of poli¬tical science and history, and di¬rector of the center for the studyof American foreign and militarypolicy.The UC group already hasabout 30 adherents. Other chap¬ters have been formed at Stan¬ ford university, Harvard univer¬sity, the University of Wisconsin,Columbia university, and TheUniversity of California at Berk¬eley. The council was started byProfessor Anitai Etzioni ofColumbia. i Etzioni spoke at UCseveral weeks ago).A letter which was sent out tofaculty members states .hat Thecouncils are committed to fourprinciples.Calendar of EventsWednesday, 7 MarchLecture: •‘The united-capital mer per.”Charles M. Mason, Business East 103,1:30 inn.Episcopal evensong: Bond chapel, 5:0 5pm.Varsity track meet: UC v*. Universityof Wisconsin, Fieldhouse. 7 pm.Israel folk dance: Ida Noyes hall, 8pm.Folk dancing: Ida Noyes hall, 8 pm.Meeting: Steering committee for thenew peace group, 5445 Woodlawnavenue, 6 pm.Illustrated lecture: “Hittite art.” EkresnAkurgal, Brested hall, 8:30 pm.Thursday, 8 MarchEpiscopal Holy communion: Bond chapel,11 :30 am.Rifle club: Field house. 4 pm.Lutheran vespers: Bond chapel, 5:05pm.Lecture: ‘‘High-energy physics in theMidwest,” Albert V. Crewe, directorof Argonne laboratory, Eekhart 133,8 pm.Lecture: “The place of Virtues in theIntellectual life.” Gerald F. Kreyche.professor, DePaul university, 5544foreign car hospitaltec page 4PEUGEOTI960 4 door, in excellent condition.A one - ownercar ^/TOAlso 1957 PLYMOUTH4-door with automatic (901%transmission e* » »HYDE PARKCHEVROLET5506 LAKE PARK AVE.DO 3-8600Open Sundays 11-4; evenings til 9 Woodlawn avenue. 8 pm.Lecture: “Soviet intelligentia five yearsafter the thaw,” Leopold Haimson,assistant professor of Russian history,history club, Ida Noyes library, 8pm.Friday, 9 MarchLutheran matins: Bond chapel, 11 :30am.Colloquium: “Study of neutron-irradi¬ated metals and alloys after cold¬working,” G. V. Kurdjumev. a di¬rector of the National Academy ofSciences, Moscow, Computer institute133, 2 pm.Rifle club: Field house. 4 pm.S.-.bbath services: Hillel foundation, 7:45pm.Lecture: “Thucydides' The PeloponnesianWar,” Christian W. Maekauer, pro¬fessor of history, 64 E. Lake street,room 201. 8 pm.Lecture: “Psychological realities in thepost-Colonial world.” Lucian Pye,professor of political science at MIT,social science 122, 3:30 pm.Motion picture: “Our Man in Havana.”Burton-Judson, 8 pm and 10 pm.Faculty Revels (Quadrangle Club):Mandel hall, 8:30 pm.Saturday, 10 MarchFaculty Revels: Mandel hall, 8:30 pm.Radio series: The World of the Paper¬back. WBBM. Gwin Kolb, professor ofEnglish, 10:45 pm.Sunday, 11 MarchRoman Catholic Masses: Calvert house.5735 University avenue, 8:30, 10, 11,and 12 a.m.Episcopal communion service: Bondchapel, 9:30 am.Lutheran communion service: GrahamTaylor chapel, 10:00 am.Radio series: From the Midway. W'FMF.“Population perspectives in the UnitedStates Today,” Philip M. Hauser,professor of sociology. 11 »m.University Religious service: RockefellerMemorial chattel. Convocation Sunday,Benjamin E. Mays, president. More¬house college. Atlanta. 11 am.Carillon recital: Rockefeller memorial chapel, Mr, Robbins, 4 pm.Methodist and Porter Foundations’vesper service: Thorndike Hiltonchapel, 6:30 pm.Discussion: Brent house. Rev. WilliamMcLean, 5540 Woodlawn avenue, 6:30pm.Lecture: Quaker house. “Non-violence— the Indian ev perience,” MattherJohn, 5615 Woodlawn avenue. 7 pm.Episcopal evening prayer, 5510 Wood¬lawn avenue. 8 pm.Folk dancing: Ida Noyes hall. Folkloresociety, 8 pm.Bridge club: Ida Noyes hall. 7:15 pm.Radio series: The Sacred Note, WliBM780 kc, 10:30 prruMonday, 12 MarchEnglish class: International house, 5:30pm.Motion picture: Charles Chapin no. 11and 12, International house, 7 and9 pm.Tuesday, 13 MarchLecture: “Love pays-Paul Fromer, Swiftpm.Lutheran services: Bond chapel, 11:30am.Lenten Organ Recital: Rockefellerchapel, 8:30 pm, Edward Mondollo.Folk dancing: International house, 7pm.Wednesday, 14 MarchEnglish class: Inter national house, £.30pm.Thursday, 15 MarchLutheran vespers: Bond chapel, 5:05pm.Lecture: “An Inducible state of thoRous Sarcoma Virsu.” Howard Tomin,Ricketts north, 4 pm.Record concert: International house, 8pm.Friday, 16 MarchLutheran service: Bond chalet, 11:30am.Saturday, 17 MarchConvocation: Rockefeller chapel, 10 am,Chauncy Harris will speak.attention too.”hall 208, 1-30Typewriters, Tape Recorders, CamerasCheck our stock of good values. In new and used itemsUNIVERSITY OF CHIGAG0 BOOKSTORE5802 ELLIS AVE. CHICAGO 37. ILLSIC FLICS“I say, is there a tobacco Heldsomewhere near here?” *■>!!}! .(IlGAPyETTESLIGGETT t> MV**A TO*AtCO (* Imrnmmmmmmm21 GREAT TOBACCOS MAKE 20 WONDERFUL SMOKES!AGED MILD. BLENDED MILD-NOT FILTERED MILD-THEY SATISFYBeadle, Tax, Brown think report 'excellent'I’ve told you that Skin Bracercools rather than burns.Because it's made with Menthol-Ice.”Quite, sir. And this...”'Besides, that crisp, long-lasting Braceraroma has a fantastic effect on girls."(continued from page 1)ry occur in the renting of apart¬ments;6. setting up a standard appli¬cation and system of processingapplications for admission to UCbuildings;7. reorganizing the studenthousing office’s off-campus hous¬ing file to assure that none of thebuildings listed would discrimin¬ ate against any student becauseof “race, color, creed, or nationalorigin.**The Committee also suggestedthe establishment of a reviewboard to assure that no violationsof policy occur. The board, to becomposed of one faculty member,one administrator, and one trus¬tee, none of whom are otherwiseFaculty favors bonds(continued from page 1)Since all stales will help repaythe bonds by their contributionsto the General assembly, “everystate, in accordance with itscapacity will contribute to peaceand security as well as to econ¬omic and social measures,” hesaid.Hans Morgenthau, professor inthe department of political scienceand director of the center for thestudy of American foreign andmilitary policy, stated that he wasdefinitely in favor of the bondissue.“I think the UNT has worked infavor of the US," he said, "Thisis indicated by the opposition ofthe Soviet bloc to it. Public opin¬ion has gone from one extremeto the other. Fifteen years agopeople thought it was a generalpanacea, but since problems havecome up, they have gone to theother extreme.”"We should take a pragmaticattitude,” he suggested, "askingwhat are the advantages and thedisadvantages of each view, andwhat would be the best for theUS.”Also in favor of the proposi¬tion was Joel Seidman, professorin the social science division.“I’m in favor of it,” Seidmansaid, “because I think the UNneeds support. I think increasedauthority to the UN is vital in this kind of world. The UN hasto be able to perform its func¬tions, aifd countries have to helpit meet its financial obligations.”C. Herman Pritchett, professorand chairman of the departmentof political sciences, said he wascertainly in favor of the proposal."It does seem to be an effectiveway of giving the UN the financ¬ing it needs, and one which willrequire Russia and other count¬ries to help pay off the bonds,”stated Pritchett.Maynard Krueger, associateprofessor of economics, asserted,“We ought to buy the bonds. Idon’t see any alternative. Wecan’t possibly let the operationof the UN stop.”And another faculty memberall in favor of the issue wasHerman Finer, professor in thedepartment of political sciences.Finer said, "The UN needs money,especially for its special and em¬ergency service, and no matterthat the Soviet Union and othercountries claim that theyshouldn’t contribute, it has to getmoney from somewhere.“In addition, the question willarise before the Internationalcourt of justice just whether theSoviet Union and all countries willbe legally compelled to contribute.As a means of raising money andas an ingenious way of illustrat¬ing the legal liabilities of default¬ers it’s a sound proposition.” connected with the housing sit¬uation, would also undertake anannual review of establishedpolicy.In addition to these recommen¬dations, the Committee also sug¬gested several long term meas¬ures. Stating that a mass whiteexodus from Hyde-Park-Kenwoodwould threaten the University’s“very existence,” it was sug¬gested that "In its efforts toachieve integration, the Universi¬ty must also take steps to pre¬vent the exodus of whites andthe development of an all-Negrocommunity.”A long-range research projectInto the problems of the com¬munity was also suggested. Thecommittee stated that, "Werecommend that the Universityaccompany its actions to imple¬ment its policy with a compre¬hensive program of research de¬signed to contribute basic knowl¬edge on the problem of inter¬group relations and to developpractical guides to the day-to-dayprocesses involved in creatingand maintaining an integratedbuilding, block, and community.”Believing that community in¬tegration can be best facilitatedin a climate of city-wide openoccupancy, the committee alsorecommended that “The Universi¬ty should recognize that its com¬munity objectives can more ef¬fectively be achieved in the longrun if the city as a whole and, infact the metropolitan area as awhole is open to Negro occupan¬cy. The University should lendits efforts towards establishingoccupancy policies throughout the metropolitan area whichwould permit experimentationwith managed integration to theend that physical blight and de¬cay are not accelerated and thatadditional all - Negro neighbor¬hoods are not formed thereby.”University President GeorgeBeadle, felt that the faculty com¬mittee “did an excellent job,giving a thorough, good reviewof the total problem.”The report will be consideredin detail by the administration,Beadle noted. "I’m sure this re¬port will be a valuable one foreverybody concerned,” the presi¬dent commented. "The recom¬mendations will be consideredwith great care, as the reportevidences a great knowledge ofthe situation.”Professor of anthropology SolTax stated that the report was“remarkably good.” In a fewweeks, he noted, the faculty com¬mittee has “pulled together factsthat are relevant and has come toconclusions that will surely leadto definite action.“I think it is especially grati¬fying,” Tax continued, “that inthe community effort to establishan interracial neighborhood it isnow shown that the Universityhas exercised much more leader¬ship than most of us had realized.In comparison to its positive con¬ tributions the faults that we havenoticed become minor pecadillos."If the University continues onthe tasks ahead with the sameforce and success that this re¬port shows it to have done in thepast,” Tax said, “the resultscould be important for the wholenation. What if we should nowtake leadership with other im¬portant community forces toreally break down residentialsegregation in the whole metro¬politan area? This no longerseems impossible.”Ray Brown, vice president foradministration, stated that theUniversity would "review the re¬port, and see where changes fromexisting methods should be under¬taken.” Brown said that changesin the University’s housing policyas a result of the report wasmerely a matter of practices,rather than ends."The ends outlined in the re¬port,” he noted, “are the sameones that the University alreadyhas. The question becomes oneof means.”foreign car hospitalsee page 4JOIN HANDSTHE QUADRANGLECLUB REVELSSpecial Performance for StudentsThursday, March 8, 1962, 8:00 P.M.MANDEL HALLTickets: $1.00 upon presentation of U. of C. ID card at Maude! Hallfox Office on night of performance. 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Write: CAMPUS NATION AlGUARDIAN, 197 East 4th St., N.Y.9 N.Y.WINSTON TASTES GOOD like A cigarette should!Housing report is ‘constructive statement9The faculty committee re¬port on UC rental policiesseems to us one of the mostconstructive statements tocome out of the now twomonth old controversy overalleged segregation in Universityowned off-campus housing. In adispute in which so much of whathas been said on both sides hasbeen irrational, a thoughtful, pro¬vocative job of reporting has atlast been done.The amount of research doneby the three man committee wasphenomenal. During a month anda half of work they spoke withrepresentatives of every faction inthe segregation dispute. The re¬port shows this work, as it alsoindicates a good deal of readingof relevant material.Before proceeding to a discus¬sion of the substance of the hous¬ing report, we would like to com¬mend the committee for the his¬tory of the problems of urban in¬tegration which was appended.This history (reprinted with theremainder of the report in thisissue of the Maroon is probablythe most intelligent analysis ofa complicated problem to be foundoutside large volumes. It shouldbe required reading for anybodypresuming to discuss the comple¬xities of urban sociology.The substantive conclusions andrecommendations made by thecommittee show no less thoughtthan does the history. In writingthese sections of the report, thecommittee took no care to sup¬port either faction in the segre¬gation dispute. Both the UC admi¬nistration and those who advocate an immediate end to all segrega¬tion in Hyde Park were intelli¬gently criticized.The report takes the positionthat while the University’s an-nouced goal of tsable integra¬tion in Hyde Park is an enviableone, the methods used have oftenbeen faulty. It was noted thatthere has never been until re¬cently an articulated and unifiedadministration policy on wh< canget an apartment in a University-owned building. In many cases,those responsible for making thefinal decision have been lowerechlon employees, employees whoare in no position to either stateor to interpret University policy.Aimed at correcting this wrongare several suggestions for im¬provement of the administrationof UC rental properties. Amongthe suggestions, it is proposedthat a new high level official beappointed to supervise all rentalprocedures. This official would beresponsible for making sure thatat no way along the immense UCbureaucracy would Universitypolicy become distorted.Also included in the report areseveral long range plans. Theseinclude a research project in whichUC faculty members would care¬fully study the problems of theHyde Park - Kenwood communityto try to find a permanent solu¬tion to some of its problems.Another recommendation callson the University to work foropen occupancy throughout theChicago metropolitan area. Yetanother suggests that the studenthousing office’s file of off-campusstudent housing be completely non-discriminatory.None of these proposals are ori¬ ginal with the committee. Indeed,most have been suggested oftenbefore. But, coming from threedistinguished faculty members, theproposals gain far greater res¬pect than has previously been ac¬corded them. They are all pro¬posals which have always madesense to us, and we sincerely hopethat they will be adopted by UC’sadministration.The whole segregation issue nowrests with the administration. Thestudents have spoken and nowthree leading members of the fac¬ulty have added their opinion. Un¬ fortunately, there has been no in¬dication from the administrationas to what is going to be donewith the report.Officially the report seems tohave no status; it could be re¬garded only as the opinion ofthree faculty members. After stu¬dy by the administration and theBoard of Trustees it could verywell be discarded.We are sure, however, that thiswill not be the case. In assign¬ing this task to the committee,President George W. Beadle atleast tacitly stated that theru is a good deal more to the HjdePark - Kenwood situation than iscurrently known. It is h.ghlydoubtful that Beadle or other lead¬ing administrators would assign atask of this magnitude only t0discard it if it expressed criticismof University policy.That the report will be givencareful consideration we have no Idoubt. We can only ask thosewho will be in a position to im¬plement its suggestions to takeserious cognizance of what it sa\s.The report could make the work Jof integration in Hyde Park - Ken¬wood much easier.Add 2 scientists to facultyTwo outstanding researchscientists have been appointedto the University of Chicagofaculty.Jack Halpern, an inorganicchemist who is now professor ofchemistry at the University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, Can¬ada, will become a chemistry pro¬fessor.Donald S. McClure, a physicalchemist, presently a senior memberof the technical staff in the re¬search laboratories of the Radiocorporation of America, Princeton,New Jersey, will be professor inboth the department of chemistryand the institute for the study ofmetals.Clyde A. Hutchinson, Jr., profes¬sor and chairman of the depart¬ment of chemistry, said that bothappointments will become effectivenext fall.Halpern and McClure are the first professors to be added to thefaculty under an expanded $11 mil¬lion effort in materials research atthe University.Additions to the faculty in thematerials are made possible by a4-year $2.3 million contract betweenthe University and the advancedresearch projects agency of theUnited States Defense Departmentfor a stepped-up scientific assaulton atomic and molecular mysteriesin the structure of matter. Univer¬sity funds and other governmentgrants are included in the $11 mil¬lion expenditure projected for thefour-year period.Halpern, 37, has made importantcontributions to the understandingof the reactivities of inorganic sub¬stances. McClure, 41, has workedboth in the field of organic crystalsand in the study of inorganic ionsand complexes of inorganic ions incrystals.Hutchinson pointed out that Mc¬ Clure “has a very great interest inthe possibility of extending hisstudies into the realm of biology.Therefore, McClure will bring toour department a strong linkageof interests among the physical,chemical, and biological fields.”Halpern has been a member ofthe chemistry department at theUniversity of British Columbiasince 1950. During 1959-60 he tookleave as Nuffield foundation travel¬ing fellow in the department oftheoretical chemistry at Cambridgeuniversity, England. In 1961, In1was named professor of chemistryat the University of British Columbia.He holds BSc (1946) and PhD(1949) degrees from McGill uni¬versity, Montreal.McClure has been a member ofthe RCA scientific staff since 1955.From 1946 to 1955 he was at theBerkeley campus of the Universityof California as assistant chemist,instructor, and a^jjistant professorin the department of chemistry.McClure holds a BCh degreefrom the University of Minnesota(1942) and a PhD from the Uni¬versity of California (1948).MORTON'SBEAUTY SALON5100 S. CORNELLFAirfox 4-556SAsk About our University SpecialsIts whats up front that counts[FILTER-BLEND! is yours in Winston and only Winston.Up front you get rich golden tobaccos specially selectedand specially processed for filter smoking. Smoke Winston.Mar. 7. 1962Faculty reports on UC housingThe following is the com¬plete text of the memorandumon lJC rental policies sub¬mitted to President GeorgeBeadle by the three manfaculty committee on neigh¬borhood housing.A new and hard look is beingtaken today at the problems ofinter-group relations. These prob¬lems appear in as wide a varietyof contexts that they must berecognized as among the mostimportant to be found in our so¬ciety and in the world at large.More than 65% of the facultyand administration and 70% ofthe students of the University ofChicago, both overwhelminglywhite, live in the Hyde Park-Kenwood community.I Allison Dunham, chairmanMore than 80% of both livewithin three miles of the Univer¬sity. In this multi-racial com¬munity for faculty students andcitizens of Chicago, relationshipsamong people of various ethics,religious and racial backgroundsare matters of day-to-day living:in the schools, churches and class¬rooms, on the job, in the hospi¬tals, at recreational facilities, andin our arrangements for housing.This Committee believes thatan important opportunity liesahead for the University, thefaculty, and the community — toadd significantly to the know¬ledge on which better solutionsto the problems of inter-grouprelations must rest. The Univer¬sity may thus capitalize on itsenvironment in carrying out itsprimary of contributing to learn¬ing and understanding on mattersof importance to society.You assigned this Commitee anarrow though significant task:"to review and evaluate the poli¬cies and practices of the Univer¬sity of Chicago with respect tothe occupancy of its property onand off the campus.” In yourMemorandum to us of January23. 1962, you added, "I shall wel¬come any suggestions you mayhave for improving our policiesand practices,” and you urged usto report promptly.In reaching the conclusion andrecommendations presented here,we have benefited from extensivediscussions with individuals in andoutside of the University com¬munity, who have without excep¬tion been most generous in pro¬viding us with time and ideas.The individuals with whom wetalked represent a wide range ofinterests and points of view butin the main share with the Uni¬versity administration the goalof achieving a stable inter-racialcommunity of high standards inthe University neighborhood.We have also tried our best todevelop accurate information on(a) urban population movementsgenerally and in Chicago and theUniversity neighborhood, (b) Uni¬versity-owned residential proper¬ty in the neighborhood, (c) theoccupancy patterns in this pro¬perty as compared with that sur¬rounding it, and (d) the policiesol the University in administeringthese properties., This information is summarizedln the Attachments. These are: A. Review of Urban PopulationMovements and Patterns ofResidential Land Use in theNation, in Chicago, and inHyde Park-Kenwood.B. Residential Property Hold¬ings and Their OccupancyPatterns.C. Statement of Current Uni¬versity Policy.D. The University’s Organiza¬tion for Administering itsResidential Properties.We present first the conclu¬sions we have drawn from ourwork and second our recommen¬dations. We are unanimous inthese conclusions and recommen¬dations.CONCLUSIONS1. The University’s attitude to¬wards Hyde Park - Kenwood andadjoining communities has gonethrough two phases, with a thirdone emerging. Until the early1950’s, the attitude was one oflaissez-faire. In this phase, neigh¬borhood development was not re¬garded as an oppropriate subjectfor University action.This attitude gave way to oneof active intervention withoutwhich, it was apparent, the areawould be inundated by slum con¬ditions jeopardizing the Univer¬sity’s ability to carry out its pri¬mary job of education and re¬search.The objectives in this phasewere to block further slumdevelopments, to eliminate al¬ready blighted buildings, and toassure those living in the areathat it woul regain its essentialcharacter.A third phase is gradually tak¬ing form. Pre-occupation withphysical demolition has given wayto interest in new dwellings andcommercial buldings and attentionis turning more and more to socialobjectives, the attainment ofwhich will promote the educa¬tional goals of the University.Such objectives include the at¬traction of new residents to thearea and the objectives are sum¬marized by the phrase, “a stable,inter-racial community of highstandards.”2. The University has long fol¬lowed an exemplary policy of non¬discrimination in the conduct ofits educational and research func¬tions, a policy in keeping with thehighest ideals of equal opportunityand tolerance in inter-group rela¬tions. This policy affects suchmatters as the admission of stu¬dents, the hospitalization of pat¬ients, the use of dining facilitiesoperated by the University, thehiring and promotion of membersof the faculty, employment in awide variety of staff positions,and living arrangements for stu¬dents in the dormitories. Therecord on all these matters speaksfor itself with eloquence.3. It is inaccurate to say thatthe University does or can con¬trol patterns of occupancy in resi¬dential property in its neighbor¬hood. Nevertheless, as discussedin Attachment B, the University’sinfluence is and can be great.This influence is expressed in awide variety of ways, and at thecost of considerable drain ongeneral University resources. Oneresult is the operation of the resi¬dential properties owned by theUniversity, an operation whichwe were requested to review.4. Our information is that theUniversity owns about 121 resi¬dential properties in the area, withlocations and patterns of occu¬pancy as shown in Table 1. Twelveof these buildings are single-familyhomes and eight are apartment-hotels.Of the 101 multi-unit buildingsin the area reserved for studentsor operated commercially on thebasis of long-term leases, 33 orabout one-third containing about60 percent of the total rentalunits are currently occupied byboth Negro and white tenants.Proportions in individual buildingsvary widely but about 107 units,some 6 per cent of the total, areoccupied by Negroes in contrastto a percentage of less than threeper cent in the student body.It should be noted that about 55 per cent of the rental units in¬volved are reserved exclusivelyfor students, mostly married stu¬dents. The 33 University-ownedbuildings with a stable pattern ofmixed-occupancy probably repre¬rent the bulk of stable, mixed-occupancy buildings in the area.Of these 33 buildings, 2 hadmixed-occupancy at the time ofacquisition, 5 were all-Negro, and27 were all-white. It is our im¬pression from many discussionswith individuals in the communitythat these facts indicating a lead¬ership position of the Universityon building integration are notwidely known.5. Insofar as its administrationof residential properties and itsgeneral efforts to influence neigh¬borhood developments are con¬cerned, however, the University iswidely mistrusted. The principalreasons for the mistrust and hos¬tility appear to be (a) the nat¬ural reaction to any large insti¬tution associated with a massiveprogram of slum clearance anddemolition, (b) dissatisfactionwith policy or with the process offormulataing policy, and (c) abelief that policy is not put ef¬fectively into practice. Manypeople have expressed this hostil¬ity to us in language more color¬ful than we have used here.6. The program of slum clear¬ance:a.The University’s policy andoperations with off-campusproperty have been one ele¬ment in its concerted andmassive effort to renew itsdeteriorating immediate en¬vironment and must beunderstood in the contextof the total effort. Facedwith the prospect of neigh¬borhood blight and decayand of occupancy by whiteand Negro in-migrants,with styles of life incom¬patible with the operationof a great educational andresearch institution, theUniversity initiated andparticipated in one of thefirst major efforts at ur¬ban renewal in the UnitedStates — a major experi¬ment to renew and pre¬serve a deteriorating ur-'ban area and to create astable, inter-racial com¬munity with high stand¬ards.b.In participating in thisgargantuan and unprece¬dented task, the Universityas well as the City and theFederal government hasbeen associated with theuprooting and dispersion ofresidents of Hyde Park andKenwood who lived inblighted buildings andcation, skills, and style oflife incompatible with aUniversity environ. Theseconditions reflected adver¬sely not so much on them,as on our society. Too of¬ten they were not providedwith opportunities for ac¬quiring an adequate edu¬cation, skills and style oflife. But it must be recog¬nized that urban renewal—a joint Federal and localgovernment program — ha®become a matter of na¬ tional policy regarded asessential to the preserva¬tion of our cities through¬out the nation.Moreover, the Federalgovernment has made spec¬ial provision for urban re¬newal in university areasfor the purpose of preserv¬ing universities and permit¬ting necessary expansion asimportant urban and national resources. The al¬ternative of “no urbanrenewal” would condemnthe population of low socio¬economic status to perpet¬ual existence in blightedor decayed urban plantand force the flight ofmany activities and popu¬lations, including the Uni¬versity, from the city.c. The neighborhood renewaland preservation programwas undertaken by theUniversity only after beingconfronted with real notimaginary threats to itscontinued existence. Theincreased incidence andpublication of unsavoryneighborhood “incidents”led to visible loss of fac¬ulty, staff, and students,and also to increasing diffi¬culty in recruitment. Itmay more soundly be arg¬ued that the Universitywas extraordinarily late inundertaking a program topreserve itself — not thatit was unjustified in doingso.d. In the first phase of theneighborhood renewal andconservation activities, theprogram involved a relent¬less policy of eliminatingall pockets of blight, de¬cay and the populationswhich were drawn to suchareas — both white andNegro. As it turned outlarger numbers of whitethan of Negro personswere affected in the firstphase of the program.Since the Negro has re¬cently become the majorin-migrant and the mostrapidly growing element ofChicago’s population, itwas inevitable that thelow-income Negro wouldbear the main brunt of thetotal program.e. The fact that the low-in¬come Negro has borne themajor burden of changeresulting from the clear¬ance program has no doubtin itself led to resentmentand to a question in manyminds as to whether theUniversity is “anti-Negro.”This question places a par¬ticular burden on Univer¬sity policies in its own resi¬dential properties, especi¬ally those operated on acommercial basis. The re¬sult, one would think,would be the conduct ofthese operations on a mostcareful and thorough basis.In our judgment, opera¬tions have not been so con¬ducted, so that inevitablequestions and feelings ofresentment have been exa¬cerbated.7.Policies and the process ofieir formulation:a. Until very recently, therehas not been a publicly-stated policy on occupancyof University-owned resi¬dential properties. In ef¬fect, it has seemed to theresidents of the area (andthis appears all too true tothe Committee) that policyhas been left in the handsof the middle and lowerechelons of the organiza¬tions managing the pro¬perty.b. The statement of policyreproduced as AttachmentC appears to be the pro¬duct of a process of evolu¬tion marked by periodicoutbursts of dissatisfac¬tion over the way rentalproperty Is administered.Each outburst or incidentapparently produced a shift in policy, at least inthe view of the particularoffice on which the inci¬dent was focused. The re¬result has been that Uni¬versity policy has not beenclear to the faculty, stu¬dents, or general public.Even among the groupscharged with administra¬tion of this policy, wefound differences of viewabout just what the policywas at a given moment ofrecent time.c.The net appearance givenby this nudged and pushedprocess of policy formula¬tion is one of confusion andreluctance, leading to hos¬tility and mistrust.8. Administration of policy:a. The organization for ad¬ministering residential pro¬perties is not clear-cut in¬sofar as lines of authorityand responsibility are con¬cerned and, as we have justnoted, Inadequate direc¬tion was given the operat¬ing employees. This mayaccount in part for the ex¬tremely loose and casualway applications for rentalunits are handled. Further¬more the real estate in¬dustry in Chicago knowsso little of operations inmixed occupancy communi¬ties, that there is almostno available supply of per¬sonnel trained for the taskthe University real estateoffices face.For whatever the reasona wide variety of inade¬quately prepared peopleare apparently authorizedto accept and reject ap¬plicants and to answer allmanner of questions involv¬ing policy issues, even overthe telephone to an un¬known and unseen inquirer.Even aside from issues in¬volved in this report, thesepractices appear to be un¬wise. In view of the sensi¬tivity and importance ofoccupancy policies andpractices, the prevailingmethod of administration,in the judgment of the-Committee, cannot be justi¬fied.b. The Committee has ex¬amined the cases manufac¬tured by students affiliat¬ed with UC CORE andpresented to the adminis¬tration some weeks ago.While we pass no judgmenton the particular detailsof the individual cases, weview them as helpful inportraying accurately theloose administrative prac¬tices that have been fol¬lowed and the gap betweenpolicy and practice that hasresulted. The cases alsosuggest important policyissues which we take up inthe presentation of ourrecommendations.9. The Committee is impressedwith the fact, not generally rec¬ognized, that of the total popu¬lation of Hyde Park in 1960,45,577 persons, 40 per cent, werenon-white — 38 per cent Negro.Of the total population of Ken¬wood in 1960, 41,533, 85 per centwere non-white. Most of thesetwo communities have already,(continued on page 6)♦ ’Mar. 7, 1962 • CHICAGO MAROON • 5Changes in administation procedure asked(continued from page 5)largely within the past decade,become characterized by solidNegro neighborhoods. Of the87,000 persons in the two com¬munities combined, approximately50,000, well over half, were Neg¬roes living in virtually all Negroneighborhoods. About 27,000 livedin areas which, as of 1960, had23 per cent or fewer non-whites.In addition, Southeast Kenwoodwith 10,583 persons, was 55 percent non-white in 1960.More specifically, the almostall-Negro neighborhoods includedNorthwest Hyde Park, 14,356, 79per cent non-white; SoutheastHyde Park, 3.974, 67 per centnon-white; and Southwest Ken-Hyde Pork street scene—on area soon to be re¬developed.wood, 8,659, 89 per cent non¬white. (North Kenwood, north of47th Street, is virtually all-Negroand is omitted from the discus¬sion because no effort has beenmade to create an interracialarea there). The predominantlywhite neighborhoods includedNortheast Hyde Park, 17,113, 23per cent non-white; SoutheastHyde Park, 6,008, 4 per cent non-W’hite; ;and South Central HydePark, 4,157, 4 per cent non-white.By reason of demolition andconstruction activities the propor¬tions of non-white in the sub-areas of Hyde Park with 23 percent or fewer non-whites in 1960has undoubtedly risen since; con¬trariwise, the proportion non¬white in Southeast Kenwood hasundoubtedly decreased since 1960.Thus, the problem of achievingintegration in the total HydePark-Kenwood Community Areasat this point in time consists oftwo quite distinct tasks. First,to achieve integration in South¬east, South Central and North¬east Hyde Park, the problem isone of increasing non-white in¬habitants in a manner to bringabout a stable interracial com¬munity of high standards. InNorthwest Hyde Park, SouthwestHydt Park and Southwest Ken¬wood, to achieve integration it isnecessary to reintroduce whitepopulation into already all-Negroneighborhoods. (In SoutheastKenwood it is not known at thistime, pending the effect of urbanrenewal activities, whether thetask is to increase or to decreasethe number of non-whites tocreate a stable integrated com¬munity). Neither of these taskshas yet been achieved anywherein the nation in communities ofcomparable size. Although bothwill be difficult to accomplish,there can be little doubt that thelatter, which requires the reintro¬duction of whites into all-Negroneighborhoods, will be consider¬ably more formidable than theformer, which requires the entryof non-whiles into preponderantlywhite neighborhoods.Stability important10.It is the consensus of theCommittee that the creation of astable, inter-racial community isan important objective and oneworthy of great effort by theUniversity. The successful accom¬plishment of this objective wouldconstitute a major contribution tothe solution of problems of inter¬ group relations in the City ofChicago, and, indeed, in the world.The University merits acclamationfor what it has already done to¬ward this goal, and support in themajor tasks which still lie ahead.The undertaking, it must be recog¬nized, is an experimental one. Ithas never yet been accomplishedin the United States for a popu¬lation as large as that involved.There is no guarantee of success.The cost of the task in humanand monetary terms is enoimous.The need is obvious for carefuland systematic research as nextsteps are taken. The Committeebelieves that the University mustcontinue to work for an inte¬grated area and to do so in amanner that will broaden under¬standing of the processes andproblems involved.11. The evidence Is overwhelm¬ing that neighborhoods with achanging pattern of racial occu¬pancy can turn quickly into all-Negro neighborhoods once uncer¬tainty develops among the whitepopulation about future neighbor¬hood composition and under con¬ditions where the forces of supplyand demand make the operationof apartment houses most profit¬able on a high-density, low-standards basis. Further steps inthe direction of an integratedarea must be taken in the Uni¬versity neighborhood on the basisof a deep respect for the prob¬lems involved, and with a realiza¬tion that mistakes which lead toall-Negro blocks or buildings aremost difficult to reverse. Butthese problems should not lead toinaction. The Trustees, the fac¬ulty, the students, and the publicat large expect the University tolead in its own behavior and toset high and demanding stand¬ards for its own performance.12. On balance, the Committeefeels that the University has, inthe circumstances, accomplishedmuch in a relatively short timetoward its goal of ridding its im¬mediate neighborhood of blightand decay and moving toward theestablishment of a stable, inter¬racial community of high stan¬dards. By professional criteria,the scope, planning, and complex¬ity of its urban renewal and con¬servation activities are uniqueand its execution outstanding. Itshould not be surprising that mis¬takes have been made in this un¬precedented activity but there isreason for the University, thecommunity and its organizations,the City of Chicago, and the Fed¬eral Government to take pride inwhat has been accomplished.As the next phase of the pro¬gram gets underway, howrever —the social as distinguished fromthe physical phase — special caremust be taken to avoid some ofthe types of mistakes which havehave been made. It will be par¬ticularly important to maintaingood community relations, to bemore open about University act¬ivities, and to utilize the manyresources at hand, including itsown faculty, community organiza¬tions, and various outside re¬sources in the City and nation.RECOMMENDATIONSI.The University, in our view,is entering a new phase in itsrelationships to Hyde Park andKenwood, in which is should em¬phasize participation in a positiveprogram to achieve a stable, inter¬racial community of high stan¬dards. This effort will necessarilyinvolve the University in coopera¬tive efforts with a wide variety ofcommunity and governmentalunits and for many purposes. Itspolicies on occupancy of its resi¬dential properties will play a partin these efforts, but only a part.We recommend that the Univer¬sity make every effort to achievecommunity-wide support for itsprogram of community develop¬ment in Hyde Park and Kenwood.Simultaneously, the Universityshould do all it can to assist ad¬joining communities to achievebetter neighborhoods and shouldstrive to develop good workingrelationships with such commun¬ities. Ask open occuponcy2. We recommend that the Uni¬versity should recognize that itscommunity objectives can moreeffectively be achieved in the longrun if the city as a whole and,in fact, the metropolitan area asa whole is open to Negro occu¬pancy. The University shouldlend its efforts towards establish¬ing occupancy policies throughoutthe metropolitan area whichwould permit experimentationwith managed integration to theend that physical blight and de¬cay are not accelerated and thatadditional all-Negro neighborhoodsare not formed thereby.3. We welcome the policy state¬ment in Attachment C. WTe re¬commend that this statement betaken to mean that race and coloras such are never to be used asa basis for excluding a personfrom occupancy of University-owned accomodations; but intenant selection the Universitymust establish and maintain anaffirmative program of managingits properties so as to help pro¬duce a stable, inter-racial com¬munity of high standards in whichit can perform its educational ob¬jective effectively. Thus, occu¬pancy decisions of the Universityw’ould be made in light of twosimultaneously operating princip¬les: that the University should somanage its properties as to helpand maintain a stable inter¬racial community of high stan¬dards and that a person is eligibleto occupy University-owned ac¬comodations regardless of race,assuming other uniform and highstandards of occupancy are met.It is recommended that in de¬termining occupancy the Univer¬sity give priority to its faculty,students and administrative staffwithout regard to color and in allother cases consider the contribu¬tion which any occupancy, whiteor Negro, makes to its communityobjective. Thus decisions on theadmission of a particular non-University applicant for a specificUniversity accommodation willbe made in the light of conditionsin the block or building involved.In summary then we recommendthat the University adopt a policyof managed integration to producean inter-racial and stable com¬munity in which it may operateeffectively. The meaning of thisstatement will be clarifiedthroughout the balance of theserecommendat ions.4. We recommend that the Uni¬versity accompany its actions toimplement its policy with a com¬prehensive program of researchdesigned both to contribute basicknowledge on the problem ofinter-group relations and to devel¬op practical guides to the day-to-day processes involved in creat¬ing and maintaining an integratedbuilding, block, and community. Although the University mustbe ever mindful that its missionis primarily teaching and re¬search, it must contribute asmuch as it can to the ameliora¬tion of the serious urban prob¬lems — physical and social, withwhich contemporary Americansociety is confronted. The mosteffective way to do this is tohelp its interested faculty mobil¬ize substantial resources to workon problems such as those foundin its own immediate neighbor¬hood and in adjoining communi¬ties. Therb are grave problemsto be found affecting the futureof the entire City as well as thatof the University in respect toeducation, delinquency, crirqe,housing, unemployment, recrea¬tion, transportation, and themaintenance of urban services ingeneral.Research suggestedThe University does have facul¬ty competent to conduct researchon and to contribute to the solu¬tion of many of these problemsin such departments as educa¬tion sociology, geography, econ¬omics, in the committee on hu¬man development and in theschool of law, business admin¬istration, social service adminis¬tration and medicine. The pro¬posed Urban Research Centernow under consideration withwhich faculty members interestedin this subject could associatethemselves, could play a crucialrole in the mobilization of suchresources for action as well asfor research.5. The University is involvedand will continue to be involvedin the complex and demanding jobof managing social change. Itmust face up to this task explic¬itly. This Committee feels thatexisting administrative arrange¬ments are not satisfactory. Theyhave not produced clearly artic¬ulated policies. They have notproduced a pattern of consistentadministration. They have not al¬layed the mistrust and hostilitytow'ard this aspect of Universityoperations, even in a communitywhich more generally takes afierce pride in the excellence andthe accomplishments of the Uni¬versity. Much of this mistrustand hostility will disappear if theUniversity creates organizationalarrangements that are clear andclearly understood; if it makesan explicit statement of generalpolicies along the lines suggestedin these recommendations; andif it takes known steps to seethat policies are put into practice.We recommend that the Univer¬sity organize itself on the assump¬tion that the task is one of greatmagnitude and importance, call¬ing for distinctive administrativetalent of a high order.Change arrangements6. We recommend that the pres¬ent administrative arrangements for controlling on and off campusresidential property be changed.We do not feel competent to |;,ydown on anything approaching ;,nauthoritative basis a blueprintfor proper organization to ue-complisli this task. We neverthe¬less set forth an explicit set ofsuggestions in the belief that theymay be a basis for fruitful dis¬cussion.7.We recommend that there bo lstrong over-all direction for allcommunity relations, housing andrental activities of the Universityand we suggest that this directionbe placed in a high ranking of¬fice, reporting directly to thePresident. The head of this of¬fice must be a man of high qualitywhose time will be largely de¬voted to neighborhood problemsgenerally and the administrationof University properties in partic¬ular. His duties and objectivesshould include the following:a. supervise offices for buyingand selling property, dealingwdth student housing, helpingarrange for housing for fac¬ulty and administrative stall,and administering housingopen to the general public;b. be active as the University'sofficial representative inwork in a systematic waywith other groups on campusand in the community on thecomplete range of problems(schools, recreation, controlof crime, etc.) with whichthe community deals;c. give consideration to delegat¬ing once more the manage¬ment of Hie University’s com¬mercial properties to exper¬ienced realtors who wouldbe subject to the centralizeddecisions with respect to oc¬cupancy. An agency withexperience in inter-racialhousing may have developedpersonnel and proceduresthat could perform the neces¬sary services more efficientlythan the University can per¬form them for itself;d. see in any case that highstandards are used to selectthose who will represent theUniversity in the assignmentof housing. Those employ edshould be fully conversantwith University policy at allpoints where University-con¬nected personnel or the gen¬eral public contacts theUniversity for decisions onoccupancy. Such personnelmust be screened to excludeboth the realty agent towhom “open occupancy'1moans all-Negro occupancy,or “no vacancy” means all-white occupancy;(continued on page 7)TABLE 1University-Owned Building by Location and OccupancyLocation TotalBuildings TotalRentalUnits Buildings wdthNegro and WhitsOccupancy Units in Buildingswith Negro andWhite Occupancy UnitsOccupiedby NegroesHyde aPrk to 55thCottage to Woodlawn 12 275 5 193 15Hyde Park-Madison Tarkto 5 5th 1 /Woodlawn to the IC tracks 12 460 7 361 2255th to 59thCottage to Woodlawn 41 469 9 2/ 167 3855th to 59thWoodlawn to the IC tracks 19 332 3 178 7South of Midway 3/ N 17 371 4 245 25Totals 101 4/ 1,907 33 1,144 107V—Also 6 Apartment Hotels containing 542 units.2/—An additional 5 buildings with a total of 22 rental units are presently occupied entirely byNegroes.3/—Also 2 Apartment-Hotels containing 200 units.4/—In addition to the 8 apartment-Hotels not included in this total, the University presentlyowns 12 single-family dwellings scattered throughout the area.Housing report considers Hyde Park historyobjective cannot be achieved inthe Hyde Park-Kenwood com-(continued from page 6)e we that the application pro- ... ... ..cm is centrally a«ln.i,.i,- ™n,t,es with the active pai lie,pa-lereit, I»r kntk University- °f, tl'e University, the p,os-connected ami non-University f.c' ot. ll* , af'e,v«> <"se.applicants, thus removing whf? ,,n ’he Un,,<* * Ifrom lower-level real eslate “m y mC d,SCOUraB'nslypersonnel and property man¬agers the authority to deter- 10: No one should expect thatmine eligibility for occupancy the objective of a stable, inter-of University-owned or op- racial community of' high stan-erated residential properties, dards will lead to identical meth-Such personnel should be re- ods of implementation in all partsstricted to showing vacancies of the neighborhood and in allto applicants and managing typos of buildings. In the pre-the operation of the proper- dominantly white sector boundedties. This procedure should by 55th, 59th, Woodlawn, and theapply to the apartment- IC tracks, for example, the Uni-other versity should assume the initia¬tive under a managed program forintegration, beginning with itsown faculty, students and admin¬istrative staff and continuing withNegro applicants who meet therequisite standards. It should alsouse its influence to encourage The program should bejudged as a whole and thedetails of ownership, occu¬pancy and outlook for aparticular bulding at a par¬ticular time should not bedisclosed by the University.(b) Community support for theprogram as a whole is ofvital importance. Our dis¬cussions through-out thecommunity strongly suggestthat a well-conceived pro¬gram by the University willbe well-received by othercommunity organizations.We recommend that theUniversity work with asmall community advisorycouncil in periodic discus¬sion of neighbor hood deve¬lopments including but notrestricted to aspects ofUniversity operations.12. The University cannot suc¬ceed if it acts alone. Its stake ishotels as well as toUniversity properties;f. see that an application pro¬cess, including an appropri¬ate form and regular inter¬view, is developed for use inprocessing applications foroccupancy in Universitybuildings, thus providing in¬formation adequate to permiteffective implementation ofa housing policy for Univer¬sity-connected personnel, onthe one hand, and managedintegration, on the other;g. reorganize the file of non-University housing in the stu¬dent housing office so thatall vacancies listed have beencarefully screened to see thatgeneral living conditions areappropriate lor students andthat all vacancies listed areopen to students without re¬gard to race, color, creed, ornational origin.8. A review procedure should beset up to see that policies are putinto practice and to advise theadministration on policy. Sincethis procedure would review Uni¬versity housing in terms of long¬term objectives, it should be com- other property owners in the area large, but others too have a stake,posed of University people with to follow suit within the frame- Its resources are great, outlong-term attachment to the Uni- work of managed integration. hardly great enough if adminis-versity. On the other hand manaecd tered i;i isolation and in an at‘. ,un ‘ne °!ncr nana’ manag, mosphere of distrust. Talent, goodWe suggest a three-man integration in a predominantly wil, and ^ intentions aboundgroup, one trustee, one ad- Negro sector may sometimes best in this communi(y. We believe theministrator, one Faculty mem- be served by maintaining an all- University should seck and canber, in each case a person not white building. Still a different use aU the help it can t in itsconnected with the housing problem is presented in an area efforts to maintain a neighbor-operation in any direct way. where( the emerging racial com- hood environment compatible withits main objectives. And we be-Any two of these could re¬ceive information about a par¬ticular case, if the grievanthas processed the case fullywithin the appropriate adminis¬trative machinery. position of the block or area isuncertain. Thus we feel that astatement is incorrect if it as¬sumes that the only way to inte¬grate a neighborhood or blockis to integrate each individualpiece of property in that area or societyThis group should also make block. We recommend that Uni-a yearly review of operations, versity policy statements shouldIt* recommendations and re- not suggest that every buildingports would be made orally to must be integrated,this Neighborhood Committee.(See Attachment D to identify Cite 'threat* properties lieve it can turn this aspect ofits environment to advantage asa natural laboratory for the ad¬vancement of knowledge about apressing problem of our day andThe Committee is awrare of thefact that its conclusions and re-comendations may seem to go farbeyond its terms of reference “toreview policies and practices ofthis Committee of Trustees and For examiile in some huildines Ihe University of Chicago withAdministration). acquired as part of the Univer- respect to the occupancy of its9, The University should think sity’s efforts to help conserve the Properties on and off campus.” Itnow about the next steps to be neighborhod, the so-called “an- has- ,n fact< dealt with commun-taken in implementing its general chor” or “threat" properties, in- ^ Clty< a"d m.e‘r01K) lp";ar)etia’sttaement of policy. In so doing, tegration of the building may be and national problems. But theit must recognize the basic im- incompatible with the objective Committee is convinced that Um-portance of a structure of supply of maintaining a stable, inter- verity policy and practice in ope-and demand that will yield an in- racial community of high stand- ratl0n °* lts ®J’n hous"1g «jn beintegrated community. For ex- ards. In such a case, the Com- a"d pVrsu<Jd y,ample, in the social phase of the mittee recommends that students J^he bl°fd context m whudl xt hasredevelopment program which w-e not be referred to vacancies in becn placcd in this report,have now reached it is important the building. In any case, this Ato increase “social” investment in Committee feels that an active MTTacnmeilT Mthe area in such matters as bet- program of experimentation and Review of Urban Populationter schools, cultural centers and research throughout the area is Movements and Patterns of Resi-recreational facilities to help esential if neighborhood objectives dential Land Use in the Nation,create effective demand for resi- are to be achieved. We recom- in Chicago, and in Hyde Park-den ce in the area In addition mend that the University under- KenwoodLur'fne^h •'** • °j nroeram^ * ^ The need for the University of^ othi i,y Umv**ty and proSram- Chicago to re-examine policy withthat key community groups n A program such as the one respect to racial occupancy of itsneirhhn.h V1 rman\& mixed just outlined will be most difficult properties arises from the playand Wlll,be a com' to carry through under the best of forces deeply imbedded in theof »y h Cfm^luI\lty ^r.x.lCel of circumstances. The Committee history and social organization ofhigh standard. Without feels that two steps should be the United States, the Chicagosuch efforts to increase demand taken by the University in an ef- Metropolitan area, and the Hydefor residence in the area, admin- fort to develop circumstances that Park-Kenwood and adjoining com-istrative efforts alone would fail. wdl be ^avorable. munities. In consequences, it is(a) What is done should be not possible to examine the policydone quietly. The Univer- and practice of the University insity should neither adver- respcct to housing and racialtise widely its intentions occupancy, nor to consider recom-with respect to a particular mendations for next step exceptbuilding or block nor seek jn the context of national, metro-publicity for events as they ]itan and ]ocal community de-occur. Experience suggests , , , ,that integration comes velopments’ retrospectively andabout most easily, works prospectively. Full considerationmost successfully, and, in of the relevant factors is, oftruth, is most meaningful source, not possible in this report,when the fact of Integra- But the Committee has felt ittion is taken for granted, desirable to set forth majorIn its efforts to achieve inte¬gration, the University must alsotake steps to prevent the exodusof whites and the development ofan all-Negro community. Suchan exodus W’ould not only jeop¬ardize the University’s missionand threaten its very existencebut, also, would contribute a ser¬ious setback to efforts throughoutthe nation to create stable inter¬racial neighborhoods. If such an aspects to the background situa¬tion both to make explicit theperspectives with w'hich it ap¬proached its task and to providea framework in the light of whichits recommendations may be bet¬ter undestood.The National Background. Asrecently as 1910, 89 per cent ofthe Negroes in the United Statesresided in the South. This re¬gional concentration of Negroeshad changed but little from 1860when the Census, taken just be¬fore the Civil War, recorded that92 per cent of the Negroes in thenation lived in the South. Thefirst large internal migratorymovement of Negroes began dur-nig the World War I in responseto the simultaneous operation ofa number of forces. These includ¬ed: 1) manpower shortage forrapidly expanding industry in theNorth, including war industryduring World War I when theUnited States w'as the arsenal forAllied Powers; 2) European im¬migration which normally fulfilledsuch manpower needs was virtu¬ally halted by successful subma¬rine warfare which swept Alliedshipping from the high seas; 3)the beginning of crop diversifica¬tion and industrialization in theSouth and rural depression whichtended to push Negroes from thesoil to which they had been root¬ed historically.The net effect of these factors!was the movement of largestreams of Negroes from the ruralSouth to the industrial North.Immigration reducedAs the result of the passage ofthe Immigration Acts of the1920’s and the continuing econo¬mic development of the South,immigration was drastically re¬duced and the Negro continuedto serve as a replacement for theEuropean immigrant to meet theneed for unskilled labor for thenation’s rapidly expanding indus¬trial plant.Large internal migratory flowsof Negroes from the South to theNorth continued during the twen¬ties, dwindled to minute propor¬tions during the depression thir¬ties, and were then greatly aug¬mented by the acute manpowershortake generated by World WarII, when again the United Statesserved as the arsenal for the na¬tions aligned aganist the Axispowers.During World War II internalmigratory streams of Negroesflowed to the West Coast as wellas to the North. In consequence,by 1950, the proportion of Ne¬groes left in the South had de¬clined to 68 per cent. During thefifties the internal movementcontinued under the conditions ofthe Cold War so that by the endof the decade, 1960, only 60 percent of the Negroes in the nationremained in the South. This massmovement of population whichincludes rural and mountain whitepopulation as well as Negroes,_ isstill under way and may be ex¬pected to continue for some time.The movement of Negroes fromthe South to the North and Westhas been largely a movementfrom rural and small communitiesto large metropolitan areas of thenation, including Chicago. In 1910,before these movements beganonly 27 per cent of the Negroesin the nation lived in urban placesclassified by the Census — thatis places having 2500 or more in¬habitants. By 1960, 73 per centof the Negroes lived in urbanplaces, a larger proportion thanof the white. Over 95 per centof the Negroes in the North andWest, and 58 per cent of those inthe South had similarly becomeurban by 1960. These figures tella dramatic story of a people whoin less than two human genera¬tions were down from a primitivefolk culture in the rural South to“urbanism as a way of life.”Acute problems of accomoda¬tion and acculturation were cre¬ated by such a shift and weregreatly augmented by the piti¬fully inadequate preparation of the Negro in his rural place oforigin in the South for lift inurban and metropolitan areas.One index of his insufficient prep¬aration is found in the fact thatas recently as 1950 (the 1960Census results are not yet avail¬able on this point) median yearsof schooling for the Negro in therural South was 4.8 years, a levelagreed upon by educators as con¬stituting “functional illiteracy.”Negro ill-preparedBut lack of formal education isonly one of the symptoms of lackof preparation for urban living.For the Negro bringing with himhis pitiful share of the Americanway of life carries in general astyle of life in many respects in¬compatible with lhat of the estab¬lished urban population and espe¬cially the middle income popula¬tion. He is the victim of the rela¬tively primitive conditions of theunderdeveloped rural South inwhich a subculture has evolvedfor both white and Negro inhabi¬tants incompatible with manyaspects of urban living.The Negro’s lack of preparationfor urban living reflects adverselyupon the American scene ratherthan the Negro himself, becauseit derives from the limited socialand economic opportunity open tohim in this country. But, never¬theless, the contrast between thein-migrant’s style of life and thatof the established urban popula¬tion has becn a major factor inthe frictions which have accompa¬nied mass movement of in-mi¬grants into urban white commu¬nities and underly the friction notonly between the establishedurban w'hite population and theNegro but, also, betw'een it andthe “hillbilly” white.The internal migration of Ne¬groes has in large measure con¬sisted in the shift from a concen¬tration of Negroes in the ruralSouth to a concentration of Ne¬groes in a relatively small num¬ber of large urban areas. The 12largest urbanized areas in the na¬tion in 1950, for example, accoun¬ted for about half (48 per cent)of the total increase of Negropopulation. In the North andWest, between 1950 and 1960, theincrease of Negroes in the 10largest urbanized areas accountedfor 70 per cent of the total in¬crease in Negro population inthese regions.Finally, to complete the na¬tional picture, in consequence ofthe shift from the rural slum liv¬ing in the South to urbanism asa way of life, the Negro has ex¬perienced a profound transforma¬tion in the rhythm of his ownreproduction. Negro natural in¬crease — that is excess of birthsover deaths — has risen to ex¬tremely high levels, approxi¬mately 70 per cent above that ofthe white. As a result, after be¬coming a declining proportion ofthe population during the centuryfrom 1830 to 1930, the Negro isnow rising proportion of the totalpopulation. More Negroes in ab¬solute number will be added tothe population of the UnitedStates in a single generation from1950 to 1980, at present rates ofincrease, than were added duringthe previous three centuries.The Metropolitan Chicago Back¬ground. In 1900, while the Uni-vesity of Chicago was still com¬pleting its first decade as an edu¬cational institution, there wereonly 30,150 Negroes in the city ofChicago making up 1.8 per centof the population. By 1960, thisnumber increased to over 800,000and Negroes made up 23 per centof the total population of theCity. These numbers embody adramatic picture of rapid Negropopulation increase and a drama¬tic transformation of many areaswithin the City of Chicago. Thesettlement of Negroes in the Cityhas been subjected to intensiveanalysis by University facultywhich, in fact, has made compre-(continued on page 8)Mar. 7, 1962 • CHICAGO MAROON • 7Negro migration to Chicago is discussed(continued from page 7)hensive studies over the years ofthe processes by which newcom¬ers settle in an urban area.The great increase in the Negropopulation of the city necessarilyled to competition between Ne¬groes and whites for living space.Resident white populations resist¬ed movement of Negroes intotheir neighborhoods and workedboth openly and covertly in usingboth legal and illegal measures.As a result of the net effect ofsuch pressures and the forcesoperating within the Negro com¬munity itself, the Negro becameconcentrated into “ghettos” inthis as in other cities. Up to 1950,in Chicago as in other cities inthe nation, the Negro was largelyconcentrated in segregated areas.A word is in order clarifying“the forces operating within theNegro community itself.” En¬claves of homogeneous popula¬tions have always in some mea¬sure resulted from the desire ofpeople with like characteristicsto live together, as well as pres¬sure from the outside. Thus, inChicago today there are still sig¬nificant enclaves of German,Irish, Scandinavian, Polish, Ita¬lian, Jewish and other immigrantsmaintained by internal ratherthan external forces. It is tobe expected that a large propor¬tion of the Negro population inChicago will for some time tendto live in clusters by choice evenif it were possible to eliminateall external pressures. This con¬clusion has certainly received atleast partial support in NewYork, where Harlem continues asa Negro community despite theopen occupancy laws of both NewYork City and New York State.Successive new waves of Negroin-migrants tended to flow toareas already inhabited by Ne¬groes. Analysis of the pattern ofNegro settlement in the city from1910 to the present time, indi¬cates that wherever a substantialproportion of Negroes less than100 per cent already resided, theproportion always increased.There were virtually no instancesof mixed white and Negro popu¬lations in a census tract at anyone Census in which the Negroproportion failed to increase at asubsequent Census.The increase of the Negro popu¬lation in the City was accompa¬nied by an expansion of the Negroghetto area, “the black belt” toadjacent areas. The patterns ofsettlement of “succession” in Chi¬cago has been described by theDuncans as consisting of penetra¬tion, invasion, consolidation andpilling up. “Penetration” is usedto indicate the Negro initial en¬trance into a community, “inva¬sion” as appreciable increase inproportion, “consolidation” theexodus of whites and the emer¬gence of another segregated Ne¬gro area, and “piling up” the finalstage in which Negro populationcontinues to increase and the den¬sity of the area rises to levelsmuch greater than was the casewhen the community was occu¬pied by its previous residents.Research has indicated that theprocess of Negro settlement inChicago has been an irreversibleprocess, partly, certainly, becauseof the continuing increase ofNegro population. That is, oncethese various stages of successionhave been achieved the process,as a result of the play of naturalforces, has, with insignificant ex¬ceptions, never been reversed.Only by active intervention, asin the Lake Meadows and Prairie Shores situations, has a signifi¬cant reversal been possible.Also important to the under¬standing of the present situationin which the University of Chi¬cago finds itself, is the processby which land use has been de¬termined within metropolitanareas and population has been ac¬cordingly distributed in space.Cities have had their origin ororigins at points which encom¬passed their original function andhave been grown outward fromsuch points. The process of out¬ward growth or “radial expan¬sion” has been effected largelythrough the play of market for¬ces. There has been a tendencyfor the areas farthest from thecenter of the city, or point oforigin, to be the most desirablefor residential purposes, becausethe outlying areas were alwaysthe newest areas and residentialhousing in them embodied the im¬provements of a rapidly advanc¬ing technology.-In consequence, in the growthof most U.S. metropolitan cities,and certainly Chicago, there wasa tendency for the population tobecome stratified in space withthe higher socio-economic groups itself. This was to be expected,in accordance with the pattern ofoccupancy and land use and popu¬lation distribution described. Thus,in 1910, in the Chicago StandardMetropolitan Statistical Area as awhole, only 1.8 per cent were Ne¬gro, and by 1960, 14.3 per cent.In 1910, the population outsideChicago but in the Chicago Metro¬politan Statistical Area — subur¬bia — was only 1 per cent Negro.By 1960 it was still less than 3per cent Negro, as compared with23 per cent for the City. By 1960,streams of Negro population, re¬flecting the play of ecological for¬ces described, began to approachthe cty boundary line on the westand on the south. It is likely thatduring the sixties the pressure ofNegroes to break across cityboundary lines into the outlyingareas will become intense and thatbreakthrough will be achieved.The confinement of Negroes tothe City would result in growingpressures for Negro occupancy ofthe University area, as well as ofother neighborhoods. The easingof pressures toward all-Negrocommunities is, therefore, a metro¬politan area wide, rather than city,problem.Hyde Park - Kenwood and Ad¬joining Community. Hyde Parkand Kenwood are two of the re¬cognized “community areas” in the Negro population into Hyde Parkmuch earlier. Finally, Woodiawnto the south of Hyde Park hadbecome 13 per cent Negro by 1930,and 39 per cent Negro by 1950.Thus, it was clear on -the basisof researches which had been con¬ducted by University of Chicagofaculty members over the years,and the accumulating Census data,that the Hyde Park and Kenwoodcommunities would, without inter¬vention, be subjected to the sameprocesses which had led to almostsolid Negro neighborhoods in ad¬joining areas. Morepver, it wasalso clear that at first the Negronewcomers would have relativelyhigh socio-economic status andthen, under the pressure of theexpanding Negro population,would be followed by a populationof relatively low socio-economicstatus.The expanding in-migrant popu¬lation was regarded as early as the1930’s and forties as constitutinga serious threat to the continuedexistence of the University of Chi¬cago as an outstanding educationaland research institution. It wasnot until the fifties, however, thata combination of University initi¬ative and the evolving of the ur¬ban renewal program made possi¬ble a concerted effort to stem theplay of natural forces and inter¬rupt what wit seemed must be theMKCINT Of MiOKO KONHATION, IN CINSUS TiACTJ CITY Of CHICAGO ItSG? • I MKCINT Of NCGtO KOfUiATION IN CINSUS TV ACTS CITY Of CMICAOO. 1**0Maps show concentration of Negro population in Chicago in 1950 (left) and in1960. Unshaded arear have less than 5% Negro residence, lightly shaded areas 5-9.9%,gray area 10-39.9%. See chart on next page.living toward the periphery, andthe lower socio-economic groupsliving toward the center, of thecity. The older, inner areas of thecity have therefore undergone a“natural history.” Originally con¬taining the places of residence ofthe fashionably elite, they havebecome, as they became relatively“inner” zones with the growth ofthe city, successively the place ofresidence of middle class families,working class families, and even¬tually areas of blight and slum.Thus, with only one exceptionin Chicago — the “Gold Coast”— as the result of the interven¬tionism by means of zoning — theinner areas of the City have be¬come transformed from high in¬come or middle class neighbor¬hoods to areas of blight and slum.This process until recently, withthe advent of the urban renewalprogram, has also been an irre¬versible one.The ecological forces whichhave produced our land use pat¬terns and stratified the popula¬tion in space by social and eco¬nomic status have operated, ofcourse, for both the white andNegro population. The Negropopulation although confirmed toa narrow belt in the city has dis¬played the same spatial patternas the white. The higher socio¬economic class of Negro is, ingeneral, located the farthest awayfrom the center of the city. Inthe process of succession, thepenetration and invasion by Ne¬groes of white occupied commu¬nities was initially led by rela¬tively high income Negroes. Butwith the continued and rapidgrowth of the Negro population,higher income Negroes were inturn successively displaced bythese of lower income.The flow of Negroes to the Chi¬cago area was confined almostentirely to the City of Chicago City ot Chicago in which the Uni¬versity of Chicago faculty and stu¬dents are largely concentrated.The University itself is located atthe southern end of Hyde Park.The location of Hyde Park andKenwood in relation to the expan¬sion of Negro population is evidentin the appended map. Kenwood isCommunity 39 and Hyde ParkCommunity 41. As the southside“black belt” expanded, it passedsouth of and well to the west ofthe Hyde Park - Kenwood areas asearly as 1920. The increasing andexpanding Negro population, how¬ever, spread into adjacent areaseastward as well as westwardfrom its main route along SouthState Street. It had penetratedKenwood by 1930, at which time185 Negroes lived in the area. In1940, there were still only 278Negroes in Kenwood. “Invasion”can be said to have begun duringthe forties — resulting in a popu¬lation of almost 3500 Negroes by1950. Hyde Park, which had 521Negroes in 1930, and 573 in 1940,showed a population of about 1800in 1950.Communities adjoining HydePark and Kenwood were similarlyaffected and those closer to theexpanding Negro community re¬ceived much larger proportions ofNegro population, as might be ex¬pected from the patterns outlinedabove. At the south of Kenwood— Oakland had a 22 per cent Ne¬gro population in 1940 and reacheda level of over 77 per cent Negroby 1950. Grand Boulevard to thewest of Kenwood had less than10 per cent Negro population in1940 but had reached a level of50 per cent by 1950. WashingtonPark community area, to the westof Hyde Park, had already become90 per cent Negro by 1930 and in-increased to about 99 per centNegro by 1950. The presence ofWashington Park between theWashington Park CommunityArea and Hyde Park had servedas a barrier to the overflow of inevitable decay of the Universityneighborhood. Through a combi¬nation of activities embracingthose of - the Southeast ChicagoCommission, the passage of newlegislation in part initiated by theUniversity, the development,through various stages, of the Fed¬eral urban renewal activities, themobilization of the community it¬self through the Hyde Park-Ken-wood Community Conference, andother activities, an effort wasmade to halt the play of “naturalforces” threatening the Universitycommunity and the life of the Uni¬versity itself.The program of interventionism,however, could affect only a limit¬ed portion of Hyde Park and Ken¬wood. By 1960, the communitiesadjoining Hyde Park and Kenwoodhad gone almost entirely Negro:Oakland 98 per cent, Grand Boule¬vard 99 per cent, Washington Park99 per cent, and Woodiawn 89 percent. Kenwood and Hyde Park al¬so experienced great increases inNegro population but not quite tothe same extent as these surround¬ing communities. The KenwoodCommunity Area as a whole hadbecome 84 per cent Negro by 1960from a 10 per cent level in 1950,as the result of the increase in Ne¬gro population from about 3,500to 35,000 and the decline in whitepopulation from about 30,000 to alittle over 6,000. The Hyde ParkCommunity Area as a whole hadincreased from 3 per cent Negroin 1950 to 38 per cent by 1960.These data for the communityareas as a whole, however, do nottell the full story of the impactof tlie interventionism described.While it was not possible evenwith the new tools at hand greatlyto influence the entire area, it waspossible to prevent the formationof an all-Negro community in theneighborhoods immediately adjoin¬ing the University which containthe major portion of its facultyand students. The data are summarized in Ta¬ble 1. The table contains informa¬tion for “non-whites” rather than“Negro” in order to be comparablewith the special survey data for1956 obtained in connection withthe urban-renewal program. It isto be noted that for Hyde Parkas a whole “non-whites” in 1960constituted 40 per cent as com¬pared with 38 per cent Negro.Kenwood in 1960 had 85 per cent“non-white” as compared with 8tper cent Negro.In Northwest and SouthwestHyde Park where “natural forces”were mainly at work, non-whitepopulation increased between 1950and 1960 from 6 to 79 per cent,and from 16 to 67 per cent, re¬spectively. Most of the increase inboth sub-areas had occurred, as isevident in the table, by 1956. InNortheast Hyde Park non-whitesincreased from 3 to 23 per centduring the decade, and in South¬east Hyde Park changed from 5to 4 per cent, a decrease from 466non-white to 218. In both theseareas market forces operated toretard explosive non-white increas¬es by reason of the relatively ex¬pensive housing they contained, es¬pecially in the Southeast section,as well, undoubtedly, as a result ofrestrictive practices. In SouthCentral Hyde Park, the area inwhich the University is locatednon-white population remained at4 per cent in 1950, 1956 and I960.It actually declined numericallyfrom 288 in 1956 to 181 in 1960.These statistics, however, alsodo not tell the whole story'. The1960 Census was taken at a timewhen South Central Hyde Parkwas partly levelled by urban re¬newal demolition and before newhousing construction was complet¬ed. Thus, between 1950 and 1960,total population in this area de¬clined from 6,545 to 4,157. Sincethe 1960 Census was taken, newtown housing and the UniversityApartments have been erected andoccupied: and the occupants in¬clude Negro and other non-whitepersons. In any case, it is appar¬ent that interventionism has pre¬vented the immediate neighbor¬hood of the University from ex¬periencing the great transforma¬tion from all-white to all-Negrooccupancy experienced by adjoin¬ing neighborhoods.The effect of interventionism isalso to be observed in Kenwood,although in more attenuated formIn North Kenwood, north of 47thStreet, now shown in the table,the area had become 97 per centnon-white (also Negro) by 1960.In Southwest Kenwood, non-whiteoccupancy increased from 14 to89 per cent during the decade, andmost of the increase had occurredby 1956, when the area was 86per cent non-white. In SoutheastKenwood where limited interven¬tionism was exercised, non-whiteoccupancy rose from 5 per cent in1950, to 55 per cent in 1960. Butthe 1960 Census was taken beforethe demolition which has occurredsince, and which is still under way.The net effect of interventionismin Southeast eKnwood will not beknown until the urban renewalprogram is completed and newhousing is fully occupied; butthere can be little doubt that itwill tend to reduce the relativelyhigh level of non-white occupancyreported by the 1960 Census.Implications of Background Ma¬terials for the University of Chi¬cago. The background materialspresented above show clearly thatthe University of Chicago, origin¬ally located in an outlying, subur¬ban, middle class area of the city,was, as the result of natural for¬ces, faced with basic communitychanges threatening the survivalof the University as a great educa¬tional and research center of na¬tional and international, as well aslocal, importance. That is, if theUniversity’s immediate area be¬came a solid Negro community,and particularly one of low socio¬economic status with a style oflife incompatible with that of fac-(continued from page 9)8 • CHICAGO MAROON • Mar. 7, 1962Report includes statement of UC policy(continued from page 8)uliy, students and staff, the Uni¬versity would be faced with a seri¬ous situation. The threat was, ofcourse, more than conjectural.There was ample evidence availa¬ble to the University administra¬tion in the form of loss of faculty,difficulties in recruitment of fac¬ulty, and difficulties in increasingthe student body to a size whichcould be accommodated by theUniversity’s $200,000,000 plant.Although University actioncame relatively late, it was under¬taken with great vigor in the1950’s. Moreover, by the 1950’slocal and national outlook andprogram had greatly changed, newlegislation had been enacted andinterventionism of the type in¬volved in urban renewal activitieshad become accepted as both de¬sirable and necessary for the pre¬servation of urban areas.In undertaking the vigorous pro¬gram designed to protect the com¬munity in the 1950’s, the Univer¬sity from the outset was aware ofthe important moral issues in¬volved, including those arisingfrom the need to uproot popula¬tions of low socio-economic status,both white and Negro. This wasthe inevitable corollary of the ef¬fort to eliminate blighted slumdwellings. The University also re¬cognized from the outset the mor¬al issues involved in its effort toprevent its immediate neighbor¬hood from becoming an all-Negrocommunity. It may also be saidit recognized from the outset thatthe threat to the University laynot in the prospect of havingneighbors with skin of a differentcolor, but rather with the prospectof a population, both white andnon-white, with a style of lifeincompatible with that requiredfor the continued existence of theUniversity.The University’s objective,therefore, became one of maintain¬ing Hyde Park and Kenwood asmiddle income communities inwhich it could continue to existand to thrive. From the beginningit became the goal of the Univer¬sity, not to prevent the Negrofrom becoming part of the neigh¬borhood but, rather, to keep theneighborhood a high standardcommunity in which the Negrocould and would become an impor¬tant element. The objective of theUniversity, in brief, became theestablishment of a stable; middleincome, interrracial community. Itwas realized that, in the short run,there were not enough Negroes ofhigh socio-economic status in theentire City of Chicago to populateHyde Park and Kenwood in amanner compatible with the styleof life required by the University;and that, in the long run, it wouldbe undesirable, both from thestandpoint of the white and Negropopulation, for Hyde Park andKenwood to be added to the listof all-Negro neighborhoods in thecity.The University, then, undertookits mission of doing what it couldto make Hyde Park and Kenwoodstable, middle-income, interracialcommunities with full awarenessof the difficulties involved. Forone thing, the first middle-income,stable, interracial community inthe United States has yet to beestablished ip communities of thesize involved.Attachment BResidential Property Holdingsand Their Occupancy PatternsThe committee received fromthe Community and real estateoffice a list of University-owmedbuildings in the University neigh¬borhood. This list includes 121buildings. Some of these havewore than one postal address orentry, a fact which can lead tovariations in the total derived bydifferent individuals from the samelist.Table 1 shows the location andoccupancy of these buildings. Ex¬eluding the 8 apartment - hotelswhere leases are typically of lessthan one-year duration and the 12single-family homes about one-third of the buildings containingabout 60 per cent of the rentalunits owned by the University areoccupied by both Negroes andwhites. The fraction of Negroes in anygiven building with mixed occu¬pancy varies widely, being verysmall in some cases (usually thelarge buildings reserved exclusive¬ly for students) and well above50 per cent in others. Of the 33buildings with mixed occupancy,23 are exclusively student occupiedin all but 2 cases by married stu¬dents. As best we can determine,of the 33 mixed-occupancy build¬ings, 2 had mixed occupancy at thetime of acquisition by the Univer¬sity, 5 were all-Negro and 27 wereall-white.It should he noted that the ab¬sence of any Negro occuponcy in agiven building does not necessarilymean that Negroes are excludedfrom that building. For example,there are instances of almost ad¬jacent buildings, both reserved forstudents, one with mixed occupan¬cy and the other with white occu¬pancy.It should also be noted that theinfluence of University policies andpractices is by no means limitedto the buildings which it owns di¬rectly. In addition to informallines of influence, which are im¬portant though difficult to pindowm in any precise way, the Uni- from taxation; George Beadle has reviewed this lie, It is intended that those prop-(2) the landlord subsidy pro- statement and concurs fully in it. erties will be integrated—the tim-gram, under which the Uni- (l) The long-standing general ing an(J ra*e of inteSration willversity gives a short-term policy of the University is that depend upon many factors ha\ ingguarantee of rental pay- there be no discrimination by race, to do with the stability of thement for a restricted num- creed or color in any activity oper- ne>ghboi hood and its desire to es-ber of rental units in a few ated or conducted by the Univer- tabll.sh a stable interracial corn-buildings where the landlord sity for University purposes. This munity of hl8h standards,might otherwise be forced includes the admission of students, I>by financial problems to the hospitalization of patients, the MTTaCilm©llT Vturn the building into high eating facilities operated by the The University's Organization forUniversity and the housing facili- Administering Its Residentiaiprobably with the units all- ties provided for faculty and stu¬dents of the University.Negro occupied;(3) the home-financing pro¬gram, under which the Uni¬versity has been willing insome cases to help facultymembers obtain homes inthe area, sometimes on aconditional basis with theUnuiversity entitled to firstrefusal in case of resale;(4) the Hyde PropertiesThe University’s policies on theoccupancy of its buildings and on(2) All housing properties of theUniversity, whether operated as its general real estate operationscommercial properties, or specifi- in the area are administeredrally for the housing of students through a set of the organizationaland faculty, are available for Uni- arrangements more or less as de-versity students or faculty mem- scribed below*. We say “more orhers regardless of race or creed, less” because it has been difficultFaculty and students must go for us to get a clear picture of thethrough regular University chan- fines of authority and responsibili-Park - Kemvood nels for housing in order to estab- ty involved. The difficulty reflects,Urban Renewal program, in Hsh their priorities for such hous- not an unwillingness on the partwhich the University has ing. Customary credit and occu- of the people involved to describeplayed an important role. It paney standards apply equally to the situation to us, but a ratherall.may he noted that substan¬tial monies flow to the Cityof Chicago by virtue of Uni¬versity expenditures in anurban renewal area.Altogether, there is no doubt (3) A few properties have beenacquired in recent years becauseof their deteriorated condition orbecause of threat of their deterio¬ration. They w*ere considered a hazy and sometimes inconsistentnotion on their part of how andwhen what happened, by w'hoseauthority, and with whom respon¬sibility rests.In general charge is a neighbor-versity’s ideas may be expressed that the policies of the University real hazard to the stability of the hood Committee composed of cer-through. have an important influence on the neighborhood. These represent the tain trustees and administrativecommunity, even though the de- only commercial housing ow'ned or officials of the University. This(1) the student subsidy program, under which the Uni¬versity subsidizes studentoccupancy of a restrictednumber of units that arecommercially operated, withthe subsidy designed to bring gree of influence is difficult to es¬timate. controlled by the University that Committee makes broad policy onis now available for rental to the such matters as what propertiesgeneral public.It is contemplated that the Uni¬versity will ultimately dispose ofAttachment CStatement of Current PolicyRay E. Brow*n, Vice-Presi- the properties acquired under thethe rent into line with what dent of the University, has provid- neighborhood program that arethe student would have paid ed the Committee with the follow- not suitable and needed for camp-had he obtained housing in ing statement of policy:a University building. Rents In keeping with your request, I faculty housing. If the Universityare usually lower in student am outlining below the current should decide to retain any ofhousing, reflecting the fact policy of the University with re- these properties on a permanentthat this property is exempt gard to its rental of housing, basis for rental to the general pub- to buy or sell, what occupancypolicies to pursue, and which pro¬perties to designate and developfor student housing. The existenceof this Committee and the activeparticipation of trustees in its‘“T" “‘,VA work is interpreted as a sign of* , Ti, TT_: the positive outlook of the trus¬tees and administrationthe on theUniversityPOPULATION TABLE 1BY RACE FOR HYDE PARK AND KENWOOD BY SUB-AREAS. 1940. 1950, 1956 AND 1960.Population AREA (1)by RaceHydeParkTotal N.W.HydePark S.W.HydePark(Bil¬lings) N.E.HydePark S. Cen-S.E. tralHyde Hyde PkPark (Cam¬pus) Ken¬woodTotal S.W.Ken¬wood S.E.Ken¬woodPercentage 1900 40 79 67 23 "4 4 85 89 55Nonwhite (2) 1956 . 73 61 13 3 4 — 86 371950 5 6 16 3 5 4 - 15 14 51940 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 1PopulationTotal 1960 45,577 14,365 3,974 17,113 6,008 4,157 41,533 8,659 10,5831956 r -r 13,604 4,422 21,468 9,207 6,545 — 8,975 10,6411950 55,206 13,659 4,422 21,480 9,100 6,545 35,705 7,809 8,6741940 50,550 12,918 3,858 20,964 8,160 4,650 29,611 6,620 8,103White I960 27,214 2,951 1,308 13,229 5,790 3,976 6,282 986 4,7331956 - - 3,728 1,720 18,685 8,971 6,257 — 1,251 6,7 481950 52,375 12,834 3,693 20,903 8,634 6,311 30,236 6.697 8,2771940 49,750 12,809 3,734 20,711 7,939 4,557 29,295 6,516 8,009Nonw’hite 1960 18,363 11,414 2,666 3,884 218 181 35,251 7,673 5.8501956 9,876 2,702 2,783 236 288 — 7,724 3,8931950 2,831 825 729 577 466 234 5.469 1,112 397’ 1940 800 109 124 253 221 93 316 104 97Percentage change in 'Population (3)White * ’56-’60 -48 -21 -24 -29 -35 -36 -79 -21 30’50-’50 -48 -71 -53 -11 4 -1 -79 -81 ' -IS’40-’50 5 0.2 -1 1 9 38 3 3 3Nonwhite *56-’60 549 16 -1 40 -8 -37 5 45 -i 50’50-’56 549 1,097 271 382 -49 23 545 595 881*40-’50 254 ^ 657 488 128 111 152 1,631 969 322Nonwhite populationother than NegroesTotal 1960 1,200 195 198 499 1 132 413 46 1741950 1,074 125 205 277 281 189 2,016 58 2441940 '227 21 70 32 51 53 38 10 15(1) The boundaries of the subareas identified in the table are as follows: Kenwood: Cottage to theLake, 43rd to Hyde Park Blvd. (51st). Hyde Park; Cottage to the Lake, Hyde Park Blvd. (51st) to60th.'The following subareas of Kenwood, Hyde Park, and Woodlawn are identified:Census TractSouth West Kenwood: 47th to Hyde Park Blvd., Cottage to Woodlaw’n 596, 597South East Kemvood: 47th to Hyde Park Blvd., Woodlawn to the Lake 598, 599North West Hyde Park: Hyde Park Blvd. to 55th, Cottage to Woodlawn 608, 609 615, 616North East Hyde Park: Hyde Park Blvd. to 55th, Woodlawn to the Lake 610 614South West Hyde Park: 55th to 60th, Cottage to Ellis 617South Central Hyde Park: 55th to 60th, Ellis to Dorchester 618, 619South East Hyde Park: 55th to 60th, Dorchester to the Lake 620, 622(2) Because the 1956 date are not available separately for Negroes and other non-whites, theNon-white category was not sub-classified. Nonwhite population other than Negroes — almost entirelyChinese and Japanese — is shown for the three Census dates.(3) In comparing percentage changes in population, note that the three intervals — 1940-50, 1950-56, and 1956-60 — are of different lengths, and also that very high percentage increases may reflecta small initial population rather than a large numerical increase.Source: Date for 1940, 1950. and 1960 are from the U. S. Census. Data for 1956 for South Ken¬wood and Hyde Park are from the Hyde Park — Kenwood Urban Renewal Survey, and are based ona sample enumeration. development ofneighborhood.The decisions of the Neighbor¬hood Committee are put into prac¬tice through the office of the VicePresident for Administration,Ray E. Brown. Reporting more orless directly to him are three in¬terrelated activities:1. The community and real es¬tate office under the direc¬tion of Winston E. Ken¬nedy manages the physicalaspects of all the buildings inthe University portfolio, car¬ries out the buying and sell¬ing activities, and provides ahousing referral service formembers of the faculty.2. The student housing and ac¬tivities office, under the di¬rection of James E. New¬man, manages the occupancyaspect of all non-dorm stu¬dent housing (The dean ofstudents’ office manages thedorms). In addition, Mr.Newman administers the re¬ferral of students to commer¬cially operated, non-Univer-sity housing in which the Uni¬versity will subsidize studentoccupancy. Finally, this officemaintains a completely un¬screened list of housing possi¬bilities for students. Anyoneinterested in renting to stu¬dents may phone in a descrip¬tion of his vacancy and it isautomatically added to the" list. No exemption of theproperty is made and noquestions are asked about theoccupancy policies of thelandlord.2. The University City Realtycorporation, under the direc-1 tion of Kendall Cady,manages those University re¬sidential properties not ex¬empt from taxation, includingproperties held in its ownname and in the name ofMidway Properties Trus t.This job involves the manage¬ment of some 77 buildings, in¬cluding the apartment - ho¬tels which have recently beenthe subject of controversy.This office rents to the gen¬eral public, including facultyand students.One other important building inthe area, 5801 Dorchester, doesnot fall within the scope of theadministrative arrangements de¬scribed above, hut is managedthrough the office of the Univer¬sity’s Treasurer.Mar. 7, 1**2 • CHICAGO MAROON • 9E1V a- :' Mka rfv: , 'w'o.v.« ^audsagPE;Western Civ aim—understanding history’H?■| £4'1 by Christian Mackauerchairman, History staffThe history course was a late¬comer in the “old” College. Fora number of years after the de¬gree requirements had been de¬fined, the students’ historicaleducation was considered thecommon responsibility of the hu¬manities and the social sciences.It soon became apparent thatsuch a task threatened to burdenthese courses with duties foreignto their proper concerns and thatin the end, in spite of all goodintentions, history was left outin the cold.First course experimentalIn 1946, therefore, the Collegefaculty authorized the organiza¬tion of an experimental independ¬ent one-year course in the historyof Western civilizations. Thiscourse opened in the fall of thatyear with eleven courageous stu¬dents offering themselves asguinea pigs. They were taughtby teams of two different teach¬ers in each quarter. It was greatfun and we learnt a lot aboutwhat could and what should notbe done in such a course. Theexperiment was repeated the yearafter, with 180 volunteers. From1949 on, the course w'as requiredof all candidates for the CollegeAB degree.foreign car salessee page 4 Any statements about ‘ends’ or‘purpose’ of a history course aspart of a general education cur¬riculum can only articulate theobvious.On the lowest level: the studentmust acquire some solid knowl¬edge of mere facts, a command ofa minimum array of dates anddata which allows him to putnames and events in their properplaces. Such a stock of informa¬tion is a tool no educated man cando without; it is not history. Intheir first class hour we challengeour students with Collingwood’sprotest that “nothing capable ofbeing learnt by heart, nothingcapable of being memorized ishistory.”On a higher level, this coursewants to satisfy by legitimatemeans the student’s natural curi¬osity about man’s past; we try tosketch for him the dramatic andmoving story of man’s achieve¬ments and defeats.Develop historical senseOn a third level, we meet theproper, the specific task of edu¬cation through the study of his¬tory; for this task I can think ofno more precise designation thanthe admittedly vague term of thedevelopment of the student’s his¬torical sense, the awakening andsharpening of his sensitivity forthe historical dimension in allhuman experience. This includes,on the one side, the ability toperceive historical distinctness, afeeling for the peculiarity, theuniqueness of historical epochs,an awareness of the manifoldrealizations of the wide range ofSAFE A S C O F F B &THE SAFE WAY to stay alertwithout harmful stimulantsNever take chances withdangerous “pep pills.” Instead,take proven safe NoDoz®..Keeps you mentally alert withthe same safe refresher foundin coffee.Yet NoDoz is faster,handier, more reliable. Abso¬ lutely not habit-forming. Nexttime monotony makes you feeldrowsy while driving, workingor studying, do as millions d<»... perk up with safe, effectiveNoDoz. Another fine productof Grove Laboratories. human potentialities in differentcultures. It means, as well, asense of development, the con¬sciousness of continuous change,of man moving through time(from a dark past to a dark futurethrough a dimly lighted nearerpast and present. An historicallyeducated man has a fuller exist¬ence, lives a richer, more completelife than a man deaf to the lan¬guage of history. Those who havecultivated their historical sensehave become human in a highermeaning of this word — just asthose whose mind has been open¬ed to music, to the visual arts, tothe beauty of nature, or to thedelights of mathematical imagi¬nation; you can live without anyof these experiences, but you willbe inestimably poorer.This alone would be enough tojustify the inclusion of the studyof history in a liberal education.There are, in addition, more spe¬cific intellectual rewards. Onlyknowledge of our past can giveus a genetic understanding of theworld in which we live; no fulland correct analysis of any majorcontemporary problem is possibleif the historical dimension is leftout of our investigation. And wecannot understand ourselves ifwe do not know our roots. If wetry to escape from our past with¬out having squarely faced it welay ourselves open to the stric¬ture that, one hundreds years ago,has betfn pronounced by JacobBurckhardt against that type ofcivilized man “who has largelyscuttled everything historical, i.e.,all continuity of intellectual life.”And even our differences fromeverything past, our very pecu¬liarity as Americans of the mid-20th century, can best be graspedby those who see themselvesagainst the background of menand institutions of other ages;by comparison and contrast thestudent becomes aware of his ownidentity.History studies experienceOne claim we do not make forour field of studies: we do notbelieve in ‘lessons’ of history inthe narrow sense of that word.History cannot provide us with abook of recipes that would saveus from making decisions of ourown. But the study of history ex¬poses us to an inexhaustiblewealth of vicarious experiencesand so gives depth and breadth toour deliberations and ‘wisdom’ toWe all make mistaket..,ERASE WITHOUT A TRACEON EATON’S CORRASABLE BONDDon’t meet your Waterloo at the typewriter—perfectlytyped papers begin with Corrasable! You can rub outtyping errors with just an ordinary pencil eraser. It’sthat simple to erase without a trace omCorrasable. Savestime, temper, and money!Your choice of Corrasable inlight, medium, heavy weights andOnion Skin in handy 100-sheet packets and 500-sheetboxes. Only Eaton makesCorrasable.A Berkshire Typewriter PaperEATON PAPER CORPORATION ’’i?’- PITTSFIELD. MASS. EUROPECosts too much to take just thefirst tour heard of. Spend 4c A.learn about a bargain unregi¬mented fun tour.Reduction for three or more.EUROPE SUMMER TOURS255 - C Sequoia - Pasedena. Cal. 1 our decisions. Looking at humanbeings in action, under an in¬finite variety of circumstances,following them through theirtriumphs and travails, will teachus something about man himself,about his powers and his limits.To quote Burckhardt again:“through historical experienceswe do not wjant to become moreprudent, for some other occasion,but wise, for ever.”Gives historical contextIn the carefully planned andbalanced scheme of the ‘old’ Col¬lege, the history course, from itsinception, had been entrustedwith one additional function; to¬gether with OMP, it has servedas an ‘integration’ course for thecurriculum as a whole. It wascharged w’ith the task of unifyingthe students’ educational experi¬ence by placing the materials pre¬sented by other courses in theirhistorical context — horizontally,by establishing their connectionsand emphasizing their affinitieswith other phenomena of thesame epoch; vertically, by illumi¬nating some of their antecedentsand consequences. To assure suchan integration, the staff teachingthis course was composed of menand women of very differentbackgrounds: to a hard core ofprofessional historians were add¬ed a number of instructors whosemain competence and interestswere located in some other field.By pooling their knowledge andexchanging their experiences themembers of the staff have builtup a curriculum and are keepingawake an awareness of the taskwhich make it certain that at leastsome essential contributions tothis form of integration emergein the actual class room discus-Understanding most importantNow to the course itself, itscontent, structure, methods. Thehistory course is based on thesame principles by which the Col¬lege in general is guided: knowl¬edge is treated as a process, notas a secure and final possession.Not information but understand¬ing, not broad coverage but rela¬tively intensive study of selected,representative phenomena is ouraim. YVe single out, at present,eight shorter or longer episodesfrom the whole range of westernhistory: the Greek state of thesixth and fifth centuries BC; thefall of the Roman republic andthe first two centuries of theRoman empire; the beginnings ofChristianity and the establish¬ment of the Christian empire inthe fourth century AD; the highMiddle Ages; Renaissance andReformation; England and Francearound 1700; the French revolu¬tion; Europe in the 19th century.DOING IT THE HARD WAY by W(GETTING RID OF DANDRUFF, THAT IS!) There is nothing sacred aboutthis number eight and about thesespecific choices. We frequentlyreplace one topic by another orradically change its content tomake the course better and to pro¬vide ourselves with new chal¬lenges that keep us on our toes.The material studied within eachtopic consists of original con¬temporary documents and, occa¬sionally, of some essays by mod¬ern scholars; in the second casewe usually put two or more diver¬gent interpretations against eachother to whet the student’s in¬genuity and to keep him alertagainst any dogmatic pronounce¬ments.The student is expected to makehimself thoroughly familiar withevery single doeument and tostore it in his mind for perma¬nent reference.Classes connect informationThe class discussion (threehours a week) helps him tosqueeze out of these records amaximum of relevant informa¬tion and to connect one piece withthe other, horizontally and verti¬cally, to create the picture of anepoch or the outline of a long-range development. In additionto the three discussion meetingsthere is one lecture hour a week.Some of the lectures present suchaspects of an epoch as cannoteasily be derived from oursources; others give examples ofpossible modes of integration o(the materials the student hasstudied; many lectures help fillthe gaps between the chosentopics (these gaps vary in lengthfrom a few decades to five ormore centuries).But, on the whole, the studenthas to acquire his knowledge ofthe continuous web of historythrough his own effort. He hasto study and restudy the hand¬book that haS been written by theformer chairman of the course,William McNeill, and is carefullytailored to our specific needs.Some students may feel this to bea drudgery, but they cannot hespared it. The documents cannotbe left hanging in empty space:any attempt to ‘discuss’ themwithout a grasp of a minimum ofstubborn historical facts would hean empty exercise of intellectualcleverness.Build picture of historyWe hope at least that out of allthis each student will build uphis own mental picture of thecourse of western civilization. Itwill be a rough sketch, at best; tofill it in and correct it will be alife-long task. To stimulate thisstriving for a synthesis and yetto caution the student againsthasty and one-sided commitmentsto one particular solution we haveadded a ninth topic of discussionin which we present half a dozendifferent interpretations of west¬ern history by prominent histor¬ians and philosophers of history,from Bossuet to Toynbee. The ex¬amples are so selected and group¬ed that they present at the sametime a specimen of intellectualhistory in its dialectical structure.MODEL CAMERALeica, Bolex, Nikon,Ilasselblad Dealer1342 E. S5tH HY 3-925*NSA DISCOUNTeasier 3-minute way for men: FITCHMen, get rid of embarrassing dandruff easy as 1-2-3 w ithFITCH! In just 3 minutes (one rubbing, one lathering, onerinsing), every trace of dandruff, grime, gummy old hairtonic goes right down the drain! Your hair looks hand¬somer, healthier. Your scalptingles, feels so refreshed. UseFITCH Dandruff RemoverSHAMPOO every week forpositive dandruff control.Keep your hair and scalpreally clean, dandruff-free!FITCHLEADING MAN’SSHAMPOO Three New Titles in the"Reader's Guide"SeriesTindall: “ A Reader’* Guide 11to Dylan Thomai" (0t *Hindus: “Reader’* Guide to $1 •9®Marcel Proust” 1Miller: “A Reader’s Guide to $1 ^Herman Miller” ....... @University ofChicago Bookstore5802 ELLIS AVENUEo O N • Mar. 7, 1962\Culture VultureIt was bleak and gray outside and we didn't want to study; so we spent the afternoon reading cookbooks instead. Whatmysteries they invoke! The long lists of exotic spices and odd, unobtainable ingredients whetted our appetite for theexotic, for travel, for romance and adventure. And then our senses reluctantly returned. We put away the cookbooks,made a hamburger for dinner, and did our homework. But we pretended it was a spicy curry we ate, and that ourhomework was a book of adventure stories.On campusTheatreFaculty Revels opens Thursdaynight with a special performancefor students at 8 pm. Tickets areonly $1 when you show your IDcard (validated, of course) to theMandel hall box office ticket-seller on the night of the perform¬ance.If you feel uncomfortable watch¬ing your professors cavortingaround on stage with all thoseother students sitting around youin Mandel hall and giggling, thereare the two regular performanceson Friday and Saturday nights at8:30. For these, full dress isoptional. The Mandel hall boxoffice has all ticket information.MusicSoothing students while theystudy for exams next week willhe the lenten organ recital inRockefeller chapel. It’s Tuesday,February 13, at 8:30 pm. EdwardMontello, University organist, willperform, and the concert is free.So just slip across from the Newdorm (if you live in the Newdoirn), have your senses revived,and slip back to the books.FilmsIndomitable Burton-Judson cine¬ma is showing a movie this week.And its so good everyone will stopNew Vidal booksuccessful in wryness“The Judgment of Paris” - GoreVidal - Rallantine books, paper-bound, 1962.Despte the handicap providedby the plot - a handsome youngman goes to Europe, meets inRome the crafty wife of an Ame¬rican statesman, in Cairo a philo¬sophical historian, and in Paris(naturally) the lovable wife of asteel magnate, all fascinating,beautiful, and available - Vidalhas come up with a novel moreworthwhile and interesting thanthe average love - story.The characters, especially, com¬pel interest. Each is very indivi¬dualistic, if a trifle unbelievable,and even the least important ofthem is discerningly describedwith a minimum of words. Severalare handled with a sensitivity al¬most wasted, considering the mat¬erial.The general success of the nov¬el is in the wryness with whichihe author treats his subject mat¬ter, lampooning obesity, sexualperversity, politics, society, love-making, and novelists, equally.There are occasional moments ofbrilliance in this enjoyable lightparallel to Paris and the threegoddesses, where Vidal is philoso¬phical and penetrating.SGforeign car hospitalsee page 4RECORDSAll Label*; ListedOther* AvailableService Center,Reynolds Club$2.50THE AMERICANOPERA CO.present*CHAUALLERIA RUSTICANA(in Italian)andGYPSY LOVE by Lehar(in English)Saturday, March 17, 1962.8:15 p.m.eleventh street theater62 - 72 EAST 11th STREETFar student rate* (Not at Box Office)Call HA 7-1733 or HI 0-7700 studying and go see it. "Our Manin Havana,” starring sprightlyAlec Guinness as vacuum cleanersalesman cum espionage agent,goes on at 7 and 9:15 Fridayevening. The price is still 50 cents.And next Monday Internationalhouse carries this outrage againstdiligent students even further byscreening six classic Charlie Chap¬lin shorts. Charlie will appear at7 and 9 pm, and it costs 50 centsto see him.Documentary films, which Isplanning a Midwest Film Festivalfor the Festival of the Arts, ishaving a contest. It’s open toamateurs who enter films of 45minutes or less on 16 mm safetyfilm, either black and white orcolor, sound or silent. The subjectmatter is unrestricted. Prizes of$100, $50, and $25 will be givento the winners, and all the filmsare due by April 10. You can pickup an application (they’re dueMarch 30) from Doc films inGoodspeed hall.ArtAn exhibit of Jewish ceremonialart, revealing religion, social cus¬toms, and holiday observances, isnow at the Oriental institute andwill be there till March 21.Off campusMusic and danceJean Martinon is still guest con¬ducting the Chicago Symphonyorchestra. The concerts thisThursday and Friday will includethe overture to “The SilkenLadder” by Rossini Mendelssohn’s“Symphony No. 4,” “Concerts forSeven Wind Instruments, Timpani,Percussion, and String Orches¬tra” by Martin, and Debussy’s“La Mer.”The week after, Martinen wallconduct the orchestra in a per¬formance that includes one of hisown works. On March 15 and 16the orchestra will perform Han¬del’s overture to "Berenice,” Beet¬hoven’s “Symphony No. 2”, Stra¬vinsky’s “Firebird Suite,” andMartinen’s “Symphony No. 2,Hymne a la vie.” Fritz Reiner is back the nextW'eek and with him, violinist IgorOistrakh as soloist, in his firstperformance with the ChicagoOrchestra. Reiner, Oistrakh, andthe orchestra will do Berlioz’Corsair overture, Tchaikovsky’s“Concerto for Violin, D major,opus 35,” and Beehoven’s “Sym¬phony No. 7.”All of these performances areon Thursdays at 8:15 pm and Fri¬day afternoons at 2. Tickets are2 to 5.50 dollars, except for thespecial student rate on Fridays ifyou get there before 1 pm, andthe special prices on the concertwhich includes Oistrakh: $3 to$6.50.The Fine Arts Quartet is havinga concert tonight at the Stude-baker theatre, and if you getthere before 8:15 curtain timewith your ID card, you can buyan unsold ticket for 75 cents.There’s another Fine Arts concerton the 21st, and again an ID cardwill work wonders.There are reduced rate ticketsavailable for three concerts thisweekend, two next weekend, andone the weekend after that. AlliedArts corporation, 20 NorthWacker (FR 2-0566) has thetickets, so mail in your order soon.This weekend’s concerts areErroll Garner, jazz pianist, withbass and percussion accompani¬ment, on Saturday at 8:30 pm atthe Opera house; the Don Cossackchorus and dancers on Sundayafternoon at 3:30 at Orchestrahall; and the Ballet EspanolXiqienez Vargas at 2:30 pm Sun¬day at the Opera house.The New York Pro Musica per¬forms Sunday, March 18, at 3:30pm at Orchestra hall while theDeutschmeister band and a com¬pany of dancers, singers, and solo¬ists goes on stage at Arie Crowntheatre at McCormick place thesame afternoon at 2:30.The weekend after (Sunday,March 25, to be specific) theRobert Jeffrey ballet will be atthe Opera house at 2:30 pm.There’s a folk music concertthis Saturday. Marais and Miranda will be at the Studebaker Satur¬day in two performances. Thematinee is especially for children,and it’s at 2 pm. There’s also anevening concert at 8:15. CallWA 2-3585 for ticket information.The day after the quarter endsyou can relax by going to a JeanBaez concert. She’s appearingwith the Greenbriar boys in Or¬chestra hall on Saturday, March17, at 8:30 pm. The people atHA 7-0362 have all the informa¬tion you’ll need about that.The day after that, the ChicagoChamber orchestra, under thedirection of Dieter Kober, is hav¬ing another free concert in Simp¬son theatre of the Chicago NaturalHistory museum. It’s at 3:30 pm.The Chamber orcehstra is havinganother concert March 25 (andthis one isn’t free). It will be at7:30 pm in the Little theatre ofMcCormick place, and admissionis two or three dollars, dependingon your w’alletTheatreSecond City’s eighth satiricalchild gives forth its lusty comicyells every night except Mondayat 9 and 11, and at 1 am on Sat¬urdays. Admission to “A KnockingWithin” is $1.50 on weekdays and$2 from Friday to Sunday,Reservations are accepted atDE 7-3992.The two Edw-ard Albee shorts—“The Death of Bessie Smith” and“The Zoo Story”—are still goingat Playwrights theatre, next doorto Second City. Call AN 3-5150for information about perform¬ances and prices.You can still catch “Bye ByeBirdie” at the special student rateif you hurry, hurry, hurry to thestudent activities office in IdaNoyes for a ticket coupon. And“Irma La Douce” just opened afew days ago at the McVickers;call ST 2-8230 if you’re interested.“A Taste of Honey” opens Mon¬day at the Blackstone; the num¬ber is CE 6-8240. ArtAn exhibit entitled “Wit andHumor” (in paintings) is on viewat the Arts club of Chicago (109East Ontario) and it will be thereuntil the end of the month.Those Chinese art treasuresthat/ were smuggled out of Com¬munist China are still at the Artinstitute; they leave April 1.Sixteen watercolors by GeorgeFred Keck are on display at theMedici Coffee house. Keck isshowing a series of winter scenes,including a study of skaters onthe Midway. The Medici, with theGreen Door book shop, is at 1450East 57 street, and the display isthrough March, every day, fromabout 10:30 am to 12:30 pm.FilmsDe Sica’s “Two Women,” withSophia Loren, is still at the HydePark. Next Friday, March 16, theoriginal version of “My BlueAngel,” starring Marlene Dietrichand Emil Jannings, takes over,coupled with three W. C. Fieldsshorts. And on March 23 AlecGuiness and John Mills in “Tunesof Glory” come to the theatre ona double bill with the longawaited return of “Black Or¬pheus.”RMH praises NUTRobert M. Hutchins enthus¬iastically praised New Univer¬sity Thought in a letter tom a n a g i n g editor, RalphNicolas, a graduate student ofanthropology here. Included inthe letter was the following state¬ment for publication:“New University Thought iswhat this country needs. It is aserious attempt to understand andimprove higher education in theUnited States. As such, it ismost important. It ought toflourish, and I am sure it will.”>■ ■aNOW PLAYINGDOCTOR IN LOVETic Latest and Newest ie the Doctor SeriesIn Stethoscope and Glorious ColorWeekdays: 6:00. 8:00. 10:00Sunday: 2:00, 4:00, 6:00, 1:00, 10:00DearbornAt DivisionPhone DE 7-1763SPECIAL STUDENT RATE — 90c Sunday thru Friday• Just Shout Cashier Your I.D. Card MARAIS & MIRANDABALLADEERSSATURDAY. MARCH 10; 8:15 p.m.STUDEBAKER THEATRE, 418 S. MICHIGAN AVE.Admits!'*: 53.00 : 52.50. 52.00Matinee ter Children 2 p.m.—$1.25; Adults $1.75Far tickets of information writeROOSEVELT UNVERSITY430 S. MICHIGAN, CHICAGO 5. ROOM 926or Rhone WA 2-3585, Extension 224A vital new album“CL0SEUP IN SWING”The MOST swinging pianist in contemporary music —in aDelightful - Inventive - Unique - Virile - Moving - new CollectionAn Explosion in Improvisation!)K7MK BeamAnother Garner Album Bestseller “DREAMSTREET”AT YOUR RETAILERS NOW • STEREO AND MONAURAL /&Distributed by ABC-PARAMOUNT LAKE //PARK AT & R D : N0 7-9071the (^yde park theatreNOW PLAYINGAcademy Award Nominee SOPHIA LOREN inAppearing At Civic Opera House - Mar. 10 - 8:30 P.M. IB Vittorio De Sica'sTWO WOMEN ■■with Jean-Paul Belmondo ★ Eleonora BrownStarting Friday, March 16 —MARLENE DIETRICH ★ EMIL JANNINGSIn the Original Uncut German Version ofJoseph Von Sternberg's"THE BLUE ANGEL"endA W. C. FIELDS FESTIVALTHE BARBERSHOP * THE PHARMACISTTHE FATAL GLASS OF BEERStarting Friday, March 23 —ALEC GUINESS ★ JOHN MILLS"TUNES OF GLORY"end■I BLACK ORPHEUS"ACADEMY AWARD WINNER AND CANNES FILM FESTIVAL WINNERBEST FOREIGN FILM OF THE YEARSpecial Student Rates WITH Student I.D. CardsFree Weekend Patron Parking at 5230 South Lake Pork Ave.Mar. 7, 1962 • CHICAGO MAROON • Uf 'Tm afraid your father's a littleburned up about your grades, dear.r “We wanted you to be the firstto know, Mother.. .Mother? Mother?Fermi book on Mussolini 'careful job'“Mussolini” - Laura Fermi -UC Press, 1961.For anyone who was inItaly at the end of April1945 (as 1 was, in Florence)when photographs of thehorrible display in PiazzaLoreto appeared in all thepapers, a book about the Italiandictator, Benito Mussolini, callsback memories of a feeling, whichseemed to sweep Italians and al¬lies alike, of a sordid chapter inthe history of Europe finally beingclosed in a climatic fashion, witha feeling that retribution had atlast struck down one of the primecharacters in the horrendous dra¬ma that had been the secondworld war. It was only after theeven more horrible discoveriesmade in Germany overwhelmedany appreciation of the disasterthat had been the Fascist domina¬tion of Italy, that the story ofMussolini was put so very muchin the shade. His fate was, afterall. one that might well have beenexpected, and symbolized, in asense, the more or less expectedreaction of the nation which hehad so misused rising up againsthim. It is only when contrastedto the sort of end which Adolf Hit¬ler devised for himself, cut offhermetically from the horrors ofhis own making, that Mussolini’send seems quite in accord withthe rest of his career.Profound knowledge of ItalyThe authoress, whose knowledge"of Fascist Italy is as profoundas personal experience of it, per¬sonal suffering caused by it, anda great deal of study can makeit, seems to bring out this per¬haps inevitable comparison be¬tween the all-too-human Italianand the demonic German. ForMussolini, as Mrs. Fermi des¬cribes him and his career in herbook, was, indeed, a very humansort of dictator. His career, aswell as his final appearance inPiazza Loreto, were so differentfrom the life and death of hisGerman counterpart whose entireapproach to both the destiny ofhis country and his own end wasso far beyond the reach of humanreason that it becomes hard foranyone who had not experiencedtlie effects of his policies and de¬cisions to grasp how really disas-terous he had been. Mussolini, onthe other hand, one is inclined toview with a certain degree of for¬giving curiosity, for the story ofhis rise and fall lies so muchmore within the normal hurly-burly of every-day life, with itscompromise, its blunders, its re¬verses, and its advances.As Mrs. Fermi calmly and care¬fully describes Mussolini’s rise topower, his years in power, and| Classified |For Sale the decline of the “Empire” whichhe had created, it becomes thishuman quality that stands outmost of all, not the legend thatmany of the things he did weregood, that he “made the trainsrun on time.” but that his careershared much of that tentative,circumstantial character which weascribe to ourselves as we tum¬ble along inventing quick solu¬tions to urgent problems, con¬vincing ourselves that what wewant to do is what we ought todo. and attempting to make outof it all some sort of system whichwe can use in our seeminglyfutile but constant attempt tocontrol the present and the future.Mrs. Fermi has written a clearand astonishingly concise biog¬raphy of a man with whose name,bombast, histrionics and comicopera antics are associated today.She has not herself, as would havebeen so easy considering the sub¬ject, fallen prey to such sins inher writing. She shows in a dis¬passionate way how untrue thispicture of Mussolini was and re¬veals how dangerous and ruthlessa manipulator of a whole nationhe had really been. In doing so,she destroys that somewhat sim-patico image of the opera buffaFascist Italy which developed outof its being compared to the trulymonstrous Nazi State of AdolfHitler.Searches into whole lifeI.ike all biographers, Mrs. Fer¬mi traces Mussolini’s whole life story, searching into his earliestlife for the reasons for his latercareer as is the fashion now-a-days. She .describes his spectacu¬lar rise to power, filled as it waswith equivocations, compromiseswith tradition, and with vestedinterest, revealing it as the dirtypolitics that it was. She catchessome of the mood of self-intoxi¬cation and self-deception whichdominated the saga of the Ita¬lian Empire, whose decline andfall were as precipitous as hadbeen its triumph.The authoress has a happy tal¬ent for characterizing in a fewwords the many very flashy cha¬racters who participated in thestory of Fascist Italy, such asD’Annunzio and Ciano. In thechapters dealing with the rela¬tions between Italy and Germany,she does a masterful job of con¬trasting the character of Mussoli¬ni with that of the German chan¬cellor who started out as much ofan underling, but who eventuallycame to dominate the disasterouspartnership. As Mrs. Fermi pointsout, this is not intended to be ascholarly work, loaded with allthe paraphernalia of scholarship.Instead, it is to be readable ac¬count of the part which BenitoMussolini played in the eventsof the last half century. One can¬not criticize a book because itdoes not do things which it hasactually not set out 1o do. Mrs.Fermi clearly stated her aim andif her careful mode of presenta¬ tion does not lend itself to the de¬scription of the dramatic action ofsomeone who attempted to play,and did so with a certain measureof success, the part of the totalita¬rian superman; it is no fault ofhers. What her method does, how¬ever, is make unmistakably clearthe fact that it was all a facade,hiding behind it weakness whichbecame tragic evils.Since the last scene in her dra¬matic presentation happened sev¬enteen years ago, and its mainevents as much as forty yearsago, she has done us a service inbringing back to our attention and our reappraisal what is be¬ginning to be a forgotten episodein the history of the last /WorldWar. For this she is to lie con-gratulatcd and. above all, read.Edward A. MaserThe Reviewer: Edward Mater,chairman of the UC art depart¬ment, since July 1. 1961, receivtdhis MA and PhD, both with hon¬ors. at UC. Previously he teas di¬rector of the museum of art atthe University of Kansas and edi¬tor of the museum's “The Regu-ter.” Maser teas a Fulbright Fel¬low at the University of Florence,1950 - 52.New idea of sleeplessness“The Unsleep” - Diana & M«*ir Gil¬len - Baliantinc books, paperbourul,1961.Those who have tried stay¬ing up all night to study orcarouse will be attracted bythe idea of sleeplessness.When men try adding 30years to their lives by eli¬minating sloop, now excess leisureleads to wildness and decadencein a once harmonious society. Anywho refuse the miraculaus drug"Sta-Wake” become outcast“sleepers”.Here, in a moderately paced, oc¬casionally amusing novel, is pre¬sented a man’s attempt to resist the disasterous trends of mecha¬nized blind society. Underneath thewarning of a 24 -hour day, how¬ever, is that of a world which hasno ideological conflicts becauseit has eliminated all ideologies.The I’nsleep is slightly aboveaverage, often imaginative sciencefiction - especially recommendedfor night-owls.LGforeign car salessee page 4LUCKY STRIKEpresents:UICKYJUFFERS ",PARENTS'WEEKEND"Lorvr neck 5-strins banjo with hardca*e. Worth $300. Reasonable. 642-3603 after 7 i>m Mon.-Thurs. Ask forHob.ServicesTypinsr—neat, accurate. Call 752-2064.Kenwood Radio and TV ServiceWe repair TVs. radios, hi-fis and taperecorders. All work fruaranteed. 5508S. Kimbark. NO 7-0S30.PersonalsStolen: Camera, serial no. 57174, focalpt 1.9. no. RE 37 6. with Kodak RoyalMaaar.ine, 16 mm.; Zenith 8 transistorradio and brown nylon jacket. CallHitchcock desk — no Questions asked.REWARD.New Caledonia has no veritable eyes.■—GeortteWanted: to rent or borrow—issue ofUrban Renewal and Politics by Rossi,l’ete, The Fret Shop. NO 7-1060.Perhaps Pliny will (jet jealous if youkeep reading Cocke’s letters, O divineemperor.—The Gnome.Lost: Black Notebook with quarter’snotes. Please contact Sharon Goldman,JUniper 8-1789 immediately.Say Jay-poo: Do you see visions melt-infr before your eyes?—A Friend.Lost: A school rinpr, minus the stone,in the Reynolds Club on Monday even-insr. March 5. Initials A.H.P. Jr. in¬side. If found, please return to ReynoldsClub deck, or call BU 8-27S3 after6 pm. BREAKING THE ICE FOR DAD. When Dad comes to visit, help him bridge theyears with questions like this: "These old ivy-covered buildings never change,1do they?” "Say, aren't those girls the cat’s meow?” "Dad, do you remember howgreat cigarettes used to taste?” Then inform your Dad that college students stillsmoke more Luckies than any other regular. He will realize that times haven'treally changed. He’ll be in such good, youthful spirits that he'll buy you a carton.CHANGE TO LUCKIES and get some taste for a change!„Product of-J/u is/mttiean — c/u&uxo- is our middle name©4. r. Co}12 • CHICAGO MAROON • Mar. 7, 1962■