The IMvef&ity ofCHICAGOMagazine/ FaU198i; V :; ; ï: .;'. V H Mfé^TÎSSÏSÉiçï^1¦ ••¦¦•• '•..' <--V..s*.- ¦¦,."¦ ;'-..:Cv — -. V'|SS5É^"- .¦'-¦;...>%- .v;- .-: ¦--" - .- - v, ¦:-¦es? . - ;^fOFCHÏO¦'/¦¦ ¦ ,¦¦(' -,-«-,(i-4itf if!^Nf'»I12;5;^^ipINTERFACE * 127/0'B•'QDOT'E * *-*'.9'4)Ô S4REF* 18 S9l.t'0'MOUI&IN X75Wii^illKy ' -3&lw*Sg^^v ~3&§£s(?Ay-jHK^^^^^5&ê£&f ^' «m! K^^^-'-T-™"mrzr'^-".. ;^v.ïY?7™cii.,?r;^ 5$^?ExwTHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOLIBRARYïr*VV|M** F & - 1•v»«v'ÏÏIII >#^ rt* Va*:>e£,SK >-~-^r'•«&*;¦•«lia..,.*- , .&« v*i«.v>,!^JBfc^KlÇ $2,500,000!Another record-settingyear for the AnnualFund! Chicago'sAnnual Fund hasgrown a remarkable60% in justthreeyears — ail because ofyour interest andsupport. 19,273 donors.We thank each of youfor making this the mostsuccessful fundraisingyear in the university'shistory.We look forward toyour participation inChicago's successes inthe years to corne, andwe invite your supportas we begin anotheryear.1111111Onto$2,850,000!THE ALUMNI FUND5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637312/753-1935EditorFelicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50Editorial AssistantMichael Alper, AB'81DesignerJessie BunnThe University of ChicagoOffice of Alumni AffairsRobie House5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Président, The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationBeverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69Executive Directorof University Alumni AffairsPeter Kountz, AM'69, PhD'76Associate Directorof University Alumni AffairsRuth HalloranAssistant Directorof University Alumni AffairsMary KnutsenNational Program DirectorSylvia Hohri, AB'77Chicago Area Program DirectorPaula Wissing, AM'71, PhD'76Alumni Schools Committee DirectorRobert Bail, Jr., X'71The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationExecutive Committee, The CabinetBeverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69Anita Jarmin Brickell, AB'75, MBA'76William N. Flory, AB'48Eugène M. Kadish, AB'63, JD'66MaxSchiff, Jr., AB'36Edward J. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Emmett Dedmon, AB'39Gail Pollack Fels, JD'65Faculty/ Alumni Advisory Committeeto The University of Chicago MagazineEdward W. Rosenheim, AB'39, AM'47,PhD'53 ChainnanDavid B. and Clara E. Stem Professor,Department of English and the CollègeWalter J. Blum, AB'39, JD'41Wilson-Dickinson Professor,The Law SchoolJohn A. SimpsonArthur Holly Compton DistinguishedService Professor, Department ofPhysics and the CollègeLoma P. Straus, SM'60, PhD'62Dean of Students in the CollègeAssociate Professor, Department ofAnatomv and the CollègeGreta Wiley Flory, PhB'48Linda Thoren, AB'64, JD'67The Universitv of Chicago Magazine ispublished by The University of Chicago incoopération with the Alumni Association.Published continuously since 1907. Editorial Office: Robie House, 5757 WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, IL 60637. Téléphone(312) 753-2325. Copyright© 1981 by TheUniversitv of Chicago. Published fourrimes a year, Aurumn, Winter, Spring,Summe'r. The magazine is sent to ail University of Chicago alumni. Please alloweight weeks for change-of-address.Second-class postage paid a t Chicago, IL,and at addirional mailing offices. The University ofCHICAGOMagazine / Fall, 1981Volume 74, Number 1 (ISSN 0041-9508)IN THIS ISSUEHère Be MonstersBy Ruth Earnshaw Lo andKatharine S. Kinderman. An eye-witness reporton China during Cultural Révolution.Page 2Is Thinking Uniquely Human?By Herbert SimonA Nobel Prize-winning economist discussesthinking in computers and people.Page 12Witness In SteelA gifted American sculptor in Paris winsaccolades from her host countrv.Page 22Reunion '81Page 32DEPARTMENTSKaléidoscope 26Alumni Association President's Page 35Alumni Association Awards 36Class News 39Deaths 46Books 47Cover: Illustration bv Bruce McGillivrav.(Left) A Red Guard shouts during adémonstration; colleagues brandish"the little red book, " writings ojMaoZedong. (Below, center), The Los ontheir 20th wedding anniversary,Canton, 1957. Tientung is at center,rear, Mingteh on the right.HERE BEMONSTERSLiving as a Chinese,but seeing and beingseen as a Westerner,Ruth Earnshaw was in aunique position at Zhongshan University during theCultural révolution. As an intellec-tual John Lo was subjected to humiliation, yet his wife tells their storywith humor, spirit and compassion.In 1933, Ruth Earnshaw, PhB'31, was living at International House and working asassociate editor of The University of ChicagoMagazin e. She wanted to learn more about theEnglish language by teaching it in a foreigncountry, and she had selected China "moreor less at random. "John Lo, (Lo Chuanfang, to give him hisChinese name), PhD'35, who had been bornin Wuchang, China, came to the University in1933 to acquire a doctorate in psychology,having already earned two degrees in theol-ogy. He offered a course in Chinese, andThis article is adapted from the book, In the Eye of theTyphoon, by Ruth Earnshaw Lo and Katharine S.Kinderman. Copyright 1980 by Ruth Lo and KatharineS. Kinderman. Reprinted by permission of HarcourtBrace Jovanovich.WIDE WORLD By Ruth Earnshaiv Lo, PhB'31and Katliarine S. Kinderman0 \ '< ' -7 /DRuth Earnshaw, becamehis student.In 1937, Earnshaw andLo were married in Shanghai, on the eve of the Japan-ese attack. (John carriedtheir wedding cake aboard thesteamer on which they man-aged toescape.)During the war years, the Loswere refugees in the far west of Chinain Yunan Province, on the Burma Road. By1948 they were back in Wuchang, teaching.In 1949, Wuchang was "liberated" by theCommunist armies.After much délibération, the Los decidedto stay, with their two children."We were, by training, expérience, andconviction, educators," recalls Ruth Earnshaw Lo. "As we and our colleagues startedlife under the new régime, the future lookedbright."What follows are excerpts from RuthEarnshaw Lo's Book, In The Eye of the Typhoon, about her life in China during theCultural Révolution. The scène of the actionis Zhongshan University (familiarly referredto as Zhong Da), a national-level universitylocated in the suburbs of Canton in SouthChina.The characters are Dr. Lo Chuanfang(John Lo); his wife, Xia Luteh (Ruth Earnshaw Lo), their daughter, Tientung; theirson, Mingteh; their household helper, Hojie,and their friends, neighbors, and colleagues.Ruth EamshawLo beginsher story:By about 1950 teachers and studentswere ail organized into "small groups" offellow workers or classmates. Politicalstudv was conducted in the small group.Step by step, the hukou System wasdeveloped. Every person's officially de-signated place of résidence had to be re-gistered in a paperbound book called ahukou. No one could spend a night else-where. Police checked homes at mid-night to count the sleepers. This soon gotthe message across effectively.Between the small group and hukou,everyone was firmly pinned in place andunder control.From 1950 onward, life became aséries of political movements or cam-paigns in which everyone had to takepart, either actively, if it involved one'swork, or by spending hours studying thedirectives and documents. Imperceptib-ly, private life and leisure shrank. Lifewas work. Tous, this was no great altération in life-style. We had always goneall-out for our work, and it was only asrime brought perspective that we real-ized the qualitative différence.Ail thèse changes could not bebrought about on a national scale with-out some pressure, and by 1956 it wasévident that a lot of steam had beengenerated that had to be released. Thecampaign for that year had the poetictitle "Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom anda Hundred Schools of Thought Con-tend," and was commonly referred to asthe "Hundred Flowers." The Commun-ist Party leadership invited the intelligentsia especially to corne forward andcriticize shortcomings in the work of itscadres. The response was an astonishingoutcry, so great in volume that it clearlyhad to be brought under control. It waschecked in 1957-58 by the Anti-RightistCampaign, in which thousands of toooutspoken intellectuals were criticized inmass meetings and designated as Right-ists (that is, guilty of actions or words tooconservative in tone, hence detrirnentalto the revolutionary line of the Party).They were "hatted," not always literally,as the landlords had been in the LandReform, but figura ri vely, and werepunished in various ways according tothe seriousness of the offense. They werenot shamed, like the landlords, by beingforced to wear pointed paper dunce capsbut some were demoted in rank and theirsalaries were eut; some were reassignedto Iower-grade work or sent to unpleas-ant places; some were sent to laborcamps to "reform." Their families, un-less they répudia ted the erring member, shared in the ostracism. Almost needlessto say, John was hatted as a Rightest in1958, and together with the majority ofthe teachers of the Foreign LanguagesDepartment (FLD), spent six months do-ing manual labor in the countryside. Wewere made very conscious that becausewe had not repudiated John we wouldshare his disgrâce.The severity of the treatment ofthèse alleged dissidents was sufficient toensure a long period of conformity,which lasted up to the beginning of theCultural Révolution in 1966. By thenThe word...reminded meof the lettering onancient maps in whichthe borders of the abso-lutely uncharted weremarked by the ominouswords: 'Hèrebe monsters .'abuses had again accumulated to such anextent that when one élément of theParty leadership called on the masses tounité and overthrow those who took adifférent line, the response was one ofoverwhelming violence. More than tenyears of civil disorder, ranging from social and économie paralysis to bloodybattles, ensued.The foregoing much simplifiedsketch of the rimes between 1949 and1966 may suggest something of the com-mon expérience of the teachers at ZhongDa. I relate merely a few in a long sériesof expériences:July 1966I HAD BEEN TAKING MY HABITUALmidday nap. The sound of voices on theground floor aroused me and I got upreluctantly and started down. On thestairs, to my considérable surprise, I meta group of my students coming up. Theylooked embarrassed when they saw me."What is it?" I asked. "Isn't Dr. Lo in his studv?"Oh, yes," they replied. "We hâvecorne to tell you about the Anti-FourOlds Campaign." I noticed that theywere ail wearing red armbands, withChinese words written on them in yel-low paint, some saying: "Mao ZedongThought Red Guards," others, "MaoZedong-ism.""Well, that's very kind of you."Somehow I turned them around andheaded them downstairs. They werenice boys and I liked them ail — in class —but to find them wandering uninvited inmy private territory! I was shocked at theprimitive rage it provoked. "We'll just godown to my study and talk it over." Itsounded as if people were running ailover the house.As we went downstairs, the soundof voices in John's study was gettinglouder. About a dozen young fellowswere in the hallway crowding about thedoor, and someone who had squeezedinside seemed to be pounding on thedesk. I pushed my way in and stoodbeside John. He was leaning far back inhis chair, to put space between himselfarid the desk pounder. "What do the students want?" I asked him."They say everyone must get rid ofhis burden of old ideas, old customs, andso on," he explained, sitting upright asthe pounding ceased. "In our case theyare encouraging us to hand in old bookswith bourgeois ideas in them, and any-thing else that we associate with oldculture."He looked about his rather sparselyfurnished study, wondering what to of-fer up first. Few people with any preten-sions to "culture" could ever hâve had solittle material évidence of their tastes. Butour Spartan life-style was the natural resuit of our family's history. We had beenrefugees for years, particularly in the late1930s and early forties during the Japan-ese invasion. Ail our possessions hadbeen sifted through by war, fire, airraids, flight, until we had learned to livewith a minimum of material objects. Theonly thing we had in any abundance wasbooks, as ail four of us were compulsivebook buyers. John's study, though bareof scrolls or porcelains or little works ofart, even without any comfortable chairs,was lined with shabby wicker bookeases,every shelf sagging with its burden ofdouble-ranked volumes, magazines,bundles of papers, and boxes of filecards.My eye lighted upon a véritable ramentangled in the bushes, a row of Rus-sian journals on psychology, long un-4 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981touched, subscribed to in the heyday ofthe fifties campaign, "Learn from theUSSR," glanced at, and neverdiscarded.(Just as it had been politically "correct" toacquire thèse when we did, it was politically "incorrect" just to throw them out.The Anti-Four Olds Capaign made itpossible to get rid of them at last.)"Oh," I said, "certainly we, amongso many others, hâve been influenced bythe revisionist science of the USSR. We'dbe only too glad to get rid of thèse." Ibegan piling the offenders on the desk,thrusting them into the hands of theyoung fellows who had been most activein the pounding. Disconcerted, theydrew back, but some of the less aggres-sive, who had stood in the background,now expressed approval of my action,saying, "Good, good, that's the rightidea."The ride seemed turning in our favorwhen a couple who had been prowlingthe house independently pressed for-ward in a rather menacing way."We'll just confiscate this bicycle ofLo Chuanfang's," they announced.It was John's turn to look disconcerted. It was our daughter's bicycle, nothis. I rushed in, not thinking of the possible conséquences. "That isn't Dr. Lo's," Icried. "It belongs to Lo Tientung, yourclassmate.""What right does a student like herhâve to own a bicycle?" shouted the ag-gressive one. "She isn't a worker.""No, of course not," I replied,smothering John's efforts to respond."She is not. But I am. I've been workingin China longer than you've been alive,and if I save my wages and buy mydaughter a bicycle because she's lame,that's quite within my rights. You are ailjust students, but I'm a working woman. "Other students now joined in theargument, some supporting my stand,others sputtering, still hoping to attachthe bike. But the moment had passedwhen they could hâve forced the issue,and after some grumbling they began toleave. Some took armloads of discardedjournals, others added a final warningaddressed more to John than to me, urg-ing him to go over ail his books and pa-pers immediately and be ready to handthings in the next day.That evening, after dark, Tientungstopped in. We told her about the Visitation and she laughed."Some of the boys just wanted a-nother bicycle," she said. "I'il take mybike back to the dorm with me and turn itover to our girls' small group for com-mon use. Then they won't dare meddle with it. But you and Daddy had better getsome things ready to hand in, in casethey corne again.""What do they want?""They want to be able to show thatevery old professor has been educatedabout the Four Olds," she answered."Some people hâve handed in oldChinese scrolls, some 'yellow novels' [al-most any romantic taie] — I know youdon't go in for them." She grinned"Some hâve handed in Bibles and reli-gious pictures, some gramophone records...""What on earth will they do withthem?""I expect they'll hâve an exhibition,"she replied. I had seen such exhibitionsbefore. They had been a regular part ofthe propaganda machinery for educatingthe masses during earlier political cam-paigns. To supplément the effect of thespoken and written word, collections ofobjects would be assembled to Ulustratemore vividly the political point to belearned."It certainly ought to be interest-ing," Tientung continued. "The RedGuards visited Li's place last night, andthey sealed up her piano.""Sealed up her piano?" I couldn'tbelieve my ears. Li, another of ourformer students, taught music in a localmiddle school."Yes, they closed the lid down overthe keyboard and pasted a paper sealover it so she can't play it anymore. Theysaid the piano was a bourgeois foreignimperialist instrument and that poorpeasants never hâve pianos. So Li had tocriticize herself for having it. They prob-ably won't put the piano in the exhibitionthough; it's too much trouble to move it.They'll just hâve a picture of it.""But how can a piano be a politicaloffense?" I sputtered."Easily." She chuckled. "It was lastnight, anyway. But the best item in theshow will be Professor Lao's Cupid.""What's that?""He has a statue of Cupid in his backgarden, you know, a life-size image ofthe little Greek god of love, with wingsand a bow and arrows.""Surely no one thinks that is an ob-ject of religious superstition!" ProfessorLao was an extremely sophisticatedscholar who had srudied in France andhad collected European art, music, andbooks."No, I don't imagine anyonethought Professor Lao was offering upsacrifices at midnight or going throughsome exotic ritual in his back garden." She smiled. "It was because the little fel-low has nothing on but his quiver of arrows. They decided that it was a 'yellowwork of art' [read 'porn']. So théy wrap-ped it up carefully in a large sheet ofbrown paper and Scotch-Taped it se-curely and put a label on it, 'Do NotUnwrap.'"We both broke down in helplesslaughter."But it's no laughing matter,"Tientung said as we recovered. "If youdon't volunteer to hand in some things,who knows what someone might do?Let's go over the books and find a few forme to take back with me."IT WAS NINE O'CLOCK AND THEthree of us were still going over thebooks, sweating, streaked with dust,pestered by mosquitoes. We were notmaking much progress, because we ailhad the tendency to stop and read bits ofeach book we picked up. The pile of dis-cards was comparatively small. Happily,at this point we heard a hail from the lanebehind the house and Ho Jie bustled toopen the back door. It was Mingteh, un-expectedly corne in from the commune inthe country where he lived.Taller than his father,broad and sturdy, sun-browned, dressed in filthyblue cotton pants, patch-ed and faded, sweaty,once-white T-shirtwith a red ChairmanMao badge tearing anew hole in it, bare-footed, holding a di-lapidated dirty khakishoulder bag by itsone remaining strap.He looked like a million other young menin their early twenties,farm laborers of thenew kind, educatedyouth from the cities,now committed to theworld of peasants. Buthis face, a fascinatingblend of his father'sfeatures and my father's expression —quizzical, reserved,but alert — was to methe most satisfyingsight in the world."What's up?" Heflung his bag on a chairand squatted down tolook at the books wehad piled on the floor."It's the Anti-Four Olds Campaign," I explained.We got busv at once and under hisdirection soon rooted out suitable offer-ings from every room. In a rather foolishgesture of répudiation, I took down frommv studv walls the only two Chinesescrolls that had survived ail our moves."Mother, hâve we a spare Bible?"asked Tientung as we met on the stair-way, where our varied offerings made animpressive pile now. "They know youmust hâve one. They took Uncle Peter'saway [it was returned in 1978] and theneveryone praised him for giving it up!""Yes, I hâve." I thought fast. "Youcan hâve this one." (Ineversawitagain.)It was a very attractive illustrated three-volume concordance, with maps andcross-references — a scholar's delight."They'll surely like thèse pictures. Theywon't be able to resist reading some ofit!" (A less spectacular but just as usefulmodem translation remained comfort-ably on the shelf between WordsworthandKeats.)Later, Mingteh sat down with me inmy study, looking serious. "This sort ofthing could become a nuisance to you,Mother," he said. "I'il tell you what I'Udo. I'U put up a big da zi bao poster on theoutside of the front door, welcoming therévolu tionary action of the Red Guards.Now, where can we find a big pièce ofpaper, and hâve we any red ink in thehouse? This must be in red characters, ofcourse, because it is a célébration."We looked everywhere for paper,but that is always in short supply inChina, especially big pièces of good qual-ity. Then Mingteh made the suprêmesacrifice of the day. He came downstairstrailing after him his six-foot-square mapof the United States, the prized décoration of his bedroom when he lived athome. He had bought it for himself at thebookstore during the period when studywas a respectable préoccupation andbookstores still sold maps, even of im-perialist America"LU eut a strip off this and write onthe back," he said. So the Pacific coastalStates were sacrificed, and on the beauti-ful white back, with lavish use of red ink,he declared our wholehearted welcomeof the Red Guards and our resolution tofollow the correct political line. Pastedsecurely on the front door, it was to serveas the hyssop branch of the passover forsome weeks to corne."Will ail the girls in your room jointhe Red Guards?" I asked Tientung a dayor two later when she dropped in for aclean shirt. I thought it might be as well to hâve an idea whom I might bewelcoming."Mercy, no. Red Guards are veryélite indeed. " She set aside a new shirt infavor of a more faded and mended one."You hâve to be of 'good class origin' tobe a Red Guard; that is, only the childrenof former poor and lower-middle peasants, industrial workers, or PLA [Peo-ple's Liberation Army] soldiers can be-long.""Who started ail this Red Guardsbusiness anyway?" I had, of course, readThe RedGuards visitedLi' s place last night,and they sealed upher piano. . . she can 'tplay it anymore. Theysaid the piano was abourgeois foreignimperialistinstrument.the officiai mythology in the weekly Pek-ing Review, which reported that the RedGuards were a kind of spontaneous de-velopment among the youth in responseto Chairman Mao's call to carry on theCultural Révolution. But I couldn't swal-low this simple explanation. Nothing inChina was ever as simple as that."I'd like to know myself." She, too,doubted the spontaneous combustiontheory. "Ail the Red Guards say theirpurpose is to support Chairman Mao,but they hâve already split into twogroups in the Department." In 1966Chairman Mao was the symbol of ail thatwas good in the Liberation. It was un-thinkable to oppose him. So I could onlyexplain the split to myself by the analogyof my Western expérience of denomina-tional factions among Christians.The two opposing groups of RedGuards were to polarize until the twohighly organized factions not only dis-agreed on nearly everything but foughteach other to the death. August 1966"DID YOU HEAR A LOT OF YELLINGthis morning at the end of the road?"Tientung had, as usual, slipped in to seeus and bring us up to date on the situation in the campus. (I never ceased tomarvel at the way the normal routine ofmealtimes, rest hours, and work hourscontinued throughout the Cultural Révolution. The students and teachers in themass rebel organizations ate theirbreakfast at the canteens at the usualhours, then went off to make révolutionfrom seven-thirty to eleven-thirty: some-times to accusation meetings, sometimesto démonstrations in the city, sometimesto sessions of reading and discussing theLittle Red Book, sometimes to writing dazi bao's, sometimes to take part in streetfights. At eleven-thirty, everyone knock-ed off for lunch and a good nap. At twothey would get back to whatever theyhad been doing, until five-thirty, sup-pertime, and then quite frequently theytook on an extra shift in the evening ofcollective work of some kind, preparingfor the next day. It was almost as if theyagreed, "Tomorrow at ten-fifteen we willassemble at X place to express our flam-ing indignation ..." and at the appointedhour they would be on hand to flame,often very convincingly.)"Why? Were you there?" As usualwe discussed the news while she pre-pared to take a bath. Hot water wasscarce in the dormitory and the bath-room was the least conspicuous place totalk."Not I, said the little Red Hen!" Shesmiled ruefully."We've had a busy day!""Corne on, Red Hen, tell me!""Well, four of us girls were studyingthe Little Red Book in our room thismorning, each watching the others to seewhat they would be doing. [The fivegirls, who had been sharing a room to-gether for three years, belonged to différent factions but continued to share theroom to which they had been assigned.]Sue had disappeared early on, so we hada hunch we would be called out, butthere was no way of knowing how,when, why, so we ail kept together. It'ssafer if someone always knows whereyou are when something happens. Sureenough there was a blowing of whistles,calling everyone to line up and take partin a mass 'révolu tionary action,' so downwe trotted. Everyone was lined up asusual outside the dorm, people of bothpersuasions, ail set to do something, butwe masses didn't know what todo.""Who does the planning?" It seem-b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981ed to me only reasonable to know whowas sending whom to do revolutionarydeeds."Oh, the collective leadership of theRed Guards." The idea of individual re-sponsibiiïty for such actions didn't seemimportant to her."With a good deal of shouting andgong banging, we marched off to theMidway. When we got to that small redpavilion in the middle, there were a lot ofpeople there already, milling about andshouting slogans and yelling, and in thepavilion, like on a stage for everyone tosee, they had rounded up ail the Department heads in the University."Why?""Because they were 'persons in au-thority' supposed to hâve taken thecapitalistroad.""What a sight! Was our ForeignLanguages Department (FLD) NumberOne there?""Of course. He was always duckingbehind the others, trying to keep out ofsight, but he's taller than most and hewas very visable, especially in his hat.""Do you mean thay ail had duncehats on, like during the Land ReformCampaign [1951], when they paradedlandlords?" I couldn't believe it."They certainly did — big, tall,pointed paper hats. I had no idea howhorrible it would be to make a man weara paper hat."I WAS THANKFUL THAT SO FAR, INspite of the various charges that the sameDepartment Number One had been ableto organize against John, my husbandhad never had to go through this particu-lar kind of ordeal of public shame. TheAnti-Rightist Campaign in 1958, al-though caUed a "hatting," in Zhong Dahad never required any parading orwearing of dunce hats. I had heard it saidthat there was too little mass support ofthe accusations at the University for suchtactics to be used. Traditionally in China,public shame has been the lot of anyoneaccused of any kind of crime: political orcriminal, whether innocent or guUty."What happened next?""They just yelled a lot at them, eachDepartment's students calling for theirown, so to speak, and then the RedGuards made them ail march around andaround the pavilion, like a fashionparade, and then they were sent home —under escort — still hatted. And then ourstudents started back, arguing as usual. ""How about the Department Number Two?""They went to Comrade Yuan's I *door and yelled at her to corne out, andwhen she did, they ail yelled a lot more,and some of them wanted to eut her hair— she still has the tag end of a perm, verybourgeois — and others didn't agrée. Idon't know if they ended up doing it ornot. Anyway, they concluded that shewas a 'monster,' too, and I expect they'llail hâve a tough rime from now on."They did. Every morning I watchedthe FLD's "persons in authority" goingdown the lane past our home, "monsterson parade." First there would be a squadof Red Guards, with their red armbandssafety-pinned onto their shirt sleeves,some of them carrying theatrical-lookingbamboo spears with red tassels, likechildren playing soldiers. Then would People guilty of the "crime" of being "old-fash-ioned" in their political thinking were "hatted" (indunce caps), had placards hung around theirnecks, and were driven through the streets to behumiliated by their felloiv-citizens, usually RedGuards.corne four of the young political in-structors, cadres who were very low inthe political hierarchy, but whose powerover the students was enormous. Everystudent belonged to a small group; everysmall group was directed by its politicalinstructor, who knew everything abouthis students and reported to the higherauthorities. A secret record was kept onfile for every student, and what the political instructor put into it (never seen bythe students) could make or break7careers in the future. Political instructors'advice had décisive weight in the assign-ing of jobs after graduation; it couldfacilitate or frustrate student love affairsand marriages. Now the political instructors were put on the "monster" listand paraded with the rest, their expressions as they walked past ranging fromsheepish embarrassment to dumb be-wilderment. Like the other "monsters,"they were marked with a badge ofshame, a wooden tag hung round theirnecks, proclaiming to the world theircrime in being a monster. Behind themshambled the tall, thin figure of the Department Number One, walking withhead bowed, eyes on the ground, handsclasped behind his back, tagged like theothers. More Red Guards brought up therear, yelling slogans about monsters,hustling the little procession along. Theparade would stop at the end of our row,and Red Guards would shot for our Department Number Two to corne out, andquickly, to join the other monsters inmanual labor. If she was not ready andwaiting on the doorstep, there would bemore pounding on the house door andmore shouting to hurry her up. Thenthey would ail be marched down the laneto a nearby field and set to digging withthe heavy hoes under the summer sun.I wondered what century, whatworld, I was living in. This punishmentby public ridicule and shame, thewooden tag around the criminal's neck,thèse were not the political actions ofpeople in the twentieth century, thèsewere the traditional punishments of dynasties past in the Middle Kingdom.This casting out of the wrongdoer, de-grading to both those punished andthose wielding the whip — what was itdoing to the people involved? This wasvengeance by mob action, not justice.What would corne after? I felt alien andterrified and alone.Just what was meant by the term"monster"? Was it really possible forpeople who had been in total control ofthe situation to be overthrown so sud-denly and with such an outburst ofpersonal hostility?The English word "monster" wasused then as a rather rough translationfor a Chinese phrase which can be moreliterally rendered as "cow-headed ghostsand snake spirits." Thèse supematuralcréatures from ancient Chinese mythol-ogy had a peculiar ability to disguisethemselves and appear to be human.Thus disguised, they could do ail kindsof mischief. But once they were recog-nized for what they really were, theirpower was broken. Chairman Mao usedthe expression in some writing back inthe 1960s, in connection with theHundred Flowers Campaign and thesubséquent identification of many of theintelligentsia as Rightists. By implication, those "hatted" were evil spirits, doing mischief, pretending to be human.Once they were identified, they wouldlose their power.In any event, a monster, in 1966, inCanton was not be be confused with theplayful "cookie monster" or similarchildhood thrillers in contemporary America. A monster was an outcast.Since in Chinese they were known ascow-headed ghosts, they soon were re-ferred to simply as "cows," the place oftheir forced labor or sometime confinement was the "cowpen;" and thoseguarding them were "cowherds." Theconnotations of the word sometimes re-minded me of the lettering on ancientmaps in which the borders of the abso-lutely uncharted and unknowable weremarked by the ominous words: "Hère bemonsters." With monsters in control,what could the people not anticipate inhorrors?UP TO THE MIDDLE OF JUNE 1966, Acertain group of administra tors had beenall-powerful in our little académie world.Continuously flattered by obsequious in-feriors in rank, they had enjoyed the bestof ail the avaUable amenities: good hous-ing, the use of the University's cars, téléphones in their homes, privilèges for vacation travel, spécial rations, spécialshopping privilèges, higher salaries. Bythe end of July they were prisoners on akind of chain gang, with the spécial twistthat their guards looked upon them aspersonal enemies, and there was nocourt of appeal. And this séquence ofevents at Zhong Da was going on ail overthe country, in ail cultural institutionsfirst — presently it would engulf ail administration at ail levels.Ho Jie, (my household helper),hunkered down on the kitchen doorstepand spat eloquently."Monsters!" she muttered. "I justdon't know what to think.""What about them?" I asked."Well, the students hâve found a lotof them ail round hère," she replieddarkly . "You wouldn't believe the thingsthey found out. But the things those kidsare doing at the middle school next door!Did you hear about Tientung's class-mate?" I hadn't."The one they kept back to teach inthe school." I knew whom she meant, apleasant young woman, an "overseas"girl. That is, her parents lived abroad andhad sent their children back to beeducated (free) in the People's Republicof China. She had not been sent up to theUniversity, but her middle school hadasked her to stay on as a politicalinstructor. She was pretty, a little morefashionably dressed than most, but byno means conspicuously so."A lot of those students, dressed upas Red Guards, caught her and shavedher hair off and said awful things to her.She got away from them and ran up thestairs on to the roof and threatened tojump off if they did any thing more. And Ithink she would, too." Ho Jie's eyes werewide with horror at the idea. It was ail tooeasy to follow her line of thought:Tientung's classmate, what about Tientung herself?"I'U tell Tientung to be very careful,"I said. "She always stays with the girls inher room. None of the Red Guards in theUniversity hâve been paying spécial attention to the other students.""How can you know who is really aRed Guard?" Ho Jie had a point there.The only insigne of the Red Guardswas, after ail, a strip of red cloth, easUyobtained, with a few Chinese characterswritten on it in yellow paint. Anyonewho wanted to impersonate the now all-powerful élite could easily enough do soto carry out whatever private plans hemight cherish. And some of thèse weretruly appalling. Terrifying stories cir-culated about luckless middle schoolteachers being made to kneel on brokenglass to confess their "oppression of themasses" of students, to drink ink, and toeat chalk. Gangs of teen-agers roamedthe streets, and terrorized teachers hid athome. Even though they might feel qui tesure in their own consciences that theyhad never done anything to deservethèse outrageous punishments, long expérience with revolutionary movementsmade potential victims cautious. Therewas a well-known étiquette to follow inmass movements. If a member of themasses accused someone, anyone whodefended him was acting "against the masses" and could easily find himselfcalled out as a "counter-revolutionary."This was about the worst thing that couldhappen, because the burden of proof ofinnocence was put upon the accused.Moreover, there were rumors ofcounter-revolutionaries encouragingteen-agers in thèse excesses in order todiscrédit the Red Guards. The feelings ofbeing surrounded by unidentifiableforces pushed one to the edge ofA few day searlier, when you meta certain cadre orteacher on the road,you nodded andsmiled politely: todaywhen you met himwalking with themonsters, you yelled athim andspat.paranoia. When I saw a group walkingdown our lane, I held my breath till theyhad passed. Everyone seemed to be doing things for reasons I could not guess,according to a new set of rules, whichthey knew, but I didn't.VERY QUICKLY, AND APPARENTLYeasily, students and teachers had de-veloped a routine for making révolution.A few days earlier, when you met acertain cadre or teacher on the road, younodded and smiled politely; today whenyou met him walking with the monsters,you yelled at him and spat. The procédure was soon structured neatly; first,presumably, would corne a séries of secret meetings of Red Guards and activ-ists, "investigating" the record of the potential monster, then a great outcry overthe public-address System announcingwhat crimes had been uncovered, whatplots and conspiracies exposed. Everyone would be bidden to a meeting wherethe accused would hâve to stand beforethe masses, head bowed, hands on hisknees, like an accused criminal, whiledenunciations and accusations wereshouted at him. Sometimes the accused would be pushed about and manhand-led. The next one saw of him, he wouldbe in the monster herd, going off to man-ual labor.The public-address-system loud-speaker was hung under the eaves of abuilding facing our house, so it was impossible to get away from the sound of itail day and often far into the night. Icouldn't help listening ail the rime, eventhough I didn't understand what wassaid very well. I feared that at any moment there might be some announce-ment that John ought to know about — ameeting he ought to attend, an accusation he ought to be aware of — if only towam him against his incorrigible tend-ency to speak kindly to people in trouble.He never seemed to learn — or heed —the rules of the revolutionary game. Be-sides the announcements of exposureand accusations, and the blaring forth ofrevolutionary songs, the loudspeakerwas continuously used to broadcast suchroutine information as where to go for adistribution of tickets to buy fish or thetime of a spécial showing of a movie. Ididn't dare not listen — what if we didn'tget a fish? — and I could hardly endurethe strain of trying to sort out the barrageof words. But John didn't bother at ail."Don't worry so," he reproachedme, as for the tenth time in one morning Ibegged him to pay attention. "If anyonewants me, they know where I am." Thewords flashed through my mind, "DailyI sat among you teaching, and no oneraised a hand." And I stopped pesteringhim.Even worse than my constant anxi-ety for John's safety, and for Tientungand Mingteh, was the realization of thepersistent and uncontrollable crueltythat still underlay the bright surface ofthe socialist society we had imagined welived in. I had perceivéd cruelty and suf-fered from it, in connection with John'sexpérience as an outcast, but I had neverbefore admitted to myself that it wasanything but a personal characteristic ofa few individuals with whom we hadchanced to corne in conflict.Now, when I saw the monsters onparade, I knew what was meant by theoften quoted comment of Chairman Maoto the effect that making révolution wasnot like strolling in a garden. But howeasily people accepted the "inevitabilitv"of other people's pain! What had trans-formed the courteous, pleasant, delight-ful people whom I had corne to love intoyelling personifications of hatred? Was ita transformation or a release of something pent up and hidden ail the time?9In june, 1969, Lo Chuanfang (John Lo),died. In 1978, Ruth Lo petitwned the Chinesegovernment for permission to retum to theUnited States, along unth lier son, Mingteh,his wife, Damei, and his daughter, Manman.Her daughter, Tientung, preferred to remainbehind at the time, explainmg only to hermother that there was a spécial reason to doso. (Seebeloiv).When the Los arrived in the UnitedStates, they settled in Boulder, Colorado.They were welcomed there by Ruth's formerUniversity of Chicago roommate, DorothyCarter Snoio, PhB'29, whom she had notseen for nearh/ halfa century.The story continues:1978-1979NONE OF US COULD FEEL ENTIRELYsatisfied, of course, as long as Tientungwas on the other side of the seas, wairingfor "something."Late that summer of 1978 we had thefirst inkling of what it was. Tientungwrote us the astounding news. John,who, along with seventeen other ZhongDa teachers and staff, had died duringthe chaotic years of the Cultural Révolution, was to be honored at a cérémonialmémorial meeting at the University. Itwould be Tientung's duty to attend torepresent the family and to hear hisname read out with the honorable prefixof "comrade" restored. What could ailthis mean? Certainly it signified that hewas now counted among those "liber-ated," not cast out of the "class ranks,"the stigma obliterated, his family andfriends no longer under the shadow ofhis alleged political offenses.Soon came further word. The meeting had taken place on July 29, 1978, inthe auditorium of the University. On thestage were enlarged photographs of theeighteen to be honored, with the usualwreaths of pine and paper flowers, withthe names of those individuals and or-ganizations wishing to express publiclytheir respect and love for the dead. Atlast John's life, his work, and his deathwere an acknowledged reality in hiscommunity.The next letter gave further détails.Tientung had been handed a form, filledout by those investigating John's "case"during the Clearing of the Class Ranksmovement, stating specifically what the"problems" were. They included:the period of Dr. Lo Chuanfang'shistorv before and after 1948 inHuazhong University. At that time hewas Dean of General Affairs and Dean of the Collège of Arts; took part inacadémie acrivities of the HarvardYenching Institute; took part in thethen "World Government Movement"and propaganda for the Wuhan District Chinese Gallup Poils and in religi-ous propaganda. After Liberation, hehad admitted to the above acrivitiesmany times. During this investigationno new problems hâve been dis-covered. The above are in the categoryof ordinary historical problems.So thèse werethe political crimes thatJohn was guilty of,and that had beenconsidered soheinous that evenon his deathbed,he could onlybe 'provisionally'liber ated.They read, in part:'. . . took part inacadémie activitiesof the HarvardYenching Institute. 'At last I knew .So thèse were the political crimesthat John was guilty of, that the in-vestigators had labored so diligently toestablish, and that had been consideredso heinous that even on his deathbed, hecould only be "provisionally" liberated.At last I knew.True to Party policy, every accusation had been traced down and verifiedand weighed. His actions ail fell withinthe bounds of "internai people's con-flict." In other words, it was now de-cided that he had belonged within theranks of the people ail the time.But the end was not yet.On April 10, 1979, Tientung re-ceived, at the FLD General Party BranchOffice, one more officiai document abouther father. It concerned his being hatted as a Rightist in 1958, and it stated that theUniversity Party Committee had rein-vestigated his case. It had been decidedthat the action taken was "a case of incorrect désignation."This announcement had been is-sued on March 21, 1979, and included anorder that it be communicated to John'sprimary unit and to his family. Tientungonly learned of its existence whenanother "wrongfully designated Rightist" made inquiries about his own case atthe "Office for Carrying Out Policy at theUniversity."So John was not only "within theclass ranks," but had never really doneanything to merit the punishment he hadendured. The "hat" that had shadowedail our lives for twenty years was ail a"mistake." Henceforward, members ofour family would no longer hâve a notein their personal dossiers that they wererelated to a Rightist.There were no answers immediatelyavailable for the questions in my mind:how could such a mistake be made? Bywhom? And where was the announcement of rehabilitation between March 21and April 10? Without the intervention ofthe "Office for Carrying Out Policy at theUniversity" would Tientung ever hâveseen it at ail?Tientung joined us in America latein the summer of 1979. She brought withher the picture of her father that hadappeared on the stage of the AssemblyHall on that mémorable day when hisgood name was restored. It is before menow as I write, and as I look upon thatface I know what he would say: "It ismore important to try to understandthan to blâme or to regret."So as I think over the crowdedevents of the past forty-odd years, andespecially of the last décade, I wonderhow to make sensé out of it ail: theidealism of the early days of Liberation;the rise to power of the opportunistswithin the rigid structure of an un-challengeable authority; the harassmentof the politically vulnérable by local leaders; the overthrow with violence andvengeance of those "persons in authoritytaking the capitalist road"; the spectacu-lar public punishment of those "monsters"; the restoration of the same "monsters" to their original seats of power;and now the rehabilitation of their vic-tims by a higher power again. Only onething is immediately clear to me: there isno end to struggle in the People'sRepublic.The causes of this unending, frus-trating, destructive struggle must be10 L'MVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE. Fall 198sought in the peculiar circumstances oflife in China and in the Chinese view ofthat life.There are three things about Chinathat ail Americans seeking to understandthat country and its people hâve to try tocomprehend: there are a billion or moreChinese occupying a limited livingspace; there is never quite enough foodfor everyone; there is no traditionallysanctioned, generally accepted way forthe masses of the people to express dissatisfaction and initia te change.DURING MY LIFETIME IN CHINA,the population has increased fantastic-ally. Our own familiy's history from 1949to 1978 was a séries of moves from betterhousing to worse, except when we were"kicked upstairs" in conformity with thebureaucratie principle of preserving theorder of rank. The upheaval of theCultural Révolution was the signal foreveryone to scramble for more space tolive in.When Mingteh was denied the sci-entific higher éducation he longed for,and was sent to work as a communepeasant, he was not alone in this expérience. There were not enough places inChina's collèges for ail who aspired, andChinese society's only way for disposingof the surplus aspirants was to weed outthose who were politically vulnérable and send them into the rural areas.What happened to Mingteh happenedsubsequently to tens of thousands. Themore crowded the cities became, themore pressure there was on the urbanauthorities in the late sixties and the earlyseventies to send youths into thecountryside, where their discontentwould make less trouble, and their ownlabor could supply them with the day'srice. When Tientung went to Gansu, her"exile" was strictly in line with ancientChinese tradition. For a thousand yearsand more, potential dissidents of thescholar class hâve been sent to the farNorthwest, beyond the Great Wall.For centuries, most people in Chinahâve had to adjust themselves to living ingroups in the crowded quarters of theextended family, in the crowded streetsof growing towns and cities. Nowadays,crowding is more acute than ever before.Americans do not always immediatelygrasp that the social patterns of behaviorthat they see as "typically Chinese" hâvebeen developed in response to this grouplife: the ceremoniousness and formalityof manners; the observance of strict pro-tocol and a rigid hierarchy of rank andseniority; the patience; the conventional smiling good humor; the emphasis on"face" and the préservation of "grayareas," rather than insistence upon clear-cut Unes. I see in Ho Jie the personifica-tion of Chinese ways of survival basedupon being one in a million, one in abillion.People who don't hâve quiteenough to eat become irritable, partly because of the insecurity involved. Duringail my years in China I was aware thateveryone, including myself, thoughtabout food more or less consciously ailthe time. The nicest thing a guest coulddo was to bring along a présent of something to eat. It is no accident that thecommon greeting ail over China is a version of "Chili liaofan meiyu?" ("Hâve youeaten?") and the only acceptable answeris "Chili liao" ("Yes, I hâve" whether trueor not). During our last year in China, Ileamed from expérience to watch whatthe neighbors brought home in theirmarket baskets as they came back fromwork, tensely observing that this onehad found green beans, or that one had anice head of cabbage, wondering anxi-ously if Damei would find somethingsimilar on her way back for lunch. Planning how to use the meat-ration ticketsto best advantage would be the maintopic of family conversation for hours.Exaspération at the limitations conflictedwith real thankfulness for the degree ofsecurity that the rationing provided.People will endure many shorteomingsin any organization of society that en-sures a fair share of what food there is.And people who hâve suppressed theirirritation and endured the intolérable byexercising miracles of self-restraint forlong periods of time will react with violent émotion to anything they see asa threat to that ail-important basicsecurity.The ideological conflict in whichJohn was one victim was a reflection ofthe conflict of people in authority withdiffering ideas as to how to solve China'sgreat problem of too many people andtoo little food. The very bitterness of theconflict, the extrêmes of opinion, I see asévidence of the vitality of Chinese society, a society determined to surviveagainst fearful odds. Even the local"monsters" who engineered John's being "wrongfully designated" along withso many others as Rightists were actingin défense of their rice bowls, againstwhat they saw as a threat to theirprivileged positions in the hierarchy.One great weakness in Chinese society today is the lack of an effective wavfor dealing with dissident opinion. The difficulties of life are so overwhelming,the contenders for political power socommitted to their varying programsthat the ruthless disposai of dissidents,and those even suspected of being potential dissidents or rivais for position, istolerated as a political necessity. At intervais, for brief periods, there is a relaxation in the struggle. But whUe the basicproblems of living space and food areunsolved, no nonconformist, no socialcritic can feel safe.Like the typhoon that blows in fromthe sea, destroying ail that stands in itsway, and then, in an instant, reversingits direction, the political power groupssurge through Chinese society, sweep-ing everyone first in one direction, thenin the opposite. The political forcesthemselves move in response to thepressures implicit in the struggle of toomany people for too little food.Wu ju bi fan. This ancient Chinesesaying is translated in various ways intoEnglish: "Extrêmes turn into their oppo-sites." It certainly expresses the essenceof the Chinese expérience of the last décade. But there is another, possibly lessaccurate, translation that I Uke better,having heard John say it so often. It givesa clue to one source of the indestructabil-ity of the wonderful Chinese people, inexpressing their dauntless optimism:"When things can get no worse, theymust get better."(Editor's note: Ruth Earnshaw Lo now livesin Boulder, Colorado. Her son, Mingteh, isan engineering technician for Storage Techni-cal Corporation and lives in a nearby suburbwith his family. Her daughter, Tientung,just graduated from Denver University Li-brary School with a degree in library scienceinformation management.) SnISTHINKINGUNIQUELYHUMAN?ANOBEL-PRIZE WINNINGECONOMISTDISCUSSESARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDSUGGESTSTHAT COMPUTERSALSO CAN THINKABSTRACTTHOUGHTS.BYHERBERT SIMON,AB'36,PHD'43 I would like to talk about what hasbeen the passion — I guess that isthe right word for it — that hasbeen seizing me for the pasttwenty-five years, and that is theimportant new developments that hâvebeen taking place in our world as theresuit of the appearance of the modemcomputer.When the computer was invented Ithink that most of the inventors thoughtthey were doing a rather spécifie andpractical thing. They felt that they werebringing into the world a large arithmeticmachine. But they were really bringinginto being something very much morethan a giant arithmetic calculator. If youlooked inside a computer, you wouldfind some glass and wire and métal —but you wouldn't find any numbersthere. You would find that inside thecomputer are patterns, arrangements ofsome things which are capable of beingcompared to each other. It is just a histor-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAG AZI\E/Fall 19811ical accident, you might say, that thepeople who invented computers decidedthat they would use those pattemsstored in the computer to representnumbers.Now if I had a blackboard I couldWrite patterns in chalk on it; I could doarithmetic on that blackboard and I couldalso write poetry on it. Inside the computer we don't hâve chalk, we hâve electro-magnetic fields incorporated in a widevariety of physical devices.The devices used in the computertoday hâve no resemblance to the de-vices that we used in the computer ten totwenty years ago. What they ail do hâvein common is that we can use them toform patterns. We can take pattems fromoutside and store them into the computer. We can build complex patterns out ofarrangements of simple patterns. We cancompare patterns and décide whetherthey are the same or not. A very important property of the computer is thatif two patterns are the same, we can doone thing, and if the pattems are différent, we can do another.There is a hypothesis that thèse verysimple capabilities that I hâve just listedfor handling patterns, the ability to readpatterns from outside, to write pattems,to store patterns, to build up complexpattems from simple patterns, and tomake comparisons between patterns —that thèse capabilities in fact provide thenecessary and sufficient condition that aSystem be intelligent.If we wanted to create or to build aSystem that could exhibit intelligencethèse are precisely the capabilities thatwe would hâve to give it— a pattem man-ipulating capability. Conversely, if weCopyright 1981 by Herbert Simon. see a System in the world, natural or arti-ficial, that exhibits intelligence, then oninvestigating that System we should ex-pecf it to hâve preciselv those capabilities. That hypothesis is an empiricalone, that you can test. If this thing isintelligent, then it is a pattern manipu-lator, and if it is a pattern manipulator,then it can be intelligent.To test it empirically, first of ail, onegathers data about Systems that are usu-ally credited with intelligence. The mostcommon ones in this world are humanbeings. So we would test this hypothesis, or at least one half of it, by trying toexamine the behavior of human beingswhen they are doing things like problemsolving, like learning, like just plaingarden variety thinking. We would try tosee whether we can identify the information processes, the pattern manipulatingprocesses that make problem solving,learning, and thinking possible.Now on the other side of thehypothesis, we would see ifwe could construct Systemsthat hâve thèse capabilities —and of course, we can, because demon-strably any computer that has been builthas the pattern manipulating capabilitiesthat I mentioned. If the hypothesis istrue, we should be able to program thecomputer so that it will do those thingswhich, if we observe them in the humanbeing would lead us to crédit the humanbeing with thinking.Now, that is a long way around thebarn. You notice that I did not quite saythat the computer is thinking. Well, whynot? From now on I will sav that thecomputer is thinking.How do I know that some person isthinking? Well, there's the studiousfrown that we use as one pièce of évidence. Not very reliable évidence. Wegive people tasks; on the basis of performance in a task we consider that somethought has taken place in reaching asolution to a problem. Similarly, we cangive computers the same task; then, itwould seem to me, that it is only somekind of vulgar préjudice if we refuse theaccolade of intelligence to the computer.I would like to tell you a little bitabout the kind of évidence thathas been gathered over the pasttwenty-five years for thèse twinhypothèses, that ail intelligentthings are symbol manipulators or pattern manipulators, and that patternmanipulators are capable of being intelligent. Then I would like to say a fewwords about what I think are some of theimplications of the hypothesis beingfound to be a true hypothesis.AU of you at one time or anotherwere exposed to the subject of algebra,and you leamed to solve algebraic équations. If you got the solutions youthought you were being intelligent, or atleast you believed you were doing somevery hard thinking.Now let's just do some work. I'Ugive you an easy problem, and we'Uwork it out together because I would likeyou to see what really is involved in solving a simple algebraic équation.The équation is 3x + 4 = x — 12In order to solve that équation, ofcourse, we need to know what a solutionwould look like if we had one. The firstsign that you hâve a solution of an algebraic équation is that you hâve an x, fol- pattern we start out with doesn't looklike that. We hâve a 3x and a 4 on oneside, and an x and a 12 on the other. Wedon't want an x on the right side, so let'sget rid of it. How do you get rid of x's?Well, you subtract them. Of course, youare not allowed just to take somethingout of an équation. You hâve to take thesame thing out of both sides of the équation, one of the things you learned inalgebra. So we subtract x from both sidesof the équation. Now we hâve a newéquation2x + 4= -12and you play the same game again. Yousay, but we don't want a 4 on the Iefthand side because what we're aiming atis an x and an = sign and a number, solet's get rid of that 4. Same thing, subtract from both sides. Now we hâve2x= -16Now we're almost in. We hâve an xand an = and a number, but we hâvesomething in front of x, we hâve that 2.Well, we know how to get rid of that,divide by it. We divide both sides by 2and now, lo and behold, we hâvex= -8and if we know how to check our solutions we can even prove that we've gotthe right solution for the équation. Thereare various ways in which one couldhâve done it but ail of them hâve thesame underlying idea.Hère we see an application of a verycommon mode of thought, that we findoccurring in almost every example of human problem solving that we hâve ex-amined in the Iaboratory. Its commonname is "means-end analysis." Youhâve an end or a goal, you hâve a re-pertory of means or operators, you try tofind out what it is that séparâtes you ample. There are some human beingswho get a lot of pleasure out of playingthe game of chess, and it is usually a-greed that to play chess even modéra telywell, one has to think. Now when peopleplay chess they do a sort of reasoning. Aplayer thinks: If I make that move, thenhe might make that move. Then I hâve tomake that move — oh, but then he wouldmake that move and I would be introuble.You do this kind of tree searchahead, looking at the possibilities on theboard. That is, you do a little bit of it,because it turns out that you can calcu-late roughly how big a tree of possibilitiesthere are in a game of chess, and it issomething like ten to the 120th power.I've been told that is a larger numberthan there are molécules in the world. Idon't know who counted them, but it isan impressive number. It might be onlyten to the 60th power, it doesn't reallymatter. Notice that it is a number thatwill even cause fear in the heart of thelargest computer that we hâve today, orthat we are ever likely to hâve. No one,no thing, can search a space of 10 to the120th, or 10 to the 60th possibilities— or10 to the 30th, for that matter. Now, at 10to the lOth we would be in business,perhaps, for a very large computer.Well then, how do peopleplay chess, and in parricu-lar, how do they playchess very well? How dogrand masters play chess? Studies madeby a number of laboratories, which werefirst made by the Dutch psychologist A.de Groot, show that a grand masteralmost never will look at more than 100lowed by an = sign, followed by anumber. That isn't conclusive becauseyou had better substitute the numberback into the original équation to seewhether you got the right number or not.Sometimes you get an x and it equals anumber and it's the wrong number. Weare aiming for a pattern that consists ofan x, an = sign and a number, but the from that goal and you apply a séquenceof appropriate operators.Nowadays in the computer trade wecall the connections between things thatneed to be done and ways of doing them,"productions." If you find yourself insuch-and-such a situation apply such-and-such action.Let me tum to a quite différent ex- possibilities before he sélects a move. Hedoesn't look at 10 to the 120th; he doesn'teven look at a million. He looks, at most,at 100 possibilities before he sélects themove.It turns out that médiocre players,when they are playing seriously, alsolook at about a maximum of about 100possibilities before thev make a move.14 UMVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981The différence is that the grand masterlooks at the important possibilities andthe tyros look at the irrelevant possibilities, and that's really the only way inwhich you can distinguish the thinkingthat they are doing when they are select-ing a move. The processes are exactly thesame.How does the grand master recog-nize those possibilities? Even if he is going to spend ten minutes worrying abouta move, he will usually hâve a hunch inthe first five seconds as to the move he'sprobably going to make. He spends therest of that ten minutes testing whetherthe gold is really there, or whether it'sfool's gold.How does he do that? There is a veryinteresting and simple experiment whichyou can do at home, if you hâve a chessboard and at least one chess master avail-able. You put before your subject a chessboard with the positions arrayed asthough they were in an actual game, saytwenty moves into the game. Allow yoursubject to see the board for five to tenseconds. The exact rime doesn't matter.Then take the board away and ask him toreconstruct it. If the experiment is typi-cal, there would be about twenty-fivepièces on such a board and the resultswould be very striking. If the subject thatyou put to this task were a master, orgrand master, the board would be recon-structed almost without error, with a-bout ninety percent accuracy, with onlyan occasional mistake. If anyone else isyour subject he will be lucky to get sixpièces back on the board.What conclusion do we draw fromthat? One conclusion that has beendrawn in earlier days was the idea thatsomehow you need to hâve unusual YOU NOTICETHAT I DIDNOT QUITESAYTHATTHECOMPUTERIS THINKING.WELL, WHYNOT?take it away. Your ordinary player, asbefore, will get six of those pièces right,on average, and your chess master willget six of them right, on average. So it isnothing to do with visual imagery at ail.Well, what is it? The chess masterhas a long expérience of wasted youth, oflooking at chess boards, and in thecourse of looking at hundreds andthousands and tens of thousands ofchess boards, that master has leamed torecognize ail sorts of familiar friends. Themaster does not see that board astwenty-five pièces, he sees it as four orfive or six clusters, each of which clusteris a familiar friend.If I wrote on the board hère, rapidly,George Washington and erased it about asfast as I wrote it, then asked you to writedown what I hâve written, you would ailwrite down George Washington. You can chess board, and the number is of theorder of magnitude of 50,000. That'sprobably a minimum estimate of thenumber with which he is famiUar.If that seems a large number to you,let me point out that probably everybodyin this room has an English languagevocabulary of at least 50,000 words.So one of the things that ail of uswho hâve any intelligence do is to carryaround with us large numbers of familiarpatterns, which we recognize instantlywhen we see them. Instantly in psychology means in a few hundred millisec-onds, or a fraction of a second. Instantlyfor a computer means a nano-second ormaybe a pico-second, a milhonth or billion thof a second.Among the large number of patternswhich we can recognize instantly are notonly English words, but also the faces ofour friends.When we recognize a familiar pattern, we also get access to a lot of information we hâve about that pattern storedin a long term memory, so this récognition capability acts as an index to theencyclopedia.Some of us hâve the good fortune tohâve stored with the faces of those familiar friends, their names. Others are notso lucky. Politicians are supposed to bevery assiduous in storing away thenames with the faces, but when we recognize patterns we do get a lot of information which cornes with them. If wedon't remember the name, we remembervaguely where we knew the person, andin what connection, and so forth.When the chess master sees a pattern on a chess board, he not only says,"Here's a friendly pattern that I've seenmany rimes before," but he often gets aabilities in visual imagery in order to be achess master.We can test that hypothesis. Try thesame experiment with just one little variation. Instead of arranging the pièces asthough they were from a chess game,arrange them at random on the board.Twenty-five pièces arranged at random,five seconds to look at the board, then do that, because I didn't write down six-teen separate letters. I wrote down onefamiliar pattern which ail of you hâveseen many rimes before.We hâve estimated the vocabularyof such pattems that a chess master has,how many of thèse friendly little collections of three or four pièces that he seestime and again that he can recognize on a lot of information from memory at thatpoint on what to do about such pattems .This is, in fact, a powerful capability.If you hâve 50,000 familiar pattems inyour mind, and a recipe associated witheach one of them, there are quite a fewaction schemes that you can call up atusually appropriate moments for execut-ing them.isX\^pHerbert Simon at the Carnegie-Mellon Computer Center in Pittsburgh.We see that a simple récognitioncapacity of this kind, a little encyclopediawith an appropriate index can accountfor a great deal of human intelligent action, and can account also for a lot ofwhat we call intuition. When you ask anexpert a question and he is able to answerin a moment or two, and you say, "Well,how did you know that?" the usual replvwould be "Well, I guess it was just myintuition or my expérience," and that isan honest reply. There is no reason tosuppose that we hâve any awareness ofthe process that leads from a récognitionto the accessing of the information whichthat récognition makes available. So far I hâve described two compo-nents of intelligence that hâve beenidentified now in a wide variety of human problem-solving and thinkingtasks: The kind of means-end analysisthat I showed you in connection with thealgebra problem, and the récognitioncapability. Notice that they really aren'tvery différent. Our solution of the algebra problem was simply a séquence ofrécognitions.Well, what other kinds of things arewe finding in human intelligence? Wegave our subjects problems of the follow -ing kind. (Again, it's a little unfair to askyou to do problems in your head, so Ipicked particularly simple problems.) A ANICONOCLASTICECONOMISTEXPLORES THEREALMSOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEDONALD+GERALD, ROBERTHINT: D=5Replace the letters in this array bynumerals, from 0 to 9. The re-sulting array should be a correctarithmetical sum.*Nobel lauréate Herbert Simon,AB'36, PhD'43, LLD(Hon.)'64, the Richard King Mellon Universitv Professor ofComputer Science and Psychology atCarnegie-Mellon University (CMU), de-lights in this cryptarithmetic puzzle, because it illustrâtes his lifelong fascination: how humans make choices andsolve problems.One way to solve the puzzle, hesays, is to consider ail 3,628,800 ways inwhich the ten numerals can be assignedto the ten letters. With the due D=5, amodem computer can do this in a fraction of a second.It is unlikely that a human beingcould solve the puzzle in this way, saysSimon. Even using paper and pencil tohelp keep track of each assignaient itwould take more than a minute to thinkof and test each possibility. That adds upto several vears of work.Continued on page 18 ' The answer is on page 18L'\l\ ERSITY OF CHICAGO MAC AZINE/FallYet humans do frequently solve thepuzzle, some in as little as fifteen minutes. How? By using a combined Systemof search stratégies, or human rules-of-thumb, and "reason," which radicallysimplifies the search for the solution.When computers came on the scènein the 1940s, Simon began to wonder ifthev could be "taught" to think like humans. In the 1950s, Simon and a handfulof other scientists succeeded in simulat-ing human thought processes in thecomputer. The new field thus created,called "artificial intelligence," pushedcomputer science into a new era, andchallenged the notion that humans areunique in their ability to reason.Computer science is not the onlyfield Simon has shaken up. From 1942-49, Simon taught political science at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago,introducing concepts from psychologyinto the study of administrative behav-ior. His research and published works inthose years established a new discipline,organizational behavior, that is now anaccepted part of the curriculum of evervmajor graduate school of business in thecountry.In 1978, to the surprise of many inthe field, Simon was awarded the NobelPrize in économies. It was surprising because the research had been done yearsbefore, and generally ignored by mostAmerican economists.Simon disagrees with classical économie theory, which holds that com-panies seek maximum profits."I do not agrée with their emphasison the word 'maximizing.' I think com-panies are profit-oriented but the notionthat in this kind of a complex worldpeople can actually find the maximum ofanything is ridiculous," he says.He believes that business executiveslimit the number of alternatives theyconsider, selecting targets which mightnot be maximum at ail. Simon calls this"satisficing."Despite the gênerai neglect of hisviews, Simon is confident that his theoryis the correct one, saying simply of hisopponents, "Thev are mistaken."And he does hâve a following, in-cluding Albert Ando, professor of économies at the University of Pennsyl-vania."Simon has had the most imagina-rive ideas in économies over the lasttwenty years," said Ando. "His contri bution is almost as original and interest-ingas Keynes'."Simon is the author or co-author ofmore than 500 monographs and articlesand 200 books. (For a list of some of hisbooks, see p. 18.)In addition to the Nobel, Simon hasreceived top honors in each of his fieldsof expertise. His latest kudo is the pres-tigious William Proctor Prize for Scien-tific Achievement, awarded by the scien-tific research society, Sigma Xi.Simon is currently studying howcomputers solve physics and algebra problems. He is sanguinethat in the next five years theresults of this research will hâve practicalpedagogical benefits, helping humans,including those with math phobias, learnhow to learn more efficiently.Practicality influenced Simon's décision to attend the University of Chicago."The University scholarship examswere well-known in Milwaukee in mvhigh school. That attracted me sincescholarships were good things to hâveduring the Dépression," Simon said,chuckling. The comprehensive nature ofUniversity courses was a plus, too, hesaid.Simon met his wife, Dorothea PveSimon, AM'41, at the University in 1936."He was just another student," shesaid. "I didn't pay much attention tohim."A year later, thev went on their firstdate, to dinner and a plav, Abe Lincoln inBACON(A COMPUTERPROGRAM)REDISCOVEREDKEPLER'STHIRDLAWIN SOMETHINGLIKE FIFTY-NINESECONDS. Illinois. Six months later, thev weremarried.The Simons hâve three children:Katherine, 39, is a student adviser in theUniversity of Minnesota's sociologv de-partment; Peter, 37, is a deep-sea diver inthe computer software business ("Rightnow he's trving to combine his interests,bv doing océanographie work that involves computers," said Simon); andBarbara, 35, is a computer programmerfor the fisheries division of Rhode Is-land's Department of Natural Resourceswho spends part of her time using thecomputer to count lobsters.Dorothea (Dot) Simon is a researchassociate in the psychology départaientat CMU. She often helps her husband onhis projects, including his current one.They hâve also worked on computerprograms which simulate human spell-ing techniques, in an attempt to find outwhy some people ("and I know two ofthem," Simon joked) don't spell vervwell.Simon is never verv far awav from acomputer. One of the eleven rooms in hisred brick home in Pittsburgh has a computer terminal.Simon begins his dav at 6:00 a. m. atthe computer."It just happens that that's a goodtime to get work done because computertypes tend to get to bed late. The computer isn't so heavilv loaded at six in themorning," he said.He reads his "computer mail" fromresearchers and colleagues around thecountrv who hâve similar installations.He also gets a print-out of his schedulefor the day, typed into the computer thenight before bv his secretarv in hiscampus office.Simon never reads the morningnewspaper, considering it a waste oftime, nor does he watch much télévision."Read a couple of good books," hesavs. "Read The World Almanac once avear. Whatever is happening on a dailybasis vou'U hear about bv lunchrimeanywav."Besides, information — masses of it— is at Simon's fingertips; through hiscomputer he can retrieve information oncountless subjects from data banks ailover the countrv.Simon walks to his office later in themorning, skipping lunch. He eats dinner, but onlv if his wife makes it and sitshim down in front of it.17THINKINGContinued from page 16man has a board which he saws in twopièces. The first pièce is two-thirds thelength of the board, the second pièce isfour feet longer than the first, so howlong is the board?We find that we get three différentkinds of responses. Some subjects say,alright, we'll hâve x be the length of theboard, the first pièce is 2/3x, and the second pièce is 2/3x + 4, so 2/3x + 2/3x -I- 4= x, and if you solve that équation youget a board which is —12 feet long.That is, however, a perfectly accu-rate syntactical translation of what I said.The first part of the board was two-thirdsof its length, 2/3x," the second part wasfour feet longer, 2/3x + 4, add them to-gether and you get the board.Now, some students wrote downthat équation. We didn't ask them tosolve the équation, we just asked them towrite it down. Some of them wrote downthat équation and were perfectly happy.Some subjects wrote down the équation2/3x + (2/3x - 4) = x. That has the ad-vantage that the answer is +12. However, it is an inaccurate translation ofwhat I said. And some subjects say,"Well, isn't there a contradiction?" Thereis no contradiction in what I said, butthere might be a contradiction betweenwhat I said about the problem and whatyou already know about boards.In order to find that contradictionyou would hâve to do more than simply syntactic way we hâve reason to believethat by and large thèse are the ones whoare not going to find algebra verygemutlich, or go very far in their math-ematics. We find subjects who writedown an équation that fits the real situation, but is not the équation I stated,and I'U call them engineers. They live inthe real world. Then we hâve a thirdgroup of subjects who evidently do someof both. They do a fairly accurate syntactic translation and at the same time,they do some semantic comparison. Idon't know what to call them.At the présent time, variousgroups, including one atCarnegie-Mellon University,are studying university subjects, in particular collège physics, in order to see whether the kinds of phe-nomena that we found in thèse simpleralgebra tasks are to be found in morecomplicated tasks like physics.What this implies is that if a Systemis to operate intelligently in more complicated situations, such as physicalproblems, then that System has to be ableto represent the physical situation. It hasto be able not merely to operate in theordinary language of mathematics, buthas to be able to operate in some kind ofsymbolic représentation that allows it torepresent real world situations, the kindof things we talk about under the head-ing of visual imagery.So we hâve reached the point nowwhere we can demonstrate the capabilityof a symbol System like a computer to dothat kind of thinking. By comparing4- M M M M M M »-. M M M MPOP-86V-0"If I'm not there," says Dot Simon,"he'U open up a can of soup, a jar ofpickles and eat some crackers."His absent-mindedness occasional-lv extends to the classroom; he's beenknown to miss some classes entirely. Buthis commitment to teaching and to CMUis unquestioned. In addition to teachingand doing research, Simon has been atrustée of CMU for many years. Eachyear he turns part of his salary back to theuniversity. He has also been deeply in-volved in helping to restructure CMU'scurriculum.In the process, he found himself vol-unteering to teach freshman history."I was arguing that if the facultywere going to provide a libéral éducationto students, they'd better hâve onethemselves. 'Maybe we ought to hâveexaminations for the faculty, I said, andmaybe the faculty ought to be teachingcourses out of their departments.'"After I'd made speeches like that Ikind of had to do it — and it was fun," hesaid. "If they'd let me, I might either try ahistory course again or teach a literaturecourse."To relax, Simon likes to play thepiano, read ((Proust is a favorite), andhike in the woods and in the moun tains.Thèse days Simon has little rime topursue leisure. Since winning the Nobel,he's been on the lecture circuit regularlv.In May, Simon talked to Universityalumni in the Pittsburgh area. An adaptation of his talk appears hère.Answer to the Puzzle on p. 16:Each letter in the problem is assigned anumber from 0 to 9. By adding D (5) andD (5) we know that T=0. Now, throughdéduction and trial and error, the problem can be solved.526485+ 197485723970Suggested further reading:Newell, Allen and Simon, Herbert. HumanProblem Solving (Prenrice-Hall, 1972).Simon, Herbert and March, James G. Organi-zations (John Wiley, 1958).Books of Herbert Simon:Administration Behavior, Third Edition (FreePress, 1976).Models ofDiscovery (Kluwer Boston, 1977).The Nezv Science of Management Décision, Re-vised Edition (Prenrice-Hall, 1977).The Sciences of the Artificial (M.I.T. Press,1979). make a syntactic translation from theEnglish sentence that I gave you into asentence in algebra. You would hâve tocompare that English sentence withsome semantic knowledge you had inyour head about what boards are reallylike, so we find a wide variety of humanperformances hère. Of the people whoresponded to the situation in a purely what the computer is doing with whathuman subjects are doing in the labora-tory, for example, recording them whilethey think aloud in the course of solvinga problem, or by arranging to record theeye movements as they read a text, or asthey look at a diagram associated with aproblem that they're solving, we canshow, in fact, that the computer program18UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981in solving the problem tracks very closelythe problem-solving processes of the human being. We hâve done this now overa considérable range of difficult intel-lectual tasks.Now I am going to give you just onemore example of a rather différent kindof task requiring intelligence. Notice thatthe tasks I hâve described so far are wellstructured tasks. You can really tell whenyou got an answer.There are lots of tasks that are muchless well defined. For example, writing afugue. Of course, there are computerprograms which hâve written fugues —none of much high artistic merit. Well,maybe even composing a fugue seems toyou too spécifie and definite and well-structured a task. What about things thatare more créative? What do we mean bycréative? We usually judge creativity bythe product. If somebody finds something that is new, which other peopleweren't able to find, and which is insome respect admirable because it is important or beautiful — well, we regardthis as a product from an act of creativity.So, again lets apply the same test and seewhether we can build a System thatwould be créative. Let's take some examples of scientific creativity. Kepler got alot of brownie points for discovering hisThird Law. Kepler's Third Law says thatthe periods in which the planets revolvearound the sun are proportional to the3/2 power of their distances from thesun. There now exists a computer program called BACON, (for Sir Francis, ofcourse), which is a data driven law dis-coverer. That is to say that if you giveBACON a body of data, BACON will BY THISEXPLORATIONOF THE NATUREOF THINKINGWE'RE NOWLEARNING AGREAT DEALABOUT THEHUMAN MIND.Well, now in a way this is just curve-fitting, isn't it? You hâve a body of dataand try drawing some straight Unes, andit ail cornes out in the wash.But consider the following experi-ments: You take a spring and attach twoobjects to the spring, stretch it a bit, andlet them go and measure the accélérations. Now you start from a différent distance, let them go and measure the accélérations. BACON will first of ail discoverthat the ratio of accélérations is alwaysconstant. No matter how little or muchyou stretch, it is always the same ratio ofaccélération for that particular pair ofbodies. Do it with another pair of bodiesand you get a différent ratio. At thispoint, BACON does a little hypothesiz-ing. When BACON finds a relational law number M) such that if we hâve twobodies, body one, body two, thenMl x Al = M2 x A2The physicists présent will recognizethat as the law of conservation mo-mentum. Momentum is always con-served no matter what bodies you attachto the spring. You will also hâve ob-served that BACON, being given onlydata on accélération, itself invents andintroduces a new concept, the mass. Itinvents the idea of inertial mass andintroduces it as an explanation of the ob-served data on the accélérations.In the same way, BACON, whengiven data about the bending of lightrays going from one médium to another,invents the idea of refractive index, andwhen given data about interaction ofbodies at différent températures, inventsthe concept of spécifie heat.In somewhat more elaborate experi-ments, BACON invents the concepts ofatomic weight and molecular weight anddistinguishes between the two. Now,why am I telling you ail of thèse gee whizthings? Simply to indicate that we hâveprogressed quite a long way along theroad toward testing the hypothesis that Istarted out with, the symbol Systemhypothesis. The hypothesis states that anecessary and sufficient condition for aSystem to exhibit intelligence is that it bea symbol System, that it hâve symbolmanipulating capabilities.I hâve indicated to you the strategywhich the research to test this hypothesishas followed. On the one hand it hasbeen a strategy that has tried to examinehuman thinking and human problemsolving, to get as dense data as possiblesearch for regularities in those data.Given data on the distances of theplanets and the periods of their orbitsand a lot of other irrelevant facts aboutplanets, BACON rediscovered Kepler'sThird Law in something like fifty-nineseconds. Given data on the pressures ofgases, volumes, températures, etc., BACON discovered the idéal gas laws. of that sort, it will hypothesize that thereis an underlying property belonging tothe bodies, and that you can associatewith each of the bodies a number whichwill explain the ratio between them. Sothat now, instead of saying the ratio ofaccélérations will be the same, the lawstates that there exists a number asso-ciated with each body, (let's call the about the process of solving problems, ofthinking, in order to see whether theparticular symbolic processes or what-ever they are can be detected taking placeat each instant. The second part of theresearch strategy is to trv to constructcomputer programs that will not only doclever things, not only will solve ourproblems, but that will use the same pro-19cesses in solving those problems thathâve been detected in human problemsolving. Now whv is that a good thing?One of the good things is in terms oftesting the hypothesis. Another goodthing is that if the computer, in fact, cansolve the same problems as the humanbeing, then we know that the processeswith which the computer is endowed areat least sufficient for that task.Well, where does ail this end? Thereare a number of kinds of tasks in whichthe capabilities of computers hâve notbeen tested, in which the spécifies ofhow humans perform this task are notwell known. I can't cite you any évidencethat relates to the génération of poetry. Ican't cite you any évidence that relates tothe forms of creativity that don't startwith data, but start with a theory andarrive at extensions of the theory. Sothere are large areas of human thoughtprocesses that hâve not yet been ex-plored from this point of view, and wedon't really know where the boundariesare. But if we can lay our bets, my bet isthat the hypothesis will turn out to becorrect. That any kind of thinking thatcan be done by human beings can bedone by any System having the basicsymbol manipulating capabilities that Imentioned at the beginning.Well, let's suppose that the hypothesis were true, and suppose therewere no limits, what would be the implications of that for our human society? Ican see three kinds of implications.Let me start with the most concrèteones and move on to the ones that aremore difficult. The first is that of course,by pursuing the kind of research I'vebeen describing we do leam ways of get- THE MOSTIMPORTANTRESULTOFTHISRESEARCHISTHAT ITMUST HAVEAPROFOUNDIMPACT ONMAN'S VIEWOFMAN.ietv the machine thinking resources.We've already been doing that for quite awhile, and it is a relatively routine task.Nobody builds an airplane anymorewithout very extensive analysis of thedynamics of flapping wings, and thatanalysis can be carried on only by computers. We don't think very much aboutthat because there the computer is doingarithmetic, that is, churning out num-bers.The argument that I've been pursuing today is that we increasingly hâvethat kind of augmentation in other domains as well. You've been reading a lot the past. The effort that is being madenow is to produce automatic deviceswhich will be capable of much moresophisticated sensing and much moreflexible response to their environments.For my own part I think a more important resuit is that by this explorationof the nature of intelligence, the nature ofthinking, we're learning a great deal about ourselves, about the human mind.Now maybe some of us think that thehuman mind already represents perfection and therefore there is nothing weought to do about it. But there are uni-versities and their task is to improve thehuman mind, and it's a pretty tediousprocess, isn't it? Most of us hâve spenttwenty-six years or so at the task. Whenwe look back on the process we wonderhow it could hâve been so inefficient.It's been inefficient because we areoperating with an exceedingly primitivetechnology, the kind of technology thatdoctors were operating with in the médical field two hundred years ago. Weknow a few brute tacts. We know that ifyou take a group of people and keepthem captive for a while and spray themwith words, some of those words willturn out to be infectious, and that reallyis the central design proposition onwhich educational processes are found-ed in our society today.Now suppose we really knew whatwas going on in the human head when ahuman head was learning. We are beginning to find that out. Suppose we reallyknew the form that knowledge had totake in the human head in order to beavailable and accessible in situationswhere it might prove useful. Then itseems to me with that kind of knowledge¦S s• . ». j). 1. || » | té ''..' .'. Kmf »*' i. 'V| M! »• *\ ri & :*i :m »•» ». çjr,-r.~_-,-. .-.i.... T.?,. •*:>-. 3». Jw-.-i,3;ting computers to do ail sorts of cleverthings. In a world where our productiv-ity dépends largely not on our brawn —that has already been replaced by machines — but on the quality of thinkingthat takes place in the society, this meansthat we are acquiring new augmentations to that thinking, that we can add tothe human thinking resources of our soc- lately about robotics. We recently set upa large robotics institute at Carnegie-Mellon University to do research on thatsubject. The so-called robots we hâve inour factories now are really not very intelligent devices at ail. They are simplythe old automation we've had ail along,with slightly more sophisticated sensoryand motor éléments than we hâve had in we could certainly make of our educational processes something more effective, and less shotgun-like than they aretodav.Just as physicians, when they beganto understand the physiology of the human organism, were able to do morethan to hold the parient's hand or givehim a pill to take the fever down, we areUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981able, at least in some range of cases,really to do something about the learningsituation. So, apart from ail of thèse possibilities augmenting human intelligencewith computer intelligence, it seems tome that there exists an even larger andmore important possibility of gainingknowledge about ourselves that will al-low us to be more effective learners, andour children and grandchildren to bemore effective learners. Furthermore,there is the possibility that this knowledge will allow us to be more effectiveproblem-solvers and decision-makers.I think perhaps the most importantconséquence of ail of this research is thatit must hâve a profound impact on man'sview of man. Our species has gonethrough a certain number of rather sévère shocks over the past few hundredyears. At one time we thought we hadbeen placed at the exact géométrie centerof the universe, and Copemicus camealong and said, "You hâve got it ailwrong, you are really out on this planetand it is circulating about the sun." Ofcourse, he had it a little bit wrong because the sun wasn't at the center either,it was somewhere out on the fringes ofsome galaxy which, for ail I know, isnowhere near the center of the universe,if indeed, there is a center. So we had tofind a new définition of man's unique-ness which no longer relied on our beingphysically at the center of things.Then more recently another fellowcame along and some of us haven't quitegotten over him yet. His name wasDarwin, and he said, "You've been rest-ing your notions of uniqueness on theidea that you are a specially createdspecies, and therefore unlike ail other But we are uniquely capable of thinkingbig thoughts, abstract thoughts,thoughts that involve use of language."But now there exists in the world anotherspecies — a man-made species to besure — computers, which by any intelligence or task test we could give, also arecapable of thinking. So man isn't uniquein that respect, either.Where are we going to findour uniqueness? Well, Iguess I would hâve twocomments on that. Thefirst is that most of us did reconcileourselves with Copemicus' and Dar-win's discoveries, and don't feel reallyany the worse for it. We found a wav oflooking at the world that doesn't dépendon that particular kind of uniqueness,and watching that process I guess I hâvea lot of confidence that as human beingsare exposed to the idea that thinking alsois not a uniquely human quality, that it isa capability of symbol Systems, that wealso will find a way of describing ourplace in the world without resting on that particular kind of uniqueness.We can go one step further thanthat. Perhaps the idea that we shouldbase our notions of meaningfulness inlife, our notions of value of human beings on the idea that we are sorhehow orother unique was rather a poor idea tostart with. It raised a kind of speciespréjudice — we won't hâve anything todo with thèse other species because theydon't hâve exactly the right propertv.Perhaps in the kind of world we live intoday — where we hâve seen photo-graphs made from space of our ownplanet, a pale bluish little glow — for thatkind of a world we need to constructsome kind of System of values that is notcentered on human uniqueness but iscentered on the tact that we are verymuch a part of nature, not apart fromnature, but part of a scheme of things towhich we are going to hâve to adapt, andwith which we are going to hâve to live inpeace and harmony. 8Herbert and Dorothy Pye Simon stroll infront of their Pittsburgh home.species in création, but it isn't that way. &Your species evolved just as ail the a 1species evolved through processes of i |mutation and sélection." 8 HNow folks are coming around, and g "saying, "Well, after ail, human beings | gare rather unique in their ability to think. 3Well, not completely unique. My dog gthinks. Mv eat thinks — little thoughts. SS* *^"*^.WITNESSIN STEELFrance choosesCarolyn Lee, an American sculptor,to design a mémorial tothe Résistance in World Warll"I don't believe that apièce of sculpture shouldexist where an ordinaryperson shouldn't be ableto walk down the streetand stop," says sculptor Caroline NobleLee, AB'53. "They might say 'Ugh!' or'Get that thing out of hère!' but theyshould not walk by it like it was amanhole."There is little chance of that happening to the pedestrian sighring one ofLee's works. The American artist, whohas lived in Paris for twenty-three years,makes métal sculptures of monumentalproportions. One of her works, in Grenoble, France, a shining column of stain-less steel tubes erupting into twistedforms, stands thirty-four feet high atop apyramid of earth.Lee herself has reached a pinnacle ofartistic success in her country of résidence. Her sculptures adorn shoppingcenters, apartment complexes, schools,and universities throughout France. Herworks appear in private collections inEurope and the United States, in theMusée d'Art Moderne de la Ville deParis, the Centre Nationale d'Art Contemporaine, the Musem of Vêla Luka inYugoslavia, and the Muséum of American Art in New Britain, Connecticut.Lee has been a member of the Committee of the Salon de Mai, a sélect groupof artists in Paris, since 1971; artistic ad-visor for sculpture, Salon Feminie-Dia-logue for UNESCO since 1975; and aguest juror for the diploma for sculpturefor the Ecole Nationale Supérieur desBeaux Arts de Paris since 1978. She hashad five one-man shows in Paris, Amsterdam, and Stockholm, and her workhas been exhibited in numerous expositions, including a show of contemporaryFrench sculpture, sent to Australia andMexico by the French govemment In Mav, Lee achieved her greatestsuccess to date. She won the commissionto do a sculpture which will serve as amonument to the French Résistance inWorld War II. The name of the sculpturewill be "Hommage a La Résistance," and itwill be thirtv feet high, in stainless steel.The sculpture will be situated on theplace Jacques Cudlos, part of a largerPlace Croix de Chavaux, which marksone end of the Avenue de la Résistance,in the town of Montreuil, a Paris suburb."There were several importantsculptors in the compétition," wrote Lee,from Paris. "I'm not sure how well-known they are in the States: Spouste-guy, Raymond Masson, Chilida, A-mado...A very long shot, that camethrough. Do I ever feel good about it!Long odds for a foreigner, furthering anAmerican in a Communist town — butthat is the best side of the French."For ail her success in France, Leeconsiders herself immutably American,and her art inspired by American ideas."American art can and does spring ahead in multiple directions," she ex-plained, "because it is not ried to thepast."In France, the past is so rich thatthe French feel they don't need the présent. American art, on the other hand, isrooted in modem industrial society — inthe technology which started in America."Lee's work reflects her fascinationwith American technology. Her tools are1Imam m mmm <m âmî ¦''-''Wmw^the tools of the machine shop: arc andtorch welders, flexible shaft grinders,power-cutting and polishing machines,with many différent kinds of blades andteeth. With them she transforms hermaterials — bronze, copper, aluminumalloy, and stainless steel — into shapesranging from lyrical, seemingly weight-less birds to chunky, sharp-edged projectiles that resemble machines."Sculpture," she said, "has a greatopportunity to be a part of contemporarylife because of the fact that it delves into,involves itself with technological devel-opment. Therefore, it has the capacity tohumanize, to make into human imageand spiritual référence, things which areotherwise alien to people."Lee didn't start out to be a sculptor.The Fulbright grant she won in 1958 en-abling her to go to Paris was for painting."In a curious way, there was oneperson at the University of Chicago :v . | &kLaboratory School who is really re-sponsible for my entire career," said Lee."Miss Todd, who's no longer living, wasthe art teacher at the Lab School, andwhen we were little, she encouraged usgreatly. She would prépare fantastictables full of paints, of every possiblecolor, and set you to work at them.She wouldput togeth-er great bigsheets of brown paper, and encourageyou to do a mural. I must hâve doneabout five murais; about six by eight feet.We still hâve the very first one I did . MissTodd was tireless about puttingchildren's work up in the halls, helpingthem prépare their work."After sixth grade, Lee decided shewanted to learn to paint in oils. Oil painting wasn't stressed in the curriculum, soshe learned it on her lunch hours withthe help of her art teachers. Rêves et Forces, (Dreams and Forces), at Ar-genteuil, France. (Left), Caroline Lee.Gradually, however, she becameabsorbed in other acrivities, "as childrenwho are very interested in art frequentlydo."In the Collège she immersed herselfin the study of the humanities. But on atrip to San Francisco with her father, [thelate] Noble Lee, she saw the works ofFrench sculptor Auguste Rodin in amuséum there. At that moment, sheknew "absolutelv" that she wanted to bea sculptor.After graduating from the Collège in1953, Lee enrolled in the School of theArt Institute of Chicago. Her commit-ment to sculpture grew, though she continued to work at painting "because it's23so incrediblv difficult." In one of herclasses, however, she was assigned athree-dimensional project."Afterwards the teacher asked me,if I could do it in permanent material,what would I do it in? For some reason, Isaid iron — I don't know why," she said.There were no classes in métalsculpture at the time, but Lee's instructortold her to "go down and see Mr.Shesang; he has a torch and equipmentthere which he uses for himself; you canprobably use it."For two weeks, Lee skipped ail herclasses and did nothing but the métalsculpture, using a torch welder and afloor polisher that was actually a pièce ofjanitorial equipment. f'When I showedit, it elicited a kind of response thatnothing else I'dever done had,"Lee said. Thepièce was sent tothe Institute's ArtRental Service andwas immediatelysold to Mrs. San-ford Rose inChicago. Tflt wasa thrill," recalledLee. "Suddenly Irealized that something in me wasgetting across. It'san alive feeling."HAfter graduatingfrom the ArtInstitute in 1947,Lee went to Parison a Fullbright,taking along ahammer andpliers scavengedfrom her base- jment at home.Looking for a studio to work in, she metan artist well known in Paris, César, whotook her to a foundry near Paris — "almost as a joke."Though the owner of the foundry,André Susse, could hardly suppress asmUe, he took Lee's request for spaceseriously. He gave her a small upstairsroom full of old bronze casts, and moveda vice and small table into it. He showedher where to get métal from a scrap heapby the Seine, and loaned her an arc welder he'd bought for the foundry. Lessonscame with it."I must hâve gone six rimes to thecompany, and in their démonstrationroom, thev taught me how to weld," Lee said. Her French, which she described asvery bad at the time, improved in ahurry.Lee's Fulbright was renewed in1959, enabling her to keep working, buther sculpture begun in the small foundryroom had become so large it had to bemoved. She took the pièce to thecountry, plugged her arc welder into afriend's studiooutlet, and fin-ished the sculpture outdoors, workingthrough the winter.That pièce and others were immediately accepted by the Salon de laJeune Sculpture. (In France salons arerun by established artists to give expo-sure to young artists.) She sold enoughat the Salon to keep herself solvent foranother year, with occasional suppléments from home and from odd jobs,and in 1961 received a grant from a private foundation to continue her work.Lee's next studio was in Malakoff, aslum on the edge of Paris inhabited bygypsy junk dealers. The tenants in aroom adjacent to hers used to walkthrough her studio at ail rimes of the dayand night leaving junk in their wake."Thev were a tough crowd," Leesaid. "At first they threw garbage intomy Windows every night. Once Iwatched a fight through a crack in mywall and saw a man hit by a 2-by-4. Hedied when thev got him to the hospital,to his wife's great relief."In this penod, too, she met and mar-ried a Yugoslavian sculptor, Knez. (Theyare now divorced.) They hâve a daughter, Nancy, 10.By 1965, Lee had enough finishedworks for her first one-man show, at theGalarie Lahumiere in Paris. Soon she began to receive commissions. In Francecommissions follow the "one percentrule." The artist receives one percent ofany public building's cost to produce awork. To win a commission, artists sub-mit models of their work anywhere fromone-tenth to one-fifth the size of thefinished pièce, to the Commission of theBeaux Arts or the Ministry of Culture.In 1971, French authorities held acompétition for a $90,000 sculpturalfountain to be placed in the center ofa shopping mail in a Paris suburb. Forty-seven sculptors were invited to compete.Lee and Knez joined forces, and submit-ted a design of Lee's for a twelve-foot-high stainless steel bird, rising on a basedesigned by Knez projecting the sculpture thirty-one feet into the air. Thesculpture, called "Phoenix A-quatique," won the compétition.TJIt seems appropriate that Leechose to sculpt a phoenix, the emblemof the University of Chicago. Lee cornesfrom a family ofUniversity alumni, including hermother, Gertrude Smith Lee, AM'30 anda sister, Evelyn Lee, AM'66. Her nièce,Lindsay Lee Johnson, is a member of theClass of 1982.Last year the University Alumni Association gave Lee its ProfessionalAchievement Award, which recognizesalumni "whose attainment in their vocation hâve brought distinction to themselves, crédit to the University, and realbenefit to their fellow citizens."One of Lee's sculptures, "Hommageto famés Joyce: T shall fly by those nets'"done for a French high school, was in-spired by a favorite book read in the Collège: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.thinks of the artist as "a personwho takes materials from every -where and reforms them andputs something out." T(ButIfeg^. the artist for her is also'^Sfe». "what the Frenchwould call a témoigne — a wit-ness. If vouwant to find outwhether the riv-er's rising, youplace a stick in itand you mark thelevels." Lee's goal,she said, is to communi- cate and provoke thought in ail people,not just those with degrees in art, ormoney to spend on art."I'm interested in the life process ofpeople as sculpture can impinge upon it;to the parts of people that sculptureshould address itself to," she said."Everybody has ail kinds of parts tothemselves that actually hâve no use inwhat they do [for a living]. Sculpture andart are points of référence. They are thematerialized external forms of a kind ofspriritual inner life. Sculpture and art al-low people to knit together everythingthat is not included elsewhere. They helppeople to make themselves into morewhole people, to live better."Art is useful in that it is the backwall of a squash court for spiritualgames," she concluded.Lee lives modestly in Paris with herdaughter, "stock" (dogs and cats), and a"dear old '66 VW" bought while teachingone year at the University of Califomia atIrvine. To relax, she socializes withfriends and attends occasional "func-tions" in the art world.She is currently finishing a sculpturefountain commissioned by the FrenchNavy for an officers' club in Toulon.Describing herself and her life andart, Lee said:"I move through life as one sur-rounded by a mountain, unable to seewhere it is going but aware of ail thethings that must move forward, equal intheir interactive force, if unequal in theirimportance. K"I guess I am a volcano-maker, or try to be,clearing the path — sometimes — among aU theparts of the aimless drift,for the core to rise . . . toat last make something."KALEIDOSCOPE Notes on Events, People, ResearchHanna H. Gray and Edwin A Bergman, AB'39.BERGMAN TO HEADBOARD OF TRUSTEESEdwin A. Bergman, AB'39, has beenelected chairman of the Board of Trustéesof The University.He is chairman and chief executiveofficer of the U.S. Réduction Company,a subsidiary of American Can Company,and a director of American Can Company.Bergman, 63, has served on theBoard since 1976. In succeeding RobertW. Reneker, who died in April, he be-comes the tenth chairman since the University was founded in 1892.The Board also elected two vice-chairmen. They are Weston R. Christo-pherson, chairman and chief executiveofficer of Jewel Companies, Inc., andKingman Douglass Jr., président ofKingman Douglass, Inc.B. Kenneth West, MBA'60, président and director of Harris Bankcorp andHarris Trust and Savings Bank, waselected to the Board."The University has been an important part of my life and the lives of myentire family," Bergman said. "Thetrusteeship carries the verv spécial re- sponsibility of helping to préserve andenhance the qualifies that hâve made thisinstitution one of the foremost in theworld."The chairman has always sought tolead the board in its many endeavors,guided by the University's long historyof high scholastic achievement in an en-vironment of académie freedom. What-ever challenges the future holds must bemet to enable the University to maintainits standard of excellence."Bergman and his wife, the formerBetty Jane Lindenberger, AB'39, are résidents of Hyde Park. Their three childrenattended the University of Chicago lab-oratory schools.In 1967, through their generosity,the University established the BergmanGallery on campus to acquaint studentswith a wide range of visual arts. The gallery serves as the home of the Renaissance Society, which specializes in exhibitions of avant-garde art."The University has many rôles toplay in society," Bergman said. "Its contribution to research and teaching is mostimportant, but it is also a significantcultural and intellecrual resource for thecity. "It must remain strong to be a goodneighbor in its community and a goodcitizen in the civic life of Chicago. It hasalways played that rôle and it must continue todo so."Bergman is also a trustée and formerprésident of the Muséum of Contempo-rary Art and a trustée of the Art Instituteof Chicago and the Whitney Muséum inNew York. He is former director of theChicago Horticultural Society, MichaelReese Médical Center and Hospital,Chicago Sinai Congrégation, and He-brew Union Collège in Cincinnati, andhe serves on the board of PittwayCorporation.Christopherson was elected to theBoard in 1974 and serves on its commit-tees for development planning andnominations. He is chairman of the Re-newal Campaign to raise funds for themodernization program of The University of Chicago Médical Center.Douglass, a Board member since1970, is vice-chairman of its investmentcommittee, chairman of its nominationscommittee, and a member and formerchairman of its budget planning committee.West is national chairman of theUniversity's President's Fund for donorsof $1,000 or more in unresrricted fundsand a member of the Board of Govemorsof International House, a résidencecenter on campus for 500 foreign andAmerican gradua te students."I am delighted with the board's action," said Hanna H. Gray, président ofthe University. "Ed Bergman is an out-standing alumnus who has given gener-ous help to me and to the University."He and his wife hâve always takenseriously the rôle of good citizens in thecommunity, providing leadership to ourinstitutions, to the arts, and to manvother endeavors that improve the qualityof life in our citv."I look forward to Ed's leadershipand to working closely with Wes Christopherson and Kingman Douglass. TheUniversity is fortunate indeed."Gray also noted the service ofRobert S. Ingersoll, who has served asDeputy Chairman of the Board since1976."Bob Ingersoll made an outstandingcontribution to our University," sheUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981said. "He shared with Bob Reneker themost difficult tasks and has been ofsuperb help since Mr. Reneker's un-timely death. AU of us owe him a debt ofgratitude and will, of course, continue todépend on him in the years ahead."HADEN VICE-PRESIDENTFOR DEVELOPMENTWilliam R. Haden has been ap-pointed vice-président for Developmentat the University.Haden, 39, had been the University's director of development since 1979.His promotion was announced byHanna H. Gray, président of the University."Bill Haden has demonstrated astrong record of achievement on behalfof the University, and I look forward tothe continued success of our importantfund-raising activities under his leadership," Mrs. Gray said. "I am delighted toannounce this appointaient."Before joining the University, Haden had served nine years as director ofthe médical center development program and associate director of universitydevelopment at the University of Ro-chester, Rochester, New York.Haden is a native of Morgantown,West Virginia, and received his B.A.from West Virginia University in 1964.He received his M. A. in public administration from George Washington University in 1965.He and his wife, Elizabeth, live inHyde Park.KUDOSRobert S. Hamada, professor of finance and director of the Center for Research in Security Prices in the GraduateSchool of Business, has been named thewinner of the $10,000 McKinsey Awardfor Excellence in Teaching.The award, sponsored by McKinsey& Company in Chicago, is given everytwo years by the Graduate School ofBusiness.Hamada is an authority on financingrisks for small businesses and govem-ment and nonprofit organiza fions. Heteaches courses on corporate finance,portfolio and security analysis, public finance, and small business problems.Paul E. Peterson, AM'64, PhD'67, William Hadenprofessor in the Departments of PoliticalScience and Education and the Collège,has been appointed chairman of theCommittee on Public Policy Studies atthe University. Peterson succeeds RobertZ. Aliber, a professor in the GraduateSchool of Business.Peterson, an authority on urban issues and politics, is the author of SchoolPolitics Chicago Style (1976) and City Limits(1980), both published by The Universityof Chicago Press.Edward Peter Gilbert, AM'79, a student in the Law School, has been nameda Luce Scholar by the Henry Luce Foundation. Gilbert will spend one year in theFar East in a professional apprenticeshipprogram under the guidance of programofficiais and a leading Asian firm oragency. He is an associate of the University of Chicago Law Revieiv and hasworked for the law firms Cravath,Swaine & Moore in New York City andLevy & Evans in Chicago.James E. Bowman, X'64, has beenselected as a Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences,Stanford, California, from September1981 to September 1982. Bowman is professor in the Departments of Pathologyand Medicine and the Committee onGenetics, and director of the Compre-hensive Sickle Cell Center at the University.Walter E. Massey, professor ofphysics at the University and director ofArgonne National Laboratory in Batavia,Illinois, has been awarded an honorarydoctor of science degree from LakeForest Collège, Lake Forest, Illinois. The National Academy of Sciences(NAS) elected three faculty members ofthe University to membership on April28 in Washington, D.C. They are:Robert Gomer, professor and director of the James Franck Institute andprofessor in the Department of Chem-istry and the Collège;Robert E. Lucas, Jr., AB'59, PhD'64,the John Dewey Distinguished ServiceProfessor and vice-chairman of the Department of Economies, and editor of theJournal of Political Economy; andPeter J. Wyllie, the Homer J . Living-§ ston Professor in Geophysical Sciencess and the Collège, chairman of the Départie ment of Geophysical Sciences, ands editor of the Journal of Geology. Wyllie,s who is a citizen of Great Britain, waselected a foreign associate of NAS.Five faculty members were electedfellows of the American Academy of Artsand Sciences May 16 at the 201st annualmeeting of the scholarly society inCambridge, Massachusetts. They are:Kenneth W. Dam, JD'57, the HaroldJ. and Marion F. Green Professor in theLaw School and provost of the University;Josef Fried, the Louis Block Professor in Chemistry and Biochemistry, theBen May Laboratory, and the Collège;Robert Gomer, professor and director of the James Franck Institute andprofessor in the Department of Chemistry and the Collège;Robert M. Grant, the Cari DarlingBuck Professor of Humanities andchairman of the Department of New Testament and Early Christian Literatureand professor in the Divinity School; andJoseph V. Smith, the Louis BlockProfessor in Geophysical Sciences andthe Collège.Three University faculty membersh,ave received Alfred P. Sloan ResearchFellowships of $20,000 each. They areamong eighty-nine young scientists andeconomists whom the Alfred P. SloanFoundation in New York has selected toreceive the two-year awards. The récipients are:Jonathan E. Ingersoll, Jr., associateprofessor in the Graduate School of Business, is developing a mathematicalmodel of factors that influence short- andlong-term interest rates.Peter W. Jones, assistant professorin the Department of Mathematics andthe Collège, will confer with colleaguesin Sweden, Paris, and Los Angeles onharmonie analysis, the study of cyclicallyvarying processes.Richard J. Miller, associate professor in the Department of Pharmacologi-cal and Physiological Sciences and theCommittee on Neurobiology, will continue his research on endorphins andother brain peptides and their biochemi-cal effects on the body.RUBENSTEIN HEADSMEDICINE DEPARTMENTDr. Arthur H. Rubenstein, one ofthe nation's leading diabetic researchersand clinicians, has been appointedchairman of the Department of Medicineat the University.Dr. Rubenstein joined the University's faculty in 1968. He was promoted toprofessor in the Department of Medicinein 1974 and became associate chairman ofthe départaient in 1975.He has concentrated on the clinicalaspects of diabètes and care of diabeticpatients, and his research activities hâvebeen devoted to elucidating the causesand prévention of diabètes.Dr. Rubenstein is director of theDiabètes Research and Training Centerat the Universitv, one of seven suchcenters nationally which are federallvfunded. The interdisciplinary centerbrings together scientists and physiciansin nine basic science and clinical departments at the University and MichaelReese Hospital and Médical Center,which is affiliated with the Universitv.One of Dr. Rubenstein's researchachievements was the development of atest for measuring proinsulin and C-peptide, bv-products of insulin sécrétion. The procédure, an immunoassav,made it possible for the first time to measure residual insulin-secreting abilitv indiabetics. Dr. Rubenstein's work devel-oped from the discoverv bv his colleagueDr. Donald F. Steiner, MD'56, MS'56, ofproinsulin, the narural precursor in thebiosvnthesis of insulin.Dr. Rubenstein's test for idenhfvingand measuring excessive proinsulin inthe bloodstream is now used by physicians to diagnose tumors in the pancréas.He has done research, in coopération with his colleague Howard S. Tager,on a rare genetic condition in which thepancréas produces an abnormal insulin.Analvsis of the insulin bv Tager, Dr.Rubenstein, and other collaborators has Dr. Arthur H. Rubensteinhelped identifv the portion that is essen-tial to insulin action in the body.His work includes important research on insulin infusion pumps, de-vices used bv diabetic patients to steadilyand precisely inject required amounts ofinsulin into the bloodstream.Dr. Rubenstein is the authorof morethan 200 scientific papers and has received, among others, the Eli Lilly A-ward of the American Diabètes Association, the Scientific Award of the JuvénileDiabètes Foundation, and the SchweppeFellowship Award. He also was namedan Established Investigator of the American Diabètes Association.He was educated in South Africa atthe Universitv of Witwatersrand andserved there and at Johannesburg General Hospital before becoming a researchassistant at the Postgraduate MédicalSchool of Hammersmith Hospital inLondon.UNIVERSITY ACQUIRESJOHN CRERAR LIBRARYThe John Crerar Library, containingone of the nation's leading collections ofscientific and technical information, willbe housed at the University by 1984.In May, the University concludednegotiations with the trustées of the JohnCrerar Library to bring its collection, cur-rently housed at the Illinois Institute ofTechnology, Chicago, to the Universitycampus.The 650,000 volume collection willbe merged with the science holdings already in the University's possession,bringing the total volume count up tomore than a million items.The merger also will lead to the construction of a new science library on campus, said Jonathan Fanton, vice-président for planning. The new building will occupy part of the quadranglebounded by 57th Street, 58th Street, Ellisand Drexel Avenues. The architecturalfirm of Hugh Srubbins and Associates ofCambridge, Massachusetts, has beenchosen to design the building.John Crerar was a railway indus-trialist and energetic philanthropist. In1894, when he willed $2.5 million for thecréation of a library in Chicago, only twoother libraries were open to the gêneraipublic; the Chicago Public Library, andthe Newberry Library on the near northside.At that time the Chicago PublicLibrary had developed a strong literaryand popular reading collection, while theNewberry had acquired an extensive collection of works in the social sciences andhumanities. Under the guidance of theCrerar trustées, the new library was developed into a remarkably fine reposit-ory for books and periodicals dealingwith science, medicine, and technology.Chemistry, medicine, biology,physics, engineering, the history of science — ail of thèse subject areas andothers were represented and graduallyaugmented during the library's eighty-year lifespan. Meanwhile the collectionwas moved to several Loop locations; in1962 it found a home at HT.One of Crerar's most outstandingfeatures is its rare book collection, whichwill be housed not in the science librarybut in Regenstein's Department of Spécial Collections. The 27,000 volumes ofthis collection include works by GalUeo,Einstein, and da Vinci, and also Audu-bon's oversized folio, Birds of America.The Audubon volume is significant notonly because it is a landmark in the fieldof ornithology and Audubon's majorwork, but because of its rarity. Only 200copies of the book were originally pro-duced between 1827 and 1838, and con-siderably fewer than that numbersurvive.Crerar's médical holdings comprisetwenty percent of the total collection,with substantial représentation in thefields of cardiology, oncology, andpediatrics. AU branches of physics,chemistry, biology, and engineering arealso represented, with additional holdings in applied subjects such as agri-cultural science and manufacturing.Crerar provides more than booksand journals to the public; a variety ofUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981spécial services are also offered.Cost of construction of the newlibrary is estimated at about $20 million;cost of moving and re-cataloguing atabout $2 million. But the monetary ad-vantages of the merger are also substan-tial, especially when the rising costs ofbooks and periodicals, and the costs ofmaintaining dual housing and staffs, istaken into account.Molly McQuade, Class ofl981DEGREES CONFERREDON 1,668 Chih-ch'ao Chao, associate professor of Far Eastern languages and civiliza-tions; Mark Inghram, PhD'47, the Samuel K. Allison Distinguished Service Professor of Physics; Sam Peltzman, PhD'65, professor in the Graduate School ofBusiness, and Ronald Thisted, the Léonard Jimmie Savage Assistant Professorof Statistics.The Quantrell awards were estab-lished in 1938 by the late Ernest E.Quantrell, X'05, a former trustée of theUniversity, to honor his parents, Johnand Harriet Manchester Quantrell. Theaward is the oldest prize in the U.S. forLaura Pleasants, AM'81, gets a congratulatoryhug on receiving her master's degree from theSchool of Social Service Administration .outstanding collège instruction.Three gradua fing seniors were selected by a faculty-student committee tospeak at the Collège convocation on June13. They were Thea Andrews, AB'81, ofChicago and Mark Turner, AB'81, ofMedford, Oregon, both political sciencemajors, and Lewis Segall, AB'81, ofWashington, DC, who majored in économies. HUMANITIES OPENHOUSE IN OCTOBERThe second annual HumanitiesOpen House at the Universitv will beheld on Saturday, October 17, from 10a. m. to 5 p. m. AU events are free, andhigh school and collège students, parents, teachers, alumni, and friends areinvited.The principal address, "An Argument Against Abolishing the Humanities," will be given by Edward W.Rosenheim, AB'39, AM'47, PhD'53,David B. and Clara E. Stem Professor ofEnglish, in the newly renovated MandelHall at 11 a. m.Innovations this year include aconcert-lecture in the Music Depart-ment's newly refurbished GoodspeedHall, and a chance to see Chekhov's TheSeagull in rehearsal in the University'snew théâtre. There will be a spécialshowing of Kandinsky watercolors at theSmart Gallery, and récent sculpture ofDan Graham on exhibit at the BergmanGallery.Tours of Midwav Studio, the Oriental Institute, and Regenstein Library willFour-hundred eighty-nine bacca-laureate degrees, 832 masters degrees,and 347 doctoral degrees, including 107in medicine and 159 in law, were a-warded at the University's Three hundred eighty-first Convocation on June12-13.University président Hanna H.Gray presided at the convocation, whichtook place in four sessions in RockefellerChapel.David Bevington, professor in theDepartment of English and the Collège,delivered the convocation address, en-titled "What Was William Shakespeare'sConvocation Like in 1586?"At the second of the four sessions,honorary doctorates were conferred onthree récipients. They are:Sir Rudolf E. Peierls, the WykehamProfessor (Emeritus) of Theoretical Physics at Oxford University, whose pioneer-ing studies in the field of quantummechanics were décisive in the development of the theory of the solid state ofmatter as well as the understanding of £the structure of the atomic nucleus. |Victor Brombert, the Henry Putnam *Professor of Romance Languages and àLiteratures and Comparative Literarure 5at Princeton University, who is consid- sered a world authority on French literarure of the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies.Robert W. Reneker, PhB'33, whowas a member of the University's boardof trustées since 1972 and its chairmansince 1976. Reneker died on April 27 (SeeDeaths, this issue). Reneker's wife,Betty, accepted the degree for her latehusband.In addition, four professors receivedthe University's Quantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Thefour are:29supplément the classroom discussions.Popular présentations repeatedfrom last vear will include, at RockefellerChapel, a lecture-démonstration bv Universitv organist Edward Mondello,AM'63, and a sing-a-long led bv RodneyWvnkoop, director of Chapel Music, andlecturer in the Department of Music.Joseph Williams, professor in the Departments of English and Linguistics andthe Peter B. Ritzma Professor in the Collège, director of the "Little RedSchoolhouse" project (see Kaléidoscope,The Magazine, Spring, 1981), will con-sider the formidable questions involvedin teaching (and learning) English composition.Faculity présentations reflecting thediversified humanistic studies carried onat the University will include: diction-aries; film; médiéval studies in the modem world; logic; humanities and science;Shakespeare; psychoanalysis and litera-rure; linguistics; humor and aesthetics;and rhetoric of the founding fathers.(For information write Humanities.Open House, Wieboldt 410, 1050 East59th Street, Chicago, IL., 60637; or call(312)753-2860.)CONFERENCE ON WOMENNearly 500 people filled the LawSchool auditorium on April 23 to hearTillie Olsen, author (Silences, Tell Me ARiddle), Frances "Cissy" Farenthold, alawyer, former Texas state legislator andformer président of Wells Collège in Au-rora, New York, and Mary Joe Neitz, asociologist at the University of Missouriat Columbia, discuss the problems of discrimination against women in academia.Janel Mueller, professor in the Department of English, the Collège, and theCommittee on General Studies in theHumanities, moderated the panel,which opened a two-day conférence on"Women in the Universitv" on campus.The conférence was sponsored bv theGraduate Committee on the Studv ofWomen (GCSW)Speaking for the group, GCSWmember Betsv Hirsch said at the conférence that though the University hasawarded degrees to women graduâtessince its founding in 1892, it shares withmanv other schools a "profound need forchange" in its attitude toward women.The GCSW, she said, has called forchanges in the following areas:• affirmative action in faculty hiring (only 10.9 percent of the University's faculty are women, Hirsch said);• introduction of the study of womenwithin the existing curriculum;• more interaction among women students, staff, and faculty;• day-care for children of Universityemployées, and more financial aid topart-time and returning students, mostof whom are women;• improvement of the University's re-lationship with the larger community,and support of research relevant towomen.On the second day of the confer-MaryKlemundt, AB'81ence, workshops were held on subjectsincluding job prospects for womengraduâtes, the problems of older and returning women students, union women,parenthood and its effect on an académiecareer, women in science, and affirmative action.BURTON-JUDSONFIFTIETH ANNIVERSARYAlumni of Burton-Judson Courtscan allow their nostalgia free reign, whenformer résidents of the dorms on theMidwav celebrate the fiftieth anniver-sarv of the halls' construction, theweekend of November 13-15.Three days of célébration will beginFriday night with a 1930s style supper.followed bv addresses by alumni speakers and a showing of Frank Capra'sclassic 1934 comedv It Happened OneNight. On Saturday night, guests willdance to the big band sound of a liveswing orchestra.Plans for Sunday include a showingof films tracing the growth of the University, a sherry hour, and an exhibit ofBurton-Judson memorabilia.AU former résidents of Burton-Judson Courts are urged to attend; forinformation call the résident master's office, (312) 753-3037.ATHLETES HONOREDAT TWO BANQUETSMen and women athlètes were honored in May at the annual Order of the"C" and Women's Athletic Association(WAA) banquets.Women who received awards forbest performances in varsity sports were:Mary Klemundt, AB'81, basketball,volleyball, softball: the Gerrrude DudleyMedal for the most outstanding womanathlète; Most Valuable Player Award forsoftball; Blanket Award. (BlanketAwards are presented to senior athlèteswho hâve competed in varsity athleticsduring ail their years of eligibility andhâve earned three major "C"s in at leastone sport.)Emily Bloomfield, '82, field hockey:Most Valuable Player Award, fieldhockey.Lisa Doane, AB'81, swimming andtennis: Most Valuable Player Award,tennis; blanket award.Martha Kinney, '84, swimming:Most Valuable Player Award, swimming.Carole Petersen, AB'81, track andfield: Most Valuable Player Award, trackand field.Nadja Shmavonian, AB'81, basketball, volleyball, tennis: Most ValuablePlayer Award, basketball; blanketaward.JanetTorrey, AB'81, basketball, volleyball, softball: Most Valuable PlayerAward, volleyball; blanket award.Kim Hammond, AB'81, basketballand softball: blanket award.Annamaria Molinaro, AB'81, softball: blanket award.Christie Nordhielm, AB'81, basketball and softball: blanket award.Cynthia Sanborn, AB'81 track andfield: blanket award.Men who received awards were:Byron Trott, AB'81: the AmosAlonzo Stagg Medal as senior athlètewith the best all-around record for ath-30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZI\E/Fall 1981letics, scholarship, and character, andthe J. Kyle Anderson Award for out-standing senior baseball player.Mike Axinn, '82: the William B.Bond Medal as varsity track athlète scor-ing gréa test number of points during theseason for the second consécutive year.Peter Leinroth, AB'81: the JosephM. Stampf Award for the varsity basketball player who strives for excellenceas a man and basketball player.Clark Gillespie, '83: the WrH->elTrophy for the varsity wrestler sconngthe most points during the season.Former Football star Jay Berwanger,AB'36, received the John T. WilsonAward for his outstanding service to theUniversity.A spécial C blanket award was pre-sented to Harold R. ("Jeff") Metcalf,former assistant dean of students anddirector of athletics, making him an hon-orary member of the Order of the "C."The Order of the "C" was estab-lished at the University in 1906 by AmosAlonzo Stagg and was the nation's firstlettermen's organization.Blanket Awards were presented toeligible men athlètes at the annualIntrafraternity Sing.QUEST FORCOMMON LEARNINGToday's collège students are self-preoccupied, isolated from social con-cems, and more committed to theirpersonal futures than to the one we facetogether.That's one of the conclusions of areport by the Carnegie Foundation forthe Advancement of Teaching, releasedat a Colloquim on Common Learningheld at the University in April. The re-medy proposed by the report is a revivalof gênerai éducation, or the "corecurriculum."General éducation "is rooted in thebelief that individualism while essential,is not sufficient," the report said. "AUstudents should corne to understand thatthey share with others the use of sym-bols, membership in groups and institutions, the activities of production andconsumption, a relationship with nature, a sensé of time [history], and com-monly held values and beliefs."Delivering the keynote address atthe colloquium, which was attended bymore than 200 educators and foundation Byron Trott, AB'81executives, was Ernest L. Boyer, président of the Carnegie Foundation, andformer U.S. Commissioner of Education, co-author of the report.Though more schools are revivinggênerai éducation courses, he said, theyare often nothing more than Ph.D. dissertations rehashed by their junior faculty authors or traditional pedestriansubjects given lofty catalog descriptionsand offered as part of an académiesmorgasbord"Collèges must be more willing tobring in broadly-educated people whomay hâve nontraditional credentials andwho think in new, créative ways. Whencollèges promote, grant tenure, allocateraises, or décide about access to travelmoney, the 'plus factor' for interest andcompétence in gênerai éducation has toshow."Speaking on the thème of commonlearning at the two-day colloquium wereWayne C. Booth, AM'47, PhD'50,George M. Pullman DistinguishedService Professor in the Department ofEnglish, the Committee on the Analysisof Ideas and Methods, and the Collège(symbols and language); Arthur Levine,Senior Fellow, the Carnegie Foundation,and co-author of the report (prospectsfor gênerai éducation); Gregorv R. An-rig, Commissioner of Education, theCommonwealth of Massachusetts (prospects for gênerai éducation); LewisThomas, M.D., chancellor, MémorialSloan Kettering Cancer Research Center(the natural world); Rosabeth Kanter,professor of sociology, Yale University(contemporary organizations); FrederickRudolph, Mark Hopkins Professor ofHistory, Williams Collège, Williams-town, MA (héritage and traditions); andFred Hechinger, président, the NewYork Times Companv Foundation (the high school connection).A highlight of the gathering was acandlelight dinner held in HutchinsonCommons. Boyer proposed a toast to theUniversity, which, he had said earlier,has been "a steady beacon in its commit-ment to gênerai éducation," and waschosen as the site of the colloquium bythe Carnegie Foundation because it "sopersistently has recognized the need forgênerai éducation."KANDLNSKY W ATERCOLORSAT SMART GALLERYKandinsky Watercolors: A Sélectionfrom the Solomon R. Guggenheun Muséumand The Hilla Von Rebay Foundation will beon view at the David and Alfred SmartGallery at the Universitv from October 14to November 29. The public is invited toan opening réception at the gallery, at5550 South Greenwood Avenue, onWednesday, October 13, from 5-7 p. m.The exhibition consists of fifty majorworks by Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944),painted between 1911 and 1940. Manv ofthem hâve never been exhibited publiclyor hâve not been shown in many years.The Gallery is open Tuesdaythrough Saturday from 10 a. m. to4p.m.,and Sunday noon to 4 p. m. Admission isfree. For more information, call (312) 753-2123.NOT SO SMARTAs many of our readers were quickto point out, last issue's article on theUniversity of Chicago's Collège Bowlteam, "So You Think You're Smart?"contained an error. To the question,"Who is the only father-and-son team towin the Nobel Prize?" we provided theanswer "Niels and Aage Bohr." In thefirst place, the Bohrs were not the onlypair of father and son to win NobelPrizes; there are at least four such pairs,plus the mother-daughter pair of MarieCurie and Irène Curie-Joliot. In thesecond place, the Bohrs cannot, strictlyspeaking, be called a team. That distinction belongs to William H. and WilliamL. Bragg, who won the Physics prize in1915 for work they did together, the onlysuch pair to do so. Team captain LorinBurte, regarding the misstated question,replies: "The readers of the University ofChicago Magazine would make excellentCollège Bowl players . " SKEUNION'81mz\(Top, left), Ethel Vme Bishop, PhB'18, greets Ann RobinsonGearen, AM'71, PhD'80: John Gearen; and rwo-month-oldSarah Gearen. (Above, l. tor.), CherylWatkins;ClydeWatkins,Ab'67; Peter Kountz, AM'69, PhD'76. (Right), Ahtmnus with"designer" frisbee. (Top, center, opposite page) , Julian Jackson,PhB'31; Betty Herhhy, SB'31. (Second from top), MkhaelKrauss, AB'75, MBA'76; his unfe, CarolSulkes. (Third fromtop), Maureen Kelly, MBA'76; John Marenghi, MBA'76;(Bottom) More revellers at dmner. (Top, right) Wayne Booth,AM'47, PhD'50, Pullman Distmguished Service Professorof English, playm g frisbee; (Bottom, right), Carnival onthe Quads. Ail photos by Miclmel P. WeinsteinALUMNI SCHOOLS COMMITTEELast vear, more than 1,200 prospective students learned about theUniversity personally bv meetingwith members of the Alumni SchoolsCommittee (ASC). That was double thenumber who had gone through the sameprocess the previous year.Interviews with prospective students are among the chores performedby members of the Alumni SchoolsCommittee, around the country.On May 14-15 members of theAlumni Schools Committee Board heldtheir second annual meeting on campus.The ASC Board, chaired by EdwardL. Anderson, Jr., PhB'46, SM'49, ofPrinceton, New Jersey, was created in1980 by the executive committee of theNational Alumni Cabinet to oversee andexpand alumni involvement in studentJudith Cohen Ullman Siggms, AB'66, AM'66,PhD'76; Charles D. O'Connell, AM'47, vice-president and Dean of Students.recruitment for the Collège.In less than two years, the ASCBoard has been phenomenally success-ful. Membership in ASC has climbed to1,400 this year, and is expected to in-crease even more in the coming year.ASC committees now exist in forty-onerégions around the country. up fromthirty-three a year ago.This year, workshops on student recruitment, admission policies andtrends, and the Collège curriculum wereheld concurrently with the board meeting, for committee chairmen and représentatives from twenty-two states. Thegathering also was viewed, said ASC director Bob Bail, X'71, as an opportunityfor committee members to renew andstrengthen their ries to the University they represent.ASC members are often the first tomake contact with a prospective student,telephoning those who hâve made in-quiries to the University or who hâvebeen identified as good prospects byalumni themselves. Later, ASC members interview and counsel prospectivestudents who hâve filed Part I of the 2-part application to the Collège. They alsohelp to arrange and conduct informationsessions in the prospective student's région at which faculty, admissions représentatives, current students, andalumni gather informally to talk toprospective students and their parents.But their job does not end there. After a student has been accepted, ASCmembers make follow-up calls to provide more, information, answer questions, and encourage the student to attend the University."It is very likely that the alumni hâvethe greatest contact with prospective students," said Dan Hall, dean of CollègeAdmissions and Aid, in a message toalumni. "Their rôle is crucial to an effective admissions program. In a very realway the alumni can personalize the Collège to the student and family more ef-fectively than any admissions office."One of the most important topics atthis year's board meeting and workshops was the outlook for financial aid inthe next décade. Hall discussed the possible effects of proposed cuts and curtail-ments in federally insured loan programs, and stressed the importance ofthe concept of partnership between parents and the University in providing thenecessary means for students to attendthe Collège.The board and workshop meetings were not ail work and no play. Dividingthe two-day session was a cocktail partyand dinner in Burton-Judson Lounge. Atthe end of the meetings on Friday, manyboard and committee members re-mained on campus to enjoy ReunionWeekend.Members of the ASC Board attend-ing the meeting were: Edward L.Anderson, Jr., PhB'46, SM'49, chairman,Princeton, New Jersey; Thelma YutanGruenbaum, AB'52, AM'56, Brookline,Massachusetts; Adine L. Simmons,AB'69, M'73, Chicago, Illinois; NedaLoseff Michels, PhB'47, MBA'49, Ja-maica, New York; William Wootten,AB'50, Tempe, Arizona; Miriam CattrallHancock, AB'77, Oakland, Califomia;Gail Pollack Fels, JD'65, Coral Gables,Florida; Charles D. Andersen, PhB'34,AM'35, Bethesda, Maryland; JudyCohen Ullman Siggins, AB'66, AM'68,PhD'76, Washington, DC; Irène ConleyChang, AB'45, Hastings-on-Hudson,New York; Henry Ploegstra, AM'62,PhD'66, Zeeland, Michigan.Committee chairmen and représentatives participating in ASC workshops were: Bervl Liska Drobeck, SB'44,Rensselaer, New York; Susan WatkinsParker, AB'65, Atlanta, Georgia; RichardL. Prairie, AB'56, SB'57, PhD'61, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mary Ann Lynch, AB'74,AM'76, Dallas, Texas; Bonnie Schechter,AB'78, Denver, Colorado; ColleenHudgens Jenkins, AB'72, MST'73,Southfield, Michigan; F. Carlene BryantDavitan, AB'67, East Setauket, NewYork; Irving Levine, MBA'51, Spring-field, Virginia; Mary Anne Platt Rushlau,AB'57, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania;Samuel C. Pearson, Jr., DB'53, AM'60,PhD'64, St. Louis, Missouri; DanielSaltz, AB'53, SB'54, San Diego, Califomia; Robert Beaty, AB'67, Olvmpia,Washington; Richard E. Wendt, III,AB'76, MBA'77, Houston, Texas; MarionTrozzolo, PhB'47, MBA'50, Kansas City,Missouri; Frank Gruber, AB'74, LosAngeles, California; Janet HallidayErvin, PhB'46, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin;Michael Montermarano, AB'79, Nash-ville, Tennessee; Larry Holland, AB'79,New Orléans, Louisiana; Mary JaneLange-Luttic Blount, AM'55, Madison,New Jersey; Robert Kiesling, AB'70,Helena, Montana. r§y UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO M AG AZINE/Fall 1981THE PRESIDENTS PAGEBy Beverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69 Président, The Alumni AssociationBeverly J. Splane, président of the Alumni Association, congratulâtes awardee Joyce Dannen Miller.This message will mark a changefrom my usual harangues and exhortations. We hâve a successstory which I am going to tell you about.For the last several years, the annualalumni reunion of the University ofChicago has been exactly as well at-tended as you would expect it to be,which is to say, not very well attended atail.There are three main reasons forthis. One is structural: neither under-graduates nor graduate students movethrough their university expérience in acompact well-organized body in lockstep. Rather the opposite, in fact. Another reason is philosophical: the University is only minimally in loco parentis.This means, of course, that the University was not a carefree womblike en-vironment for most of us, and we feel nodésire to return in order to recreateminiature world free of responsibilitiesA final reason is cosmic: We hâve nworld-class football team playing a traditional rival at the traditional homecoming game following the traditional bonfire.The situation has been such, in fact,that the 1981 reunion was being considered by the alumni leadership and theuniversity administration alike as probably the last one of our rimes. The a-mount of money spent and staff timeconsumed could no longer be justified bythe number of alumni attending or by thepositive expériences of those alumniwho did attend.Into this situation, fraught with ten sion, as you can clearly see, came a smallband of dedicated people who believedthat the University should provide a set-ting, at least once a year, in which alumnicould corne and reaffirm the values thatthey associate with the University ofChicago.The initial band was small: MichaelKrauss, AB'75, MBA'76; Clyde Watkins,AB'67, and Peter Kountz, AM'69,PhD'76, executive director, Office ofAlumni Affairs. They came together lastNovember to begin a séries of planningand organiza tional sessions whichwould occupy every Sarurday morningfor the next six montas. They immediately co-opted Pat Schulman, Chicagoarea program director for Alumni Affairs, to dévote most of her waking life tothe project. Soon three more regularsjoined the group: Pat Rosensweig,AB'61, Erica Pereman, AB'80, and RuthHalloran, associate director, AlumniAffairs.First they established the philoso-phy . For years the University had tried tocreate for its alumni a one-day expérience which would recreate in miniaturethe essence of the "University of Chicagoexpérience." This tended to mean, ofcourse, a Great Books class, or something similar. This seemed logical, butthe expérience of the past several yearsled our intrepid band to the conclusionthat éducation wasn't drawing."If not éducation, what?" came thequestion. And hard on its heels came the answer, "A party."I can feel your response. "What!",you are saying, "The last bastion of intel-lectualism in the western world can onlyattract its alumni to a reunion by throw-ing a party? Nonsense!"And yet throwing a party was justwhat we did, and do you know, itworked.The philosophy led to the events.For instance, one requirement of a partyis enough people so they can rub off eachother and see a lot of other faces. For thatreason, the traditional séries of Sarurdaynight dinners, each honoring a différentclass year, was Consolidated into a singlelarge dinner, with everyone represented.Alumni celebrating their fiftieth reunionwere the evening's guests of honor.Another resuit of the philosophy ledto the création of the Carnival on theQuads, where each alum could entertainhimself and his family in the way thatthey most enjoyed. The quadrangleswere liberally sprinkled with booths, bal-loons, bands, stalls, popcom vendorsand clowns. The alumni responded bymilling around eating, laughing, dancing and whatever for the whole glorioussunny afternoon.The most traditional item of thisyear' s reunion was the annual awardsThe Reunion '81 Committee, (back row, l. to r.),Peter Kountz, Michael Krauss, Clyde Watkins.(Front row, l. to r.), Pat Schulman, Ruth Halloran, Erica Peresman, Pat Rosensweig.luncheon, at which the Alumni Association made its awards. The awardees andtheir families were gracious in their ac-ceptance of the awards and seemed bothsensible of the honor and pleased withthe e\ ent.And finallv, through the enthusiasm,good organization and sheer perserver-ance of our intrepid little band, manvother departments and groups withinthe Universitv timed their events tocoincide with the Universitv reunion.There was a well-attended, althoughtvpicallv chilh', Inter-Fraternitv Sing,held this vear in a beau ti fui setting inHitchcock Court, just vvest of Hutchin-son Court. The U of C Jazz Band pro-vided great dancing and listening musicat the Quadrangle Club after the dinner.As is customarv with L' of C events,dress ranged ail the wav from (neat)jeans to one handsome couple in black Hewho danced the whole night through.The Graduate School of Businessbrought in the case of the GSB Follics andrevised its script to include allusions toevents of earlier vears, with the wholething performed to music bv RobertAshenhurst, professor in the GraduateSchool of Business and the Division ofPhvsical Sciences. The highlight of theUniversitv's social vear, if that's notoverstating the situation too much, theannual Spring Formai, was also held tocoincide with the reunion. The TommvDorsev band plaved in the gvm of IdaN'oves. Bill Florv, AB'48, vice-présidentof the Alumni Association ExecutiveCommitte, served as alumni chairman,tickets were sold out well before theevent, and nobodv wanted to stopdancing.As vou can plainlv see, the quad-rangles were alive with the sound ofmusic, and also with the sight of alums —singlv, in small groups and in smallcrowds — moving around, enjoving theevents and enjoving being there. And,not least, enjoving the food, with cater-ing speciallv provided bv George JewellInc., through the good offices of MaxSchiff, AB'36, vice-président, AlumniAssociation Executive Committee,You should ail plan to corne nextvear. It actuallv does one good to see theUniversitv again and to see and talk toUniversitv of Chicago people of ail âges.Thanks to ail who made this such asuccess, especiallv to those namedherein. 8 Amtn Johnson Mackeu. AM'4lloi/ce Daunen Miller. AB'49 ALUMNIASSOCIATIONAWARDS PRESENTEDAT ANNUALLUNCHEONAs part of Reunion '81, 180 peoplegathered for the annual AlumniAssociation Awards Luncheonon Mav 16, in Hutchinson Commons.Beverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69,président of the Alumni Association,presided, assisted by Peter J. Kountz,AM'69, PhD'76, executive director ofUniversitv Alumni Affairs.Hanna H. Grav, président of theUniversity, welcomed alumni andguests.Beneath portraits of former présidents of the University, guests dined,and then sat back to enjov the cérémonies. Among the guests were friendsand familv of the awardees.Ten graduating seniors were namedfor Howell Murrav Awards, including:Brian L. David, Jeffrev J. Elton, NicholasR. Filippo, JenniferE. Gurahian, Mary E.Klemundt, Noreen M. Marriott, Greg A.Sachs, Rachel S. Schachter, Byron D.Trott, and Mark E. Wheeler.The following alumni awards weremade at the luncheon:THE ALUMNI MEDALThe Alumni Medal is awarded for extra-ordinary distinction in one's field of spécial! -zation and extraordinary seivice to socieh/.Susan Sontag, AB'51, novelist, es-sayist, and cri tic, was awarded theAlumni Medal for her signal contributions to European and American intel-lectual thought. Her collection of criticalessays, Against Interprétation, was nom-inated for a National Book Award in1966, and was called bv Hilton Kramer inthe Nezu York Tunes "...one of the mostwidely read and influential works of criti-cism in the 1960s." On Plwtography, acollection of essays exploring the meansby which photography has transformedideas of art, won the 1977 National BookCritics Circle Award for criticism. Sontagalso wrote and directed three films and,in 1979 in Italy, directed a production ofPirandello's play "As You Désire Me."Eisa Richmond, PhB'32 L\l\ I ksi I Y Ol CHIC ACO \l \c, \Z.I\I LUI |ms ITHE PUBLICSERVICECITATIONSThe Alumni Citations for Public Servicehonor those who hâve fulfilled the obligationsof their éducation through créative citizen-ship and exemplary leadership in voluntaryservice which has benefitted society and re-flected crédit upon the University.Artita Johnson Mackey, AM'41, washonored for forty years in social service,as a professional social worker and as avolunteer. The first black to be hired bythe Vétérans Administration in ChicagoMackey later worked for that agency inLos Angeles, and Santa Barbara, Cali-fornia where she continually slicedthrough red tape to increase services andparticipation for her clients. Though re-tired, Mackey is currently advisor to theCenter for Black Studies at the Universityof Southern Califomia, Santa Barbara,spokesman for the Santa Barbara BlackAction Committee, advisor and représentative to the county Mental HealthDepartment, and a member of the boardsof numerous organiza rions.Joyce Dannen Miller, AB'49,AM'51, is considered by many to be "theoutstanding woman leader in the tradeunion movement of the 1980s." This distinction has recently been substantiatedwith her élection to the ExecutiveCouncil of the AFL-CIO, creating laborhistory as the first woman to become partof the thirty-five member council. Millerfeels that unions are the most effectivemechanism for social change. As directorof éducation and social services for theAmalgamated Clothing Workers Un-ion's joint board in Chicago, Miller wasinstrumental in the development of achild care center, one of the best in thecountry. She is a vice-président ofACTWU, created when the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of Americamerged with the Textile Workers ofAmerica. She was one of nine womenwho founded the Coalition of Labor Union Women, a recognized and respectedorganization with over 12,000 members.She has been président of the Coalitionsince 1977. The Coalition plays a criticalrôle in consciousness raising of womenentering the labor force, seeking in-creased participation of women in unions and the political arena.Her citation reads: "Throughout her Mhmm)Helen Rosenberg Weigle, AB'35 career, Joyce Miller has been involved in theinauguration of programs to hnprove the livesof ail people, giving freely of her time inservice to the community and its consti-tuents."Helen Rosenberg Weigle, AB'35,chairman of the Illinois Commission onChildren and of the Govemor's TaskForce on Service to Troubled Adolescents, was honored for her advocacv ofchildren's rights, particularly the rightsof emotionally disturbed youth. Weiglebegan championing children's rights inthe earlv 1960s, when, as a member ofthe board of directors of the League ofWomen Voters of Illinois, she headed astudy of légal, protective, and financialservices for children which is still used asa basis for upgrading state programs.(Not pictured:)Jean Friedberg Block, AM'63, pres-ervationist and architectural historian, isthe author of Hyde Park Houses, one of themost successful books on Chicago history to be published by The University ofChicago Press.She was the motivating force in thefounding of the Hyde Park HistoricalSociety, serving as officer and président,writing programs, gathering documents,planning exhibits, and securing neededfunds. Her citation reads: "Jean Block liasimparted a sensé ofmeaning to this commun-ih/ and has shoion others how to enjoy, préserve, and better appreciate their surround-mgs."THE PROFESSIONALACHIEVEMENT *AWARDSThe Professional Achievement Awardsrecognize those alumni zoliose attainments mtheir vocational fields hâve brought distinction to themselves, crédit to the Universiti/,and real benefit to their fellow citizens.Allan Frumkin, PhB'45, has been amajor influence on the appréciation ofcontemporarv art in Chicago, where heestablished the Allan Frumkin Gallerv inthe early 1950s. Frumkin introduced toChicago the works of important livingpost-war artists from Europe and NewYork, including works by Surrealists,German Expressionists, and AbstractExpressionists, and was the first to showChicago's emerging artists. His citationreads: "Allan Frumkin' s most valuable contribution... lias been lus support and encouragement to artists who have not yet reachedAllan Frumkin, PhB'45niatunti/ in their sti/lcs...inany artists hâvebeen brought into prominence through AllanFrumkin's foresight. "Katherine A. Kendall, PhD'50, washonored for her contributions during thelast thirrv vears to social work éducation,methodologv, and human rights. As affairs officer for the United Nations secrétariat, Kendall directed an international survev of training for social work,published in 1950 as First InternationalSurvey of Social Work. Under her guid-ance, the American Association ofSchools of Social Work evolved into thecouncil on Social Work Education, andKendall became the full time secretary-general of the International Associationof Schools of Social Work. Through theadvancement of social work éducation,vvorkshops and seminars, IASSA has ex-tended communication beyond nationalboundaries, facilitating the dissémination and interchange of techniques andideas. As administrator, scholar, author,and teacher, Kendall has fostered thegrowth and development of social workéducation, expressing her humanitari-anism in a constant pursuit of excellencein the treatment of the disadvantaged.Eisa Richmond, PhB'32, founderand director of the Reading Institute inChicago, was honored for her forty-twoyears of service helping children andadults to improve their reading skills.Founded in 1939 on the principle thatgood reading means accurate compréhension, not speed, the Institute is one ofthe most successful developmental reading programs in the country. Her citationreads: "Eisa Richmond is an exceptionalteacher... she provides an example of excellence, inspiring the désire to learn in herstudents."(Not pictured:)Cari Sagan, AB'54, SB'55, SM'56,PhD'60, David Duncan Professor of As-tronomy and Space Sciences at ComellUniversitv, Ithaca, New York, was citedfor his scientific work, and for his effortsat publieizing science for a lay audience,thus gênera ting public support for scientific research.His citation reads, in part: "...hasbe-come one of the most widely influential scien-tists of this centun/, stimulating and engag-ing the minds of the gênerai public in spéculation about their origins and their universe.He lias generated support and interest m thestudy of the universe, invaluable in promot-ing the cause of scientific research." Sagan is Charles W. Boand, LLB'33, MBA'57the author of The Cosmic Connection,which won the 1974 Campbell MémorialAward for the best science book of theyear; The Dragons ofEden, which won the1978 Pulitzer Prize for gênerai nonfiction;and Cosmos, among other books. He waschief writer-narrator-host on the thir-teen-part public télévision séries "Cosmos," the most widely watched séries inthe history of public télévision.Robert Chanock, SB'45, MD'47,professor of child health and human development at George Washington University School of Medicine, was cited forhis research leading to breakthroughs inunderstanding of acute respiratory dis-eases. One of the world's leading médical virologists, Dr. Chanock was the firstperson to isolate several viruses re-sponsible for the majority of seriouslower respiratory diseases in infants, andthe first to classify "Eaton Agent" as amajor cause of pneumonia in childrenand young adults.Edwin H. Lennette, AB'31, PhD'35,MD'36, consultant to the Viral andRickettsial Disease Laboratory of theCalifornia Department of Health Services and its retired chief, was honored forhis leadership in diagnostic, epidemio-logical and methodological viral research. Under his direction, the Berkeley, California Public Health Laboratories hâve corne to be considered a modelfor the country. Lennette's research hasled to the development of viral vaccinesto prevent poliomyelitis and rubella. Claire C. Patterson, PhD'51, research geochemist at the California Institute of Technology, is an eminent en-vironmental scientist whose studies onthe problem of lead in the natural envi-ronment and its conséquences for life onearth were largely responsible for thegovernmental requirement for lead-freegasoline. Patterson was the first personto accurately measure the abundance oflead isotopes produced by the radioactive decay of uranium, and, by studyinglead from météorites, to détermine theâge of the earth as approximately 4.5 billion years, amending the previously ac-cepted âge of 3.3 billion years.Rochus Vogt, SM'57, PhD'60,chairman of the Division of Physics,Mathematics, and Astronomy at theCalifornia Institute of Technology inPasadena was honored for his many ac-complishments in expérimental astro-physics. In 1960, at the University ofChicago, Vogt discovered primary cosmic ray électrons, and soon after, was thefirst to measure with accuracy the energyspectra of électrons and their anti-par-ticles, positrons. Vogt established a newprogram in cosmic ray astrophysics atCal Tech, where he supplied spécialmeasuring instruments for the two Voyager spacecraft.THE DISTINGUISHEDSERVICE AWARDThe Distinguished Sennce Azuard rec-ognizes those alumni whose extraordinanj record of alumni activih/ and service to TheUniversity of Chicago Alumni Associationlias brought distinction to themselves, créditto the University, and benefit to their fellowalumni.Charles W. Boand, LLB'33, MBA'57, partner and chairman of the executive committee of the Chicago law iirm ofWilson & Mcllvaine, has served the University in numerous rôles since 1961.Président of the Alumni Associationfrom 1975-80, Boand served longer thanany predecessor in the eighty-eight-yearhistory of the association. His citationreads: "The depth, vigor and qualih/ of hiscommitment and leadership and his signifi-cant contributions during his tenure in officewon the respect and admiration of the entirealumni body. We acknowledge with prideCharles W. Boand's contributions, whichhâve been an exemplar ofprincipled and con-structive involvement." SUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981CLASS NEWS1/1 A. N. Pritzker, PhB'16, vice-chair1U man of the board of the Hyatt Corp.in Chicago, has been elected a trustée of Get-tysburg Collège, Gettysburg, PA.O C Robert S. Campbell, SB'25, SM'29,ti—^J PhD'32, received congratulationsfrom the président of the Society of AmericanForesters for fifty years of continuous mem-bership in the societv.^J O Allan M. Wolf, PhB'28, JD'30, andL—Çj his wife, Naomi, celebrated their fif-Heth wedding anniversary at a surprise partygiven bv their children and grandchildren onJune 14.O \ George S. Benson, AM'31, président;_/ J_ emeritus of Harding University,Searcy, AR, has been awarded an honoraryDoctor of Laws degree from Freed-HardemanCollège in Henderson, TN.Helen M. Cavanagh, AM'31, PhD'38,has been awarded an honorary doctoratefrom Illinois State University (ISU), Normal,IL. Cavanagh, a retired professor of history atISU, now lives in Battle Creek, MLMarcel J. E. Golay, PhD'31, senior scien-tist at the Perkin-Elmer Corp. in Norwalk,CT, has received the 1981 American ChemicalSociety Award in Chromatography.r\r) Corinne Fitzpatrick, PhB'32, has^_J j— been honored by the EpiscopalChurchwomen of Christ's Church in Green-wich, CT for her seventy-five years of volun-teer service both in the United States andoverseas.Charles Hoffman, PhD'32, who retiredin 1973 from teaching biology and mathemat-ics for thirty-eight years at Minot State Collège, Minot, SD, has received that school'shighest Alumni Award.^ Q George Curry, PhD'33, secretary of^_/^_/ the University of South Carolinaboard of trustées, university secretary, andexecutive assistant to the président, has re-signed in order to write and teach abroad. Hereceived the university's honorary degree ofDoctor of Humane Letters in May.Morrey Feldman, PhB'33, is a volunteeron the staff of the Music School of the University of California at San Diego.Hans Gutekunst, X'33, has been named aVolunteer of the Year at the Senior Citizens'Center of Oak Park and River Forest, OakPark, IL. Gutekunst is président of thecenter's outing club, and serves as its Germanteacher.Edward G. Rietz, SB'33, SM'35, PhD'38,professor of chemistry at the University ofIllinois at Chicago Circle, has received twoawards in récognition of his service as aneducator. Rietz received the DisringuishedService Award of the American ChemicalSociety, and the Award of Merit from theChicago Association of Technical Societies. Q A William Alvin Pitcher, SB'34, DB'39,\J^t PhD'55, minister of Christian community development at University Church inChicago, has been elected to the board of di-rectors of the Evangelical Hospital Association of Oak Brook, IL.Q C Alvin M. Weinberg, SB'35, DB'36,\D\J PhD'39, has received the U.S. Department of Energy's highest scientific prize,the Enrico Fermi Award for 1980. Weinberg,director of the Institute for Energy Analysis ofOak Ridge Associated Universities in Tennessee, was cited for "pioneering contributionsto reactor theory, design, and Systems," andfor his counsel to the executive and législativebranches of government. Weinberg receiveda gold medal, a presidential citation, and$25,000.O /l Frederick M Fowkes, SB'36, Phd'38,\*J\J professor and chairman of theDepartment of Chemistry at Lehigh Universitv in Bethlehem, PA, has retired as emeritus professor after thirteen years at thatinstitution.r\1~7 Harold Kaplan, AB'37, AM'38, pro-c_/ / fessor of English at NorthwesternUniversitv in Chicago, has been awarded aFulbright-Hays grant and a Rockefeller Fel-lowship to support research and teaching activées in 1981-82.Aubrey W. Naylor, SB'37, SM'38,PhD'40, has been awarded the DistinguishedService Award from the southern section ofthe American Societv of Plant Physiologistsfor his service and leadership. Naylor is DukeProfessor of Botanv at Duke Universitv inDurham, NC.Q O Sidney A. Burrell, AB'38, professorv_/0 of history at Boston University, hasreceived the Metcalf Cup and $2,500 Prize,the university's hightest award for teachingexcellence.Ed Myers, SB'38, has retired as a writerFAMILY ALBUM-'81Jeffrey Kirtner, AB'81; lus mother, Sophie L. Fox Kirtner, AM'55 (left); lus sister, Naomi Kirhter.for Modem Railroads magazine, after twentv-nine years of service.Q Q Charles Banfe, AB'39, is on the facul-v~/ ^s tv at Stanford Universitv teaching in-dustrial marketing and airline management inthe Graduate School.Sydney K. Edwards, MD'39, has joinedthe médical staff of the Hauch Médical Clinicand resumed practice at the dinic's l'amilvpractice office in La Verne, CA.ZJ_ll Lar|der Collège, Greenwood, SC,JLVy has awarded an honorarv degree ofDoctor of Humanities to Frances LanderSpain, AM'40, PhD'44. A leader in the field oflibrarv éducation in the U.S. as well as inThailand, Spain is the granddaughter ofSamuel Lander, founder of the collège./Il Théodore R. Sherrod, SM41, pro-_L -L fessor of pharmacologv in the Schoolof Basic Médical Sciences at the Universitv ofIllinois at the Médical Center, Chicago, hasbeen given the Edwin S. Hamilton TeachingAward bv the Interstate Postgraduate Médical Association of North America.A/J Raymond G. Murray, PhD'42, hasI / been named emeritus professor inthe Department of Anatomv at Indiana University, Bloomington.Ira R. Slagter, AB'42, formerlv a vice-président of TIME, Inc., has been appointedexecutive director of the Back of God Hour,the international broadcast voice of the Christian Reformed Church.43 Aaron Brown, PhD'43, emeritusprésident of Albanv State Collège, Albanv, GA, has been honored bv Georgiagovernor George Busbee and Atlanta mavorMavnard Jackson. Brown, a récipient of theUniversity's Alumni Award in 1963, was appointed honorarv Lieutenant Colonel in theGeorgia militia. In addition, Februarv 27,1981, was proclaimed "Dr. Aaron BrownDav" in Atlanta. Brown was recognized forhis lifelong eommitment to the improvementof national éducation.Robert G. Frazier, PhB'43, SB'45, MD'47,has been appointed senior associate dean foracadémie programs at the Lovola UniversitvStritch School of Medicine, Chicago.Président Reagan has named Deane R.Hinton, AB'43, United States Ambassador toEl Salvador.Beloit Collège, Beloit, WI, has awardedan honorarv Doctor of Laws degree to Andrew H. Whiteford, AM'43, PhD'51, emeritus professor of anthropologv at the collège,who taught there for twentv-nine vears.C. Robert Youngquist, X'43, executivedirector of Magee-Womens Hospital inPittshurgh, PA since 1962, has announcedthat he will retire from his position at the endof 1981.A A Riley D- Housewright, PhD'44, isTt^t the new executive director of theAmerican Societv for Microbiologv. Housewright is a senior staff officer at the NationalAcademy of Sciences in Washington, DC.Samuel C. Maragos, AB'44, has beennamed principal in the newly formed law firmof Chatz, Berman, Maragos, Haber & Fagel,headquartered in Chicago.A C Very Révérend Pius J. Barth, OFM,^S.\J PhD'45, has been awarded theDoctorate of Humane Letters (honoris causa)FAMILY ALBUM-'81David Alan Thum, PhD'81, (center), lusfather, Milton F. Thum lleft), lus wife, RuthDame Thum, and lus mother, Ruth Schmidt Thum, PhB'33. (Not pictured: cousin RichardThum, AB'63.) by the Catholic University ot Puerto Rico inRécognition of distinguished educationalservices rendered to the people of Puerto Ricoduring the past fifteen years.Albert Sjoerdsma, PhB'45, SB'46,PhD'48, of Cincinnati, OH, has received theOscar B. Hunter Mémorial Award in Ther-apeutics from the American Society for Clinical Pharmacologv and Therapeutics. Sjoerdsma is vice-président, pharmaceutical research and development, for Dow ChemicalCo.A iC\ Richard Cassell, AB'46, AM'47,TU PhD'59, has been named Edna R.Cooper Professor of English Literature atButler Universitv in Indianapolis, IN.AJ"/ Arthur D. Code, SM'47, PhD'50,^t / professor of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, has beenelected président of the American Astronomi-cal Societv.Willis J. Service, PhB'47, has beennamed senior vice-président of planning andtechnology for Jacobs Engineering Group,Inc., of Pasadena, CA.Eric J. Simon, SM'47, PhD'51, professorof psychiatrv and pharmaeology at the NewYork University School of Medicine in NewYork Citv, has received the New YorkAcademy of Sciences' Louis and BertFreedman Foundation Award for Research inBiochemistrv. Simon was recognized for hispioneering work in the field, which culmi-nated in the discovery of the opiate receptor, ahighly spécifie binding site located on thenerve cell membrane of certain brain régions.Wemer Zimmt, PhB'47, SB'47, SM'49,PhD'51, who works as a chemist for the Du-Pont Corp. in Philadelphia, PA, has receiveda master's degree in anthropologv from theUniversity of Pennsylvania.^O James H. Evans, JD'48, has been^tC_7 named a silver medal winner in Financial World magazine's Chief Executive Officer of the Year compétition. Evans, président of Union Pacific Corp., was one of tenofficers receiving the award.Don E. Fehrenbacher, AM'48, PhD'51,professor of history and American studies atStanford University, Stanford, CA, and two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize in history,has been awarded an honorarv Doctor ofHumane Letters degree from Lincoln Collège,Lincoln, IL.A Q Gabriel Rudney, AM'49, a U.S.J^ y Treasury officiai, has been appointeda Visiting Fellow for one vear at Yale University's Institute for Social and Policv Studies inNew Haven, CT.^(| "Taos Portraits," an exhibit of oil\J\J paintings by Alyce Kahn Frank,AB'50, was shown in Taos, NM, in March andApril1981.Melvin L. Perlman, AM'50, PhD'53, hasbeen appointed chief psychologist at the Illinois State Psychiatrie Institute in Chicago.CT Hugh Jones, AM'51, senior vice-\J -L président of the Worldwide marketing firm of Seligman & Latz, Inc., has beennamed consulting editor for the Scarsdale,NY Inquirer's new "Opinion" page.Clifford B. Reifler, AB;51, director ofhealth services at the University of Rochester,Rochester, NY, has been named récipient ofthe 1981 Edward Hitchcock Award, the highest honor given by the American CollègeHealth Association.E.S. Savas, AB'51, SB'53, an educatorand public administrator in New York City,has been appointed assistant secretary forpolicy development and research in the U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.Gerald Wasserburg, SB'51, SM'52,PhD'54, has received the Arthur L. DayPrince Prize and Lectureship from the National Academy of Sciences. Wasserburg,professor of geology and geophysics atCalifornia Polytechnic State University in SanLuis Obispo, CA, will deliver. lectures at anundisclosed institution, and receive $10,000.Richard C. Woellner, AB'51, SB'53,MD'55, a pulmonary disease specialist, isprésident of the Edina, MN Methodist Hospital médical staff.Merle Woodall, SM'51, has been pro-moted to professor in the Department ofMeteorology at Vermont State Collège, Lyn-don Station, VT.CTO Paul A. Marier, AM'52, has been\J*l— elected vice-président of organiza-tion development at The Stanley Works inNew Britain, CT.Robert B. Murdock, AB'52, JD'55, vice-président of Potomac Edison Co., has beenelected a director of the Maryland-District ofColumbia Utilities Association.Robert R. Sokal, PhD'52, professor ofbiological science at the State University ofNew York at Stony Brook, has been madeacting vice-provost for research and graduatestudies.Washington National Insurance Co.,Evanston, IL, has announced the promotionof Paul R. Weininger, AB'52, to director ofplanning and research, executive depart-ment.ÇZ \} Karl E. Limper, PhD'53, senior mem-\~s\J ber of the geology faculty, formerdean of the Collège of Arts and Sciences, andacting provost at Miami University, Oxford,OH, will retire in August after serving therefor fortv-two years.Richard H. Moy, AB'53, SB'54, MD'57,dean and provost of the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, hasreceived a récognition award from the Societyof Teachers of Familv Medicine.George Sorter, PhB'53, MBA'55, PhD'63,has been named the récipient of the 1979 Out-standing Accounting Educator Award, pre-sented by the American Accounting Association.CC Francis A. Covington, MBA'55, hasC/C^ been appointed to the board of di-rectors at American Fédéral Savings & LoanAssociation in Greensboro, NC FAMILY ALBUM-'81The graduate, Judith (Jil) Levin, AB'81, withlier fiance, Jean-Pierre Deheeger (left), herfather Daniel Levin, JD'53, and mother, Caro- lyn Shaye Levin. Not pictured; aunt Miriam(Muni) Lemn, AB'48, AM'51.Captain Paul D. Nelson, AM'55, PhD'61,MC, director, manpower and facilities management, Naval Médical Research and Development Command, Bethesda, MD, received the salute of the graduating recruitbrigade at the Great Lakes Naval Base inNorth Chicago in February.t^/1 Richard Swift, AM'56, has received^J\J the 1980-81 Académie Senate Distin-guished Teaching Award from the studentbody and faculty of the University of California, Davis. Swift is professor of music.C^7 Cari Dolmetsch, PhD'57, professor\J / of English at the Collège of Williamand Mary in Williamsburg, VA, will be a visit-ing professor for the 1981-82 académie year atthe Free University of Berlin in West Ger-many.Jaro Mayda, JD'57, professor of law andpublic policy at the Universitv of Puerto Ricoin Rio Piedras, was the Fulbright Short-TermProfessor at the Ecole Nationale D'EconomieAppliquée in Dakar last summer. Recently hepresided at the working group on policy andlégislation at the International Conférence onAir Quality Management and Energy Policiesin Bombay, India. Mayda is listed in the 1980-81 édition of Who's Who in the World.A cultural program sponsored bv the IITorrione Woman's Collective in Ferrara, Italv,brought together several alumni in November1980. Participating in the présentation ofphoto essays, slide shows, and films were:Jerry Temaner, AB'57; Jerry Blumenthal,AB'58, AM'59; Meg Gerken, AB'64, AM'68;Mary Ellen Doughty Tambini, AB'64, AM'68(who lives in Ferrara with her hushand, LuigiTambini, PhD'67); and Gordon Quinn,AB'65. CO Jerry Blumenthal, AB'58, AM'59.\^j(Sj See 1957, Jerry Temaner.Alonzo A. Crim, AM'58, superintendentof schools in Atlanta, GA, has been presentedthe Distinguished Service Medal fromTeachers Collège, Columbia University, inNew York City.Thomas McGough, MBA'58, a vice-président of Peoples Energy Corp., Chicago,has been elected chairman of the board ofdirectors at Ravenswood Hospital MédicalCenter, also in Chicago.Richard W. Resseguie, MBA'58, hasbeen elected président and director of TheFirst National Bank of Highland Park, IL.Janet Rosen, AM'58, has received a PhDin éducation from the University of Michigan,Ann Arbor. Rosen is an educational specialistat the Détroit Country Day School in Birmingham, MI, and also has a private practice inlearning disabilities.Ernest J. Walters, Jr., AM'58, PhD'68,chairman of the Department of Political Science at Furman Universtiy m Greenville, SC,was Distinguished Visiting Professor at theUniversity of Nebraska, Omaha, in April. Hedelivered five classroom lectures and threepublic lectures.CT Q Northwestern National Bank of Min-\J Z* neapolis has announced the électionof Robert C. Brown, MBA'59, to senior vice-président of their bond départaient.Stan Etzen, MBA'59, président of DavPrinting Corp. in Pomona, CA, has been honored for twenty-five years of membership inthe Printing Industries Association, Inc.Robert J. Poplar, MBA'59, has beennamed administrator of Tallev-Walker Hospital, Marlow, OK.Herbert C. Wolf, MTh'59, professor of41religion at Wittenberg University in Spring-field, OH, has received that school's 1981Alumni Association Distinguished TeachingAward./I f\ David Arnold, AB'60, has been ap-\J \J pointed chairman of the Departmentof Sociology at Sonoma State University inRohnert Park, CA.Richard Bush, PhD'60, has been nameddean of the new School of Religion andChurch Vocations at Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK.Martha E. Church, PhD'60, président ofHood Collège in Frederick, MD, has beenawarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Queens Collège, Charlotte,NC.Dean Fischer, AM'60, Washington newseditor for TIME magazine, has been sworn inas officiai spokesman for the U.S. StateDepartment./! "I Margaret Vanderhaar Allen, AM'61,\J _L has been given a $14,500 grant fromthe Pennsylvania Council on the Humanities.She will head a project to dramatize the life ofMargaret Fuller, the nineteenth-century fem-înist, at eleven locations throughout Pennsylvania.William T. Hensley, MBA'61, has beennamed executive vice-président of the Ham-mond Chamber of Commerce, Hammond,IN.Elva S. Jason, SB'61, has received theJuris Doctor degree from the University ofAlabama, Tuscaloosa. Jason was also the récipient of the Bureau of National Affairs'Award for Outstanding Scholastic Progressfor 1981.Quentin D. Nelson, AM'61, PhD'70, hasbeen named vice-président for académie affairs and dean of North Park Collège ofChicago.Rosemarie Wahl Synek, SM'61, PhD'67,has been promoted to professor of biology atSt. Mary's , University of San Antonio, TX.She continues in her position as chairman ofthe Department of Biology and director of thepremedical program./2 **} Brenda E.F. Beck, AB'62, is profes-yjtiwm sor of anthropology at the Universityof British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Sheis also incoming président of the CanadianSociology and Anthropology Association.Robert W. Fett, AB'62, has been giventhe Rear Admirai William S. Parsons Awardfor Scientific and Technical Progress from theNa vy League of the United States for his workin satellite interprétation.James A. Goss, AM'62, PhD'72, chairman of the Departments of Anthropology andMuséum Science at Texas Tech University,Lubbock, TX, has been named intérim director of the Muséum of Texas Tech University.Karl H. Meister, MBA'62, has been appointed vice-président, headquarters opération, of the international pharmaceutical pro-ducts division of Schering-Plough Corp.,Kemlworth, NJ.Cari C. Quackenbush, MBA'62, ofScottsdale, AZ, has been named manager of t. 0*f\~' :&»} > ! |iFAMILY ALBUM-'81Susan Levin, AM'8l, and her father, Noah Levin, AB'33, MD'37 .government relations-Arizona, for Motorola,Inc.Mark D. Warden, AM'62, PhD'66, hasbeen named provost of Loop and City-WideCollèges, two of the City Collèges of Chicago,IL./1Q Jerry W. Baer, MBA'63, has beenV3v- ' elected président of Amfood Industries, Inc., Chicago.Raymond J. Birkholz, MBA'63, has beenappointed président of Ogden Industrial Products, Cleveland, OH.Edmund Dehnert, PhD'63, chairman ofthe Department of Humanities and ForeignLanguages at Truman Collège in Chicago, hasbeen awarded a fellowship from the NationalEndowment for the Humanities to studytwentieth-century folk life of urban Polish-Americans.William F. Foley, MBA'63, has beennamed Agency Executive of the Year bv theNew York chapter of the Business/Profes-sional Advertising Association. Foley is vice-président, director of corporate services forMarsteller Advertising, Inc., in New YorkCity.Howard I. Kain, AB'63, MBA'70, hasbeen promoted to senior vice-président atFirstBank Evanston in Evanston, IL.Leedom Kettell, MBA'63, has beennamed président and chief operating officerof Gaylord Bros., Inc., headquartered inLiverpool, England.Donald S. Klinefelter, DB'63, AM'66,PhD'67, professor of philosophy and religionat the Universitv of Tennessee, Chattanooga,has been awarded a Residential Fellowshipfor Collège Teachers bv the National Endow ment for the Humanities to study "Persons,Aging, and the Caring Institutions" at In-diana University, Bloomington, IN.Angelo Ozoa, SM'63, PhD'66, has joinedthe Santa Clara County, CA chief médicalexaminer's office./! A Edwin Diamond, PhB'47, AM'49, is\Jjl currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,MA.Meg Gerkin, AB'64, AM'68. See 1957,Jerry Temaner.David H. Katzive, AM'64, has been appointed director of the DeCordova Muséumin Lincoln, MA.William E. Long, MBA'64, has joinedTalman Home Fédéral Savings & Loan Association in Chicago as senior vice-présidentof mortgage banking opérations.Jack Miller, MBA'64, was honored at anawards luncheon by Ashwill-Burke & Co. ofSan Diego, CA. Milîer, a member of the firm'sinvestment division, led the company insales.William C. Richardson, MBA'64,PhD'71, associate dean of the School of Public Health and Community Medicine and professor of health services at the University ofWashington, Seattle, has been named dean ofthe Graduate School and vice-provost of research at that institution.Joyce Salmon, AB'64, has been namedassistant to the président at the New MexicoInstitute of Mining and Technology in So-corro, NM.Mary Ellen Doughty Tambini, AB'64,AM'68. See 1957, Jerry Temaner.42 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAC AZINF./Fsll îouiVivian C. Wolf-Wilets, AM'64, PhD'69,has been elected to the American Academy ofNursing. She is associate professor in the Department of Physiological Nursing at the University of Washington, Seattle./T C Christopher W. Bramley, MBA'65,U^ has been promoted to executive vice-président at Worcester County NationalBank, Worcester, MA.Joseph Neubauer, MBA'65, has beennamed président and chief operating officerof ARA Services, Philadelphia, PA.Robert M. Lipgar, PhD'65, professoriallecturer and coordinator of the group psy-chotherapy training in the Department ofPsychiatry at the University of Chicago, wasinvited back to his undergraduate campus,Hamilton Collège, Clinton, NY, in Novem-ber, 1980, to lecture on George Eliot's lastnovel, Daniel Deronda. "I was first introducedto George Eliot and the novel at Hamilton,and my feelings about psychiatry and Zion-ism were very much influenced by thatbook," recalled Lipgar. "It is the story of aman who is raised by an English noblemanand after he is a young adult discovers he is aJew. George Eliot, with her great Victoriancompassion, works out his identity problemsby having him become leader of a politicalrestoration of his people in Palestine. Thatbook has always been a sort of Uncle Tom'sCabin to the Jews."Gordon Quinn, AB'65. See 1957, JerryTemaner.Jay Stone, AB'65, MBA'69, has been appointed data processing manager for SymonsCorp., Des Plaines, IL./T /T Steve Barnett, AM'66, PhD'70, hasV_/V_/ joined Planmetrics, Inc., nationalplanning consultants, as director of culturalanalysis. He will be based in the firm's NewYork City office.Président Reagan has selected U.S.Army Col D. Joseph Delandro, MBA'66, forthe position of brigadier gênerai, making himthe first black to reach that status in thehistory of the Adjutant General Corps.John J. Fannon, MBA'66, président ofSimpson Paper Co., San Francisco, CA, hasbeen elected chairman of the American PaperInstitute's cover and text paper group.Everett C. Goodwin, AB'66, is seniorpastor of the First Baptist Church in Meriden,CT. He and his wife, Edith, hâve twochildren, Elizabeth Jane (âge eight) and LeahGrâce (three).Carol Gould, AB'66, associate professorof the humanities at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ, has been awardedthe Medal of the Institute of Women Today inrécognition of her leadership in the field ofphilosophy and women.James F. Kelley, JD'66, has been electedvice-président and gênerai counsel for Diamond Shamrock of Amarillo, TX.Robert G. Krueger, PhD'66, has been as-signed to the Great Lakes région as a profes-sional sales représentative for Smith Kline &French Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.Peter W. Kuyper, MBA'66, has beennamed vice-président of the new ancillaryrights division of MGM Film Co. Kuyper will head the firm's new video-cassette and cableenterprises, and will be based in New YorkCity.Donald Light, AM'66, is professor of anew division of community medicine at theNew Jersey School of Ostéopathie Medicinein Camden, NJ. Light will develop programsto orient students to the needs of inner citvrésidents, and assess the area's healthproblems.Dana R. Lundquist, MBA'66, présidentof the Mamot, PA Médical Center, has beenselected by Pennsylvania governor DickThornburgh to serve on the state's CancerControl, Prévention and Research AdvisoryBoard.Robert A. Rucinski, MBA'66, has beenappointed vice-président and controller ofButler International, Inc., Paramus, NJBill Schweizer, MBA'66, has beennamed a limited partner in the New YorkExchange member firm of Edward D. Jones &of Co. of Pontiac, IL.Catherine Heldt Zuckert, AM'66,PhD'70, has been promoted to associate professor in the Department of Political Scienceat Carleton Collège in Northfield, MN. Herhusband, Michael Zuckert, AM'67, PhD'74,was advanced to the rank of full professor inthe same départaient, at the same school.fy^l Frank C. Cannon, Jr., MBA'67, has\J / been appointed senior vice-présidentof the First National Bank of Hinsdale, Hins-dale, IL.John L. Colton, ID'67, has been electedexecutive vice-président of Peoples Bank-shares, Ltd., of Waterloo, IA.Ichiro Iwano, AM'67, has been awardedhonorary citizenship in Normal, IL. Iwano, ofNagoya, Japan, is an exchange professor atIllinois State University in Normal, where hetaught a short course in local government foreleven weeks.Michael S. McPherson, AB'67, AM'70,PhD'74, professor of économies at WilliamsCollège in Williamstown, MA, has been invited to spend the 1981-82 académie year atthe Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.June Carter Perry, AM'67, received theDistinguished Alumna Award from Munde-lein Collège in Chicago. Perry is acting director of communications at ACTION, thefédéral volunteer service agency that ad-ministers VISTA, the Foster Grandparent,Senior Companion, and Retired Senior Volunteer programs.Jill Raitt, AM'67, PhD'70, associate professor of historical theology at Duke University, Durham, NC, has been namedchairman of the University's Department ofReligious Studies.Douglas Rebak, MBA'67, has beennamed président, data services division, ofFischer-Stevens, Inc., Totowa, NJ.Arthur W. Schultz, AB'67, chief executive officer of Foote, Cône & Belding Communications, Inc., Chicago, has been electedto the board of directors of Spring Mills, Inc.,of Fort Mills, SC.Luigi Tambini, PhD'67. See 1957, JerryTemaner.Bernard C. Watson, PhD'67, vice-prés ident for académie administration at TempleUniversitv in Philadelphia, has been named apart-time consultant to the professional staffof the C.S. Mott Foundation in Flint, MLMichael Zuckert, AM'67, PhD'74. See1966, Catherine Heldt Zuckert./I Q Dan Boggs, JD'68, is senior policy ad-L/C7 visor for domestic energv and envi-ronment in the Reagan administration.Alfred George Duba, SM'68, PhD'71, ageophysicist at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of the University of California, hasreceived the 1981 Distinguished AlumnusAward from Marshall University, Hunting-ton, WV.James J. Hogan, PhD'68, has been promoted to professor of chemistry at McGillUniversity in Montréal, Canada.Roy W. Howard, MBA'68, has been appointed hospital administrator for the BessKaiser Médical Center in Portland, OR.Howard E. Jessen, MBA'68, has beennamed to the new position of vice-président,corporate planning and development, for theCeco Corp. in Chicago.Léonard J. Koch, MBA'68, vice-président of Illinois Power Co. , has been elected tomembership in the National Academy ofEngineering.Philip R. McKnight, JD'68, of Riverside,CT, has been named a partner in the law firmof Ivey, Barnum & O'Mara. The firm has offices in Greenwich and Stamford, CT, and inVero Beach, FL.Lee Mitchell, JD'68, has been named executive vice-président and gênerai counsel ofField Enterprises, Inc., Chicago.Vanessa Jill Speed, born January 28,1981, is the first child of John Edward Speed,AB'68, and his wife, Toby.Kathryn Brown Weber, AM'68, has beenincluded in the 1980 édition of OutstandmgYoung Women of America. She works withchildren suffering from physical and mentaldisabilities at the Echo School, Calumet City,IL./1Q Donald Edward Benson, MBA'69,\jy has been promoted to director of finance and administration, solid waste Systems division, of UOP, Inc., Des Plaines, IL.Jane Buiksrra, AM'69, PhD'72, professorof anthropology at Northwestern Universityin Evanston, IL, has received the university'sCollège of Arts and Sciences Teaching Awardfor 1980-81.Galen Cranz, AM'69, PhD'71, assistantprofessor of architecture at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, has been chosen forClass II of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation's National Fellowship Program. The three- vearfellowship is designed to increase individu-als' leadership potential in order to deal morecreatively and effectively with society'sproblems.Horst Daemmrich, PhD'69, has been appointed professor of Germanics and comparative literature at the Universitv of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.Eileen M. Dooley, AM'69, has beennamed director of the Catholic diocesan Office of Social Ministry in Richmond, VA.Michael A. Gross, MD'69, has opened a43médical office at the Dar-Wav Nursing Homein Estella, PA.Mary Beth Jorgensen, AB'69, has beenswom in as a member of the Maryland Bar.She is a staff attornev in the éducation division of the Maryland attornev gênerais office.Richard Schaefer, AM'69, PhD'72, associate professor of sociology and anthropologyat Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL,has been given the Presidential Merit Awardin récognition of his service to the universityand his profession.Robert J. Schlifer, MBA'69, has beenelected assistant vice-président and associateactuary at Monarch Life Insurance Co.,Springfield, MA.David Swanson, AM'69, has beenelected executive vice-président and gêneraimanager of Continental Grain Co.'s worldgrain division. The firm is based in New YorkCity.'Robert D. Winer, AM'69, PhD'78, hasbeen appointed secondary school principal atthe American School in Japan for 1981-82.r70 John J. Attinasi, AM'70, PhD'73, has/ \J been named director of bilingualéducation at Indiana University Northwest,Gary, IN.Alvaro Bardon, AM'70, président ofChile's Central Bank, has resigned his post tobecome président of the Banco de Concep-rion.Krin Gabbard, AB'70, has been appointed assistant professor of comparative lit-erature at the State University of New York,Stony Brook. He would like to hear from oldfriends.Douglas M. Geuder, MBA'70, has beenappointed second vice-président, marketingdépartaient, in the individual insurance opérations at Connecticut Life Insurance Co. ofHartford, CT.John A. Gueguen, Jr., PhD'70, has received the Distinguished Teaching Awardfrom Illinois State University in Normal, IL,where he teaches political thought andphilosophy and American govemment.Mario Martini, MBA'70, has been appointed vice-président of manufacturing inthe W.H. Miner division of Miner Enterprises, Inc., Oak Brook, IL.Charles A. Meyer, MBA'70, has been appointed director of marketing for Europeanclassroom opérations for Weight Watchers International, Manhasset, NY, Meyer will bebased in London.John F. Mussman, MBA'70, has been appointed gênerai manager of sales for the central division of United States Steel Corp. inChicago.Donald E. Palumbo, AB'70, has beenpromoted to associate professor of Englishand granted tenure at Northern MichiganUniversity, Marquette, MLAnn' Salitsky, AB'70, and RienSchmalbeck, AB'70, ID'75, report that theyare now living in Durham, NC. Ann is assistant counsel with the Burroughs-WellcomeCo., a pharmaceutical firm in Research Triangle Park, NC. Rich is associate professor oflaw at Duke Universitv in Durham.The law firm of Rudnick & Wolfe,Chicago, has announced that Marc P. Seid- ler, AB'70, has become associated with thefirm's Iitigation department.William R. Wilson, MBA'70, has beenelected chief executive officer of Lukens SteelCo., Coatesville, PA. Wilson will also continue in his position as président of the firm.n Charles E. Barrett, JD'71, MBA'71,has been named président of Cashco,Inc., a developer and manufacturer of self-contained regulators and control valves lo-cated in Ellsworth, KS.Robert W. Finberg, AB'71, an instructorof pathology at Harvard Médical School, hasbeen awarded a Hartford Foundation Fellowship for basic research in cell interaction.Gary W. Henger, MBA'71, has beenpromoted to assistant superintendent, operating metallurgy, at the Inland Steel Co. Indiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, IN.John H. Rubel, MBA'71, has beenelected vice-président, sales and marketing,for Emons Industries, Inc. of York, PA.Dorita Sewell, AM'71, PhD'75, is teaching anthropology at Colgate University,Hamilton, NY, and studying Japanese at theUniversity of California, Berkeley.Andréa Murray Sheperd, AB'71, hasbeen named spécial projects editor for TODAY Newspaper, Cocoa, FL.Jill P. Strachan, AB'71, AM'72, has beenappointed executive director of the Food Pro-cessors Institute in Washington, DC.C. Théodore Wolf, MBA'71, has beennamed vice-président, Northern district ofthe corporate banking division's nationalbanking department, at Marine MidlandBanks, Inc., New York City.' TO The RCA Corp board of directors/ L-. has elected James M. Alic, MBA'72,vice-président for electronic services and Vid-eoDisc planning.Charles E. Allen, MBA'72, has beenelected président and chief executive officerof First Independence National Bank of Détroit, MI.Dalia Belinkoff, AB'72, married IraBergman, MD'74, at the bnde's home inClaremont, CA. The couple will live inPittsburgh, where she is director of the tuto-rial program at the Art Institute of Pittsburgh,and he a pédiatrie neurologist at the city'sChildren's Hospital.Charles P. Connolly, Jr., MBA'72, hasbeen appointed senior vice-président of thePhiladelphia National Bank. Connolly is re-sponsible for corporate and municipal business development and commercial relations.Frederick J. Dotzler, MBA'72, has joinedMerrick Laboratories, Hudson, MA, as vice-président of marketing.James M. Farrar, SM'72, PhD'74, assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, has beenawarded a Sloan Research Fellowship for1981. His research interest is the relationshipof molecular collisions and chemical reactions.Robert V. Haas, Jr., MBA'72, has beenpromoted to senior trust officer at FidelityBank, Ardmore, PA.Bee Chemical Co. of Lansing, IL, has announced the élection of Roger F. Hruby as président and chief operating officer.Norman H. Lehrer, AB'72, is presentlyengaged in private practice with the law firmof Lehrer & Flaherty in Wheaton, IL. Class-mates wishing to contact him may do so bywriting to: Lehrer & Flaherty, 429 WestWesley, Wheaton, IL, 60187.Donald C. Reed, MBA'72, has been appointed community development officer atCentral National Bank in Cleveland, OH.Peggy Sullivan, PhD'72, has beennamed dean of Northern Illinois University'sCollège of Professional Studies in DeKalb, ILr7rX Joseph D. Corso, MBA'73, has been/ \J promoted to assistant gênerai manager in charge of primary production at InlandSteel Co. Indiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, IN.Robert J. Damall, MBA'73, has beenpromoted to vice-président of engineeringand corporate planning at the Indiana HarborWorks of Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, IN.Frank Easterbrook, JD'73, and ArthurSherrer, Jr., AM'75, are among those namedby the Chicago Jaycees as the Ten Outstand-ing Young Citizens of Chicago for 1981.Easterbrook is assistant professor in the University's Law School, while Sherrer is président of the Chicago chapter of Athlètes forBetter Education.Charles T. Hansotte, MBA'73, has beenpromoted to assistant superintendent, No. 4basic oxygen furnace, at Inland Steel Co.'sIndiana Harbor Works, East Chicago, IN.Duane E. Hill, MBA'73, has been namedprésident and chief executive officer of EquicoCapital Corp., in New York City, a minorityenterprise small business investment Company.Ernest V. Peterson, MBA'73, has beennamed président of North Shore NationalBank, Chicago.tj A Patricia Anderson, AM'74, PhD'77,/ ^t has been awarded a postdoctoral fellowship for 1980-81 by the Center for Afro-American Studies. She is currently on leave ofabsence from her post as deputy director ofrégional and social planning at the NationalPlanning Agency in Jamaica.Ira Bergman. See 1972, Dalia Belinkoff.John L. Byrnes, MBA'74, has been promoted to assistant foreman, labor and mate-rials, in the moldvard and stripper section atBethlehem Steel's Burns Harbor plant in Indiana.David A. Fulgham, MBA'74, has comp-leted the CPA exam. Also a registered en-gineer, Fulgham is currently representing International Harvester in the program on management development at Harvard University.Raymond W. Lane, MBA'74, has beenpromoted to plant manager in the machineryplant of Mead Packaging, a division of theMead Corp. headquartered in Atlanta, GA.Lemuel Seabrook III, AB'74, MBA'75,has been elected a second vice-président inthe bond and treasury services department ofContinental Illinois National Bank & TrustCo. of Chicago.Anthony Seeger, PhD'74, has beenelected chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the National Muséum, Rio de44 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981Janeiro, Brazil.Norman E. Smith, MBA'74, has been appointed vice-président and gênerai managerof the Vincent Brass and Aluminum Co. inBaltimore, MD.Sheila D. Thomas, AM'74, has gradu-ated from DePaul University in Chicago witha Juris Doctor degree.Robert J. Wilkening, MBA'74, has beenpromoted to product line manager, fluid com-ponents division, forGould, Inc. of Chicago.Vera Lenchner Zolberg, PhD'74, associate professor of sociology at Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN, has beenawarded a $3,200 grant by the Purdue Research Foundation to analyze the sociologicalbasis for the émergence of avant-garde artmovements such as cubism, fauvism, andexpressionism.fj C Robert Charkovsky, AB'75, MBA'76,/ \J has graduated from DePaul University Collège of Law in Chicago with a JurisDoctor degree.Fred Lindsay Crossman, Jr., MBA'75,has received the Juris Doctor degree from De-Paul University in Chicago.Nancy Gierlich, AM'75, who receivedher J.D. degree from the University of Penn-sylvania Law School, has joined Fish &Neave, a patent/copyright/trademark litiga-tion firm in New York City.Michèle J. Hooper, MBA'75, has beenappointed director of financial opeiations,parenteral products division, of Baxter Tra-venol Laboratories, Deerfield, IL.Robert W. Lee, MBA'75, has joined theFarmington, MI law firm of Sabourin, Anderson & Case.Robert McCauley, AM'75, PhD'79, assistant professor of philosophy at IndianaCentral University in Indianapolis, IN, received a postdoctoral fellowship to attend the1981 Summer Institute on Psychology and thePhilosophy of Mind at the University ofWashington, Seattle.Martin Richmond, MBA'75, of PalmBeach, FL, has been named Engineer of theYear by the Palm Beach, FL chapter of theAmerican Institute of Industrial Engineers.Richmond is manager of industrial engineering at United Technologies Pratt & WhitneyAircraft Group.Arthur Sherrer, Jr., AM'75. See 1973,Frank Easterbrook.Blair F. Bertaccini, AB'75, is a community organizer for the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now in Ft.Worth, TX. He married Ann E. Meitzen of Ft.Worth in April.^JÉL Lawrence W. Barnthouse, PhD'76,/ O research associate at Oak Ridge La-boratory's environmental sciences division,Oak Ridge, TN, has been named to a nationalpanel which will oversee a $12 million endow-ment for the study of the effects of powerplants on aquatic life.Steve Jewell Crump, AM'76, has beenordained by the Unitarian Universalist Community Church as its first minister. Crumpwill be located in La Salle, IL.John J. Finn, AM'76, has been named anassistant district attomey in the Brooklyn, NY FAMILY ALBUM-'81The Segall family gathers for a photo (l. to r.):Becky Segall, a second-year student in the Collège, Edwin E. Segall, AM'49, Leiois A. Segall, AB'81, one of three Collège graduâteschosen to deliver a Convocation speech, Jo-AnnButters Segall, X'47, and Jeffrey E. Segall.district attorney's office.Allan Mark Harbour, MBA'76, has beenpromoted to gênerai accounting manager forMead Packaging, a division of the MeadCorp., Atlanta, GA.Paul G. Kimball, MBA'76, has beenelected a vice-président in the treasury department at First National Bank of Chicago.James Robert Liebling, AM'76, has beenawarded the degree of Juris Doctor from De-Paul University in Chicago.Luther J. Rollins, Jr., AB'76, married Su-san Canada Jackson in January. He is in themaster's program in hospital administrationat St. Louis University, and serves as administrative résident at the Veteran's Administration Médical Center in St. Louis.rTrT Paul J. Austgen, MBA'77, has been/ / promoted to assistant manager, accounting services, at the Indiana HarborWorks of Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, IN.Shawn Bryan, AM'77, served as assistantto the French mime Marcel Marceau on thelatter's seventeenth tour of the United States.Bryan has studied at Marceau's Paris schoolfor the last two years.Alan Chai, MBA'77, has joined the pro-fessional staff of Edgar, Dunn & Conover,Inc., a San Francisco management Consultingfirm.Robert D. Gecht, JD'77, MBA'77, hasbeen elected vice-président in the commercialloan department of Amalgamated Trust &Savings Bank of Chicago.Markes E. Johnson, PhD'77, has beenawarded a Fulbright-Havs Research Fellowship and a postdoctoral fellowship from theRoyal Norwegian Council on Science and Industrial Research. Johnson will take a leave ofabsence from his position at Williams Collègein Williamstown, MA to study in Norway.^Q David Berg, MBA'78, has been/ O named director of the department ofplanning at St. Marv's Hospital and MédicalCenter in San Francisco, CA. Edward O. Filiatrault, Jr., MBA'78, hasbeen promoted to executive vice-président ofNorthern Illinois Gas in Naperville, IL. Filiatrault was also elected a director of theutility.Denise Rothman Fink, AM'78, hasjoined Vassar Brothers Hospital in Wap-pingers Falls, NY as director of planning andgovernment relations.Steve Goerdt, AM'78, has joined the staffof the Marblehead, MA Reporter as a featurewriter and full-time reporter.Samuel A. Hartzog, MBA'78, of OakPark, IL, has been promoted to market manager for the health care industry at Illinois BellTéléphone Co.Harry Hixson, MBA'78, has been promoted to divisional vice-président, venturebusinesses, research and development, in thediagnostics division of Abbott Laboratories,North Chicago, IL.Gregory John Hutchings, AM'78, hasbeen awarded the Juris Doctor degree fromSt. Louis University.Donald Franklin Joyce, PhD'78, hasbeen appointed head of références serviceand administrative assistant to the director atTennessee State University Libraries, Nash-ville, TN.Barry Kaplovitz, AB'78, has been namedto head the new Boston office of Dresner,Morris & Tortorello Research, a New Yorkfirm that conducts and interprets public o-pinion rolls and research surveys of Americanleadership.Florence Ann Zemek, AB'78, has received the Juris Doctor degree from DePaulUniversitv in Chicago.^Q Richard G. Campbell, MBA'79, has/ y joined Abbott Laboratories in NorthChicago, IL as director of manufacturing inthe companv's hospital products division.Richard M. Delaney, MBA'79, has beenappointed director of marketing services forITT Consumer Financial Corp., Minneapolis,MN.Irwin List, MBA'79, has been electedvice-président and director of purchasing forRand McNally & Co. of Chicago.Cari Lavin, AB'79, média specialist forthe Office of News and Information at theUniversity, recently married photographerLauren Shay.Margaret A. M. Murray, SB'79, has received the M. A. degree in mathematics fromY'ale University.Loren C. Myers, AB'79, has been appointed project director for the 1981-82 schoolvear for the post-conviction assistance projectat the Marshall-Wythe School of Law in Wil-liamsburg, VA.John J. Ryan, MBA'79, has been appointed director, économie évaluation, ofBankers Life and Casualty Co., Chicago.Qfj William Joseph Paul, JD'80, has join-O \J ed his father's law firm, Paul & Fleming, in Geneva, AL.Abraham Gorelick, MBA'80, is a finan- cial analyst for Citibank Bank Cards in NewYork City. His wife, Laurie Eckstein Gorelick,is finishing her second year at New York University's School of Law.Patrick Colum Hogan, Jr., AM'80, currently in the doctoral program in English lit-erature at the State University of New York atBuffalo, has been awarded a $4,500 Wood-burn Fellowship in English.Paul McCloskey, AB'80, is an assistanteditor in the New York City office of Lawn CareIndustry, a monthly publication devoted tonews on pesticides and lawn care.James M. McMullan, MBA'80, has beenelected chairman of the Securities IndustryAssociation's Central States distnet. A partner at William & Blair Co. of Chicago, McMullan is manager of the firm's syndicate department.O"! Don Shepard, MBA'81, has beenO -L promoted to vice-président of LifeInvestors, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA. BDEATHSFACULTY AND STAFFArthur Friedman, PhD'38, DistinguishedService Professor Emeritus in the Departmentof English and the Collège. Friedman taughtat the Universitv from 1932 until his retire-ment in 1977, serving as chairman of the English department from 1960-63. He edited TheCollectai Works of Oliver Goldsmith, in five volumes, published in 1966, and was editor ofthe journal Modem Philology from 1967-73;April.Robert C. Likins, professor and director ofthe Zoller Dental Climc from 1968-79. Likinswas known for his research on the mineraliza-tion of calcium in teeth; March.Joshua C. Taylor, former William RainevHarper Professor of art history who taught atthe Universitv from 1949 to 1970. Taylor wona Quantrell Award for excellence in under-graduate teaching in 1956. In 1970, he becamedirector of the National Muséum of AmericanArt (then the National Collection of FineArts), a branch of the Smithsonian Institutionin Washington, DC. He was the author ofLearning to Look: A Handbook for the Visual Arts(1957) and The Fine Arts in America (1979), bothpublished bv The Universitv of ChicagoPress; April.William V. Morgenstern, PhB'20, JD'22,was the University's director of publicitv from1927-42, director of public relations from1942-53, and secretary of the Universitv from1953-63. After his retirement in 1963, he re-mained active at the Universitv, as editorialadvisor to The University of Chicago Magazineand then as consultant to the GraduateSchool of Education. For the "Hutchms Collège" he established the first field staff to ex-plain to educators and students the new éléments of this kind of undergraduate éducation. During red-scare and McCarthv eras, he devised stratégies for confrontations withstate and congressional committees investi-gating alleged "communistic activities" in theUniversitv. Morgenstern received the AlumniAssociation's Professional AchievementAward in 1978; April.Wilma W. Walker, X'31, professor emeritus and former dean of students in the Schoolof Social Service Administration. She joinedthe SSA fieldwork staff in 1928, was namedassistant professor in 1933, and was appointed dean of students in the school in1942. She retired from teaching in 1962, butcontinued as a consultant to SSA and as director of Alumni Affairs; FebruaryTRUSTEESPhilip D. Block, Jr., a life trustée of theUniversity, who was retired chairman of theboard of Inland Steel Co. in Chicago. Blockwas chairman and chief executive officer ofInland Steel from 1967-71, and was an honorary director at the time of his death. At theUniversity, Block led many fund-raisingcampaigns. He was also director of the JewishFédération of Metropolitan Chicago and président of the United Charities of Chicago. May.Earle Ludgin, X'20, a life trustée of the Universitv, who was elected to the board oftrustées in 1954 after serving three years aschairman of the Alumni Fund. In 1966, inmemory of his wife, Mary, a graduate andformer teacher at the University, he gave theUniversity 44 liturgical banners designed byNorman Laliberte for the Vatican pavilion atthe 1966 New York World's Fair. The bannersnow hang in Rockefeller Chapel. April.Robert W. Reneker, PhB'33, chairman ofthe University's board of trustées and retiredprésident of Esmark, Inc. in Chicago, died onApril 27. Hanna H. Grey, président of the University, said:"Bob Reneker was an extiaordinary indi-vidual. He had the gift of leadership, and heused that gift with enormous effectiveness forhis university and for the many other institutions and organizations to which he wascommitted."He thought of the University as part of hisfamily, and he left an indelible mark on it. Hewas a man of great warmth. I will miss himdeeply as a colleague and a friend."Reneker became a member of the board oftrustées in 1972. In 1976, he was elected itschairman, becoming the first alumnus sincethe 1930s to serve in that position.After graduating from the University in1933, Reneker joined Swift & Co. in Chicagowhere his grandfather had worked and wherehis father had been chief hog buyer. He became vice-président in 1955, chairman in1957, director in 1959, président in 1964, andchief executive officer in 1967. In 1973, hereorganized Swift & Co., placing it under anew holding company, Esmark, Inc.Reneker retired from Esmark in 1977, fol-lowing his own rule of executive retirement at65. He continued his involvement in businessand civic activities, however. At his death, hewas a director and président of the Community Fund of Chicago, and a director of theChicago Community Trust, the ChicagoMuséum of Science and Industry, and theNational Merit Scholarship Corporation.Reneker is survived by his wife, Betty, ason, William, and seven grandchildren.THE CLASSES1899-1909Frank L.Tolman, PhB'99.Edna Gould Slater, AB'09, March.Carlie Souter Smith, SB'10,MD'12, February1910-1919George T. Crossland, JD'll, March.Clifford Rush Eskey, SB'll, MD'12.Eamest C. Brooks, PhB'12, April.Hilda Miller Coon, SB'12, July 1980.C. Glenn Mather, PhB'13, February.Mildred Burke Monroe, X'14, January.Frank Ervan Weakly, PhB'14, December.Lillian Spohn Whitmer, PhB'14, February.Daniel S. Gishwiller, PhB'15, JD'16,January 1980.Jules C. Stein, PhB'15, MD'21, April.Milton V. Barancik, X'16, February 1980.Willard L. King, PhB'16, JD'17, March.Elsie Erickson Traver, PhB'16, April.George White Traver, PhB'17, July 1980.Lillian Harwood, X'18, January.J. Oliver Johnson, PhB'18, February 1980.Henry A. Jones, PhD'18.Frank B. Kelly, SB'18, MD'20.Louis L. Miller, AM'18, February.Edith Watters Brown Wilson, PhB'18, March.Pauline Davis Gross, PhB'19, October 1980.Rev. Jeannette Ridlon Piccard, SM'19, May.1920-1929Fred Feasel, AM'20, November 1980.Elizabeth Brunig Ferguson, PhB'20, January.4p UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAG AZINE/Fall 1981Anna Louise Henné, PhB'20.EarleLudgin, X'20, April. See Trustées.William V. Morgenstern, PhB'20, JD'22. SeeFaculty and Staff.Lena Durboraw Riggle, AM'20, January.Harry V. Somers, X'20, March.Anne Vinke Gard, PhB'21, January.Sidney B. Cohen, PhB'22, February.Kenneth Dale Dukes, PhB'22, April.Louise Gaston McCasland, SB'22, February.Glenn A. Rowles, AM'22, March.Julia Goff Tevebaugh, SB'22, December 1980.Soren Krojgaard Ostergaard, AM'23.Lyle G. Phillips, MD'24, January 1980.Walter H. Steel, PhB'24, October 1980.Oscar G. Carlson, SB'25, May 1980.Sobisca Stalnaker Hall, MD'25, April.Maurice A. Rosenthal, PhB'25, JD'27, March.W. Curtis "Tom" Sawyer, AM'25, October1980.Lawrence F. Peterson, SB'26, AM'33,February.Lucia Frederiche Roggman, X'26.Basil M. Swinford, AM'26, April.David Roy Davis, PhD'27, May.Barbara MacMillan Garcia, PhB'27, AM'28,PhD'49, January.Ruth Mason Ballard, SM'28, PhD'32, June1980.Joseph G. Fucilla, PhD'28, March.John Koehler Gerhart, PhB'28, January.Francis J. Scanlan, PhB'28, February.Harry G. Guthmann, PhD'29, March.Charles R. Johnson, AM'29, March.Marian Lovrien Miller, PhB'29, AM'41,February.Esther Lake Rice, AM'29.Allen McCauley Yount, PhB'29, December1980.1930-1939Martha C. Mehnert, AM'30.Martha S. Pittman, PhD'30.Milton A. Saffir, PhB'30, PhD'35, March.John E. Shields, AM'30, March.Ernelle Bowles, PhB'31, August 1980.James Dan Clary, AM'31, June 1980.Raymond F. Pontious, PhB'31.Herbert A. Salzman, JD'31, November 1980.Wilma W. Walker, X'31. See Faculty.Isidore Gersh, PhD'32.Edith Brown Ingemanson, SB'32, October1980.Cora Carter, AM'33, May 1980.Robert W. Reneker, PhB'33, See Trustées.William A. Russ, PhD'33, February.Lyle K. Klitzke, AM'34, January.Harrv T. Moore, PhB'34, April.Alvin T. Stratford, PhB'34, February.Wiliam M. Lees, SB'35, MD'39.Loyd W. Rowland, PhD'35, March.Henry C. Lanpher, AM'36, PhD'41,November 1980.H. Mabel Crabtree, PhB'37, February.Jean Wright Phelps, AB'37, March.Eleanor J. Sulcer, X'37, November 1979.Harrv Winkler, AB'37, February.Julius Copeland, AB'38.Arthur Friedman, PhD'38. See Faculty.John Thomas Kimbrough, SM'38, February.Edward J. Opperman, AB'38.IrvingJ Mack, SB'39, MD'42, February.Robert S Wheeler, SB'39, PhD'42, Februarv. 1940-1949Marion Rentsch Johnson, AB'40, March 1978.Harrv Abromson, SB'41, SM'48, April.Charles T. Davis, AM'42, March.C. Elizabeth Thomson Johnson, SB'42, March1980.Jeannette Pond, AM'43, August 1980.John H. Jameson, Jr., AB'47, January 1979.James F. Blair, X'48, March.Marjorie Roxanna Goddard, AM'49,November 1980.1950-1959Clothier E. Maloney, AB'50, March. Richard Rubinstein, AB'50, SB'54, MD'55,March.John E. Peterson, MBA'51, March.Gerald A. Terman, AB'51, March.Gregorv P. Stone, AM'52, PhD'59, Februarv.Edward J. Ainsley, MBA'56, Februarv.David Swing Watson, PhD'57, May Î980.Richard A. Colley, MBA'58, April 1980.1960-1969Edmond R. Urquhart, MBA'60.Jon G. Amstutz, AB'64, March.Thomas O. Edmunds, AM'65, Februarv.Gerald B. Hoekstra, MBA'66.Lubow Witer Rau, AM'67, Januarv,Warren R. Stevens, MBA'67, December 1980.BOOKS by AlumniFrank Livingston Huntley, AM'26,PhD'42, Essays in Persuasion: On Seivnteenth-Century English Literature (The University ofChicago Press). Huntley's essays cover,among poets, Milton, Herbert, and Donne;among prose writers, Sir Thomas Browne andJeremy Taylor; and among dramatists, BenJonson, Shakespeare, and the anonymousauthor of the Parnassus plays. Huntley isemeritus professor of English at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbof .Deemer Lee, X'27, Esther's Town (IowaState University Press). A history of Lee'shome town, Estherville, IA. Lee was a reporter for the Chicago Tribune while a studentat the University; he died shortly before hisbook was published last year.Kinereth Dushkin Gensler, AB'43, With-out Roof (Alice James Books). ThisisGensler'ssecond book of poems, some of which origi-nally appeared in Massachusetts Rei'ieie, theRadcliffe Quarterly, Virginia Quarterly Revira\and Woman Poet. Gensler lives in Belmont,MA, and teaches in the Radcliffe Seminars.She spent the summer at Ragdale, a writers'colony in Lake Forest, IL.Joan Morrison, AB'44, and Charlotte FoxZabusky, American Mosaic: The Immigrant Expérience in the Words of Those Who Lived It (Dut-ton). American immigrants tell why and howthey came, and what happened to them afterthey arrived. Morrison often writes on thesocial sciences for the Neiu York Times, Mademoiselle, and McCall's. She is married toRobert Thornton Morrison, PhD'44Herbert Riehl, PhD'47, and Robert H.Simpson, PhD'62, The Hurricane and Its Impact(Louisiana State University Press). Riehl issenior research associate at CIRES in Boulder,CO; Simpson is research professor of en-vironmental studies at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville.Robert J. Charles, X'48, Broken Vows(Dembner Books, Norton, dist.). Set inChicago (mainly Hyde Park) in 1969,Charles's first novel depicts the changes inthe lives of two ex-priests and their wives,one of whom is a former nun. Charles lives inBridgman, Michigan, where he writes books. Ivan Manson, PhB'48, SM'54. Pen name:David Mason, Pharmaceutical Dictionary andRéférence (Playboy Press). In this book for thelayman, Manson (Mason) discusses, anec-dotally and scientifically, prescription drugtherapy, including the problems the patientmay encounter with unexpected side effects,and drug interactions. Manson also analyzesthe doctor/ patient relationship in terms of im-proved drug therapy. The first édition waspublished in February 1981 and is in bookstores. The 1982 édition will be in book storesin February 1982. Manson is director of advertising and promotion of Boehringer In-gelheim Ltd. , a major American pharmaceutical company. His previous books include Bit-ter Pills (Citadel Press) and a novel, BlitzlichtPassage (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).Herbert I. London and Albert L. Weeks,AM'49, Myths That Ride America (UniversityPress of America). Based on a five-part NBCtélévision séries, this book is an examinationof those myths which, for good or ill, we liveby today, including myths of happiness,equality, work, peace, and technology.Weeks is a political scientist on the faculty ofNew York University's School of ContinuingEducation.Bernard H. Siegan, JD'49, Economie Li-berties and the Constitution (The Universitv ofChicago Press). Beginning in the early 1940s,the Suprême Court essentially abandonedjudicial review of économie and social législation. Thereafter, such laws were upheld un-less they were found to violate intellectual,political, or other specially protected liberties.Siegan argues that this change not only vio-lated the intentions of the Framers of the Constitution, but proved inefficient and harmfulin practice. Siegan is Distinguished Professorof Law and director of Law and EconomieStudies at the University of San Diego Schoolof LaW. He practiced law in Chicago for morethan twenty years.Arthur H. Bernstein, JD'50, A Trustee'sGuide to Hospital Law (Teach'em, Inc.). Bernstein discusses légal issues involved in abor-tion, autopsies, HMOs, libel and slander, expérimentation, consent, and the right to die.Bernstein is counsel, Kaiser Foundation47Hospitals, in Oakland, CA. For more thantwentv-three years, he has wntten a monthlycolumn, "Law in Brief," for Hospitals Magazine,Terence O'Donnell, PhB'50, The Gardenof the Brave in War (Ticknor & Fields-Houghton Mifflin). O'Donnell describes lifein Iran, where he spent fifteen years.David Ray, AB'52, AM'57', editor of NeivLetters and professor of English at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, has editedtwo books recently published by Ohio University Press: From A to Z: 200 ContemporaryAmerican Poets, an anthology of materialpublished in New Letters during the past décade, and the Collectai Poems of E. L. Mayo(1904-1979), with an introduction by Ray.Laurel Richardson, AB'55, ÂB'56, TheDynamics of Sex and Gender: A Socwlogical Perspective (Houghton-Mifflin). Richardson isprofessor of sociology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.Vincent Harding, AM'56, PhD'65, TheOther American Révolution (Institute of theBlack World, Atlanta, GA). Harding survevsthe struggle of black Americans from the timeof the "Middle Passage" from Africa until theprésent. He is a member of the faculty ofPendle Hill, a Quaker study center nearPhiladelphia, PA.Alden Voth, PhD'59, Moscow AbandonsIsraël for the Arabs: Ten Crucial Years in the Middle East (University Press of America). Vothdiscusses the radical change in Soviet policyfrom 1947-48, when Moscow supported thecréation of Israël even more consistently thandid the United States, to less than a décadelater, when the Soviet Union had switched tosupport the Arab states against Israël. Vothspent two years as Visiting Professor of Political Science at the American University inCairo, Egypt. He is currentlv professor ofpolitical science at San José State Universitv,San José, CA.Charles Hartshome and W. CreightonPeden, AM'60, DB'62, Whitehead's Vieiv of Re-ahty (The Pilgrim Press). Peden is Fuller FCallaway Professor of Philosophy at AugustaCollège, Augusta, GA, and editor of the journal of Social Philosophy and the American JournalofTheology & Philosophy.Gerald Mast, AB;61, AM'62, PhD'67, AShort History of the Moines, Third Edition (TheUniversity of Chicago Press). Mast chroniclesthe history of ail types of movies — silent andsound, American and foreign, and popular,art, and expérimental films. In this new édition, Mast has added a completely new section on the German cinéma of the 1970s, ex-amining the influence of innovators such asHerzog and Fassbinder, and a new sectionsurveying the cinéma of the third world. Mastis professor of English at the University.Walter Nugent, PhD'61, Structures ofAmerican Social History (Indiana UniversitvPress). Nugent examines the historvof population in the U.S., delineating a new periodi-zation of American history. Nugent is professor of historv at Indiana Universitv inBloomington.Giles Gunn, AM'63, PhD'67, éd., NeivWorld Metaphysics: Readmgs on the ReligionsMeaning of the American Expérience (OxfordUniversitv Press). In this anthology, Gunnprésents 100 sélections from the writings by poets, philosophers, historians, novelists,and theologians from Montaigne to Mailerwho hâve drawn on religious thèmes and images to express the meaning of their en-counter with America. Gunn is chairman ofthe Curriculum on American Studies andprofessor of religion and American studies atthe Univeristv of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,John E. Tropman, AM'63, Effective Meetings: Improving Group Decision-Makmg (Sage)and, with Harold Johnson and Elmer J.Tropman, The Essentials of Committee Management (Nelson-Hall). Despite the fact that thecommittee is often considered inept and incompétent, it is still the central vehicle formaking social décisions in the U.S., saysTropman. In thèse books he suggests how toimprove committee, board, and task forcedecision-making. Tropman is professor of social work at the University of Michigan, AnnArbor.Vicky Shiefman, AB'65, M Is For Move: ABook of Consonants (Dutton). Shiefman, a first-grade teacher in New York City, introducesbeginning readers to the twenty-one consonants bv giving them action photos to imitate.Children bump for B, sing for S, jump for J,and pull for P, as they act out a verb beginningwith each letter.Marc Cogan, AB'65, PhD'74, The HumanThing: The Speeches and Principles of Thucydides'History (The University of Chicago Press). Cogan attempts to recover the specificallvThucydidean interprétation of the Pelopon-nesian War. Cogan is assistant professor ofhumanities at Wayne State Universitv, Détroit, MLWm. Ray Heitzmann, MAT'66, PoliticalCartoons (Scholastic). In this book, writtenpnmarily for educators, Heitzmann providesa sequential approach to the development ofskills necessary for interpreting political andeditorial cartoons. Heitzmann teaches in theDepartment of Education at Villanova Universitv, Villanova, PA.William A. Cohen, MBA'67, Hoiu to Sellto the Government (John Wilev & Sons). Lucrative government contracts go begging, saysCohen, because of red tape and bureaucratiehassle. His book is a step-by-step guide totapping a market that in one year (1977)bought $365 billion in American goods andservices. Cohen is associate professor ofmarketing at California State University atLos Angeles and director of Cal State'sBureau of Business and Economie Research.John W. Boyer, AM'69, PhD'75, PoliticalRadicalism in Late Impérial Vienna: Origins of theChristian Social Movement, 1848-1897 (TheUniversity of Chicago Press). Boyer, who isassociate professor of Central European history at the University, reinterprets five décades of Viennese history, focussing on thesocial background and basis of the mass anti-Liberal brand of politics that was uniquelysuceessful in late nineteenth-centry Austria.Alfred H. Kelly, AB'69, The Descent ofDanoin: The Popularization of Daneinism inGermany, 1860-1914 (The University of NorthCarolina Press). In Germany, more than any-where else, Darwinism was a sensational success. Kelly follows popular Darwinism as itpermeated éducation, religion, politics, andsocial thought in Germany, explaining howthe popularizers changed Darwin's thought in subtle ways. Kelly is assistant professor ofhistory at Hamilton Collège, Clinton, NY.Stephen C. Rowe, ThM'69, AM'70,PhD'74, éd., Living Beyond Crisis: Essays onDiscovery and Being in the World (PilgrimPress), the essays in this anthology, by RolloMav, Adrienne Rich, Thomas Kuhn, HannahArendt, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others,represent, according to Rowe, "honest andpositive responses to life in our times" andthe émergence of a new culture and religi-osity. Rowe teaches social ethics at WilliamJames Collège of Grand Vallev State Collèges,in Allendale, MLEric Anderson, AM'72, PhD'78, Race andPolitics in North Carolina, 1872-1901 (LouisianaState University Press). Anderson is associateprofessor of historv at Pacific Union Collègein Angwin, CA.Alfred Moss, AM'72, PhD'77, The American Negro Academy (Louisiana State UniversitvPress). Moss is assistant professor of historyat the University of Maryland.Joseph M. Bessette, AM'74, PhD'78, ThePresidency in the Constitutional Order (Louisiana State University Press). Bessette is assistant professor of politics at Catholic University of America in Washington, DC.Warren G. Moon, PhD'75, Greek VasePainting m Midwestern Collections (Art Instituteof Chicago). Moon is professor of ancient artand of classics at the Universitv of Wisconsin,Madison. His book has just gone into its second printing.jennifer S. H. Brown, PhD'76, Strangersin Blood: Fur Trade Company Familles in IndianCountry (University of British ColumbiaPress). Brown examines the fur traders of theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries as agroup — their backgrounds, social patterns,domestic lives and families, and the problemsof their offspring. Brown is adjunct assistantprofessor of anthropology at Northern IllinoisUniversity, De Kalb.John R. Petrocik, PhD'76, Party Coalitions: Realignments and the Décline of the NeivDeal Parti/ System (The University of ChicagoPress). The coalitions that now constitute theDémocratie and Republican parties are radi-cally différent from those that emerged fromthe New Deal, yet this change has not beenmarked by a "critical élection," as most previ-ous realignments were. Petrocik argues that itis nevertheless a change as significant asearlier, more abrupt ones. Petrocik is associate professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles.Steven Urkowitz, PhD'77, Shakespeare' sRevision of King Lear (Princeton UniversityPress). Of the three texts of Kmg Lear— theQuarto verson printed in 1608, the Folio édition of 1623, and the modem composite ofthèse two early texts — it has been assumedthat both the Quarto and Folio versions aredistortions of an "unblemished original" nowlost and that only the modem text accuratelyapproaches Shakespeare's lost original man-uscript. Urkowitz argues to the contrary thatthe Quarto and Folio are simply différentstages of Shakespeare's writing— an earlydraft and a final revision — and that they re-veal much about his process of composition.Urkowitz is assistant professor of humanitiesat the State University of New York MaritimeCollège, Bronx, NY. g48 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Fall 1981JLG t tGfS irOm -rViriCâ., written in the immediacyof Isak Dinesen's expériences in Kenya, is the raw material she was totransmute into her lyrical memoir, Out of Africa. Thèse letters reveal, asnever before, the young, vulnérable Karen Blixen — the miseries of herfailed marriage, her illness, the f inancial collapse of her coffee plantation,the death of her lover. But they reveal, too, her irrépressible spirit,independence of mind, and love of life "in ail its forms.""You must never feel sorryfor me about such things as loneliness and illness; I considerthem of no account. What I do fear and what would really be a misfortune for me, isnot to hâve continuity in my life; that, to me, would be the worst horror, would becomea sort of insanity."". . .although I think it is delightful togo out hunting or to the ballet or to travel with aperson I am in love with, Ifind it intolérable to 'be an object.' Never in my life hâve Ibeen able to sit and gaze adoringly into somebody's eyes; Ijust don't think I could do it.""AU those women who most exploit their sex, and ascribe importance to their'womanly' virtue rather than to their purely human honesty andfrankness, in myopinion in our time are far from being the féminine élite of humanity.""You would ail laugh at me if you saw me in my wet weather outfit — at présent I nearlyalways wear long, khaki trousers and a kind of blouse reaching to the knee, and barelegs and clogs; now my hair is short I fancy myself as Tolstoy, without the beard.I hâve also taught myself to plow, so that f did not need tofeel inferior to Tolstoy ina photograph .'Isak DinesenLetters from Africa 1914-1931Edited for the Rungstedlund Foundation by FRANS LASSON • Translated by ANNE BORN 10% Alumni Discount with this order f orm University of Chicago Press, 11030 S. Langley Avenue, Chicago, LU 60628Please send me copy(ies) of LETTERS FROM AFRICA (a $25.00 ea. I understand that if not fully satisfied I mayreturn book for full refund or cancellation of charges. Payment or charge card information must accompany each order.Publisher pays postage. (Orders to Illinois addresses add 6% sales tax.) D Check enclosed D MasterCard D VisaCrédit card number _ Name Bank ID (MC only) .Address Crédit card expires Signature City/State/ZiP_List Price Total - 10% discount + 6<T Sales Tax (Illinois addresses) Total AD 0548lHfa UiNllVbKbll Y Ut U1-11UAU.U MAC.AZ.LMtRobie House5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, IL 60637 Ch.c >ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED'-^'N# -u\ V\i ;... -, r%u:Vsme®»mm -v. VV.„_,'YV\ ,'i~ ' ': h \\ % '.'. »', ¦ '1:1JPP i>A-i vThankYou!Thank vou, for writingus (bv signing your name to acheck), in response to our ad,and for being so gracious asto reply promptly to our let-ter asking for voluntarv contributions to help defray themagazine's production costs.To save monev, we trust thisnote and your cancelledcheck will serve as our ac-knowledgment. Thank voualso, for your delightful notesexpressing votes of confidence, and for vour criticism.We cherish both. We willgive vou a full report on thefunds vou sent in, as soon aswe get through countingthem!Felicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50EditorTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHIGAGO MAGAZINE n>-r</>cX*.M ntzw»- CDX"-1no-x> t-i<> >>mcimxir «o>< v\</> SmH m-tn<W o<0 ÂJO-* cmIon(/) mxH TJfi33 HOm P £m orH cM Xroo0*01««J*W' v*;