The University ofMagazine/ Summer 1989%¦, ¦gg^Jfa^^p^ „^.-¦^ iwnSuperconductors :Search for PerfectionThe Art of Child's PlayLETTERSWHENHUTCHINSASCENDED THE PULPITEditor:Your story on the renovation of Rockefeller Chapel [WINTER/89] reminded me of thetime I went thetevto hear Robert MaynardHutchins deliver the sermon. At the appropriate moment he ascended to the ornatepulpit on the side and, like a ChicagoSavonarola, denounced John Dewey fortwenty minutes.In those days I was a perhaps overly solemn student of philosophy, and the next dayI complained to Professor Eliseo Vivas thatDewey was too important a thinker to be dismissed so easily. Vivas's answer, after forty-four years, still strikes me as the best andtruest thing ever said about our belovedRMH: "What other university president hasany ideas?"Fred Somkin, X'44Ithaca, NYCHAPEL STRIPPED OFRELIGIOUS SYMBOLISMEditor:It appears from the photograph of Rockefeller Chapel... that the chapel "restoration" has stripped the chancel of its specificity of religious symbolism. When I was first astudent at the University, the Chapel represented a vision of Christian ecumenism. TheGothic architecture and the via media Protestant liturgy, the cross and altar beneaththe reredos, expressed a generalized, yetspecific, religious and cultural heritage, thatof a reformed Western Christendom. Later,the liturgical movement of the Roman Catholic Church spilled over into the ecumenicalChristian scene and the altar of RockefellerChapel was reoriented. The most recent alteration no doubt represents an adjustmentto a cultural setting that is on the one handmore religiously pluralistic and on the othermore pervasively secularistic.The University of Chicago that I remember was deeply committed to the "great conversation" of Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome;that is, of Western Civilization. Again thecommitment was broad, yet specific. Current discussions of curricular reform in thenation's universities reflect a growing concern with regard to the diffusion of education in a thousand directions so that it provides no common fund of information, nofocus of shared values, no canon of greatbooks, no sense that, say, one is not reallyeducated if one has not wrestled with theideas of Plato and Aristotle and the Bible. A worthy vision, symbolized by theRockefeller Chapel chancel of a past generation, has departed. I do not think it can, orshould, be restored, nor even lamented. Werequire a new and wider ecumenism in religion and a new and wider humanism ineducation. I cherish a time when every University of Chicago alumnus/a will have contemplated not only Greek philosophy andthe Bible, but also the Gita and the BuddhistSutras and the manifold issues of thehour. Secular, pluralistic civilization makesa fine setting for the spiritual search ofserious-minded individuals in intellectualcommunity.Nevertheless, traditions offer irreplaceable contexts of spiritual and intellectualnurture and transmission. Among the plural ecumenicities at the University of Chicago I would hope for a renewal of an ecumenical vision of the religion and civilizationthat initially inspired it. At the very least,the University of Chicago needs to cherishthe specificities of its history, including thatof the Gothic ecclesiastical structure rearedto express a particular cultural and spiritualstyle.Ralph Slotten, AM'58, PhD'66Carlisle, PARECOGNITION DUE TOSTAINED GLASS MASTEREditor:I read with interest the article about therenovation of Rockefeller Chapel. I was disappointed that no mention was made of thestained glass windows. I have some information about the man who made them andwhy a Gothic church has only geometricallypatterned windows.While I was a medical student at the University, I apprenticed to a master stainedglass maker in the west side of the city. Hisname was Hans Muench. He was then (1969)an old man who had retired. He still had hisstudio and taught me how to craft stainedglass windows over the next two years.Mr. Muench was both a master stainedglass maker (trained in Germany) and astone mason. He told me that he was the finest stained glass artist west of New York.Some examples of windows he made forchurches were propped up in the windowsof his studio. They were marvelous examples of a master artist. The faces of the biblical characters he depicted bristled with allmanner of emotions. His was not a vapid,pale art. Vivid colors, strongly representedfigures drew the observer immediately intothe stained glass window. He was trainedclassically in Germany and was a master at his craft. In one of our conversations I lamented the pale stained glass windows inthe Chapel. I wished that Rockefeller Chapel had used strong images as I saw in hisstudio. Mr. Muench told me that he had designed those windows and that he was prohibited from doing anything other thanmaking geometric designs. I am certain thatthe builders of the Chapel knew what strongart he was capable of producing. Mr.Muench never elaborated on why he was instructed to produce only geometric patterns. I can only speculate what the Chapelwould have looked like if he had been allowed to produce something else. Of course,there is a tradition of geometric patterns(with softer colors) in European Gothicchurches (such as Chartres). Some readersmay not be aware of the fact that the windows are made with hand blown glass whichhas tiny bubbles and lines in it. Mr. Muenchshowed me how he fired a glass paint intothe glass to give it an aged look. What we admire as the "aging" of the stained glass probably looked that way the day they wereinstalled.I fondly remember Mr. Muench as a master craftsman who shared his wealth ofknowledge with me ... I feel that he deservesrecognition.Robert G. Hillman, MD'65Santa Fe, NMUC-CSO NEXUS GOESBACK HALF A CENTURYEditor:In your WINTER/89 issue ["ChicagoJournal"], Professor Easley Blackwood isquoted as saying that ". . . [I think] this is thefirst time there has been any kind of joint celebration" of the University and the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra. Actually, the two institutions jointly celebrated their fiftiethanniversary fifty years ago. For the occasion, the University invited the CSO to givea special "Festival Concert" in Rockefelleron September 28, 1941. Among other pieces,the program included John Alden Carpenter's Concertino for Pianoforte and Orchestra, played by Robert Wallenborn, a formerU of C student, and the first performance of"Academic Festival Prelude" composed especially for the joint Fiftieth AnniversaryCelebration by Frederick Stock, the conductor of the CSO. A highlight of the eveningwas the presentation of the RosenbergerMedal to Frederick Stock.Stock was a member of the music department of the U of C, lending it prestige by participating in many campus events. He likedContinued on page 36Acting EditorTim ObermillerDesignerTom GreensfelderThe University of Chicago Office ofAlumni RelationsRobie House5757 South Woodlawn AvenueChicago, IL 60637Telephone: (312) 753-2175President, The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationEdward L. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Executive Director of theAlumni AssociationJeanne Buiter, MBA'86Director, Alumni Schools CommitteeJ. Robert Ball, X'70The University of ChicagoAlumni Executive CouncilEdward L. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Bette Leash Birnbaum, AB'79, MST'80David Birnbaum, AB'79Mark Brickell, AB'74John Gaubatz, JD'67Barbra Goering, AB'74, JD'77Mary Lou Gorno, MBA'76William B. Graham, SB '32, JD'36William H. Hammett, AM'71Kenneth C. Levin, AB'68, MBA'74John D. Lyon, AB'55William C. Naumann, MBA' 75Linda Thoren Neal, AB'64, JD'67Jerry G. Seidel, MD'54Judy Ullmann Siggins, AB'66, AM'68, PhD'76Stephanie Abeshouse Wallis, AB'67Susan Loth Wolkerstorfer, AB'72Faculty/ Alumni Advisory Committeeto The University of Chicago MagazineLinda Thoren Neal, AB'64,JD'67, ChairmanAbe Blinder, PhB'31Philip C. Hoffmann, SB'57, PhD'62Professor, Department ofPharmacological and PhysiologicalSciences and the CollegeMarjorie Lange Lucchetti, AM'70, PhD'74John MacAloon, AM'74, PhD'80Associate Professor,Social Sciences Collegiate DivisionKatherine Schipper, MBA'73, AM'75, PhD'77Professor, Graduate School of BusinessSherlu Rardin Walpole, AB'45The University of Chicago Magazine(ISSN-0041-9508) is published quarterly(fall, winter, spring, summer) by theUniversity of Chicago in cooperationwith the Alumni Association, RobieHouse, 5757 South Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, IL 60637 Publishedcontinuously since 1907. Second-classpostage paid at Chicago, IL, and atadditional entry offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changesto Alumni Records, Robie House, 5757South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL60637. Copyright © 1989 by theUniversity of Chicago.Editorial office: The University of ChicagoMagazine, Robie House, 5757 SouthWoodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637.Telephone (312) 753-2323. The Magazineis sent to all University of Chicagoalumni.Typesetting by Skripps & Associates,Chicago. The University ofCHICAGOMagazine/ Summer 1989Volume 81, Number 4 3RfemJUL 07 1989 fPage! IN THIS ISSUESuspending the RulesBy Larry ArbeiterUniversity scientists are taking an unconventional approach in their researchof the puzzling phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity. Is a breakthrough just around the corner?Page 2A Twilight and a DawnBy Francois FuretOn the bicentennial of the French Revolution, a leading scholar of the period reflectson one memorable night when the courseof a nation's history was forever changed.Page 6All in a Day's PlayBy Tim ObermillerThe cacophony of playing children is oftenregarded as an unwelcome distraction tothe classroom learning process. Teacher/author Vivian Gussin Paley argues thatplay is actually the means by which youngsters learn to deal with central crises andconcerns in their lives.Page 1420283334DEPARTMENTS-J* Chicago JournalClass NewsDeathsr*|T| ti BooksPage 14Cover: La Liberte ou la Mort (Liberty or Death)by the French painter Jean-BaptisteRegnault, 1794. The figure, left, holds aPhrygian cap, symbol of the indivisibleFrench Republic, and a triangle, the symbol of equality. (Provided by the HamburgerKunsthalle, ©Elke Walford)Chemist JeremyBurdett observesthe force of superconductivity atwork, causing amagnet to liftslowly into space.By LarryArbeiterIN HIS JONEShall office,chemist JeremyBurdett sets acoffee cup upside down onhis desk. Hethen places asmall, black cylinder of high-temperature superconductorin the shallow depression of thecup bottom and next puts a tinymagnet on top of the superconductor.Finally, he carefully pours a shimmering stream of liquid nitrogen around thesuperconductor. As the supercon-Larry Arbeiter is the physical science writerfor the University's News & InformationOffice. SUSPENDINGTHE RULESductor's temperature falls below its critical temperature of 90 degrees above absolute zero, the magnet slowly lifts intospace, and Burdett is treated once againto the wide-eyed wonder of someonewitnessing real levitation for the firsttime.If the new superconductors can becommercialized, they hold enormouspotential, including the promise of much more powerfulcomputers; efficient,high-speed levitatingtrains; and advancedmedical and scientificinstruments. Their discovery three years agoshocked the scientificworld and initiated anall-out internationalrace to understand thematerials.Burdett, a professor in the Departmentof Chemistry, theJames Franck Institute,and the College, is one of a half-dozenUniversity physicists and chemists whoare part of a four-institution consortium formed earlier this year to studythe new high-temperature superconductors. The consortium, consisting ofthe University, the University of Illinois, Argonne National Laboratory,and Nortbwestern University, could receive as much as $25 million in federal2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989funding over the next five years. It wascreated to address widespread concernin the U. S. that research on the new materials is much more focused and collaborative in other countries, especiallyJapan.Workshops and seminars will be animportant part of the new consortium,as will a computer network and a system for exchanging preprints ofpapers.Physicist Kathryn Levin, professorin the Department of Physics, the JamesFranck Institute, and the College is oneof the consortium's three associate directors. She explains that althoughmulti-institution consortia are rare inU.S. research, the technological promise and scientific importance of- thenew superconductors demand specialefforts."High-temperature superconductors are very difficult to understand,"she says. "Everything we know aboutthem leads us to believe that theyshouldn't be superconducting at all,much less at these high temperatures.It's clear that a focused, national effortto study them in a systematic way isneeded. We've never done science thisway before, but we've never had suchchallenging materials to work with."What makes superconductors, especially the high-temperature superconductors discovered in 1986, sopromising? Ordinary metals— evensuch good conductors as copper-convert some of the current that passesthrough them into heat. Superconductors, on the other hand, can carry electrical current with perfect efficiency.While nothing else in our daily worldmay be perfect, superconductors are ina "macroscopic quantum state,"according to Levin. That is, they exhibit, as materials, properties that areusually seen only at the level of individual atoms— in this case, perfectconductivity. "niversity scientists are taking anunconventional approach in their researchof the puzzling phenomenon of high-temperature superconductors.Superconductivity was seen for thefirst time in 1911, at a temperature morethan 450 degrees below zero. Scientistsuse a measurement called the Kelvinscale to describe such temperatures. Adegree Kelvin is equal to a degree Centigrade, except that while the zero pointof the Centigrade scale is at the freezingpoint of water, the zero of the Kelvinscale is at absolute zero— or 273 degreesbelow Centigrade.The advantages of motors or wiresmade of superconductors are obvious.Unfortunately, as late as 1986, no superconductor had been found to operateabove 23 degrees Kelvin— a temperature reached only through the expensive and difficult process of liquid helium cooling. Another discouragementfor researchers was that the NobelPrize-winning "BCS" theory of superconductivity, named for the initials ofits creators, seemed to prove that superconductivity above approximately 30degrees Kelvin was impossible.As a result, superconductivity research became something of a backwater, though some notable applications of the technology were made inexpensive and specialized machinerysuch as medical magnetic resonanceimaging scanners and the superconducting magnets of the Fermilab particle accelerator, in west-suburban Chi cago. The Superconducting Supercollider particle accelerator— if it iseventually built— will also use superconducting magnets, as its name suggests. Despite all these developments,the dream of practical superconductors—materials that could be made superconductors at 73 degrees Kelvin orhigher using inexpensive liquid nitrogen—seemed, for a time, even fartherfrom reality.Then, in one of those serendipitousdiscoveries that are nearly a cliche inscience, two researchers in IBM'sZurich Research Laboratory found anew type of superconductor, one thatbecame a superconductor at about 40degrees Kelvin. This proved that superconductivity could occur at less extreme temperatures. During the international race that followed the IBMdiscovery, even warmer superconductors were found. Today, materials havebeen created that become superconductors at temperatures as high as 125degrees Kelvin.These discoveries have heightenedscientific speculation. Are room temperature superconductors just aroundthe corner? Or have researchers reachedanother barrier, much like the one thatstopped scientists at 23 degrees Kelvinfor so many years?The purpose of the new consortium3is to try to answer that question, witheach of the four participating institutions expected to bring special expertiseto the task. At the University, the emphasis is on understanding the so-called normal state properties of thematerials, such as their electrical conductivity or their magnetic properties.Says Levin, "We feel that you can't understand superconductors until youunderstand them in their normal, non-superconducting state."Over the last several decades, researchers here have also worked extensively on "exotic" superconductors.These are low-temperature superconductors that have different characteristics than the superconductorsdescribed by the BCS theories. By coincidence, they have several similarities to the new high-temperaturesuperconductors.Among their accomplishments,University scientists developed the theory of superconducting quantum tun- fm uperconductors can carry electricalW current with perfect efficiency. That is,they exhibit, as materials, properties usuallyseen only at the level of individual atoms.neling of electrons, which explains howelectrical current is transported from asuperconductor to an adjoining metal.They also showed that semiconductors,the raw materials of the Computer Revolution—which under normal circumstances are poor conductors— could become superconductors. Levin, who is atheorist, explained for the first timehow supercooled Helium 3 could become a superfluid; that is, a fluid that flows without any viscosity.Researchers at the University ofChicago are also recognized for their expertise in the transition between insulators and metals. High-temperaturesuperconductors, which under mostconditions are insulators, undergo avery similar transition just as they become superconductors, according toLevin.Levin's closest collaborators in theUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989center, physicist Tom Rosenbaum andchemist Burdett, bring their own interests and specializations to the superconductor project. Rosenbaum, associate professor in the Department ofPhysics, the James Franck Institute, andthe College, studies the collective behavior of electrons in solids that arecooled to near absolute zero. At thesetemperatures, quantum effects can occur on a macroscopic— or easily visible—scale, and new structures sometimesform. Rosenbaum believes these super-cold electron solids may help clarifybroadly applicable rules about superconductors and other materials whosestructure is somewhat disordered.Because he is used to working attemperatures within a few thousandthsof a degree of absolute zero, Rosenbaum is able when working with thehigh-temperature superconductors torelax his experimental constraints a bit."I need to build apparatus for this workthat in some instances I used to lookaskance at," he says.Rosenbaum will face numerous difficulties nonetheless, including thedesign of instruments that can measure a half-dozen electrical, magnetic,and physical properties of high-temperature superconductors whilethey are cooled to their still-frigidtemperatures.Rosenbaum hopes that the consortium may help him to obtain the large,single-crystal superconductors that heneeds for his analyses. He expects, inturn, to help characterize compoundsfor his collaborators.According to Levin, Burdett is partof the superconductivity team "because it's essential that we have the insights of a chemist in this work. We,physicists tend to simplify things in order to understand common effects, butthese things also need to be understoodin all their complexity. Because he cansee these things in that way, Jeremy can help us plan the best approach to material modifications."As a structural inorganic chemist,Burdett studies the intricacies of superconductors with an eye to the ways thatvariations in composition or structuremay affect the material's properties.He describes the high-temperaturesuperconductors as "structurallyfascinating.""The properties of any material aredetermined by its electronic structure, which is controlled by its geometricstructure," Burdett explains. "If we understand that relationship, we can inprinciple understand the material'sproperties."To arrive at this understanding,Burdett uses computational methodscommon in solid state physics, and hetries to develop theoretical models forthe compounds "that can be understood and used by experimentalists asContinued on page 27'*-"^^w*ggnTWILIGHTAND A DtWNOn August 4, 1789, the courseof a nation's history was changedin a memorable night's work.By Francois FuretITH ALL THE HOOP-la surrounding the bicentennial of the FrenchRevolution— culminating with a spectacularBastille Night parade inParis onJuly 14-one might expect that France'sleading historian on the topic ishaving a very busy year.Francois Furet has indeedbeen active in 1989— teaching,writing, and providing interviews to journalists who wouldlike him to explain the meaningof the French Revolution in a sentence or two.(To one American magazine, Furet offered thisreply: "The French have come to realize thatthe revolution was a magnificent event thatturned out badly.")A visiting professor at the University ofReprinted by permission of the publisher from A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf,Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, copyright©1989 bythe President and Fellows of Harvard College. Chicago since 1980, Furet became a full member of the faculty in 1985 as professor in theDepartment of History, the Committee onSocial Thought, and the College; he is also afaculty member at the Paris Ecole des HautesEtudes. His latest book, La Revolution, deTurgot a Jules Ferry 1770-1880, publishedby Hachette in 1988, made the best-seller listfor several weeks in France this past. year.With Mona Ozouf, Furet alsoco-edited the DictionnaireCritique de la RevolutionFranchise, published byFlammarion in 1988. (An English version of the Dictionnaire, translated by ArthurGoldhammer, will soon be published by Harvard UniversityPress. Furet's essay "The Nightof August 4" is from this Harvard edition.)In a recent survey of French intellectuals,Furet was listed among the three most respected of their ranks, along with anthropologistClaude Levi-Strauss and Bernard Pivot, hostof the literary program Apostrophes. Part ofFuret's reputation in France is based on histenure as director of the influential School ofHigh Studies in Social Sciences from 1977 to1985; his creation in 1983 of the Saint-Simon6 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989*^*~±* ifC^Ar.<f?^N*^^i^ ^_^ he August 4session of the NationalAssembly, depictedabove, was "in fact animprovised parliamentary response to anemergency situation,made possible by achange in the agenda.". arte Antoinette, the extravagantwife of Louis XVI, andher children (above).(Bottom right) A contemporary peasantfamily, reading fromthe Bible. Foundation, a vigorously active research institute; and his work as head of the RaymondAron Institute, where the disciplines of philosophy and the social sciences are united.In Furet's books— including the influential Penser la Revolution Francaise(published in a translated version, Interpreting the French Revolution, by CambridgeUniversity Press in 1981)— the author arguesthat the time is right to "break the viciouscircle" of partisan interpretation. By declaring the revolution as "terminated," Furethas attempted to wrench its explicationaway from the banners of the "Blues" and"Whites"— those Frenchmen who have traditionally defined themselves politically aspro- or antirevolutionaries— towards a lessnarrow, more sophisticated multidisciplinaryhistoriography.As Furet eloquently explains in the following essay, the night of August 4 was a pinnacle of the magnificent phase of the revolution before it "turned out badly." A chaotic succession of events and circumstances led upto that evening, when the National Assemblywould declare its destruction of the feudal regime. Those circumstances commonly cited byhistorians included a financial crisis caused,in part, by French participation in the War ofAmerican Independence; a decline in the prestige of the monarchy and the frequent incompetence of Louis XVI; civil unrest exacerbatedby rising prices, heavy taxes and food shortages; and a growing split between supportersof the Ancien Regime and advocates of revolution, who by 1789 had galvanized into a vocaland sometimes violent political force.By the summer of 1789, with the storming of the Bastille and the so-called Great Fear,a popular revolution had been unleashed thatwould bring about the destruction of the hereditary order of privilege.As Furet points out, the National Assembly members who participated in the August 4session played a historic role in this destruction and reconstruction. Theirs was a bold vision intended to reshape France into a "whollymodern, individualistic society. " At perhapsno other time in human history were the principles of "Liberie, Egalite, Fratemite, " invested with more meaning.HE NIGHT OF TUES-day, August 4, 1789, isthe most famous datein French parliamentary history: it marksthe moment when ajuridical and social order, forged over centuries, composed ofa hierarchy of separate orders, corps,and communities, and defined by privileges, somehow evaporated, leaving in itsplace a social world conceived in a newway as a collection of free and equal individuals subject to the universal authority of the law. The debate of August4, 1789, held at night, was in fact associated with a very powerful feeling in allthe deputies that they were witnessinga twilight and a dawn. But even thisclassical simile cannot do full justice tothe emotions of the participants in thiscelebrated session, who for a few hoursfelt as though they were virtually divinemechanics helping to bring about thisincredible spectacle. This twilight andthis dawn were their work.As for the collective enthusiasm invested in the destruction of the "feudalregime," the usual twentieth-centuryinterpretation emphasizes its ratherforced character: the session of August4 was in fact an improvised parliamen-R UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989tary response to an emergency situation, made possible by a change in theagenda.In the latter half of July, rural discontent, latent since springtime, beganto take on the aspect of an uprising. In akingdom where insurrection traveledslowly and badly, news of the fall of theBastille nearly everywhere triggeredwhat historians have called the "GreatFear, " a huge flare-up of false rumorsgenerally involving a reported conspiracy among enemies of the new age inaugurated by elections to the EstatesGeneral and National Assembly. Peasants banded together and armed themselves as best they could. In some partsof the territory— the Norman bocage,Hainault, Alsace, Burgundy, Franche-Comte— they hastened to the nearestchateau to burn records of their servitude: namely, the land registers inwhich the lords recorded their various"dues"— droits, cens, champart, lods etventes, and so on, all duly certified byspecialists in feudal law.The insurrection was limited toseigneurial property, the chateaux being the Bastilles of feudalism, but at thesame time it posed a threat to propertyin general, not only because many commoners in late eighteenth-centuryFrance owned seigneurial estates andproperties, but also because "feudal"dues constituted a particular type ofproperty, rooted in a very ancient pastbut still incontestably property. Criti cism of the "gothic" irrationality ofsuch feudal dues was a theme commonto Enlightenment philosophy andstatecraft, but the only solution was tosubstitute for these archaic obligationsthe universality of free contract between individuals. By burning the landregisters, the peasants purely and simply liquidated feudal dues by violence.Whence the embarrassment of theAssembly, which in the latter half ofJuly received alarming news of disturbances that had erupted throughoutthe country despite the efforts of the recently organized bourgeois militias.The deputies were then debating theRights of Man and its relation to the future Constitution when news of thegrowing disorder forced it to alter itscalendar. On the night of August 3 thespokesman for the comite des rapportsmade no attempt to embellish the situation: "Letters from all provinces make itappear that properties of all kinds havefallen prey to the most criminal looting.Everywhere chateaux are burned, convents destroyed, farms abandoned topillage." The committee drafted a billreaffirming the value of all forms ofproperty and dues. A little later thatevening, Malouet, one of the Monar-chian deputies, expounded a vast program of poor relief through aid offices(bureaux de secours). But in the eyes of"patriotic" deputies the first proposalhad the disadvantage of committing theAssembly to a course of repression— uiweAsand thus restoring force to what remained royal troops— while at the sametime putting the king in the position ofarbiter. The second proposal was along-term project unlikely to have anyeffect on a situation that called for anurgent political res'- . ise.The idea of August 4— to distinguish between feudal property andproperty as such and to convert whatever was legitimate in the former intogood bourgeois currency— was born asa solution to this impasse. It probablyoriginated at a meeting of the BretonClub on the night of August 3-4, theclub being a small group of deputies ofthe Third Estate who since May hadformed the habit of meeting with theBreton delegation before Assembly debates to work out a concerted strategy.The key testimony here is that of Pari-sot, a deputy for Bar-sur- Aube, who in aletter written on the fifth recountedwhat had happened on the night of thethird:"We, that is to say, about ahundred of us, met in privatecommittee for practically the entire night. There it was resolved touse a kind of magic, a temporarysuspension of the Constitution,in order to destroy all privilegesof classes, provinces, cities, andcorporations. It was with this intention that we entered the hallyesterday at five o'clock. Ourcommittee alone was in on thesecret."As so often happens in the parliamentary history of the Revolution, weknow little else about the discussions9that preceded the session of August 4.Nor do we possess verbatim or incontestable minutes of that session. The report of the meeting, drafted by one ofthe Assembly's secretaries, was drawnup and submitted the following dayand debated until the twelfth, as the situation evolved. Yet it remains, alongwith newspapers of the day, our primary source concerning the event. Thesession began at eight in the eveningwith a discussion of the bill, drafted thenight before, on the need to respectproperty and persons. But two unexpected interventions immediatelytransformed the debate, one by the vi-comte de Noailles, the other by the dued' Aiguillon, both members of the liberal nobility; a younger son with no fortune and a very wealthy landowner.The rebellious peasants were criminals,they argued, but criminals whosecrimes were excused by the oppressionthey had endured from lords and theirstewards. In opening the debate,Noailles shifted the focus from the security of property and persons to thewrath of the peasantry and indicated apossible way out of the dilemma con fronting the Assembly: redemption ofthe feudal dues and abolition withoutindemnity of seigneurial corvees andwhat remained of personal servitude.The due d' Aiguillon, who also denounced the "vexations" to whichpeasants had been subjected "for somany centuries" was nevertheless careful to submit an elaborate motion proposing redemption "au denier trente"(meaning that feudal dues would be redeemed for a sum equivalent to thirtytimes their annual yield, thus establishing a ratio of income to capital of 3.33percent).These two speeches indicated thepolitical solution to the crisis. They alsoset the tone of the debate: a general denunciation of "feudalism" as the greatest curse in the national past, a source ofdissension in the nation rather thanunity. But this collective exaltation ofthe new nation against the "gothic" edifice of particular privileges was accompanied by a constant concern to translate the abolished "dues" (or at leastmost of them) into good bourgeoiscurrency. Historians, particularlytwentieth-century historians, are sometimes astonished by the coexistence of these two themes; obsessed bythe socialist idea, they see nothing inAugust 4 but bourgeois inequality supplanting aristocratic inequality. In reality, money was in this period the greatequalizer of conditions, the instrumentfor the destruction of privileges and of¦ ¦¦¦¦¦p» r.%10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989the old society of orders. It was the universal character of the new property,henceforth open to all, that excited people; this was the world that the enthusiasm of the deputies celebrated on thenight of August 4.N ORDER TO UNDER-stand the "patriotic" emotion that constantly enveloped the debate, we haveonly to imagine how the actors saw themselves. Avast literature, at once philosophical and juridical, had long sinceinstructed them in the misdeeds of lafeodalit'e— the feudal system— by whichthey meant not only what remained ofthe rights of fiefs but the whole corporate structure of society as reshaped bythe monarchy. The idea of unifyingproperty and making it the rationalbasis of the state had been the cornerstone of physiocratic thought; ultimately it suggested how absolutism mightbe reformed. The last person to developsystematically this whole body of ideas,and to accommodate them to the circumstance of 1789, was Sieyes in his Es-sai sur les privileges and Qu'est-ce que leTiers-Etat? "We must go back to principles, " he had proclaimed in the secondof these brochures, in which he also argued the need to oppose the pseudo-authority of centuries with the rights ofreason.The night of August 4 celebrates theadvent of reason in the exaltation ofhearts— an extraordinarily modernevent in that it revealed a deep emotional investment in the belief that an Assembly could, through its political will,change the course of the nation's history. The unfolding of the session fromeight in the evening until two in themorning dramatized the culture of thecentury. The deputies— clergy, nobility,and Third Estate meeting together-moved from feudal dues to the privileges of corps, cities, and provinces,from the land to society and from thesocial to the national. One after anotherthey mounted the podium to sacrifice tothe "nation" the special rights of thecommunities and corps that had elected them. What is more, their procession, as many of them noted with atwinge of anxiety, marked the end ofthe old idea that deputies are bound totheir electors by a strict mandate.When, at two in the morning, Lally- Tollendal managed to associate thename of Louis XVI with the spirit of thesession, the whole structure of the oldsociety came tumbling down: not onlyfeudal dues but the whole social orderdefined in terms of collectivities granted certain privileges by the king— citiesas well as provinces, ecclesiasticalbenefices as well as exclusive huntingrights, tithes and the sale of offices. Theadmission of everyone to all employments consecrated the equality of individuals before the law, a condition oftheir union with the nation. All thesehistoric decisions were taken on thenight of August 4 before the deputiesfinally went to bed. Some made theirapproval contingent on the consent oftheir constituents, which they confidently anticipated receiving. The moredifficult problem was the one that arosethe next day, August 5: how to cast thedecrees in proper legal form.The ensuing debate, held between lgnres representing the clergy ofthe First Estate andthe nobles of theSecond Estate rideserenely on the backof the Third Estate(above). The storming of the Bastille,July 14, 1789 (left).'etermined womenmarching from Paristo Versailles, October,1789, (above) to bringback the royal family— an assertion of thesovereignty of the people and a foreshadowing of violence to come. August 5 and August 11, was largelyfaithful to the spirit of August 4. Twopoints should be noted in particular.The first concerns trade guilds; the textapproved on August 4 provided onlyfor a "reform of the jurandes." The traditional organization of labor would remain untouched by the legislation ofthese few days; the guilds were not abolished until 1791. The second point hasto do with the tithe, which under theAncien Regime was the clergy's fundamental resource, based on a payment inkind of a fraction of the harvest (rangingfrom 1/15 to 1/20). Declared vulnerableto confiscation in return for compensation on the night of August 4, the tithewas ultimately abolished without indemnity. The question became the focus of a major debate, participants inwhich included Mirabeau and Sieyes,the two most important figures notpresent during the session of August 4.The argument of the deputies hostile tothe indemnity was put forward as earlyas August 6; the central idea was that ecclesiastical property belonged to thenation. Mirabeau made himself champion of this view on August 10. Thetithe, he argued, was not property butonly a contribution to the Church in exchange for its assumption of part of theburden of public service. But this contribution had proved too costly, and Mirabeau proposed something less onerous, though he offered no further details. In opposition, Sieyes on the sameday delivered a great speech, less as adefender of the clergy, as some historians still argue, than as a theorist of theequality of individuals before the law.The origin of the tithe, he argued sagely, was neither more nor less obscurethan that of many other forms of property. Its abolition was tantamount to anarbitrary gift to landowners, since thissum was traditionally subtracted fromthe price they paid for their land.HE FINAL TEXT, OFwhich the principalauthor was Duport,was passed during thesession of Tuesday,August 11, in the evening. The first sentence crashes down like a falling curtain: "The National Assembly entirelydestroys the feudal regime." It is followed by other provisions already approved on the fourth : abolition withoutindemnity of dues involving personalservitude, all other dues being redeemable against compensation. But in thearticles that followed (nineteen in all),what was abolished was not always associated with feodalite in the strict senseUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989of the word. The right to keep a dovecote, hunting rights, seigneurial courts,cens, and champarts were indeed feudalrights (articles 2,3,4, and 6). But article6 abolished without indemnity tithes ofall kinds, with application of the provision "pending notice of other means ofsubsidizing the expenses of divine worship," meaning, in other words, thatthe tithe would continue to be collecteduntil the Assembly had decided onsome other means of supporting theChurch. So the first part of the provision was unrealistic, and the secondwould involve the deputies, from thefall of 1789 until July 1790, in the spoliation and complete reorganization of theformer first order of the realm. The"placing at the disposal of the nation"of the property of the clergy was already legible between the lines of thesimple abolition of the tithe.The sale of offices was no more partof the "feudal" regime than the tithe. Itwas a later institution, not definitivelyestablished until the beginning of theseventeenth century, which the monarchy used to fill its coffers by selling hereditary offices in its judicial, financial,and municipal administrations. Article7 of the decree of August 11 abolishedthe sale of offices and at the same timeaffirmed the principle of a feeless administration of justice. The Revolutionthus resolved in the name of new principles a problem before which the monarchy had recoiled. In the final years ofthe reign of Louis XV, in 1771, Chancellor Maupeou had attempted to breakopposition in the parlements by abolishing the sale of judicial offices as wellas fees (known as epices) paid to judgesfor hearing cases; but when Louis XVIacceded to the throne in 1774, he capitulated to the protests of the corps. Thedeputies of 1789 portrayed the end ofthe parlements as a consequence of thenew principles, which did away withthe entire corporate structure of thekingdom, thereby cutting the Gordianknot of the Ancien Regime, which bothdispensed privileges and found itselfthreatened by them. But here, too, theRevolution kept faith with the idea ofproperty. By declaring all offices redeemable, the Assembly opened thedoor to a long controversy over evaluation and reimbursement.Along with the corps, all privaterights attached to them were also abolished. The liberties of the king's subjects were replaced by the liberty of each citizen — a liberty which was therefore intimately associated with equality. Article 9 prohibited "forever" all"pecuniary privileges," personal orreal, "in the matter of allowances," infavor of a uniform assessment of taxes.The next article abolished any type ofexemption or privilege granted to anyterritorial entity— province, region,city, or community. Henceforth onecommon law would apply universallyto all French citizens, and there wouldno longer be any intermediary structures or corps to serve as screens between the individual and the publicsphere of the law. Accordingly, article11 provided that "all citizens, withoutdistinction as to birth, may be admittedto all ecclesiastical, civilian, and military employments and dignities, andno useful profession shall constitutederogation."This general liquidation, which established a new social contract, even included a promise, in article 15, to keepan eye on the activities of the king: theAssembly would insist on an accounting of "pensions, favors, and bonuses"awarded by Louis XVI in order to doaway with arbitrary favors granted under the Ancien Regime. When the list ofthose favors was published the following year, it revived the detested ghost ofthe Court. In return, Louis XVI was inthe end proclaimed, as Lally-Tollendalhad urgently demanded, "Restorer ofFrench liberty." It is not clear that this"Monarchian" formula, at odds withthe rationalist spirit of the tabula rasa, ac curately reflected the sentiment of theAssembly. The near future would tellthe tale. Yet the proposal did indicate atemporarily successful attempt to separate the royal person and institutionfrom the end of the "feudal regime."In fact, neither Louis XVI nor hisentourage approved of the decisionstaken by the Assembly between August4 and August 11. Officially granted, asof September, a suspensive veto overlaws of the Assembly, the king for manylong weeks refused to give his sanctionto the destruction of the old society. OnSeptember 18, just after receiving thesuspensive veto under the terms of thedraft Constitution, the king transmitted to the Assembly a lengthy series ofremarks prepared by Necker. He gavehis accord to the principle of redeemingseigneurial rights but disputed the listof rights declared to be abolished without indemnity. He objected to the special treatment of the tithe and favoredpreserving the cens and the lods et ventes,which he deemed useful for maintaining small holdings. In effect, theserights dissuaded wealthy landownersfrom extending their holdings indefinitely by allowing them to retain certainhonorific prerogatives — an interestingargument, entirely in keeping withNecker's social concerns, but utterlyalien to the spirit of the times, which favored a clean slate and rational reconstruction. The king gave in only whenforced to do so in October, when he wasled back to Paris from Versailles by aninsurgent crowd. During August andSeptember the question of the king'sapproval of August 4 was one of the major themes of agitation in Paris andthroughout the country.The most important thing about thedecisions taken in the fateful week ofAugust 1789 was that they survived.The French Revolution created manytemporary institutions and often legislated for the short term. But the decrees of August 4 to August 11 numberamong the founding texts of modernFrance. They destroyed aristocratic society from top to bottom, along withits structure of dependencies andprivileges. For this structure they substituted the modern, autonomous individual, free to do whatever was notprohibited by law. August 4 wiped theslate clean by eliminating whatever remained of intrasocial powers betweenthe individual and the social body as aContinued on page 2613Vivian Paley,PhB'47, withtwo students atthe University'sLab Schools.All in a Day'sThrough fantasy and story-telling,Vivian Paley allows her students toopenly express their inner worlds.By Tim ObermillerUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989s VivianAGussin Paley quietly watches, Frederick wanders through the nurseryclassroom . He passes by a group of boysbusy turning building blocks into analien spacecraft. Apparently, he is notin the mood for their rambunctiousplay.Frederick finds his classmate Mol-lie in the doll corner, busy playing princess. "Pretend I'm the new borned person, okay?" he tells her. Mollie obliges."Sh-sh baby, sleepy go to sleepy.Are you asleep or are you silly?" Molliemurmurs to Frederick, who settlespeacefully into the arms of his imaginary mother. "Little wind blowing,see how I blow. . . oh sleep, oh sleep,mmm, to sleep good little baby. I loveyou sweetheart." Sitting up with abroad smile, Frederick is temporarilyrestored.After school, Frederick's real mother discusses her four-year-old's behavior with Paley, who already knows thatFrederick is deeply upset by the birth ofa new baby in his family. "He'll work hisway through it, " Paley assures her. "Or,should I say, play his way through it."That prediction is born out duringthe weeks that follow as Frederick gradually plays out his dark fears of abandonment through an intuitive languageof fantasy. In the unfolding of this fantasy play, Frederick will transform himself. A sobbing infant in mommy's lapbecomes a motherless baby bestowedwith magical powers and then a super-hunter, boldly scavenging for lion's meat to present to Mollie's "baby," hidden safely in the doll corner. Finally, heis a "brother horse"— the strongesthorse, Frederick tells Paley, "becausehe's also a brother and also a dad.""I think I see how you figured thatout," Paley responds with excitement."You are a brother now and when yougrow up, you'll be a dad. So you'll be asstrong as both together— a brother and adad."Frederick beams proudly. "That iswhat I figured out, " he says.As described in Paley's fifth book,Bad Guys Don't Have Birthdays (University of Chicago Press, 1988), Frederick'sfantasies illustrate how child's play ismuch more than the frivolous, nonsensical fun that most adults interpretit to be."Play is the solving of problems entirely," says Paley. For children, "images of good and evil, birth and death,parent and child move in and out of thereal and the pretend."Paley, PhB'47, is the author of fiveacclaimed books on teaching and childdevelopment. She finished her thirty-second year of teaching this spring. Forthe last eighteen of those years, she hastaught in the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools— first as a kindergartenteacher and later in the nursery schoolprogram. In 1987, Paley received theprestigious Erikson Institute Award forService to Children, and she has beenasked to demonstrate her unique teaching style throughout the country.Paley left Chicago in 1948 with her15Play is the solving of problems entirely.For children, images of good and evil,birth and death, parent and child movein and out of the real and the pretend.husband, Irving Paley, AB'47, andmoved to New Orleans. There shetaught for four years in elementaryschools and finished her bachelor's degree at Tulane University. Relocating inNew York, she worked for ten years inthe Great Neck public school system,completed her master's degree in education at Hofstra University, and thenmoved back to Chicago, accepting thepost of kindergarten teacher in the LabSchools. Paley admits that during much ofthe first half of her career, she often disliked her work. "I didn't have a sense ofwhat was supposed to be happening inclassroom . I felt I was pretending to be ateacher, and I didn't find it veryinteresting."Becoming a "deeper, more reflective person" in her forties, Paley foundthe classroom served as a natural placeto ask the question "who am I?""What I found out was that there was no way to answer this without finding out who are the children, and in sodoing, I found my work."This work has also become her"passion, " she says. "Really, there is almost nothing that comes up in theworld today that I do not reinterpretthrough my prism of a self-containedcultural entity called the classroom."Paley documents the goings-on inthis "self-contained" world in a veryspecific fashion, recording each day'sevents on a tape recorder, and latertranscribing the dialogues that occur.By replaying these dialogues, Paley begins to recognize certain themes emerging in her classroom— themes that maylater grow into subjects for her books.The tapes also provide an invaluable means of self -evaluation for Paley,who constantly questions her ownpresence in the classroom. Paley examines her multiple roles not only asteacher and authority figure but also as"colleague" to the children and an"outsider" who must listen to her subjects with the care and objectivity of ananthropologist."Everything that I have learned thatis worth saying about teaching hascome from watching the children, " saysPaley. "What is it I do that makes eager,happy learners and social beings; andwhat is it I do that halts the process andmakes them run for cover in any number of ways?"By tuning in to the children—"rather than to the sound of my ownvoice"— Paley was slowly able to discard her conventional teaching methods for a more open style, allowing herstudents to explore issues and emotions that she had previously regardedas mere distractions.This new approach was tentativelyexplored in her first book, White Teacher(Harvard University Press, 1979), andemerged fully in its follow-up, Wally'sUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989Vivian Gussin Paley-.Some Thoughtsfor ParentsOtl television "I'm not comfortable recommending a certain program for parents. Because to me,none of the programming— simply byvirtue of what the medium is— suitsthe way a child learns. The child issimply not a passive creature. If youleave a child just sitting alone in hisroom with his toys, there's an activemonologue going on there... Themore opportunities for the child toplay, and to play with other children,the better— and also to have open-ended conversations between parents and children about everythingthat's on a child's mind. And ofcourse to be read to, just to be read tofrom all the wonderful prose and poetry that is available for children. . ."So the best solution of all wouldbe no TV. at all, because that television dimension does not suit the waya child learns about the world. Sincethat's probably impossible, then I would simply say, As little as you canget away with.'"On the value of play "i can'trecall ever meeting a parent whowasn't astonished and delighted todiscover this other part of childhoodand almost relieved to find out thatit's okay to let the children play, andto respect their play."They become very relaxed aboutwhat's going on. They see that thestoryteller is a happy human being,and this is as true of children as it is ofourselves. What are the great conversations we have in our lives? We riseto heights our coworkers never hear.After going to a good play or movie,this fantasy opens us up and we become eloquent beyond what we areused to. That's the way children are intheir play, except that there's no suchthing as mediocre play to a child. It'sall a piece of the truth."Stories (Harvard, 1981), which documents a year in the life of one of Paley'skindergarten classes, focusing on a student in that class named Wally.Wally had already received a reputation in nursery school as a "bad boy" :restless, hyperactive, noisy, and uncooperative. Paley began to challenge thisassessment. She observed that "thechildren like Wally's explanations forevents better than mine The familiarchord he strikes stimulates others tospeak with candor, and I am the beneficiary. However, Wally does not alwaysteach me what I want to learn. He is alightning rod, attracting the teacher'snegative sparks. It is a role that receives little credit."Wally dictated a story to Paley abouta "dinosaur who smashed the city andthe people got mad and put him j ail . After he promised to be good, they let himgo home to his mother." Paley decidedto let Wally "act" out his story, with allof the class participating either as castmembers or audience.Story dictation and drama had beenonly mildly popular activities in herprevious kindergartens, so Paley wassurprised to see how well they were received by the class when combined."For this alone," she writes, "the children would give up play time, as if itwas a true extension of play." Soon " acting had become the majorintegrating factor of the day, encirclingand extending every other interest...The children's stories, lacking greatplots or memorable prose, answeredone of the children's most importantquestions: what do other children thinkabout?"With concern that this new activityhad grown too important, Paley tried tocall a temporary halt for one week. Theannouncement caused a "stampede" tothe story table as the children clamoredto dictate one last fantasy. Realizing thatthe acting out of stories "often contributes academic lessons worthy of thebest kindergarten activity," Paley gaveup her plan."In acting out a story, the child mustbe more conscious of language than heis in free play," she writes. "He cannotsuddenly move to a parallel dialoguethat has nothing to do with the plot. Hecan use his own words, but he must remain within the structure of the story."Even more importantly, storytelling and fantasy play deal with thesolving of problems in a natural way."Children will play out what disturbsthem." says Paley. "If fear cannot beavoided, the children seem to be saying, let it surface and explode." Yet fantasies also "disarm and enchant," comments Paley, suggesting almost "heroicpossibilities for making changes."Paley is constantly amazed at thediversity of styles with which an individual child's imagination will provideinspiration or exorcise demons. For example, during the recent mayoral racein Chicago, Republican candidateEdward Vrdolyak turned up in onethree-year-old's story: "Supermancame and then he fly to the planet Krypton, and Mr. Vrdolyak, he's a bad guyon Krypton, and Superman dumps himoff and flies back to his house.""From whatever source, this childobviously took Mr. Vrdolyak as something to be frightened about, and in hisstory he's gotten rid of that image. Ofcourse, Mr. Vrdolyak isn't really bad,"Paley says, "but to me, it's a perfect example of what active fantasy-making isall about."Another child in Paley's nurseryschool class will finish most of her stories ". . . and the mother picked the littlegirl up at school, and they played all daytogether." Her "happy ending," saysPaley, answers a common anxiety ofchildren as reflected in their fantasyplay— the question of "How safe am I17now that I'm not at home?"One of the most powerful means for"unlocking" these anxieties continuesto be tried-and-true fairy tales such as"Goldilocks and the Three Bears" and"The Three Little Pigs.""We get the best discussions of allfrom fairy tales, " says Paley, who devoted an entire section to the subject in hernew book, Teaching Young Children, to bepublished by Harvard next year. Oftenin these discussions, the children willexpress anger at Goldilocks. Paleynotes that they insist that "she shouldnot have gone into someone else's bed.She should have gone, if she was frightened, into her mother's bed— that's allowed—but don't even tell me you wentinto a strange bear's bed! . . .That LittleRed Riding Hood could be so easilyfooled is also a worrisome notion."A basic fear that fantasy works outis separation into the world from parents," Paley explains. "It is far more ofan issue than any of us realize-certainly more than the schools acknowledge: that simple loneliness ofentering the forest. It's an issue thatfairy tales deal with primarily— thisseparation, the scary feeling of beingpushed out, alone, into the darkforest.""Fantasy play is the stage on whichbad things are auditioned," writesPaley in Bad Guys Don't Have Birthdays. Ifthe fantasies are too safe, the play losesits function; yet the dangers exposedcannot be too naked. "In fantasy play,you sidestep that which cannot be controlled and devise scenes in which fearsare resolved: the wolf in the chimneyand the bad stepmother are substitutehazards for life's real emergencies."i Does the presence of these anxieties suggest that society is pushing itschildren out into the "forest" of nurseries and preschools too soon? "I don'tthink so," Paley responds, "not if it's agood nursery school program. Thisgroup fantasy play becomes a kind ofgroup 'think' on how other childrenview the same subject. We have the value here of working out these separationissues while the children are still youngenough to play them out."Part of Paley's motivation for leaving her kindergarten post to teach in theLab Schools' nursery program six yearsago was to get a more immediate senseof "how children make sense ofschool." Paley based her fourth and. fifth books, Mollie is Three (University ofChicago Press, 1986) and Bad Guys Don't Have Birthdays, on this experience. Sheis amazed at "how much deeper I'vebeen able to get into the issues" bystudying the youngest children."I have understood story-tellingbetter by seeing the three-year-olds invent it. I have understood play betternot by watching the experts in kindergarten but by watching the three-year-olds who are just beginning."In the process, Paley has also cometo better understand her own role as ateacher— an enlightenment reflected inher newest book, Teaching Young Children. "I think that, more than any of theother books, this one deals, specificallyand straightforwardly, with my own feelings about the act of teachingitself."Paley describes her method ofteaching as "Socratic." She explains, "Isee the teacher entirely in a Socraticrole, and more recent knowledge ofmine of the Russian psychologist LevVygotsky has enabled me to understand much more about what Socrateswas doing in the dialogues. Yes, theteacher is extremely important in termsof helping make the connections— notto create that which is being connected,but to be an intermediary and to helpthe children be intermediaries for theirown questions.""We only intervene in situations if18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989A basic fear that fantasy works out isseparation from parents into the world:that simple loneliness of entering thedark forest."we think that mediation will be fruitful, " says Lyzbett Long, Paley's teaching assistant for the past two years and aformer art teacher in the Wisconsinpublic school system."We don't ever take a fantasy role,for example. To do so would automatically let the children say, 'Okay, you design the play,' because that's how itusually happens at home," says Long.She adds, "In the traditional world ofteaching you feel like a god, and thatjust isn't accurate.""As I began to look anew at the children and understand that they are colleagues, " says Paley, "I was able then totalk to them about the things that bothered me— such as running or playingtoo roughly— asking them to understand that this is one of those situationswhere I'm beginning to feel anxious,because that's the way teachers are.And if I do something that makes youanxious, for heaven's sake, tell meabout it! When you can get children tofeel that free, it makes you feel evenfreer."Paley has long since desisted in useof punishments such as the "time out"chair in her classrooms. She explains,"Once the child stops being afraid ofpunishment, rational discourse canthen occur. Otherwise, the whole formula in the classroom becomes, 'Willthis get me punished or not?... Howcome he didn't get punished?' What awaste of time!"Paley still recalls when she believedthat "it was my job to fill the time quickly with a minimum of distractions, " and"the appearance of a correct answergave me the surest feeling that I wasteaching." To become unbridled fromthis trodden pedagogy, Paley used herwriting and a University of Chicago-inspired willingness to discard preconceived notions when honestly examining a problem. "Probably the most important impact on what I did finally with my teaching came from my college days. I saw avision, although I was too young toknow how to achieve it. I just neverknew that people cared so much aboutthe acts of thinking and questioning."Those early lessons of my collegedays with Hutchins and Adler havestayed with me," says Paley, "althoughI won't say they were more importantthan growing up in a religious Jewishfamily that very much respected thebook." Paley's late father, Harry A.Gussin (SB'22, MD'26), was a physician who came to the U.S. from Russiaas a teenager, and became the onlymember of his family who attendedcollege.Paley sees a good liberal arts education, combined with "useful opportunities for Socratic discussion all the waythrough your school days," as a finepreparation for teachers. "Someonewho has been trained to believe thatthere must be an answer to every question—and that those answers comefrom the experts— may not be preparedfor this more thought-provoking approach to problem solving," she says.For Paley, writing has become thestimulus for this more "thought-provoking approach." She calls it an"internalized Socratic method" —writing down "your misgivings, mis-judgments, expectations, and disappointments. If by some chance you actually publish this material, that's fine;but that was never my intention when Istarted writing. The incentive for mewas simple; it made teaching into a truly exciting endeavor."I can speak about children in theabstract at professional meetings oradult classroom sessions, but no oneknows this John or this Rachel, andthat's very exciting. It's a little bit of theexcitement of the fiction writer, as com pared to the philosopher or academic.Like characters in a book, you don'tspeak of these children abstractly It'snot that I don't love to deal with universal and generalities— we all do— butthat has to be the result of writing verytruly and honestly about the individual. So that when it's finished, you cansay of your depiction of those children,Ah, yes, that's exactly the way theyare.'"Paley is already formulating potential themes for her next book. "I'm becoming excited about going back to thekindergarten program in the fall because I'm very eager to study the beginnings of reading and writing and how itties into the organic, intuitive behaviorof the storyteller— what these nextsteps are in their natural form."More and more, I don't find thatmuch difference between the booksand the teaching. What makes for interest in a book makes for interest in aclassroom. It is the not knowing. It isthe 'What will happen next? '...Certainty in the classroom makes fordullness and in a book makes forunreadability."I cannot understand teachingwithout writing, so in that sense, I mustcontinue the writing. It works bothways: I will continue teaching as long asI want to continue writing, and I willcontinue writing as long as I'mteaching."I think at some point the University makes you quit. I find that thought alittle scary, but I still have a ways to go. Iknow I won't run out subjects. It'simpossible to! There's always a newFrederick, Mollie, Wally, or Jason—someone whose story is an incredibleopportunity to learn something abouteverybody's story— but I need them totell me what the stories are. I can't makethem up. But the interesting thing is,the stories are there." BCHICAGO JOURNALCASPER NAMED PROVOST,BRADBURNTOHEADNORCGerhard Casper, the WilliamB. Graham Distinguished ServiceProfessor and former dean of theLaw School, has been appointedprovost of the University, effectiveSeptember 15.The appointment of the constitutional law scholar was announced inMay by President Hanna Gray. Casperwill succeed Norman Bradburn,AB'52, the Tiffany and Margaret BlakeDistinguished Service Professor, whohas served as provost since 1984."Gerhard Casper's appointment| continues a splendid tradition, exem-| plified by Norman Bradburn's service,| of outstanding scholars who are will-2 ing to devote themselves to academicleadership at our University, " Graysaid."Gerhard Casper brings to theprovostship his high intellectual standards, his broad interests in the range ofthe disciplines and their connections,and a keen perception of the problemsand opportunities facing higher education and research," Gray remarked."He has been a superb citizen of theUniversity community, as well as amost effective dean of the LawSchool."Casper joined the faculty of theLaw School in 1966 after teaching fortwo years at the University of California at Berkeley in the Department ofPolitical Science. For more than tenyears, he held an appointment herein political science and taught in theCollege. He was appointed to the MaxPam Professorship of American andForeign Law in 1976 and to the WilliamB. Graham Professorship in 1980. Hebecame a Distinguished Service Professor in 1987.Casper also served as dean of theLaw School from 1979 to 1987. Duringhis deanship, the Law School appointed a substantial number of seniorand junior scholars to its faculty. Atthe same time, Casper led a successfulcapital campaign that enabled the LawSchool to enlarge by half the size ofthe D'Angelo Law Library, to add Gerhard Casperendowed professorships and studentscholarship funds, and to found a newprogram in law and government.In addition to his interest in constitutional law, Casper has specialized inconstitutional history. He is the editor,with Philip Kurland and Dennis Hutchinson, of The Supreme Court Review,and the author of a large number ofpublications in his fields of interest.As for Casper's predecessor, President Gray noted that she was "immensely grateful to Norman Brad-burn. He has made many majorcontributions to our University and itsstrength. We will all continue to relyon his presence and wise counsel."Effective September 15, Bradburnwill assume the appointment of director of NORC (National Opinion Research Center), the nation's oldestand largest academic research center,which has been affiliated with theUniversity for more than forty years.Bradburn served as director of NORCfrom 1967 to 1971 and from 1979 to1984. In addition, he was chairman ofthe Department of Psychology from1973 to 1979. Currently, he holds appointments in the Graduate Schoolof Business and the College.Bradburn's major research interests are the methodology of sample surveys, studies of neighborhoodracial integration, and research onpsychological well-being and happiness. He has published widely in allthree areas. He recently co-authoredthe study "Polls and Surveys: Understanding What They Tell Us."THREE FACULTY CHOSENAS GUGGENHEIM FELLOWSThree faculty members— BarbaraStafford, Emmet Larkin, and JamesStigler— have received fellowshipsfrom the John Simon GuggenheimMemorial Foundation.Guggenheim Fellows are appointed on the basis of unusuallydistinguished achievement in the pastand exceptional promise for futureaccomplishment, said Joel Conarroe,Foundation President. This year, 198artists, scholars, and scientists werechosen for Fellowship Awards, whichtotaled more than $5 million.Stafford, PhD'72, whose researchinterests include eighteenth- andnineteenth-century European art andart theory, will receive support tostudy the imaging of the unseen inEnlightenment art and medicine. Herworks include the forthcoming TangibleVisions: The Tradition ofVisibilizing theInvisible, which explores the interconnections between the visual arts, medicine and the experimental sciences.Stafford, who won a Senior HumboldtPrize this year, joined the faculty in1981 after serving on faculties at Delaware, Loyola, and the National Collegeof Education.Larkin, a professor of history, is aspecialist on Ireland. The fellowshipwill help support his study of the devotional revolution in Ireland from1850 to 1875. He is currently workingon a twelve-volume series, A History ofthe Roman Catholic Church in Ireland in theNineteenth Century, 1780-1918, and hascompleted six of the volumes. Hejoined the faculty in 1966 after teaching at MIT and Brooklyn College. Hereceived his Ph.D. from Columbiain 1957.Stigler, an associate professor ofpsychology, will receive support from20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989the Foundation to study mathematicslearning in Japan, China, and theUnited States. Stigler's work focuseson cross-cultural studies in education.His research examines classroom practice as well as attitudes adults holdabout students' mathematical ability.Along with Gilbert Herdt and RichardShweder, he is editor of Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative HumanDevelopment. Stigler joined the facultyin 1983 after receiving his Ph.D. fromMichigan in 1982.GRANT BOOSTS COLLEGESCIENCE EDUCATIONThe University has been awarded$2 million from the Howard HughesMedical Institute to improve collegiatescience education. The Hughes Institute made grants of similar size tothree other institutions and smallerawards to forty-seven other universities, for a total of $61 million.The awards, which are designed toincrease the number of students whopursue research and teaching careersin the sciences, are in response to thenation's current crisis in science education, according to the HughesInstitute.The Hughes money will fund afive-year program at the Universitydesigned to encourage the recruitmentand training of disadvantaged minorities and other students who have notyet chosen science careers. It is alsointended to retain those students whohave already expressed an interest inscience as a career."Our nation is facing a growingshortage of new biological scientists, "said Samuel Hellman, dean of thebiological sciences. "With this supportfrom the Howard Hughes MedicalInstitute, we will be able to establishan ambitious new program to addressthat shortage.""In the second grade, almost everyone is interested in science," saidMartin Feder, associate dean of biological sciences and master of the biological sciences' collegiate division. "Butby the time students are in college, fewof them still plan to be scientists. Thepipeline that is bringing our futurescientists is a leaky one. Too manystudents slip away."To keep those future scientists from slipping away, the Universityprogram will reach out to minoritystudents in Chicago-area public andprivate high schools in two ways. Itwill bring their instructors to the University, where they will attend facultyseminars on topics at the forefront ofthe biological sciences. And it willbring the students to campus to attendspecial classes taught by Universityfaculty.In addition, to attract college students to scientific fields, the Universi-Mary Ruth Yoe, an award-winningwriter and editor, has been namededitor-in-chief of Alumni Periodicals.In her new position, Yoe will beprimarily responsible for The Universityof Chicago Magazine, a quarterly publication which is mailed to more than89,000 alumni and circulates morethan 6,000 additional copies on andaround campus. She will assume herduties in July.Mary Ruth Yoe"I am very pleased that Mary RuthYoe has accepted the position and willbe joining us at the University," saidWarren Heemann, vice-president forDevelopment & Alumni Affairs."She is recognized in her field asone of the premier university magazine editors and, beyond that, herexperience at a major institution likeJohns Hopkins is ideally matched to ty's current biological sciences curriculum will be restructured to better servethose lacking interest or confidenceabout a career in biological sciences. Toretain students who have already chosen scientific careers, the program willincrease the curriculum's emphasis onscientific processes as opposed tofacts, and it will greatly increase thenumber of students in the University'sexisting program of undergraduateresearch. That program is already asuccess, Feder said, but it cannot sup-the needs of the University of Chicago." Heemann added, "Both MaryRuth and I are looking forward tospreading more of the interestingnews of the University to the alumnithrough The Magazine."Yoe most recently served as a freelance editorial consultant and writer.In that capacity, she launched analumni magazine for Washington College which won two awards from theCouncil for the Advancement andSupport of Higher Education (CASE)in its first year of publication.From 1983 to 1986, Yoe was editorof an alumni magazine consortiumbased at Johns Hopkins University,producing a sixteen-page quarterly"core" of general interest articleswhich appeared in the alumni magazines of the AMC's six memberschools. During her final six months atJohns Hopkins, Yoe served as actingdirector of the university's public-relations office.Yoe began at Johns Hopkins in 1980as associate editor of its alumni magazine. There she was a part of the magazine's writing staff, which won the 1981CASE Grand Award for Public AffairsContent in Periodicals, and Grandawards in 1982 and 1984 for Excellencein Periodical Writing.From 1977 to 1980, Yoe planned,wrote, and designed the alumni magazine for Grinnell College, Grinnell, I A.Yoe received her B. A. degree fromWashington College in 1973 and an M.Litt. from the University of Edinburghin 1976.Yoe succeeds Felicia AntonelliHolton, AB'50. Holton retired earlierthis year and is currently launchingher own editorial consulting firm.Yoe Named New Editor of Alumni PeriodicalsEdward Goldberg, PhD' '49, winner of the 1989 Tyler Prize for environmental achievement.port all of the University students whoare interested."With the Hughes funding, we willbe able to expand the undergraduateresearch program to include more ofour own students as well as those fromother two-and four-year colleges andfrom minority institutions," he said.The Howard Hughes MedicalInstitute conducts biomedical researchin institutes at thirty-five academicmedical centers and universities. In1988, a Howard Hughes Institutedevoted to molecular biology andmolecular genetics was established atthe University.GOLDBERG, CRUTZENSHARE TYLER PRIZEEdward Goldberg, PhD'49, a leading chemical oceanographer, and PaulCrutzen, visiting professor in theUniversity's geophysical sciencesdepartment and co-discoverer of thenuclear winter theory, will share the1989 Tyler Prize for EnvironmentalAchievement. The $150,000 prize,widely considered the most prestigious award for environmentally related sciences, is presented for landmarkdiscoveries confirming humanity'scapacity to upset the global atmosphere and the global ocean.Goldberg, a chemistry professorat the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, pioneered ocean pollutionresearch on artificial radionuclides,DDT, halogenated hydrocarbons, andheavy metals. Goldberg has been directly involved in legislation and education programs promoting the limiteddisposal of nontoxic materials in theocean, as well as the banning of tribu-tyl tin marine paints in California.Goldberg also proposed and inaugurated the Mussel Watch program— nowused internationally— which determines levels of chemical pollution incoastal marine waters through thestudy of oysters and mussels."Ed Goldberg has conducted thebest research and has been the premierleader on a worldwide basis in the areaof marine environmental quality research, " said John Farrington, professor of environmental sciences at theUniversity of Massachusetts. "He hasno close competition from any otherindividual for this distinction." Crutzen, a native of Amsterdam,has led discoveries of nitrogen oxides'depleting effects on ozone in the, stratosphere, ozone formation in the troposphere from industrial emissions,the effect of biomass burning on tropical and global atmospheric chemistry,and the greenhouse effect. In addition, he and Dr. John Birks discoveredwhat was later developed into thenuclear winter theory. The hypothesisstates that a nuclear war wouldproduce a blanket of smoke so thickthat a significant temperature drop atthe Earth's surface would follow, resulting in major change in the world'scapability to produce food crops.Tyler Prize winners are selectedfrom nominations received worldwideby an eleven-member committee comprised of leading American scientistsand researchers. The number of Tylerlaureates now totals twenty-five, andover two million dollars have beenawarded. The Tyler Prize was established in 1973 by Alice C. Tyler andher late husband, John C. Tyler, whofounded Farmers Insurance Group.ACADEMY OF SCIENCESELECTS MEYER, HARBERGERPeter Meyer, chairman and professor in the Department of Physics, andArnold Harberger, AM'47, PhD'50,the Gustavus F. and Ann M. Swift Distinguished Service Professor inEconomics, have been elected to theNational Academy of Sciences. Theirelection brings to forty-three the number of Chicago faculty members in theacademy.The NAS, established by Congressin 1863, is a private organization ofscientists and engineers that serves asan official advisory body to the federalgovernment in matters of science andtechnology.Meyer specializes in the study ofcosmic rays— high energy atomic nuclei that travel through the galaxy.With Eugene Parker and John Simpson, he discovered the heliosphere—the sun's sphere of magnetic influence—in 1956. In 1973, he determined theway in which the composition of cosmic rays varies with energy. Meyer andChicago colleague Dietrich Muellersupervised the 1983 operation of thelargest cosmic ray detector ever to flyin space. Most recently, he and hisstudents confirmed that solar flaresemit neutrons as well as charged particles, and that they follow a 153-daycycle. Meyer is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a foreignmember of the Max Planck Society inWest Germany.Harberger, a specialist in publicfinance and economic development,is editor of World Economic Growth,published in 1985. He has been a consultant to a number of countries, in-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989eluding the U.S., China, and Canada.In 1984, he was named special ambassador to the U.S. State Department.Harberger's work has helped establishthe International Center for EconomicGrowth in San Francisco, which comprises 100 affiliated organizations fromfifty countries. He joined the faculty in1953 and was chairman of the economics department from 1964 to 1971 andfrom 1975 to 1980.FORD, EEOC FUNDMINORITY SCHOLARSHIPSThe University has received a$125,000 endowment grant from theFord Motor Company and the EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission to fund scholarships for minorities and women pursuing undergraduate degrees.The University is among forty-twoU.S. institutions to which Ford and theEEOC are awarding $5.5 million forthe establishment of a Ford/EEOCEndowed Scholarship Program. The University's first Ford/EEOC scholarship is expected to be awarded thisfall.Participating schools were selectedjointly by Ford and the EEOC based onacademic excellence, curriculum diversity and the representation of minorities and women among the schoolenrollments. The endowment programis designed to give preference to theapplications of Ford employees, theirspouses and their children. Althoughthe scholarships are targeted primarilyfor students in undergraduate programs, they may also be awarded tostudents seeking graduate degrees.PRESS LAING PRIZETOGRENE'SfflSTOKYDavid Grene, professor in theCommittee on Social Thought, received the twenty-sixth Gordon J.Laing Award this spring from the University of Chicago Press for his translation of Herodotus's The History.The Laing award is given annuallySamuelson Selected for Britannica AwardPaul A. Samuelson, AB'35, wasa recipient of this year's BritannicaAward, recognizing persons "of exceptional ability and contributions" in avariety of fields. He joined physicistStephen W. Hawking, ethologist JaneGoodall, art historian Sir Ernst Gom-brich, and American economistGeorge F. Keenan in sharing the$125,000 prize.Robert P. Gwinn, PhB'29, chairman and chief executive officer ofEncyclopaedia Britannica— and a trustee of the University of Chicago since1973— presented the gold medal awardto Samuelson during ceremonies heldat the United Nations.Samuelson is the author of Economics, published by McGraw-Hill, whichhas sold over three million copies inEnglish and is printed in more thantwenty foreign languages. In 1970, hereceived the Nobel Prize in economics.He was awarded the Alumni Medalfrom the University of Chicago in 1983.Samuelson is Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, where he has taughtsince 1940. Paul A. Samuelson, AB'35Encyclopaedia Britannica established the awards in 1986 "to recognizeexcellence in the dissemination ofknowledge for the benefit of mankind," said Gwinn. by the Board of University Publications to the University faculty author,editor, or translator of the most distinguished book published by the Pressduring the preceding two years.President Hanna Gray made thepresentation during a reception atthe Quadrangle Club.In translating The History, Grenewas able to capture the charm andcomplexity of Herodotus as a writer,said Morris Philipson, director of thePress.Grene's other translations includeAeschylus's Prometheus Bound and Sevenagainst Thebes; Sophocles's Oedipus theKing, Electra, and Philoctetes; and Euri-pides's Hippolytus. All of those worksare included in The Complete Greek Tragedies, published by the Press.Grene studied classics at TrinityCollege, Dublin, where he received anadvanced degree. After serving onfaculties in Europe, he came to Chicago in 1937 as an instructor in classics.He joined the Committee on SocialThought in 1947.The Laing Prize is named for theclassicist Gordon Laing, who wasgeneral editor of the Press from 1909to 1940.UNIVERSITY, CORPORATELEADERS LOOK TO 1990sSome of the central questionsfacing both universities and corporateAmerica over the next decade wereaddressed recently in a freewheelingdiscussion among University representatives and leaders of U.S.industry.The thirty participants met over atwo-day period to share their concernsabout issues ranging from competitionin a global economy to changes in theeducation and makeup of the U.S.work force. While the opinions expressed often reflected the very different experiences of academics andcorporate chief executives, there wassurprising agreement on both theproblems and some of the solutions tothose problems.The roundtable was held in LakeBluff, IL, at the home of John Bryan,chairman and CEO of the Sara LeeCorporation and trustee of the University, and at the nearby Harrison Conference Center. Bryan opened discus-MIT News Office23sion by speaking on the recenteconomic and political changes thatare altering the nature of globalcompetition.The 1990s "is not just any decade,"said Bryan. "It is the last of one hundred decades in this millennium. Atthe very least, the symbolic power andgravitational pull of the approachingyear 2000 should be an extraordinarystimulant to inspire action on manyfronts."Speculating "on what kind ofenvironment we will encounter overthe next ten years," Bryan cited severalimportant current events and trends."Surely, we would all agree thatbetter educating America's humanresources is a prime strategy for competing and performing in the world oftomorrow," said Bryan.On the political front, Bryan observed that "the world is achieving anextraordinary state of political stability even that elder statesman of terrorism, Arafat, is beginning to talk andwalk like a dove." He also cited "thewaning of socialism" worldwide andthe "slow but sure movement towardfree trade in the world."Bryan said the current predictionsthat the 1990s will be a fantastic boomperiod are exciting, as well as "a littlefrightening" when the global economic disaster that followed the RoaringTwenties is recalled. One major threatto a booming 1990s, in his view, is the"increasingly record-high levels ofdebt with which we are becomingcomfortable in America."Mentioning arguments on bothsides of the current deficit debate,Bryan said, "Even if the deficit is notas evil as we think, it does causeenough economic fear so that it couldbe an enormous economic boost to getrid of it At any rate, I cannot understand how we can continue runningsuch high deficits without getting intomajor trouble. And I think PresidentBush's major domestic challenge is getour deficit down."Bryan also clearly stated both sidesof the current debate over takeoveractivity. He concluded, "While takeover activity has probably done moregood than bad at this point, the rise ininvestor speculation, the excessivedebt levels in many industries, and theincreasing short-term management ofbusiness— these factors create risks too great to continue — "Bryan summed up by saying, "Myanxieties about the debt abate a littlewhen I remember that most progress ismade by walking a little closer to theedge. I really do feel and sense thatAmerica and the world will make extraordinary progress in this decade weare pondering tonight. Now let's figureout how to make sure the 1990s is adecade of progress for America."The discussion afterward wasmoderated by John Callaway, seniorcorrespondent at WTTW/Channel 11in Chicago and former director of theWilliam Benton Fellowships in Broadcast Journalism program. The participants agreed that while the U.S. couldlikely "grow out of" its existing national debt, the production of more debtthrough continuing budget deficitswas a concern. Several expressed wor-(Above) Barry F. Sullivan, MBA'57, chairman of the Board of Trustees and chairman andCEO of the First National Bank of Chicago. (Below) Robert S. Ingersoll, life trustee andformer chairman and CEO of Borg-Warner Corporation; George Fisher, president and CEOof Motorola; and Norman Bradburn, AB'52, the Tiff any and Margaret Blake DistinguishedService Professor.ry that too much U.S. investment— andworse, U.S. consumption— is beingfinanced by overseas borrowing. Thecurrent wave of corporate restructuring also received some criticism,with one participant calling muchcurrent buy-out activity "frivolousand without value."Several executives expressed theirbelief that competition with Japanesefirms would continue to be a greatchallenge for U.S. firms simply because the high rate of savings in Japangreatly reduces the cost of capital for Japanese firms. A consensus developed that U.S. corporations mustthink of themselves as global businesses that are based in the U.S., rather than U.S. businesses that occasionally compete internationally. Enthusiasm for the weakening of communismwas tempered by a warning that economic statism remains a powerfulinfluence.George Fisher, president and CEOof Motorola, opened the first workshop with a discussion of competitionin a global economy. He described24 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989Motorola's successes in telecommunications and drew lessons from its experience. Fisher sees disturbing trendsin the increasingly short usefulness oftechnical education, and especially ina steady decline in the educationalattainment of the U.S. blue-collar workforce. He called for more supplementaleducation for workers, and he emphasized the need to maintain leadershipin cost, speed of production, and quality as a means of competing globally.Robert Aliber, a professor in the couraged to enter technical fields thatthey have not traditionally found ofinterest, he said.Robert Michael, the Eliakim Hastings Moore Distinguished ServiceProfessor in Education and director ofthe National Opinion Research Center,responded with a description of thechanging demographics of the U.S.work force. He explained that as the120 million-member U.S. work forcebecomes increasingly female and increasingly ethnic, different demandsB. Kenneth West, MBA'60, trustee and CEO of Harris Bankcorp, Inc.; Warren Heemann,vice-president for Development and Alumni Affairs; and Robert Aliber, professor in theGraduate School of Business.Graduate School of Business, responded by lamenting the obviousdecline in U. S. competitiveness andthe consequent loss of control overnational destiny. He pointed out theimportance of higher savings rates inJapan and Europe and suggested thatthe cost of capital in the U.S. is a roadblock to efficient investment.The final workshop, on humanresource and work force issues, beganwith a discussion by Richard Morrow,chairman and CEO of Amoco Corporation and a trustee of the University.Citing dropout rates as high as fiftypercent, he declared that current public education was in a state of crisis,especially in large urban school systems. He also noted that the genderand ethnicity of the U.S. work force ischanging rapidly. In light of projectedshortages of 400,000 scientists andengineers over the next two decades,minorities and women must be en- will by placed on employers.Discussants pointed to studies ofthe urban underclass by William JuliusWilson, the Lucy Flower Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Sociology, which indicated the need for training programs thatwill increase self-esteem. Several corporate education programs— notablyin mathematics and science— weredescribed, as was the relative successes of parochial schools. PresidentHanna Gray suggested that universities can help with research on education methods through teacher preparation and by analyses of teacher statusand expanded opportunities for women in other fields.Several participants called for anagenda for action and further discussion. Possible topics include the development of new social organizations ofworkers to deal with changing technology and increased competition, the role of waste in competitiveness, andthe degree to which increased educational opportunities have providedexpected benefits.President Gray closed the gathering by emphasizing the role played bycorporate trustees and the importanceof social and political autonomy inmaintaining the excellence of the U.S.university system. She suggested thatsuch discussions between the academic and corporate worlds might play anincreasingly important role in addressing questions of national importance.— Larry Arbeiter with Tim ObermillerLAB SCHOOLS AND ALUMNIIMPROVE COMMUNICATIONThe Laboratory Schools has expanded its publication for alumni, LabNotes, to include magazine-lengtharticles, profiles, and photographs ofalumni activities. The changes weremade this year in an effort to improvecommunication between the Schoolsand alumni, said Mary Jane Yurchak,director of the Schools.The quarterly publication wasformerly a newsletter consisting ofletters from alumni. The popular letters section was maintained as part of aclass notes section, which also carriesother reports on alumni activities."What we try to do is to tell storiesthrough the eyes of alumni, " saidChris Svoboda, director of development and alumni activities at theSchools.The Laboratory Schools' alumnialso receive a quarterly newsletterfrom the Schools— Directions— whichdescribes current activities. The newsletter received a Silver Medal thisspring from CASE, a national organization representing independentschools, colleges, and universities.Both publications are edited byWilliam Harms.SCHOLARSHIP EMPHASISRETURNS AMPLE DIVIDENDSA total of thirteen College studentsand eight graduate students have beenawarded National Science FoundationFellowships for graduate study— thelargest group of University winners inrecent memory, according to AllenSanderson, AM'70, associate provost.The fellowships are awarded forthree years of graduate study at theinstitution of the student's choice.They provide tuition and fees and a$12,300-per-year stipend. More than5,300 students competed for 760fellowships.Sanderson said the strong showing this year is due in part to a greatereffort to succeed in competitions."Across the University, we have madea conscious attempt to make studentsmore aware of the scholarship andfellowship opportunities," he said."We have terrific students; they justneeded a little help getting information and some encouragement."Sara Vaux, adviser in the College,agrees with Sanderson's assessment."Much of the credit for the strongrepresentation this year should go tothe students," she said. "Faculty,administration, and advisers haveContinued from page 13whole. The program was completed in1791 with passage of the Le ChapelierLaw prohibiting associations. The Revolution thus distinguished itself quiteearly by its radical individualism.It was also a proprietary individualism. The juridical revolution accomplished by the August decrees was not aspoliation except as regards theChurch. Compensation was offered formost abolished seigneurial rights anddues, and offices were to be redeemedat market value. Socialist historiography has tended to underestimate theimportance of August 4 on the groundsthat it simply converted an older formof property into contractual bourgeoisproperty. Yet while offices were indeedreimbursed after protracted proceedings, seigneurial dues declared redeemable were never actually redeemed, owing to the passive or violentresistance of the peasantry; they wereabolished without indemnity in August1792 and July 1793. And abolition of thetithe was the prelude to confiscation ofChurch properties. The texts of August4-11 were of immense significance, been more active in encouraging theirtop students to apply, but the studentshave responded very well. They arealso working cooperatively, helpingeach other through the process. We'rethrilled at their success."NEW REVIEW ACCEPTSALUMNI SUBMISSIONSA new publication has beenlaunched on campus, called The Chicago Review of International Affairs.The journal is run by a group ofgraduate and undergraduate studentsat the University in consultation with aboard of faculty advisors. Submissionsare accepted from all sources. Twoissues of the tri-yearly publicationhave already been published. TheSpring 1989 issue featured impressions by Marvin Zonis, associate professor of behavorial sciences, on hismoreover, because they struck downthe whole legal and administrativestructure of society, leaving only freeand equal individuals with whom itthen became necessary to reconstruct anew body politic. The difficulties thatthe Revolution encountered in equipping the old kingdom with a new Constitution were not unrelated to this creation, without concessions in the spaceof a few days, of a wholly modern, individualistic society. What had to beworked out now, for this society of freeand equal individuals, was not only themeaning of liberty but also the sense inwhich they were unified in the newnation.The night of August 4, prelude tothe great decree of August 11, was thusone of the key dates of 1789. Of the general spirit of that famous year, or ratherof those famous few months betweenMay and October during which the history of France changed course, theevent shared and exhibited characteristic traits: repudiation of the past, theambition to reconstruct society on rational principles, philosophical radicalism combined with political manage- recent trip to Iraq and South Africa,and a piece on misconceptions aboutthe Foreign Service by Lawrence Cohen, AM'78, who is with the U.S. StateDepartment's Foreign Service Office."I was amazed to find out thatthere were no political science or international relations journals at the University, and few nationally that accepted the work of students, " saidMichael Frankel, managing editor ofthe Review. "There seemed to be a tremendous need for a forum in whichserious students— at both graduateand undergraduate levels— as well asalumni and others could begin to publish their work."Those wanting more informationon subscriptions or submissions canwrite to: The Chicago Review of International Affairs, c/o Committee on International Relations, University of Chicago, 5828 University Ave., Chicago,IL 60637. Hment of revolutionary circumstances.What was durable and even irreversibleabout August 4 was that by inaugurating the civil legislation of the Revolution, it established the universality oflaw in the sphere of society. Quinetstrongly emphasized this legislationwhen he contrasted the solidity of thisact of foundation with the fragility ofthe political Constitutions. For him, thelaws so solemnly passed between August 4 and August 11 were so much apart of the Age of Enlightenment thatthey were almost a natural culmination. Enjoying a profound and well-prepared consensus around liberty,equality before the law, and property,subsequent civil legislation of the revolutionary assemblies and the Consulatewould remain within the legal framework defined during these "historic"days. The abolition of nobility, equalityin inheritance, and limitations on theright to make a will were logical consequences of the spirit of August 4. Thedifferences between the Convention'sdebates and those of the Consulate concerning the future Civil Code, finallycompleted in 1804, were more than minor, but the principles common to bothperiods were established in August1789. On that date, in a sense, the Revolution was complete. But it had yet to beinscribed in the sovereignty of the people; in that sense it had only justbegun. BAUGUST 4,178926 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989SUPERCONDUCTORSContinued from page 5well as theorists," he says.An example of the complex natureof these compounds is the degree towhich slight changes in compositioncan drastically affect their behavior.One of the most common of the new superconductors works best when it contains seven oxygen atoms for each atomof the metallic element yttrium. In thatcase, it becomes a superconductor at 95degrees Kelvin. With only six and one-half oxygen atoms for each yttrium atom, it must be cooled to 40 degrees.And if there are only 6.3 oxygen atomsper yttrium, it cannot be made a superconductor at all."We're interested in understandinghow these oxygen atoms get lost in thestructure, how that affects the bondlengths, and how that affects the energybands and charge transfer," Burdettsays. "It's really one beautifully interlocking picture."Just how oxygen atoms determine asuperconductor's critical temperaturehas been something of a mystery, butBurdett has devised a theory to explainit. In December 1987, he published hisfinding that at the crucial ratio of 6.4 oxygen atoms per yttrium atom, the structure of the superconductor sustained asudden change in bond lengths. Itwasn't until the following summer thatother researchers identified the ratio of6.4 as the crucial point at which the material becomes a superconductor.(When they did, Burdett could say, "Iknow why!")Burdett will soon publish a paperthat offers an explanation for thatchange. He believes that when thestructure alters, a specific region of allowable states for the electrons in thematerial changes energy, allowing access to it by enough electrons to makethe material a superconductor. Still,Burdett refers to the theory as 'old hat.'"In a field moving as quickly as thisone, " he says, "anyone who cares aboutnew work knows about it right away."Burdett is also trying to identify other compounds that could be superconductors. "Although most of thehigh-temperature superconductors arebased on copper oxide materials, wethink it might be worth trying manganese nitride materials," he says. "Andthere are a number of other compoundsthat we could try."Other researchers who will beworking as part of the consortium areRiccardo Levi-Setti and HellmutFritzsche, professors in the Department of Physics; Yoichiro Nambu, theHarry Pratt Distinguished Service Professor in the physics department, andThomas Halsey, assistant physicsprofessor.Levi-Setti has already used his ionmicroscope to cut thin films of superconducting material into wires thathave extremely high current-carryingcapability. The ability to carry high current is necessary for applications topower lines and even large motors.Fritzsche works extensively on semiconductors and the metal-insulatortransition. Nambu applied the classicaltheory of superconductivity to an entirely different field of physics, developing a widely influential descriptionof the strong nuclear force. He is currently studying the possibility of usinglow-dimensional field theories to describe the new superconductors. Halsey is studying the question of whymagnetic fields can sometimes createvortices of normal material within asuperconductor.Levin is continuing her own workon exotic superconductors. She explains that the first step for her is to askwhether high-temperature superconductors are normal metals or something"bizarre, " a question whose answer issurprisingly elusive.For some time, says Levin, manyscientists believed that the new superconductors were a new state of matter,very different from ordinary superconductors—even at high temperatureswhere they are no longer superconducting. Some early experiments lent credence to that view, but Levin andother researchers believe those experiments—performed on very impure materials—were misleading. By analyzingdata on high-quality samples, Levindemonstrated that the new superconductors were not necessarily sounusual.However, in the last few months, anew class of high-temperature superconductors has upset theories of high-temperature superconductivity onceagain. Says Levin, "The first class ofhigh-temperature superconductors canbe explained within a conventionalview. But I'm not so sure about the newmaterials. We're in the midst of trying tosort out some puzzling data and ouropinions change daily. All that onlyshows how exciting this field is."Although her administrative responsibilities with the consortium willcompete for the time she has to pursueher own research, Levin remains sanguine about its value. "Through theconsortium, we now have so many experiments at our fingertips," she says."That's important because these materials are so complex that they need to beconsidered from many perspectives. Ithink this consortium will give us a biglead over less coordinated efforts . . . andvirtually all the other efforts, in thiscountry at least, are less coordinatedthan ours."Although any large collaborationcan grow cumbersome, Rosenbaum,for one, sees real benefits to the newconsortium. "These high-temperaturesuperconductors seem to require a systematic approach," he says. "By bringing all of these researchers together, weshould be able to span the spectrumfrom theories to construction of newmaterials to complete experimentalanalyses of their properties. That sort ofcollaboration hasn't been tried for thesematerials in this country. It's somethingof an experiment in itself."Much progress has been made inunderstanding superconductivity—especially in the hectic three years sincethe high-temperature superconductorswere discovered— but Levin is the firstto acknowledge that much more is stillunknown."We theorists really don't have aclue about the cause of superconductivity," she admits. "There are lots ofideas, but we have to keep looking forthe smoking gun— the one experimentthat tells us what's really going on." H27CLASS NEWS Photos by Richard Younker"I fj James M. Sellers, AB' 17, a veteran of WorldJL / War I, is president of Wentworth MilitaryAcademy, Lexington, MO.*\ Q Harriet Stoltenberg Oestmann, PhB'18, ofJLO Burlington, WI, has four children, twelvegrandchildren, and sixteen great-grandchildren.*t Q Helen Joy Kimball Weinberg, X'T9, ofjLy Wilmette, IL, is involved in the donation ofsome of her work, including paintings and drawings, to the University of Illinois, Chicago.r\*A Katherine Sisson Jensen, PhB'21, AM'38,,Zl X of Chicago, is interested in finding songsfrom the scores of the University's Blackfriarsgroup during 1920 and 1921.OO Eula Phares Mohle, AM'22, is involved inL-L- swimming, bicycling, and registering voters for the League of Women Voters of Tulsa, OK.Jeannette Wright Shamwell, PhB'22, retired,lives in Baltimore, MD.OO Nina Roessler Edwards, PhB'23, of La^LO Grange Park, IL, is involved in volunteerwork.Rose Goldsmith Rue, PhB'23, lives in Honolulu, HI.f\ A Martha Galbraith Whipple, PhB'24, lives<Z-TT in Hendersonville, NC.O/T Louis Winer, PhB'26, is semi-retired andAm\J involved in community activities inChicago.Ory Louise M. Bloom, PhB'27, teaches GermanZm / and lives in Winona, MN.Upon her retirement from her main community volunteer positions, Margaret Davis Clark,PhB'27, of Redlands, CA, was honored by themembers of the Arts Foundation of San Bernardino County (CA). Clark received citations for her"strong support for the arts by her lifelong effortsin promoting the arts and culture and inspiringothers by her example."(Margaret) Agnes Dunaway, PhB'27, AM'34,teaches Spanish at two Chicago senior citizencenters.Alfred F. Miller, PhB'27, is a farmer in Western Spring, IL.r% Q Allan A. Filek, SB'28, MD'33, of Sun City,^LO AZ, is treasurer of the Sun City PhysiciansClub, and is involved in other communityactivities.OQ Marguerite M. Ducker, PhB'29, retired,Zm y lives in De Lond, FL.Robert R. Rush, PhB'29, of Cedar Rapids, IA,has trained thousands of boys in boxing.OA Albert H. Allen, LLB'30, is a partner in theOU law firm Allen and Fasman, Beverly Hills,CA. One of his marble sculptures is on permanentdisplay at the University.The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights appointed Leonard P. Aries, PhB'30, JD'32, to theMaryland State Advisory Committee on CivilRights. Aries lives in Silver Spring, MD.William F. Calohan, SB '30, of San Antonio,TX, is active in oil and gas drilling.O^l George L. Hecker, PhB'31, JD'33, received\3-L the Life Achievement Award of the American Red Magen David for Israel in honor of hislifelong participation and leadership in Jewish-American causes. He and his wife, Janet RobinsHecker, X'33, live in Los Angeles, CA.Joseph L. Miller, Jr., SB'31, MD'35, lives inSandy, OR.George H. Otto, SB'31, PhD'42, is a consulting geologist in Linton, IN.QO Harold Laufman, SB '32, MD'37, retired\3^L from the active practice of surgery, is busywith his consulting company, HLA Systems, andhis software company, Medinvent, Inc. He lives inNew York City. QO Frank Harding, PhB'33, retired, is chair-C)vJ man of the American Livestock InsuranceCo., Geneva, IL. He travels frequently and lives inNorth Palm Beach, FL.Janet Robins Hecker, X'33. See 1931, GeorgeL. Hecker.Herman E. Ries, Jr., PhB'33, PhD'36, is a research associate in the University's Department ofMolecular Genetics and Cellular Biology. He recently gave three invited lectures in Japan andattended academic conferences.Catherine E. Stevens, PhB'33, of Richmond,IN, is active in hospital volunteer work.Q A A. Neal Deaver, PhB'34, retired, lives inV-/TT Independence, MO.Samuel L. Feldman, MD'34, retired, lives inYonkers, NY.Charles C. Hauch, PhB'34, AM'36, PhD'42,and Ruthadele La Tourrette Hauch, AM'39, ofSun City, AZ, went on a tour of Ireland. On theirway home, they visited their daughter, CharlotteHauch Hall, AM'67; their son-in-law, Robert L.Hall, PHD'69; and their grandson, Ben, in Huntington, NY.John R. Mauff, AB'34, AM'50, serves on theadvisory council of the family services divisionand is chairman of the program committee of theChicago Salvation Army. He is also involved insocial work consultation and free-lance writing.Helen L. Morgan, AB'34, AM'36, former missionary school principal at the American Academyfor Girls in Istanbul, Turkey, is retired and lives ina retirement home in California.Edward J. Novak, PhB'34, and his wife, Evelyn, of Milwaukee, WI, celebrated their fifty-second anniversary.Virginia Lee Miller Taylor, PhB'34, retired,lives in Scottsdale, AZ.Patricia Bonner Tomlinson, AB'34, of Waterloo, ON, Canada, is involved in community activities and travel.Alice Huney Van Mannen, PhB'34, lives inPasadena, CA.Robert Zolla, PhB'34, is co-owner of Zolla-Lieberman Art Gallery, Chicago.OC Ralph M. McDermid, PhB'35, is on theOO Planning and Zoning Commission and theEmployees Pension Board of Winter Park, FL,where he lives with his wife, Alice.Robert L. Rice, PhB'35, and Isabelle KennedyRice, PhB'35, are retired and living in Hudson,OH.O /I Ernest F. Haden, PhD'36, formerly a teach-\30 er of French in the College and a retired professor at the University of Texas, Austin, lives inArlington, TX.Norman Masterson, AB'36, and his wife, ofLong Beach, CA, returned from a cruise in EastAsia.Martin F. Young, AB'36, lives in OregonHouse, CA.O «y A. David Biatch, X'37, of Studio City, CA,\D / is involved in real estate counseling andaids business firms with the group planning ofhealth needs.Bernard Greenberg, MD'37, practices pediatrics in New York City.D. Throop Vaughan, AB'37, and his wife, Elizabeth, live in Olympia Fields, IL.OQ Ben B. Blivaiss, SB'38, SM'40, PhD'46, is\30 professor of physiology at the ChicagoMedical School, North Chicago, IL.John B. Eubanks, AM'38, PhD'47, is lecturerin the history and sociology of religion at the Divinity School of Howard University, Washington,DC.DeWitt M. Kelley, AB'38, is a senior adjunct professor at Golden Gate University, San Francisco, CA.Clarence C. Lushbaugh, SB'38, PhD'42,MD'48, is director emeritus and chief of radiationmedicine at the Oak Ridge Associated University,Oak Ridge, TN.Elizabeth Eckhouse Rosenthal, SB'38, lives inSeattle, WA.Jerome M. Sivesind, AB'38, lives in Lafayette,CA.OQ Robert R. Bentley, SB'39, SM'44, retired,\J y has taught at the University of Chicago, theIllinois Institute of Technology, and the City Colleges of Chicago. He divides his time betweenChicago and South Haven, MI.Erwin F. (Bud) Beyer, AB'39, spent time traveling in Spain, Africa, Austria, Italy, and Germany. He is taking courses at the State Universityof New York, Plattsburgh.Ruthadele La Tourrette Hauch, AM'39. See1934, Charles C. Hauch.Robert R. Reynolds, SB'39, retired, is involved in travel, golf, and photography. He lives inTucson, AZ.Vern L. Zech, MD'39, retired, performs pathology services for a rural hospital in Bull Shoals,AR.A f\ Riley H. Pittman, AM'40, and MarionTIvy Hayes Pittman, AM'41, live in Raymore,MO.Svea Gustafson Rydin, AB'40, lives in Mountain Home, AR.A *1 Robert Baum, SB '41, was appointed to theTli Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Advisory Board of Houston, TX, and appointed vice-chairman and member of the StateBar College Board Committee. He is presidingjudge of the 314th Family District Court in HarrisCounty, TX.The School Volunteer Association of Pittsburgh, PA, nominated Mary E. Coleman, AM'41,PhD'45, for a 1988 National School Volunteer Program Award. Coleman, professor emeritus of theUniversity of Pennsylvania, served as an aid in aneighborhood school in Pittsburgh.Charlotte Krevitsky Hurwitz, SB '41. See1942, Melvin D. Hurwitz.Marion Hayes Pittman, AM'41. See 1940, Riley H. Pittman.Blake S. Talbot, MD'41, of San Diego, CA,travels extensively, most recently in the U.S.S.R.A ry Frank G. Brunner, AB'42, MBA 69, of ParkHc^L Forest, IL, retired from the Ford MotorCompany as an industrial engineering manager.Melvin D. Hurwitz, SM'42, consults for various companies and teaches graduate students atthe University of North Carolina, Greensboro.Charlotte Krevitsky Hurwitz, SB'41, is involvedwith the board of trustees at Temple Emanuel andwith quilting workshops. They have a first grandchild, Rachel Beth Cohen.AO Marie Borroff, PhB'43, AM'46, of NewHa-TtO ven, CT, participated in a program on A River Runs Through It, and other works by Norman Maclean, the William Rainey Harper ProfessorEmeritus in the College and professor emeritus ofthe Department of English of the University. Theprogram was part of a series sponsored by the public library of Greenwich, CT.G. Campbell Cutler, MD'43, of Flint, MI, wasnamed the Michigan Family Physician of 1988 bythe Michigan Academy of Family Physicians.Victor H. Deutsch, PhB'43, MBA'47, of LosAngeles, is chairman of the committee on information management at the Financial Executive Institute and vice-president of the National Federationof Temple Brotherhoods.28 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1989FAMILY ALBUM-'89Ira Benjamin Nelson, AB'61; Max Nelson, AB'89; Helaine Nelson; SimoneNelson. (Not shown: SeymourT. Nelson, AB'54.) George Sachs; Robert Mark Loeb, ]D'87; Daniel Y. Sachs; Julia D. Sachs,AB'88; Ruth Klau Sachs, AM'63; Noah Sachs.Alison Koehler; Ernest K. Koehler, AB '53, JD '56; Jonathan Jay Koehler,MA'85, PhD'89; Barbara E. Levin Koehler, AB'56; Elsie Koehler; CynthiaKoehler. Ronald Hunt, student in 190/MBA Program; Alice Hunt; Ken Hunt,MBA'89; Michele Marie Hunt, AB '77, MBA'78; Marion P. Hunt, MBA'66.Joseph H. Heartberg, AM'43, of Red Bank,NJ, finished his tenth interim pastorate since hisretirement. His daughter, Barbara HeartbergTodd, AM'74, is professor of English at the College of Rhode Island, Providence.Helen F. Patton, AM'43, of Franklin, NC, retired after a career in art education.A A Sigrid Grande Deeds, AB'44, is professorTITr of community health at California StateUniversity, Long Beach.A C L. Venchael Booth, AM'45, received the Bi-Ttv-/ centennial Award from the city of Cincinnati, OH. He is the founder and pastor of OlivetBaptist Church, Silverton, OH.AS Bernard A. Galler, PhB'46, SB'47, PhD'55.tO See 1947, Enid Harris Galler.Grace Fanes Morris, PhB'46. See 1947, JamesR. Morris.ATJ David L. Blumberg, AB'47, MBA'50, ofTI / Highland Park, IL, was elected president ofthe board of directors of the Jewish Vocational Service, Chicago. He owns and manages a group offurniture rental companies in Wisconsin andIllinois.Dwight Brown, PhB'47, retired, lives in Pittsburgh, PA.John Feiler, PhB'47, of Waukesha, WI, is involved in the furniture business.Enid Harris Galler, AB'47, AM'50, andBernard A. Galler, PhB'46, SB'47, PhD'55, professor of computer and communication science atthe University of Michigan, spent a sabbatical at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel . They live inAnn Arbor, MI.Lucille Hyatt Hubbard, SB'47, of ParkRidge, IL, retired from teaching high schoolmathematics.Bernice A. Kaplan, AM'47, PhD'53, lives inBirmingham, MI.James R. Morris, MBA'47, PhD'57, and GraceFanes Morris, PhB'46, are retired and living inSylvania, GA.Sally Raisbeck, AB'47, retired, lives in Haiku,HI.Mary Ella Hopkins Reutershan, PhB'47, ofAmagansett, NY, is a mortgage consultant atRiverhead Savings Bank and a charter member ofthe South Fork chapter of Amnesty International.Arnold L. Tanis, PhB'47, SB'49, MD'51, ofHollywood, FL, received a plaque for his serviceas president of the American Academy of Pediatrics and was appointed chairman of the Academy's committee on development. He and his wife,Maxine Kroman Tanis, PhB'48, and their daughters, Elizabeth and Jennifer Tanis, AM'79, recently visited children's hospitals in Leningrad andMoscow.Ralph Tingley, AM'47, PhD'50, returned tothe U.S. after doing volunteer teaching at CentralPhilippine University, Iloilo City.Annette Jackson Young, AM'47, of Washington, DC, is working in real estate and is "fightingto preserve a lifestyle unencumbered by the alleged amenities of modernity." AO Beverly Bronstein Gordey, PhB'48, ofTlO Paris, France, is an editorial consultant forthe Collins Group, London, and group editorialconsultant in Europe for Harper and Row, NewYork and San Francisco.Corinne Kyncl Hallett, AB'48, an attorney, iscommissioner of Illinois' Guardianship and Advocacy Commission and on the commercial panelof the American Arbitration Association. She ispresident of the Delta Sigma Alumni Club andlives in Hinsdale, IL^Ane Longstreet Hanley, AB'48, and her husband, Tim, have moved to a farm near FergusFalls, MD.H. William Hey, PhB'48, AM'56, lives inSpringfield, IL.Michael Nagy, Jr., SB'48, MBA'53, retired,travels frequently and lives in Blairsville, PA.Sidney Spector, AM'48, of Cleveland, OH,has been involved in the development and financing of housing for the elderly.Maxine Kroman Tanis, PhB'48. See 1947,Arnold L. Tanis.Sophronia Nickolaou Tomaras, AB'48, of Ta-coma, WA, has retired and is religious educationdirector for the Greek Orthodox Diocese of SanFrancisco.Ruth Goodman Waskey, MBA' 48, of FortLauderdale, FL, traveled in Italy with her sister.A Q Mary Ann Ash Chidsey, AB'49, of New7X37 York City, is reader correspondent (head ofthe Letters Department) for Glamour magazine.29Norman Elkin, AM'49, was appointed to themayor's ad hoc citizens advisory committee on thenew Chicago Central Library.Nellie M. Hartman, AM'49, retired, lives inHonolulu, HI.Alison Harvey, daughter of Robert D. Harvey,AM'49, PhD'65, has begun her graduate studies,forty years after her father began his. Robert Harvey lives in Reno, NV.William J. Jordan, AB'49, and his wife, Ginger, are retired and live in Sebastian, FL.Mary Minnie, AM'49, a licensed clinical socialworker, is vice-president of the Baby Sitters GuildAgency, Inc. She lives in South Pasadena, CA .Irma Revilla Ramos, AM'49, of Hato Rey PR,is involved in public health activities, writing, andtraveling.Siglinde Ruehl, AM'49, of Lowell, MA, isworking with her niece on environmental improvement in West Germany.Siiri Sahlman-Karlsson, AM'49, is docent ofFinnish at the University of Umea, Sweden .Arnold A. Silvestri, JD'49, is president of theGoodman Theatre, Chicago, and is on the board ofgovernors of the University's InternationalHouse.Zane Spiegel, SB'49, SM'52, of New Canaan,CT, established a new office offering training inground water hydrology.Crj Kins Collins, AB'50, AM'62, of Los Altos\J VJ Hills, CA, is a computer programmer working on a project for the air-conditioning of largebuildings.Louis Genesen, PhB'50. See 1951, JudithLevin (Kovacs) Genesen.Edward E. Marcus, AM'50, PhD'76, is executive director of Habitat for Humanity of BrowardCounty, FL, and a member of the general board ofchurch and society for the United MethodistChurch. He and his wife, Georgia, live in Hollywood, FL, and recently celebrated their fiftiethanniversary.The Society of Pathological and Chemicalawarded Ronald E. Myers, AB'50, PhD'55,MD'56, the Albert von Bezald Medal in honor ofhis studies on the mechanisms of brain damage.Myers lives in Batavia, OH.Donald Oster, AB'50, is retired and lives inLondon, England.C"^l Judith Levin (Kovacs) Genesen, AB'51,\J J_ AM'66, retired as director of informationservices at the Chicago Transit Authority, and isnow executive director of the American Association of Law Libraries. She and her husband, LouisGenesen, PhB'50, have four children and live inChicago.B. Ross Guest, PhD'51 , retired, taught coursesin weather and climate at the Joliet and Dixon (IL)Correctional Centers. He lives in De Kalb, IL.John A. Jane, AB'51, MD'56, PhD'67, is Alumni Professor and chairman of the Department ofNeurosurgery at the University of Virginia,Charlottesville.CT O Joseph H. Baum, AB'52, of Fairfax, VA, is\J Am chief judgeof theU.S. Coast Guard Court ofMilitary Review.Emma L. White Bragg, PhD'52, lives inNashville, TN.Vivian Brown Hamilton, AM'52, has practiced lighting designing for thirty-five years, andhas just finished the lighting for Air Force Villagein San Antonio, TX.Henry S. Ishizuka, MBA'52. See 1979, Paul S.Ishizuka.HA Ronald Blum, AB'54, SB'55, SM'56, of Bal-\J^. timore, MD, was appointed to the council ofdeans of Towson State University, part of the University of Maryland system.[TC Virginia Walcott Beauchamp, PhD'55, is\J\J chairman of the President's Commission onWomen's Affairs of the University of Maryland,College Park. (Tr\ AlanOU fellowGunnar Beeth, MBA'55, has developed a newmethod for the assessment of managers for hiscompany, International Business Consultants S.A., Brussels, Belgium.Wallace G. Lonergan, MBA'55, PhD'60, isdean of the J. A. Albertson School of Business atthe College of Idaho, Caldwell.£T /^ Franklin Neil Karmatz, AM'56, retiredv-/0 from the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, where he headed thepublic relations degree and the graduate diplomain communication practice programs.C! r"7 Howard L. Bresler, MD'57, lives in Chica-\J / go. His son, Michael Evan Bresler, MD'88,and his daughter-in-law, Audrey Michelle Tatar,MD'88, are working at Michael Reese MedicalCenter, Chicago.Andre Richardson King, X'57, associate member of the American Institute of Architects, is anarchitectural graphics designer and consultant.His firm, which is based in Chicago, specializesin visual communication and environmentaldesign.» Robert L. Bergman, SB'58, MD'62. See\^vj 1960, Edna E. Heatherington.Donald T. Krizek, SM'58, PhD'64, is researchleader of the new U. S. D. A . Climate Stress Laboratory at the Natural Resources Institute in Belts-ville, MD.William Mc Niff , MBA'58, retired, lives in Tus-tin, CA, and is studying Spanish and swimming.John B. Urner, PhD'58, works in developmentand planning for third world nations, and is currently employed by the royal government ofBhutan.r C\ Alan D. Entin, AB'60, AM'62, PhD'67, aOU fellow in the American Psychological Association, was elected president-elect of the divisionof family psychology of the APA. He is a clinicalpsychologist in independent practice in Richmond, VA.Edna E. Heatherington, SB'60, of Albuquerque, NM, is working as an independent construction specifier. Eric W. Berman, son ofHeatherington and Robert L. Bergman, SB'58,MD'62, graduated from Boston University. Theirdaughter, Helen R. Bergman, is a student at BrynDavid L. James, JD'60, is cochair of the Asia/Pacific subcommittee of the American Bar Association's International Business Law Committee.The Monmouth Medical Center-Jersey ShoreMedical Center joint surgical residency trainingprogram awarded James W. Knecht, SB'60,MD'63, a surgical teaching award in recognition ofhis outstanding contributions to the education ofsurgical residents. Knecht lives in Ocean, NJ.Robert T. Kohut, MD'60, is the James A. Har-rill Professor of Surgery/Otolaryngology andhead of the otolaryngology department at theBowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake ForestUniversity, Winston-Salem, NC.Kai O. Lie, AM'60, is a fellow at the Center forInternational Affairs at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.K. J. Pataki-Schweizer, SB'60, was guest professor at the Max Planck Institute fur Humanetho-logie in the Federal Republic of Germany, wherehe worked on the relationship between aggressionand culture. He is head of the Department of Community Medicine at the Medical University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua NewGuinea.Hukum Singh Rathor, PhD'60, is professor inthe atmospheric sciences department at the Federal University of Pariaba, Campina Grande, Brazil.Fred K. Schomer, AB'60, JD'62, MBA'82, hasjoined the Gerber Products Co. in Fremont, MI.He and his wife, Sharon, live in Grand Rapids,MI./2"1 Shirley Fenger Aberg, AB'61, works withO.JL special needs students and initiated an internship program for high school students. She re cently published a booklet, Vocational Planning forSpecial Needs Children: A Guide for Parents and Professionals by the Council of Exceptional Children.Patrick T. Gannon, Sr., SM'61, is associateprofessor in the meteorology department at Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, VT./O Margaret E. Hartford, PhD '62, serves on\JjLm the Human Services Commission and theCommittee on Aging for the city of Claremont,r~r\ 1 -- t rj.u„i j „riL^n i^-also teaches courses at local adult schools andcommunity colleges.Robert Unferth, AB'62, MBA'64, opened thesixth branch of his company, Computers for Rent,Inc., in Anaheim, CA. Nancy Olin Unferth,AB'65, AM'74, also works for CFR. They live inPhoenix, AZ.Jane B. Mather. PhD'63, has retired as asso-kj\J ciate professor of chemistry at GeorgiaState University, Atlanta.tL A Arthur L. Foster, PhD'64, of Wichita, KS, is! director of Pastoral Associates, a depart-tL A Arthur L. Foster, PhD'64, of Wichita, KS, is! director of Pastoral Associates, a department of the psychiatric hospital Prairie View, Inc.Don H. Mergler, MBA'64, retired, lives inAltavista, VA./I C Lawrence S. Bloom, AB'65, JD'68, is serv-\J\J ing his third term as Chicago aldermanrepresenting the city's fifth ward.Albert Howard Carter HI, AB'65, teaches literature at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL.Robert C. Good, MBA'65, of Shorewood, MN,is retired and writing screenplays.Glenn Loafmann, AB'65, lives in Chicago.Milford Schwartz, Jr., MD'65, is medical director of the developmental institute of the Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, and associate professor of clinical pediatrics atthe University of Chicago.Nancy Olin Unferth, AB'65. See 1962, RobertUnferth.£L£L Francois Carlioz, MBA 66, is general man-\D \D ager of Roussel, a French furniture accessories firm. He and his wife, Marie-Christine, live inParis.Anne Studley Petersen, AB'66, SM'72,PhD'73. See 1969, Peter Kountz.Donald W. Swanton, SB'66, MBA'77, is chairman of the Department of Finance at RooseveltUniversity, Chicago, and Margaret (Peg) QuarlesSwanton, MBA'80, is president of Quarles andSwanton, Ltd., CPA's. They have three daughtersJ. M. Valentine, MBA'66, is managing directorof Caltex (Asia), Ltd., in Singapore.Shirley Buop Zimmerman, AM'66, of GressValley, VA, is president and chairs the board of Orchard Farms, Inc., a food manufacturingany.¦ / Marianne Jeanne Bell, AB' 67, teaches "e.e.^J / cummings, plate tectonics, Shakespeare,and the Golden Rule" to fourth and fifth grade students in Madison, WI. She is a potter, a poet, andhas a daughter, Atala.Robert Berger, AB'57, AB'57, is vice-president of real estate and construction at BrooksBrothers, New York City.Charlotte Hauch Hall, AM'67. See 1934,Charles C. Hauch.Douglas Petersen, AB'67, ThM'69. See 1969,Peter Kountz.The World of Poetry's board of directors gaveMary Joyce Schladweiler, AM'67, their 1988Golden Poet Award, in recognition of her poem"Rights/Duties Correlated." Sister Mary Joycelives in South Milwaukee, WI.Judith Testa, AM'67, PhD'83, received a research grant from the Northern Illinois UniversityGraduate School, De Kalb, for research towards amonograph on the sixteenth-century Flemishmanuscript illuminator, Simon Bening.' 1 Diane Wholley Fox, AM'68, is assistantv ^) town planner for the town of Greenwich,JNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMEFAMILY ALBUM-'89Leslie Ann Wolke, AB'89; Robert Leslie Wolke, post-doctorate in nuclearchemistry, 1953-56. Jack Sherman, AB'61; David J. Sherman, SB'86, SM'89; MaryMeehanSherman. ,CT. Edward J. Fox, AM'68, is vice-president of institutional pension sales at Webster Capital/Kidder Peabody, New York City.Michael Miller, AM'68, PhD'78, spent the1987-88 academic year as visiting professor at theNational Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan . He is chairman of the Department of Englishand Speech at Chicago State University./T Q Jamie W. German, MAT 69, teaches chem-D/ istry and the history of science at MosesBrown School, a Friends school in Providence,RI.Robert L. Hall, PhD'69. See 1934, Charles H.Hauch.Daniel S. Heit, AB'69, is president of AbraxasGroup, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, operating treatmentcenters for adolescents with substance abuseproblems.Monica Murphy Kirby, AM'69. See 1970,David Kirby.Peter Kountz, AM'69, PhD'76, was inaugurated as president of Shady Side Academy, Pittsburgh, PA. Douglas Petersen, AB'67, ThM'69,and Anne Studley Petersen, AB'66, SM'72,PhD'73, participated in the ceremony.Peter Gram Swing, PhD'69, retired as theDaniel Underhill Professor of Music and directorof the chorus at Swarthmore College to travel withhis wife, Elizabeth Sherman Swing, who will beon sabbatical in Europe.Mark Weinstein, AB'69, MBA'74, PhD'77, ison sabbatical from the Graduate School of Business at the University of Southern California. Heis spending the year as a visiting associate professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.r7r\ Mary Aldwin Bisson, AB'70, and Terrence/ \J P. Bisson, AB'70, have returned to teachingat the State University of New York, Buffalo, andCanisius College, Buffalo, NY, respectively, after asabbatical spent at Cornell University and FlindusUniversity, Australia.Eric Fishman, AB'70, is a partner in theBoston-based law firm Sullivan & Worcester, specializing in telecommunications law. He and hiswife, Bernice, have two children, Michael and Rachel, and live in Washington, DC.David Kirby, PhD'70, has an obstetrics andfamily practice in a group health cooperative inMadison, WI. Monica Murphy Kirby, AM'69, is"trying to get the Madison schools to deal effectively with children with special needs."Donald K. Robotham, AM'70, PhD'87, ishead of the Department of Sociology at the University of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. Lastyear he was commonwealth staff fellow and visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge,England. f7"1 Albert Ming Eng, AB'71, is clinical super-/ J. visor at Asian Americans for CommunityInvolvement, a social service agency in San Jose,CA. He and his wife, Barbara Sue Lee, have a son,Jeffrey Brian Eng, and live in San Francisco, CA.American Constitutions included a paper by Victor Friedman, AM'71, PhD'75, which was read atthe tenth International Congress of Slavists in Sofia, Bulgaria. Friedman is chairman of the Department of Slavic Languages at the University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill, and of the East European Language Training Committee. He is alsochairman of the American Committee of the International Association for Southeast EuropeanStudies.Mark J. Gruenberg, AB'71, a Washington-based newspaper journalist, served as rabbi-for-an-evening at Temple Micah, Washington, DC.Robert I. Heidrick, MBA'71, of Chicago, waselected president of the Duke University GeneralAlumni Association.Dorothy Davies Johnson, MD'71, has a part-time pediatrics practice and is doing fellowshiptraining. She and her husband, Henry, have a son,Charlie, and live in San Diego, CA.Susan J. Kupper, AB'71, a management consultant, received her first book publishing contract for a study on the names women choose. Sheand her husband, Richard D. Adams, live withtheir son, Richard III, in Durham, NC.Albert Parr, PhD'71, is responsible for thespectral radiometry group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington,DC.rjr\ William A. Brandt, Jr., AM'72, of Highland/ /- Park, IL, writes that "despite all odds [hehas] actually made a buck or two."Emily Sieger, AB'72, AM'76, of Bozeman,MT, is a reference librarian at Montana StateUniversity.Daniel Wintz, AB'72, is a partner with the lawfirm Fitzgerald, Schorr, Barmettler & Brennan,Omaha, NE.ryO Ann Cory Bretz, PhD'73, is vice-president/ O and volunteer coordinator of the Indianapolis, IN, Shakespeare Festival.Richard Pelczar, PhD'73, is chief of party of aneducation policy and planning project in Jakarta,Indonesia, under a contract with the LearningSystems Institute of Florida State University andthe U.S. Agency for International Development.l"7 A Shoshana Amyra Grossbard-Shechtman,/ ft AM'74, PhD'78, is associate professor ofeconomics at San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA. Her article on marriage and female labor force participation appeared in an issue of TheJournal of Political Economy. She and her husband, Amos Schectman, have three children— Michal,Zev, and Chai.Arthur Kidman, JD'74, has opened the lawfirm McCormick & Kidman, Costa Mesa, CA. Heis president of the Costa Mesa Chamber of Commerce and chairman of the World Affairs Councilof Orange County.Richard Kurin, AM'74, PhD'81, is acting director of f olklife programs at the Smithsonian Institution and professorial lecturer in social changeand development at the Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Advanced International Studies, Baltimore, MD.Robert Joseph Kurtz, AM'74, who serves inthe general curia of the Congregation of the Resurrection in Rome, Italy, was elected to a second termas superior general.John Robert Laing, PhD'74, received a President's Achievement Award from the Xerox Corp.,Webster, NY, where he is technical specialist/project manager.Marcie Kalen Lister, AM'74, is a partner in Reproductive and Childbearing Counseling Services, Portsmouth, NH.Barbara Heartberg Todd, AM'74. See 1943,Joseph H. Heartberg.r7C Frank Beuselinck,MBA'75, is general man-/ \D ager of Touring Club Belgium, Brussels.Stephen Daniloff, AB'75, is national salesmanager at WOIO Television, Cleveland, OH. Heand his wife, Terry, have a son, Matthew, and liveinBratenahl, OH.Russell R. Dickerson, AB'75, associate professor of atmospheric chemistry at the Universityof Maryland, College Park, recently investigatedthe influence of thunderstorms on air quality in Illinois. He is married to Pamela Pehrsson.William A. Geller, JD'75, of Wilmette, IL, isassociate director and Midwest office director ofPolice Executive Research Forum, based in Washington, DC. He is also editor of the InternationalCity Management Association's golden anniversary edition of Local Government Police Management.Robert Hoberman, AM'75, PhD'83, is associate professor of Judaic studies and linguistics atthe State University of New York, Stony Brook . Heand his wife, Judith C. May, have two children,Sarah and Alexander. They will spend the 1989-90academic year in Jerusalem, Israel.Peter Kardon, AM'75, PhD'84, adjunct professor of medieval and Renaissance studies at NewYork University, New York City, is director of planning at the John Simon Guggenheim MemorialFoundation.John L. Knott, MBA'75, is president of theDeutsch Fastener Corp., Lakewood, CA .Stuart Sweet, AB'75, MBA'76, is vice-31president of Black, Manafurt, Stone & Kelly in Alexandria, VA. Susan Tysklind Sweet, AB'75, is assistant vice-president of Chevy Chase Savings.They have two daughters, Ariel and Miranda.Randall J. Woods, MBA'75, is director of riskmanagement and benefits administration at FMCCorp., Chicago." Joel A. Berman, MD'76, is a clinical assist-/ \J ant professor at Tufts Medical College andis associate director of the vascular surgery serviceat Baystate Medical Center. He and his wife, Mary,have three sons and live in Springfield, MA.Cynthia Prill Buffum, AM'76, teaches six-year-olds in Keene, NH, and teaches human development at Keene State University, a branch ofthe University of New Hampshire. She also counsels families at Beech Hill Hospital, Dublin, NH.John A. Chicca, MBA'76, is vice-president ofwestern operations in the Los Angeles office ofRoy F. Weston, Inc., a nation wide environmentalconsulting and engineering firm.Laura Cuzzillo, AB'76, MBA'88, and CarynBerman, AM'80, of Chicago, celebrated the tenthanniversary of their partnership.Ann Susan Dunn, AM'76, teaches Englishand creative writing at Coral Gables High School,Coral Gables, FL.Steven M. Friedman, AB'76, MBA'77, is a general partner of Odyssey Partners, New York City.He and his wife, Cheryl, have two sons.Mary Marshall Kennedy, AB'77, is assist-/ / ant to the president of the GorillaFoundation/Project Koko in Woodside, CA, thelongest attempted interspecies communicationproject. She and her husband, David Earl Hetrick,divide their time between Florence, OR, and SanMateo, CA.David E. Leary, PhD'77, is professor of psychology, history, and the humanities; chairman ofpsychology; and co-director of the graduate program in the history of psychology at the Universityof New Hampshire, Durham.Edward Meil, AB'77, MBA'79, and HelenHarrison Meil, AB'77, announce the birth of theirsecond child, Kevin . Edward is controller at the Richard D. Irwin Publishing Co., Homewood, IL.BenjaminC.Ostrov, AM'77, PhD'87, is assistant lecturer in the Department of Government andPublic Administration at the Chinese Universityof Hong Kong.George G. Polak, SB'77, is assistant professorof management science at Wright State University,Dayton, OH.Mark Shapiro, AB'77, completed his residency in internal medicine at Columbia-PresbyterianMedical Center and is in fellowship training at theAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, both in NewYork City.rTQ T. Lawrence Doyle, MBA'78, is vice-/ O president of marketing and sales for thepersonnel trust department of American NationalBank and Trust of Chicago.Arthur Durant, AM'78, lives in Lansing, MI.Mark M. Feldman, MBA'78, reorganized,chaired, and sold CLC of America (NYSE).(Lewis) Randolph Hood, MBA'78, is a partnerin the investment management firm Matrix Capital Management, Greenwich, CT.Lauren Naslund, AB'78, of New York City,performs with several modern dance companies.In November, she performed in the InternationalFestival of the One-Act Play in Arrezzo, Italy.Margaret Katz Radcliffe, AM'78, is director ofWong Systems, a software company in Charlottesville, VA.Beauregard Stubblefield, AB'78, MBA'82, isdirector of quality services for Mercy Hospitalsand Health Services of Detroit, MI.9Chia-Wun Chang, SB'79, PhD'87, is a postdoctoral fellow at the Suntory Institute forBioorganic Research, Osaka, Japan.Sander M. Davidson, AB'79, opened his ownlaw office. He and his wife, Suzanne, live in Be- thesda, MD.James Erlick, MBA'79, is vice-president ofmarketing at American Express in New York City.Olivier Haertig, MBA'79, is general secretaryand secretary of the board of directors of CaisseCentrale des Banques Populaires, Paris, France.Barry G. Haimes, MBA'79, of Old Greenwich,CT, is director of the mergers and acquisitions department at Prudential-Bache Capital Funding.Cynthia Hoffman, AB'79, of Boston, MA, isredesigning The Boston Globe newspaper.Paul S. Ishizuka, MBA'79, son of Henry S.Ishizuka, MBA'52, is vice-president of finance atSan Pedro Peninsular Hospital.George A. Jenkins, Jr., MBA'79, is productmanager of compact disk information services atLotus Development Corp., Cambridge, MA.David E. Johnsen, AB'79, and his wife, Ro-byn, have a son, D. Edward Johnsen II. Johnsen is aresident in diagnostic radiology at the GeisingerMedical Center, Danville, PA.Matthew Kenneth McNeelege, AB'79, is vice-president in mergers and acquisitions at the FirstNationwide Bank, San Francisco, CA.(William) David Murdoch, AB'79, is a KC-135instructor pilot at Grissom Air Force Base, IN.Linda Glascock O'Bryant, MBA'79, of Chicago, is director of alumni affairs for the University'sGraduate School of Business.Bonnie L. Sprankle Oppenheimer, MAT' 79.Charles E. Parks II, MBA'79, is with the international tax group of Intel Corp. He and his wife,Sally, live with their daughters, Jennifer and Caroline, in San Jose, CA.Jonathon J. Rynning, AB'79, graduated fromthe University of Arkansas School of Medicineand is a resident in psychiatry at the LouisianaState University Medical Center, New Orleans.William J. Sanders, AB'79, and Mayra Rodriguez are married and live in Ann Arbor, MI. Sanders is research associate at the Museum of Paleontology of the University of Michigan.K. Dillon Schickli, MBA'79, of Ridgefield, CT,and John Knediet formed their own company, C.F.Capital Corp. Stephen Larson, MBA'85, workswith them.Jennifer Tanis, AM '79. See 1947, Arnold L.Tanis.(Kenneth) Neill Taylor, JD'79, is a patentcounsel for the telecommunications products division of Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY. Heand his wife, Susanne, have a son, Daniel.Charles Whitmer, SB'79, AM'79, writes software programs for Microsoft, Inc., in Redmond,WA.OH Caryn Berman, AM'80. See 1976, Laura0\J Cuzzilo.Robert Patrick Campbell, MBA'80, is a vice-president in the investment department of NewYork Life Insurance Co . , New York City. He and hiswife, Rina, live in Berkeley Heights, NJ.AbbeF. Fletman, AB'80, graduated cum laudefrom the University of Pennsylvania Law School,Philadelphia. She is a litigation associate with thePhiladelphia firm Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz.GabrielaGamboa, AB'80, of Caracas, Venezuela, worked on the film Oriana, which won theCamera d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. She hasformed a design company in Venezuela.Robert S. Garrick, JD'80, lives in Washington,DC.Linden Higgins, AB'80, SM'82, finished herPh.D. in zoology at the University of Texas, Austin, and is a researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.Joseph T. Johnson, PhD'80, of Oklahoma City,OK, is a radar officer on an AWACS aircraft in theU.S. Air Force.Harvey Kliman, PhD'80, MD'81, is assistantprofessor in the pathology department at theSchool of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He and his wife, Sandra Stein, have three daughters.Narayan P. Murarka, MBA'80, is vice-president of the electronics and systems group ofthe IIT Research Institute, Chicago.Kristopher Organ, AB'80, lives in Oakland,CA.Ingrid Rule, AB'80, MD'85, of Fort Collins,CO, is a diplomate of the American Board of Family Practice and has a private practice in familymedicine.Margaret (Peg) Quarles Swanton, MBA'80.See 1966, Donald W. Swanton.Andrew S. Wasser, AB'80, is systems projectmanager at Mellon Bank Corp., and Theresa Elliott Wasser, AB'83, is an associate with the lawfirm Polito & Smock, Pittsburgh, PA.Clarence Wing-Wah Wong, MBA'80, is involved in trading and real estate development inHong Kong.0*1 Annette T. Brandes, PhD'81, is a licensed<Brandes Stepfamily Counseling Services, Minneapolis, MN.Hsin-Cheh Sean Chao, MBA'81, is manager ofWestpac Project and Advisory Services Ltd., inSydney, Australia.Teng-Yung Feng, PhD'81, is a research fellowworking on the molecular processes of plant rooting at the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica,Taipei, Taiwan.George Horner, MFA'81, is an artist, creatingsculptures with Silly Putty. His work is displayedin various galleries and was recently reviewed inThe Wall Street Journal.Joseph Incandela, AB'81, SM'85, PhD'86, ofCollonges, France, is a research associate atCERN, the European Organization for NuclearResearch, near Geneva, Switzerland.Lindsey Lee Johnson, AB'81, of Washington,DC, served as national director of the Coalitionfor Women for President Bush's presidentialcampaign.Martin S. Kounitz, AB'81, and his wife, LisaAchenbaum, live in New York City.Selina A. Long, AB'81, graduated A0A (thehonor medical society) from the University of Vermont School of Medicine and is completing her internship at Northwestern Memorial Hospital,Chicago.Cynthia Ann Sanborn, AB'81, is program officer for Latin America and the Caribbean at theFord Foundation.Daniel Spadoni, MBA'81, interim programmanager of NASA's CRAF/Cassini project inWashington, DC, is designing and building tworobotic siJanet M. Hebenstreit Tavakoli, MBA'81, is avice-president and strategic marketing specialistat Merrill Lynch, New York City.Thomas Uehling, MBA'81, is vice-president ofsales for Brae Corp., San Francisco, CA.OO Michael J. Gerhardt, JD'82, received aO^L Smithkline Beckman Award in Legal Education. He teaches constitutional law at the WakeForest University School of Law, Winston-Salem,NC.Richard Goldstein, AB'82, is an attorney withDavis, Polk & Wardwell. He and his wife, RosePerrizo, live in New York City.(Eugene) John Maurey, MBA'82, is project officer with the Western Trade Adjustment Assistance Center at the University of SouthernCalifornia.Charles McFerren, MBA'82, and his wife, Re-gina, have a second son, Andrew Charles. Theylive in Vienna, Austria.James Mcllree, AB'82, is married and workingas a research analyst in the trust department of Society National Bank, Cleveland, OH.Ellen Moratti, AB'82, of Sacramento, CA, is asenior consultant to the California state legislature's committee on economic development andnew technologies.Seth F. Oppenheimer, AB'82, is an assistantprofessor at Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, and Bonnie L. Sprankle Oppenheimer, MAT'79, teaches at Starkville HighSchool.(Kong Ying) Lynette Sien, MBA'82, works inthe personal banking division of Hong KongBank, Hong Kong.Hilary Wolpert Silver, AB'82, is coordinatorof fuels projects in the planning and policy sectionof Israel's Ministry of Energy.Ralph Spiga, PhD'82, of Missouri City, TX, re-the National Institute of Drug Abuse.Vicky Christy Van Santen, PhD'82, is assistant professor of pathobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine of Auburn University, Auburn,AL. She and her husband, Edward, live inAuburn.David Y. Wong, AM'82, PhD'87. See 1983,Odalia Ho Wong.~ O Victor Adams, AB'83, received his M.M.kets group of Toronto-Dominion Bank, New YorkCity.William Borden, PhD'83, AM'88, a researchassociate at the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute,was appointed assistant professor of social work atthe Jane Addams College of Social Work of the University of Illinois at Chicago.Taylor Jackson Crouch, MBA'83, is marketingoperations manager for Schering Plough International in Munich, Germany.Stephen B. Jeffries, AB'83, was named trusteeand treasurer of Youngs Memorial CemeteryCorp., and secretary and trustee of the TheodoreRoosevelt Association, Long Island, NY.Douglas Scott Katzer, AB'83, of Dayton, OH,received a Ph.D. in solid-state electronics from theUniversity of Cincinnati.Benjamin K. Y. Lee, MBA'83, is starting anequity options and futures department forMorgan Stanley & Co., Inc., in Hong Kong.William T. Oravez, SM'83, is manager of thetechnical marketing department at Philips Medical Systems North America, Inc., Shelton, CT.David S. Schaffer, Jr., AB'83, specializes incorporate law for the firm Cravath, Swaine &Moore, New York City.Theresa Elliott Wasser, AB'83. See 1980, Andrew S. Wasser.David J. Wierz, AB'83, of Belleville, NJ, is asenior consultant with Coopers & Lybrand.Odalia Ho Wong, AM'83, PhD'87, is assistantprofessor of sociology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. David Y. Wong, AM'82, PhD'87,is an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank ofPhiladelphia and adjunct lecturer at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.ShinichiYamashita, MBA'83, is a supervisor atYokogawa Hewlett Packard, Tokyo, Japan.Q A Jefferson T. Brown, AB'84, is press officerOx for the American embassy in El Salvador.Gregory J. Cappiello, MBA 84, of Hobart, IN,tanager of financial planning and analysis atNational Steel Corp. He and his wife, Jeannine,have three children— Joseph, Amanda, andMatthew.Scott D. Denham, AB'84, is a Ph.D. candidatein Germanic languages and literatures and ateaching fellow at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Vincent Krasevic, AB'84, received a master'sdegree in tropical medicine from Columbia University, New York City, and is a medical student inNorfolk, VA.Daniel R. Laurence, AB'84, took time off fromthe University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, to work for the Wayne County prosecuting attorney in Detroit, MI. After graduation, he plansto work for the Hon. John Feikens, federal districtjudge for the eastern district of Michigan.Boris Polman, AB'84, began his residency at Vuthiphong Priebjrivat, PhD'84, MBA'79, isworking with the marketing and treasury departments at Bangkok Bank, Thailand.Ann Margaret (Meg) Schellenberg, AB'84,graduated from Harvard Divinity School and wasordained in September. She is intern minister atthe University Unitarian Church, Seattle, WA.Clyde Vaughan Stanley, AM'84, is librarian/historian at Stratford Hall Plantation, VA, birthplace of Robert E. Lee.Kevin Trammel, MBA'84, is manager of capacity planning for Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group.He and his wife, Denise, live in Hartford, CT.Robert A. Warinner, SB'84. See 1985, WiwekaKaszubski Warinner.~~> fT Maxine Barish, MD'85, completed her resi-^)\J dency in internal medicine at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center.Kaarel T. Laev, AB'85, is a currency optionstrader at Aleemene Bank Nederland, New York^ic^iten Larson, MBA'85. See 1979, K. DillonSchickli.David Lentini, SB '85, received his master'sdegree from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,date in magnetic resonance.Karl E. Lietzan, AB'85, is deputy project engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers inTongduch'on, Korea.Michael D. Ryngaert, MBA'85, PhD'88, isassistant professor of finance at the Universityof Florida. He and his wife, Mary CatherineSchwartz Ryngaert, live in Gainesville, FL.Wiweka Kaszubski Warinner, AB'85, is working on her Ph.D. in biochemistry at the Universityof Illinois. Her husband, Robert A. Warinner,SB'84, is a senior programmer analyst and a headof the artificial intelligence section at Global Information System Technologies, Inc., Savoy, IL. Theylive in Champaign, IL.Q/T Peter J. Boxall, PhD'86, is economic advis-OO er to the deputy leader of the Opposition(Liberal) Party in Parliament House, Canberra,Australia.Jeffrey L. Haferman, SB'86, and his wife, San-DEATHSFACULTYPaul Bator, the John P. Wilson Professor in theLaw School, died in February. He was fifty-nineyears old. Bator joined the University in 1986 andwas best known for his work in the fields of federalcourt, civil procedure, and administrative law andart. In 1983 and 1984, he served as Deputy SolicitorGeneral and Counsellor to the Solicitor General inthe Reagan presidential administration. He frequently argued cases in the Supreme Court, andin 1984 he was nominated to be a judge of the U.S.Court of Appeals in Washington, DC . He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciencesand a member of the American Law Institute.John Kenward, SB '42, MD'44, associate professor emeritus of psychiatry and pediatrics, diedin April at the age of seventy-five. Kenward joinedthe University's faculty in pediatrics in 1950,where he founded and directed the University'sChild Psychiatry Clinic, now known as the Childand Adolescent Psychiatry Section. He was a lifemember of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry and the American Academy of Pediatricsand a member of the faculty of the Chicago Insti- poo, of Chicago, IL, are building luges for Yugoslavia's national sledding championships.Kenneth Jones, AB'86, of Oak Park, IL, worksfor Unisys Corporation.R. Daniel MacKay, AB'86, is enrolled in atraveling master's program in environmental studies sponsored by the Audubon Expedition Institute. The program deals with subjects rangingfrom ocean ecology to bio-toxic issues.David Jonathan Miller, MBA'86, of Reston,VA, is a program manager at the Center for Innovative Technology.Wendy Osanka, AB'86, of Oak Park, IL, is inthe administrative training program of Manufacturers Life Insurance Company.Dorothy J. Ownes, AM'86, of Chicago, managed the Title II-C grant project at NorthwesternUniversity, doing a conversion of the MelvilleHerskovits Africana Collection of N.U.'s library.Steven Robert Penn, AB'86, a student at DePaul University's College of Law, Chicago, is work-seminar there. He is also a law clerk at Wayne S.Shapiro & Assoc, Chicago.Ory Anne and Nabil Ariss, MBA'87, of Paris,O / France, announce the birth of their daughter, Audrey.Caroline Eichman, AM'87, is working on herPh.D. in public health at New York University,New York City.Peter P. Hanik, MBA'87, is director of appliedresearch and technical service at the QuantumChemical Corp., Rolling Meadows, IL.Robert Schweitzer, SM'87, works at the Coat-sity, Ypsilanti." "I Michael Evan Bresler, MD'88, and AudreyLJO Michelle Tatar, MD'88. See 1957, HowardL. Bresler.David M. Chang, MBA'88, is a manager at Citibank, New York City.Nicholas G. Hahn, Jr., MBA'88, is vice-president of financial reporting at First Options ofChicago, Inc. He and his wife, Paula, live in ElkGrove, IL.George Psaras, MBA'88, is vice-president ofTravelers Realty Investment Co., Oakbrook, IL.The announcement of the death in October,1988 of John G. Kunstmann, PhD'38, at the age ofninety-four [WINTER'89] did not mention thatMr. Kunstmann was a member of the University'sDepartment of Germanics from 1927 to 1954.Kunstmann also taught at St. Paul's College, Concordia, MO (1916-1918), Concordia College, FortWayne, IN (1918-1927), and the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill (1954-1967), servingas chairman of the Department of Germanic Languages from 1955 to 1965. Kunstmann was an ordained minister of the Lutheran Church (MissouriSynod). In 1946, he founded the Reformation Festival held at Rockefeller Memorial Chapel. Histeaching and scholorship focused on German medieval and Reformation literature. He served threeyears as national president of the American Association of Teachers of German. In 1961, he wasawarded the Great Cross of Merit of the Order ofMerit by the Federal Republic of Germany. Weapologize for our earlier omission.James L. Lehr, professor and associate chairman of the Department of Radiology, died in February at the age of forty-eight.Julian H. Lewis, PhD'15, MD'17, director ofclinical laboratories at Our Lady of Mercy Hospi-tal, Dyer, IN, died in March at the age of ninety-seven. He was associate professor of pathology atthe University from 1917 to 1943.Lloyd Wynn Mints, professor emeritus of economics, died in January at the age of one hundred.His research interests included monetary theory,and he was the author of A History of Banking Theoryand Monetary Policy for a Competitive Society.George B. Walsh, AB'67, died in February atthe age of forty-two. At the time of his death, hewas associate professor and chairman of the De-" "' ¦ • -es ancj Literatures,associate professor on the committees on the Ancient Mediterranean World and General Studiesin the Humanities, and associate professor in theCollege. He joined the University's faculty in 1974,and was instrumental in bringing computers to thestudy of classical languages and literatures, creating a computer program that is now used by classicists around the world. His most recent book wasThe Varieties of Enchantment: Early Greek Views of the Nature and Function of Poetry, and his work on Hellenistic poetry is soon to be published as a series ofarticles.THE CLASSES Russell H. McBride, LLB'22, JanuaryCatherine Morgan Andreasen, MAT'24, FebruaryArthur P. Butler, AM'24Nellie Ruckelshausen Hudson, PhB'24, FebruaryIsaac Vandermyde, SB'24, MD'28, JanuaryGilbert Wendel Longstreet, PhB'25, February1988Esther Crockett Quaintance, AM'25, June 1988Myron S. Glass, SM'26, JanuaryRudolph Samuels, PhB'26, JanuaryLucille Van De Steeg, PhB'26, JanuaryJeannette Baldwin Wells, PhB'26, June 1988Bertha Hosford Butler, AM'27John Harlan Davis, MD'27, MarchCarola Jackson, SM'27, December 1986Kenneth Ansley, X'28, July 1988Ruth SchornherstBreen, SM'29, December 1987Virgil J. Gist, X'29, August 1988Leonard M. Anderson, PhB'30, DecemberWilliam Harlan Gilbert, AM'30, PhD'34, March1988Eulah Belle Orr Reed, AM'31, JanuaryFreda C. Withers, PhB'31, June 1988Helen Christina Swanson Helmer, PhB'32, Ellen Erikson Anglemire, PhB'34, NovemberRoger Hazelton, AM'34, March 1988Helen Mary Graves Laue, X'34, February 1988Philip Mullenbach, AB'34, MarchTheodore K. Noss, AM'34, PhD'40, August 1988Louise Feist Schan, X'34, FebruaryElva E. Wall, PhB'34, AM'43, JanuaryViola Waskow, X'34, DecemberHerman Kogan, AB'36, MarchJohn W. Gifford, SB'37, May 1988Margorie Bacon Mooney, AM'37, NovemberMartin Dobberfuhl, AB'39, JanuaryAlice Fentress Gibson Farrar, PhB'39, DecemberEverett L. Sundquist, MD'39, JanuaryVirginia Morrison Reinitz, AM'40William E. Snyder, SM'40, PhD'40, DecembeiThea Helmine Sando, X'46, OctoberBeatrice Parish Scarborough, X'46, JanuarySelma Baer Elgutter, AM'47, March 1988Francis J. Fallon, AM'47,Zella Zoe Larimer, AM '4'/, wcroDerFrancis J. Blaisdell, AB'48, AM'56, OctoberJohn Wells Chamberlin, AB'68, DecemberOral B. Bolibaugh, MD'15, January 1988Helen Estelle Mills Tolbert, A-M'15, December George L. Bayer, SB '33, MarchMary J. Bloder, X'33, July 1988Annetta Mary Baker Hume, SB'33, August 1988 :k, AB'87, JanuaryBOOKS by AlumniPaul W. Barrett, JD'27, and Mary Barrett, YoungBrothers Massacre (University of Missouri Press).This books chronicles the 1932 events in Spring-forcement officers were killed in a single incidentin the United States. The authors trace the personalities of those involved in the incident, and examine the aftermath of the killings. Barrett lives in Jefferson City, MO.Richard O. Niehoff, PhB'33, AM'34, John A.Hannah: Versatile Administrator and Distinguished Public Servant (University Press of America). This volume describes the workings of various U. S. and international governmental organizations in tracingthe career of Dr. Hannah, who served as deputyUnited Nations secretary general and as presidentof Michigan State University. Niehoff, of Columbus, OH, is professor emeritus of education andformer assistant dean of international studies andprograms at Michigan State University.Robert A. Hall, Jr., AM '35, Bibliografia delta Lin-guistka Italiana: Terzo Supplemento Decennale (Giar-dini). This is the third supplement of Hall's Bibliografia della Linguistica Italiana. Hall, of Ithaca, NY, iscurrently at work on a biography of the lateLeonard Bloomfield, professor of Germanic philology at the University of Chicago from 1927 to1940.Daniel Glaser, AB'39, AM'47, PhD'54, Evaluation Research and Decision Guidance (TransactionBooks, Rutgers University). Glaser, of LosAngeles, retired as professor of sociology at theUniversity of California, but continues as seniorresearch associate of the University's Social Science Research Institute.R. Thomas Sanderson, PhD'39, Simple Inorganic Substances (Krieger Publishing Co.), This is Sanderson's first textbook entirely based upon his theory of chemical bonding. Sanderson, of FortCollins, CO, is professor emeritus of chemistry ofArizona State University. He divides his time between science and art, donating his paintings to re tirement homes around the country.Orrin E. Klapp, AM'40, PhD'48, Overload andBoredom: Essays on the Quality of Life in the InformationSociety (Greenwood Press). The author exploresthe impact of information on the quality of life, especially boredom as an indicator of informationoverload . Klapp is professor emeritus of sociologyof the University of Western Ontario, London,ON, Canada, and professor emeritus of San DiegoState University, San Diego, CA.Harry W. Fischer, SB'43, MD'45, The Radiologist's First Reader (Granville Medical Books). Thisbook includes philosophy, history, humor, and biography in showing how radiologists see themselves and their role in medicine. Also, NormalRadiologic Anatomy (McGraw-Hill). Intended forfirst-year medical students and other beginners inmedical education, this book on imaging anatomyincludes inforrr "'ized tomography, „,.« «.«&x^«w x^^..^^ ^ages. Fischer is professor of radiology at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester,NY.Raymond Siever, SB'43, SM'47, PhD'50, Sand(Scientific American--W. H. Freeman & Co.). Anexploration for the layman of the many ways inwhich a geologist looks at sand, and the information it contains on the dynamics and history of theearth. Siever is professor of geology at HarvardL^niversity, Cambridge, MA.Doris Lloyd Grosh, SB '46, A Primer of ReliabilityTheory (John Wiley and Sons). Designed for thosewith a familiarity with calculus but little knowledge of statistics, this book is a guide to learningreliability theory on one's own . Grosh is professorof industrial engineering at Kansas State University, Manhattan.Leslie Waller, X'46, Amazing Faith (Dell Publishing). The author's latest novel is being mar1-into a television film. Waller lives in Londo.., (Black Cat Press). With a foreward by San Francisco's mayor, this is a book of black-and-white photographs of a racially mixed neighborhood in SanFrancisco. Kamin, a retired business executive,lives in Menlo Park, CA.Grant Urry, SB'47, PhD'53, Elementary Equilibrium Chemistry of Carbon (Wiley Interscience). Thisvolume systematically analyzes complex reactionsin the context of the historical background of organic chemistry. Urry is the Robinson Professor ofChemistry at Tufts University, Medford, MA.Bob Blauner, AB'48, AM'50, Black Lives, WhiteLives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America (University of California Press). This study is based ona series of oral histories over a twenty-year timespan. Blauner is professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley.David L. Jickling, AB'48, AM'51, PhD'53,Christian saints revered in Antigua, Guatemala.Jickling lives in Washington, DC.Donald E. Osterbrock, PhB'48, SB'48, SM'49,PhD '52, Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and ActiveGalactic Nuclei (University Science Books) . This is agraduate-level text and research monograph.Osterbrock is an astronomer on the faculty of LickObservatory and professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, SantaCruz.Terrence O'Donnell, PhB'50, The Garden ofthe Brave in War (University of Chicago Press).O'Donnell lives in Portland, OR.Albert Madansky, AB'52, SM'55, PhD'58,Prescriptions for Working Statisticians (Springer-Verlag). This book contains a collection of statistical diagnostics and prescriptions useful in dealingwith the realities of inference from data. Madan-WiJliam S. (Bill) Kamin, PhB'47, Tender Business.David Ray, AB'52, AMWall and Other Poems (Wesleyan University Press).Reflecting the light and dark sides of India, its poverty and its beauty, the poet draws a portrait of thecountry and its affects upon his own self. Ray, whospent a year as a visiting professor at the University of Rajasthan, India, is a professor at the University of Missouri, Kansas City.Edward Allworth, AM'53, editor, Tartars of theCrimea: Their Struggle for Survival (Duke UniversityPress). This collection of essays deals with the Tar-new national movement, mass exile, repatriation,and the dissent movement.Joseph M. Curran, AM'55, PhD'59, HibernianGreen on the Silver Screen: The Irish and American Movies (Greenwood Press). This volume in the "Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture Series"explores the role of the Irish in the American filmindustry. The author maintains that movies reflected and influenced their viewers' perception ofthe Irish, facilitating the assimilation of the Irishethnic group into American society. Curran is professor of history at Le Moyne College, Syracuse,NY.Laurel Richardson, AB'55, AB'56, The NewOther Woman (The Free Press). The newest editionof Richardson's book has been released in paperback and has been translated into Japanese, Swedish, German, and Portuguese. Richardson is professor of sociology at Ohio State University,Columbus, and is president of the North CentralSociological Association.Harriet Blodgett, AM'56, Centuries of FemaleDays: Englishwomen's Private Diaries (Rutgers University Press). This is a study of women's diariesfrom 1599 to 1939. Blodgett lives in Davis, CA.JackE. Bowser, MBA'56, Educating America: Lessons Learned in the Nation's Corporations (John Wileyand Sons, Inc.). Based upon the successful elements of a corporate education, such as incentivesand accountability, the author offers a plan for restructuring the nation's educational system. Bowser, of Westport, CT, is program director at the Corporate Management Development Center.Mary Alzina Stone Dale, AM'57, T. S. Eliot: ThePhilosopher Poet (Harold Shaw Publishers). Dalelives in Chicago.Wolfram F. Hanrieder, AB'58, AM'59, Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy(Yale University Press). The author traces the development of West Germany's political economyin the years since World War II, showing whythe division of Germany has remained an issue inboth national and international relations. He argues that the changed political situation inEurope, including the diminished credibility ofand the disarray of NATO, call for a new relationship of equality in diplomatic relations betweenthe U.S. and West Germany in order to facilitate anew European political order. Hanrieder is professor of political science at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Darrel E. Christensen, AM'59, Hegelian/Whiteheadian Perspectives (University Press ofAmerica). The author develops a critical phenomenology that unites the Hegelian notion of self-evidence with the Whiteheadian notion of the perishing of an actual situation. This philosophy isthen applied to the interpretation and critique ofvarious individuals and philosophical issues.Christensen lives in Salzburg, Austria.Andrew M. Greeley, AM'61, PhD'62, ReligiousChange in America (Harvard University Press). Theauthor points out that, contrary to popularthought, there has not been a significant decline inAmerican religious practices and beliefs in thepast half-century. Using surveys collected byprominent polling organizations, Greeley showsthat the changes in both Protestant and Catholicdoctrines have had very little real influence uponmost people, but that this does not imply thatAmerican religious life has become sterile. Greeley is professor of sociology at the Universityof Arizona and a research associate at the NationalOpinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago.Fela Moscovici, MAT61, Renascneca Organizational (Livros Tecnicos e Cientificos Editora,Ltda.). This book deals with humanism and tech-ganizations and the challenge for humanity's future. Moscovici is a private consultant for publicand private enterprises.V. OlgaBeattie Emery, AB'62, PhD'82, Pseudo-dementia: A Theoretical and Empirical Discussion (Western Reserve Geriatric Education Center: CaseWestern Reserve University School of Medicine).Comparing pseudodementia with Alzheimer'sdisease and old age depression, the author chartsthe evolution of the construct of pseudodementiaacross time. Emery is assistant professor of psy-atry at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.A. David Silver, AB'62, MBA'63, Your First Bookof Wealth: The Beginner's Guide to Collecting, Investingand Starting Your Own Business (The Career Press).This is the author's first book for teenagers. Silverlives in Santa Fe, NM.John E. Tropman, AM'63, and GershMorningstar, Entrepreneurial Systems for the 1990s:Their Creation, Structure, and Management (QuorumBooks, Greenwood Press). Providing a specifictheory on successful entrepreneurial activity, thisis a book for aspiring entrepreneurs both withinand outside of established corporations. Tropmanis professor of administration at the University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor.William Dean, AM'64, PhD'67, History MakingHistory: The New Historicism in American ReligiousThought (State University of New York Press). Theauthor argues that the postmodern challenge of"new historicism" is incoherent and ineffectiveunless it is reinterpreted in terms of its classicalAmerican roots. He offers a new option for American theology, using the empiricism of WilliamJames and John Dewey and the precedent of the"Chicago School." Dean is professor of religion atGustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN.Donald E. Gowan, PhD'64, From Eden to Babel:Genesis 1-11, a volume in the "International Theological Commentary" series (Eerdmans).Jacquelyn Seevak Sanders, AM'64, A Greenhouse for the Mind (University of Chicago Press).The author takes up where Bruno Bettelheim leftoff in telling the story of the Sonia ShankmanFocusing on how its teachers and counselors create an educational environment conducive tolearning, the book relates the experiences andprinciples that have shaped the school and its curriculum. Sanders is director of the OrthogenicSchool and senior lecturer in the University'sDepartment of Education.Georgia M. Green, AB'66, AM'69, PhD'71,Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding(Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). This volume inthe "Tutorials in Cognitive Science Series" dealswith pragmatics, syntax, and conversational interaction. Also, with Alice Davison, AM'69, PhD'73,coeditor, Linguistic Complexity and Text Comprehension: A Re-examination of Readability with AlternativeViews (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). This volume offers various positions on the readabilityand comprehensibility of texts. Green is professorof linguistics at the University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, and part of the University'sBeckman Institute. Davison, an associate professor at the University of Iowa, is a visiting professorat Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Mary Riege Laner, AB'66, Dating: Delights, Discontents and Dilemmas (Sheffield Publishing Co.).Laner, of Phoenix, AZ, is the vice-president electof the Pacific Sociological Association.David H. Rosenbloom, AM'66, PhD'69, Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics,and Law in the Public Sector, second edition (RandomHouse/McGraw-Hill). An update of its first edition, this book argues that public administrationin the U.S. combines three clusters of practice andintellectual perspectives— management, politics,and law— and that these clusters must be integrated. Rosenbloom is Distinguished Professor ofPublic Administration at Syracuse University,Syracuse, NY. He has a new daughter, Lila Ziva,his fourth child.Sarah Burns, AB'68, Pastoral Inventions: RuralLife in Nineteenth-Century American Art and Culture(Temple University Press). This study elucidatesthe subtext of the pastoral imagery of nineteenth-century art, which depicts variously an arcadia ofsimplicity and innocence and a land of intolerablebackwardness. Burns is associate professor at theSchool of Fine Arts at Indiana University,Bloomington.John D. Cox, AM'68, PhD'75, Shakespeare andthe Dramaturgy of Power (Princeton UniversityPress) . Cox, associate professor of English at HopeCollege, Holland, MI, is teaching a course onShakespeare at the University of California,Berkeley.Alexander De Grand, PhD '68, The Italian Left inthe Twentieth Century: A History of the Socialist and Communist Parties (Indiana University Press). The author gives a parallel history of the Socialist andCommunist movements in Italy, chronicling thedivisions produced by their ongoing battle overstrategy up to the present. De Grand is professorof history at North Carolina State University,Raleigh.Daniel M. Lauber, AB'70, The Compleat Guide toFinding Jobs in Government (Planning/Communications). The author presents over 1,000 sources ofjob openings in local, state, and the federal government. Chapters on resume preparation and interviewing are geared toward both new and experienced government professionals. Lauber is azoning attorney, city planning consultant, andfree-lance writer in River Forest, IL.Anthony (Tony) Seeger, AM'70, PhD'74, WhySuya Sing: A Musical Anthropology of an Amazonian People (University of Cambridge Press). This book,which is accompanied by a cassette, received theAmerican Musical Society's Kinkeldey publication prize for its "outstanding contribution to mu-sicology." Seeger is curator of the Folkways Collection and director of Folkways Records, part of theSmithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.Francis A. Boyle, AB'71, The Future of International Law and American Foreign Policy (TransnationalPublishers, Inc.). Using an international law perspective to analyze the problems that have confronted the making of American foreign policy,this book develops an alternative approach towardresolving some of the major problems of contemporary international relations. Boyle is professorof international law and member of the program inarms control, disarmament and international security at the University of Illinois, Champaign.John C. Briggs, AM'71, PhD'77, Francis Baconand the Rhetoric of Nature (Harvard UniversityPress). This book won the Thomas Wilson Prize as"the best of all first-book manuscripts accepted bythe Press." Briggs is associate professor of Englishat the University of California, Riverside, andchairman of the University of California Council ofWriting Programs.William H. Galperin, AB'71, Revision andAuthority in Wordsworth: The Interpretation of a Career(University of Pennsylvania Books). The authorrefutes the idea that Wordsworth suffered from ananticlimactic period after his early romantic period, proposing that the poet's "conservative" shiftrepresented a change in poetry that anticipatedthe modern approach to romanticism. Galperin isassistant professor of English at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.Naomi Lindstrom, AB'71, Jewish Issues inArgen-tine Literature: From Gerchunoffto Szichman (University of Missouri Press) . This study provides an overview of Jewish Argentine writers' work and participation in Buenos Aires literary life, as well asanalyses of eight works of prose and poetry. Lind-strom lives in Austin, TX.Thomas M. Camden, X'72, and Evelyn Pine,How to Get a Job in San Francisco (Surrey Press) . This isthe fifth book of the "Insider Series" for job servicetechniques. Camden is the president of a consulting firm specializing in career counseling and corporate placement in Hinsdale, IL.William A. Golomski, MBA'72, coeditor, An,,n1U,i J?zr7ir.itif,7>*i iv, AAnm, farhirlno (inr[ustria\ Engi-a variety of approaches for quality improvement,featuring companies such as Kodak and 3M as examples. Golomski lives in Wilmette, IL.Carol Sherman, PhD '72, Reading Voltaire'sContes: A Semiotics of Philosophical Narration (NorthCarolina Studies in the Romance Languages andLiteratures) . Sherman is professor of French at theUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.James B. Jacobs, JD'73, AM'73, PhD'75, DrunkDriving: An American Dilemma (University of Chicago Press).Susan Wolfe, AB'73, The Last Billable Hour (St.Martin's Press). This mystery novel features an inside view of the intrigues and corporate infightingof California's law community. The story beginswith the murder of one of the most successful lawyers in a Silicon Valley law firm and takes the reader through the world of corporate politics and ambition in tracking down the killer. Wolfe is a lawyerin Palo Alto, CA.AbeLipshitz, PhD'74, The Commentary of RabbiAbraham Ibn Ezra on Hosea (Sepher-Hermon Press).This is the first completely edited text of Ibn Ezra'scommentary on Hosea to appear since it was first published in 1525-26. Based on six different manuscripts, it includes an annotated English translation. Lipshitz, of Chicago, is the author of two earlier books on the writings of Ibn Ezra.Rockwell Gray, PhD '76, The Imperative ofModernity: An Intellectual Biography of Jose Ortega YGasset (University of California Press). This is thefirst comprehensive English intellectual biography of Ortega, who was a driving force at the center of the rise of literary and artistic talent in Madrid during the 1920s and 1930s. The authorexamines Ortega's life and works in the context ofthe evolution of international modernism and Ortega's response to Spain's cultural separation fromthe rest of Europe. Gray is chairman of the Department of English at the Kiski School in Saltsburg,PA.Peter S. Cookson, PhD'77, Recruiting and Retaining Adult Students (Jossey-Bass) . The purpose of thisanthology in the "New Directions for ContinuingEducation" series is to suggest concrete strategiesretention of adult students. Cookson is associateprofessor and professor in charge of the Adult Education Program at Pennsylvania State University,University Park, and vice-president of the Inter-American Federation of Adult Education, based inCaracas, Venezuela.Timothy Paul Erdel AM'78, contributor, Religions of the World, second edition (St. Martin'sPress). Erdel wrote the introduction and the section on primal religions for the volume. He is amissionary serving as lecturer in the humanities atJamaica Theological Seminary, lecturer in historyand philosophical theology at the CaribbeanGraduate School of Theology, and librarian for theZenus Gerig Library and the Caribbean ChurchGrowth Research Center, all in Kingston, Donald W. Musser, PhD'81, and Joseph L.Brice, AM'79, PhD'82, editors and contributors,The Whirlwind in Culture: Frontiers in Theology(Meyer-Stone Books). Honoring Langdon Gilkey,the Shailer Matthews Professor in the DivinitySchool, this volume of essays treats pertinentthemes of his work. Contributors include ThomasJ.J. Altizer, AB'48, AM'51, PhD'55; JohnB. Cobb,Jr., AM'49, PhD'52; Schubert M. Ogden, DB'54,PhD'58; Charles E. Winquist, AM'68, PhD'70;Patricia Wismer, AM'74, PhD'83; and DavidTracy, the Andrew Thomas Greeley and GraceMcNichols Greeley Distinguished Service Professor in the Divinity School. Musser is associate professor of religion at Stetson University, DeLand,FL, and Price is assistant professor of religion atWhittier College, Whittier, CA.Brian Hainline, MD'82, and Gary I. Wadler,Drugs and the Athlete (F. A. Davis Co.). In a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of drug use insports, the authors analyze the problems and controversies caused by drug abuse among professional and amateur athletes. The authors presentinformation on general risk factors, the historicaluse of each drug studied, and the drugs' adverseeffects, as well as specific drugs' effect on athleticperformance. Hainline is assistant professor ofneurology at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, andassistant attending physician in neurology atNorth Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY.He and his wife, Pascale, have two children,Clotilde and Arthur.Frank Bourgin, PhD '88, The Great Challenge:The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic (GeorgeBraziller, Inc . ) . Based on Bourgin's doctoral dissertation, this book refutes the commonly held assumption that the early government of the UnitedLETTERSContinued from inside front coverto come to rehearsals of the University Symphony Orchestra, often working directlywith the students. On short notice, he onceeven took over a concert of the USO whenthe regular conductor was suddenly inducted into the Army. Members of the CSOcoached the University winds and stringsand in emergencies played along in concerts. I can vouch for all these details, for Iwas a faculty member of the music department from 1938 until 1952. I attended theCSO concert in Rockefeller Chapel, and itwas I in whose place Stock conducted theUniversity Symphony Orchestra in December 1941.Siegmund LevarieBrooklyn, NYDISPELLING NOTION OFAN ARAB MENTALITYEditor:Unfortunate terminology seems to persist among University of Chicago graduatesof the 1940s.Margery Stone Zeitlin, PhB'48, wrote toyou (WINTER/89) to invite Professor Ge- wirth "to return [to Israel] for a longer staywhich might dispel some of his naiveteabout the Arab mentality. "I had thought that the concept of an ethnic mentality had been completely discredited, whether it was (to use the terminologyof the 1940s) "a Negro mentality/' or "anArab mentality," or "a Jewish mentality."Randall L. Thompson, MD*40, wrote tostate that "the preponderant populationof [Ethiopia] is of Semitic-Hamitic originand only about six percent Negro" (alsoWINTER/89)."Semitic-Hamitic" refers to a languagegroup, more generally now known as Afro-Asiatic. "Negro" refers to skin color, a totallyseparate human quality.James Hudson, PhD'62Baltimore, MDWEAPONS BUDGETSHOULD BE CUTEditor:In the [SPRING/89] "Forum," five professors gave their advice for the Presidentabout the budget deficit. To my dismay,everyone avoided our obscene "defense"budget except for Fackler's [statement],"Even defense expenditures can bepruned."A budget for weapons which exceeds $300 billion and may actually exceed 50 percent of the real total is crazy and should becut in half now. That takes care of the budgetdeficit right away. Then we can begin to parethe defense budget even further and use thefunds to cut taxes and to improve transportation, education, health, etc. and explorefurther world peace.Peter D. King, AB'50, SB'54, MD'54Encino, CAISRAELI WRITERS MISS'HEART AND ESSENCE'Editor:Your "Voices from Israel" letters[WINTER/89] caused me dismay and regreton a number of accounts: First, that graduates of UC— with all the marvelous opportunities it affords— can display such strongracist views and reveal how uneducated theyare. But then, I am not surprised, for theirextended exposure to their Jewish-only environment has eroded the intellectual foun-the lessons of the holocaust have had such anarrow effect despite forty-odd years of intensive worship at the altar of victimhood.I am, by now, totally clear about the impossibility of reasoned discourse about theIsraeli-Palestinian conflict. Probably theonly endeavors enjoying a modicum of suc-iRSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SUMMER 1cess have been the dialogue groups activearound the U.S. For theirs is a well-structured interchange dealing mostly at theemotional and psychological level— wherethe crux of the inability to discuss seems tolie.Both of your Jerusalem-based writers totally miss the heart and essence of the issue.Lest what I have written be dismissed as"anti-Semitic" verbiage, I must let you knowthat I am a fifth-generation born in Jerusalem woman, of Jewish parentage; personally, I remain religiously unaffiliated. Yet, Ifeel and know more about Jerusalem thanthe two newcomers who have assumed theycan speak on my behalf or on behalf of manyother Israelis and Jews, to say nothing ofPalestinian Arabs.Edna Homa Hunt, AM'52Winter Park, FLNUCLEAR PLANTS AREBETTER ALTERNATIVEEditor:In "A Delicate Balance" [SPRING/89],Professor Ramanathan— arguing for prudence in anticipating the negative outcomeof research on the greenhouse effect— urges"mandatory recycling and increased funding of solar energy research." While the former can clearly have a positive effect onreducing fossil fuel emissions, it does noteliminate them. On the other hand, construction of solar energy plants would have alarge, near-term negative impact on suchemissions, since they require fifteen timesmore concrete and metal than equivalent,energy-producing nuclear plants.Moreover, nuclear plants emit no pollutants that contribute to the greenhouse effect; thus, replacing fossil-fuel burning electricity generation with nuclear power wouldhave a direct impact on reducing carbondioxide emissions. In fact, without nuclearplants in 1987, carbon dioxide emissions byU.S. utilities would have been 18 percenthigher than they actually were. Whether ornot the greenhouse effect is ultimately confirmed, this country should resume building nuclear electric plants for many otherreasons. The rest of the world is doing so.Ira Charak, MBA'76Western Springs, ILPRANKS ARTICLE STIRSLESS PLACID MEMORIESEditor:The twentieth anniversary of the 1969University of Chicago sit-in has arrived thisspring. Considering that it was an eventwhich traumatized everybody in the University community, regardless of theirpoints of view then or later, considering that it demonstrated how vulnerable the quintessential ivory tower was to circumstancesin the wider world, and considering theunique character of the University's response as compared with those of similar institutions such as Columbia and Harvard, itis surprising that the Magazine has made nomention of it, let alone attempted to come togrips with it.Instead, we have a harmless and evenmildly amusing account of collegiatepranks, past and present [SPRING/89]. Inthis context it is worth mentioning thatSVNA emerged directly from the self-styledChickenshit Brigade of the sit-in period. IfFrank Malbranche was available he could attest to certain facts better than I; however, itwas the more appropriate "Flush for Peace, "not one for "freedom," that SVNA proposed. SPERM was simply SVNA in another guise which initiated the first LCBs, withprovision made for the customary SVNApunch and "tasty little suckers."SVNA engaged in numerous other shenanigans and acts of guerrilla theater. Theyconceived of the kazoo marching band andconstructed the world's largest kazoo(which, I note, has been copied elsewheresince). SVNA was a fount of goodwill andlight-hearted creativity, sometimes with serious political overtones. I hope that SteveLandsman, the senior avatar of FrankMalbranche, is thriving and am sad thatDave Affelder, the junior avatar, is no longerwith us.Jeff Spurr, AB'71Cambridge, MAWRONG TWICE ONHISTORY DATESEditor:As a person who received a Ph.D. in Romance Languages from the University ofChicago in 1937, I am writing to protest thetype of carelessness that appears in the[SPRING/89] issue. . .1 might accept it without protest if it were the publication of someother institution, but I do not feel that itshould appear in one sent out by the University of Chicago.No doubt 1798 instead of 1789 as the yearof the meeting of the Estates-General is atypographical error (the meeting was atVersailles May 5, 1789), but at the Universityof Chicago I knew that was not accepted asan excuse. . .The sixteen years given as thetime between the beginning of the Revolution and the coronation of Napoleon I as emperor is not correct even if one starts with1789, since the coronation took place December 2, 1804 . 1 hate to think of what would happen to the history of France, and also of mostof Europe, if one started with 2798.I realize the appearance of this letter isnot up to the highest standards of scholar ship, but when one's 88th birthday is approaching, just getting the words down onpaper is something of an achievement. Withappreciation for the numerous interestingarticles that appear in your magazine,Grace M. Sproull, AM'27, PhD'37West Union, OHWALSH FUND FOUNDEDFOR MEMORIAL LECTUREEditor:George B. Walsh, AB'67, chairman of theDepartment of Classics, died in February,as announced elsewhere in this issue. Onbehalf of the faculty of Classics, I want toexpress our sympathy to his wife and children and to say how much his vitality, commitment, and innovative scholarship andteaching have meant to us during his seventeen years as our colleague. Indeed, thequalities of George's life remain as ideals toinspire our own lives.The Department has established theGeorge B. Walsh Memorial Fund as a permanent endowment, the income from whichwill be used to sponsor the annual GeorgeB. Walsh Memorial Lecture. Since Georgepoured great energy into everything he did,we want to remember him by bringing to theuniversity community a lecturer whosescholarly endeavor has shown the restlessness and excellence characteristic ofGeorge's own work. Friends and classmateswho wish to contribute may do so. Checksshould be made out to the University of Chicago and sent to the Department of Classics,University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637with a note on the face of the check specifying the Walsh Fund.Braxton Ross, Chairman,Department of ClassicsLAUDS ACTION AGAINST'WHITE COLLAR' RACISMEditor:Thank you for the two articles on racism:"Law Firm Banned from On-Campus Interviews" and "Blacks Segregated Regardlessof Income" ["Journal," SPRING/89].Apparently, most conservatives wouldsay that blacks should "try harder" and theproblems associated with racism would disappear, while many liberals seem to believethat restoration of federal budget cuts is thenecessary palliative. Neither of these twopositions embody much perception or intellectual integrity —It takes integrity for a major social institution, such as the University, to take actionagainst "white collar" racism. Your integrityhas not gone unnoticed.Wallett Bancroft Rogers, AB'65Washington, DCJOIN YOUR FELLOW ALUMNI ANDSTUDENTS Of SUNDAY. IULY 30H(Once again this year, University ofChicago alumni and students willgather to celebrate the birthday of WilliamRainey Harper, founder and first presidentof the University. You are invited to jointhe festivities in any of the locations listed.Participating cities from Atlanta toZurich are listed alphabetically with thedates and contacts for the events they haveplanned.Students now attending the University ofChicago, incoming students, andchildren are especially welcome at theevents, often at special reduced rates.For information about specific programs,call the contact person listed under thecity. If you want to receive a brochure,write to Laura Gruen, University ofChicago Alumni Relations Office, 5757 S.Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, orcall 312/753-2175.ATLANTASunday, July 30David Robichaud404/329-0467 (eves)404/249-3670 (days)BOSTONSunday, July 30Norton Levy617/2444017 (eves)508/369-9500x211(days)CHICAGaSunday, July 30Tim Child!312/753-2195 (days)CLEVELANDSaturday, July 22Ginger Kuper216/231-7300 (days) DALLASSunday, July 30Lisa Wanamaker214/506-9642 (eves)John Keohane214/690-8092 (eves)DENVERSunday, July 30Caroline Corkey303/333-6152 (eves)303/341-9011 (days)DETROITSunday, July 30Sue Gilbert313/574-3400HONG KONGSunday, July 30Lynette Sien5-822-3925 (days)5-779-487 (eves) / HOUSTONSunday, July 30Diana Rathjen713/658-3733KANSAS CITYSunday, July 30Lori Tracey816^31-0475LONDONSunday, July 16Patricia Maynard1-631-0655 (eves)Sammye Haigh0865-751137 (eves)LOS ANGELESSunday, July 30John Lyon213/859-0500U of C Office213/477-0474MIAMISunday, July 30John Gaubatz305/284-3859 (days)305/661-2481 (eves)MILWAUKEESunday, July 30Jackelyn Kafura1-800/242-2654(days)414/272-7553 (eves)NEW YORK CITYSaturday, July 29(Note date change)Elizabeth Macken212/599-1796PARISMonday, July 31Ruth Paget140-88-2800 (days)48-52-96-00 (eves)PHILADELPHIASunday, July 30Steve Hendler215^25-3927PITTSBURGHSunday, August 6Gwyn Cready412/928-6814 (days)INTERNATIONALUNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO DAY 1989 PORTLANDSunday, July 30B.J. Seymour503/228-2472ST. LOUISWednesday, July 26Jack Milner orBrenda Crouch314/343-6633 (days)SAN DIEGOSaturday, July 29Bob Pasulka619/292-3030 (days)619/268-2832 (eves)SAN FRANCISCOSunday, July 30Chuck Baumbach415/381-0416SEATTLESunday, July 30Bill Butigan206/624-5500 TORONTOSunday, July 30Bob Garrison416/538-3108TOKYOSunday, July 30K.Yoda03-344-7201N. Horie03-344-7357WASHINGTON, D.C.Sunday, July 30Irving Levine703/569-9225ZURICHFrederic S. BaronAmerican ConsulateGeneralZollikerstrasse 1418008 ZurichSwitzerlandTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERobie House, 5757 S. WoodlawnChicago, IL 60637ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED