The University ofCHICAGOMagazine/ Winter 1981The President's Report on theState of the UniversityEmmett Dedmon, AB'39, has breakfast withWilliam Rainey Harper,lunch withHarry Pratt Judson,and dinner withErnest DeWitt Burton..Cach year our volunteers receive a ceramic mugwith a photograph of a différent University ofChicago président printed on it. This year we willf eature Max Mason (président of The University ofChicago from 1925-28).Emmett Dedmon, National Chairman of theAlumni Fund, earned his set of mugs by being avolunteer. Worit you join him? You, too, can enjoyyour morning coffee ornoon cup of soup with suchdistinguished company.Please volunteer for the springphonathon in your area and helpus enlist new gift club members forthe Alumni Fund. And then enjoyyour morning cup of coffee withPrésident Mason.To volunteer, contact:THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI FUND5733 University, Chicago IL 60637(312) 753-1935EditoiFelicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50Assistant EditorFlorence Hammet, MAT'74Editorial AssistantMike Vanden HeuvelThe University of ChicagoOffice of Alumni AffairsRobie House5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Président, The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationBeverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69Executive Directorof University Alumni AffairsPeter Kountz, AM'69, PhD'76Associate Directorof University Alumni AffairsRuth HalloranNational Program DirectorSylvia Hohri, AB'77Chicago Area Program DirectorPatricia SchulmanAlumni Schools Committee DirectorRobert Bail, Jr„ X'71The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationExecutive Committee, The CabinetBeverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69Anita Jarmin Brickell, AB'75, MBA'76William N. Flory, AB'48Eugène M. Kadish, AB'63, JD'66Max Schiff, Jr., AB'36Edward J. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Emmett Dedmon, AB'39Gail Pollack Fels, JD'65Faculty/Alumni Advisory Committeeto The University of Chicago MagazineEdward W. Rosenheim, AB'39, AM'47, PhD'53ChairmanDavid B. and Clara E. Stern Professor, Departmentof English and the CollègeWalter J. Blum, AB'39, JD'41Wilson-Dickinson Professor, The Law SchoolJohn A. SimpsonArthur Holly Compton Disringuished ServiceProfessor, Department of Physics and the CollègeLorna P. Straus, SM'60, PhD'62Dean of Students in the CollègeAsosciate Professor, Department of Anatomy andthe CollègeGreta Wiley Flory, PhB'48Linda Thoren, AB'64, JD'67The University of Chicago Magazine is publishedby The University of Chicago in coopération withthe Alumni Association. Published continuouslysince 1907. Editorial Office: Robie House,5757 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637.Téléphone (312) 753-2325.Coyright ® 1981 by The University of Chicago.Published four rimes a year, Autumn,Winter, Spring, Summer. The magazine issent to ail University of Chicago alumni. Pleaseallow eight weeks for change-of-address.Second-class postage paid at Chicago, IL, and atadditional mailing offices.Photo Crédits: Cover, Dan Breslau of The ChicagoMaroon; P. 3, Michael Shields; P. 7, Courtesy of Mrs.Timothy Scofield; P. 14, Marc PoKempner; P. 19,Robert Mead; Pp. 24-5, James Ballard; P. 26, JamesBallard, Charles Moseley; P. 27, James Ballard, DanBreslau; P. 28, Charles G. Bloom; P. 31, MichaelWeinstein; P. 41, Jean-Regis Roustan. The University ofCHICAGOMagazine / Winter, 1981Volume 73, Number 3 (ISSN 0041-9508)IN THIS ISSUE2 Science and Ethics: Can They Be Reconnected?by STEPHEN TOULMINA philosopher traces the estrangement of science and ethics.8 Robie House: The New Alumni House14 The President's Report on The State of TheUniversity.by HANNA HOLBORN GRAY18 Why Don't Things Work Anymore?A Conversation with Morris JanowitzA distinguished sociologist discusses some of the reasonsfor America's current malaise.24 Intramural Sports at ChicagoDEPARTMENTS28 Kaléidoscope36 The Alumni Association President's Page37 Future Alumni Events38 Class News46 Deaths48 Books by AlumniCover: In this year's Hanna Bowl (the graduate/undergraduate intramural football championship held on the Midway) ChamberlinHouse players, (left) blackened their eye sockets as part of their gameplan against their opponents, the Wabuno Bay Buccaneers, (right).The Bues won, 13-6. (Photo by Dan Breslau of The Chicago Maroon.)Science and Ethics:Can They Be Reconnectée!?By Stephen ToulminIn that branch of contemporary phi-losophy called ethics, "science" — orat least "the natural and social sciences" as they are conceived of in theEnglish-speaking world — receives verylittle attention.And yet, interactions between science and ethics were once vigorousand cordial.How hâve science and ethics be-come estranged? And how, in an erain which the two must inevitably col-lide, can they be put on speakingterms again?From a strict philosophical pointof view, ail attempts to insulate thesciences from ethics can be easilyundercut. This is true whether we dis-cuss the basic concepts of the sciences,the institutions and collective conductof the scientific profession, or the per-sonal motives of individual scientists.As to the concept of science: solong as we restrict ourselves to thephysical and chemical sciences, ourbasic notions and hypothèses (e.g.,hadron, field gradient, and aminoacid) may hâve no obvious evaluativeimplications. But the physiological, tosay nothing of the psychological andsocial sciences, employ whole familiesof concepts, such as functionality andadaptedness, and their cognâtes,which raise evaluative issues directly.As to the scientific profession: thecodes of good intellectual practice, andthe criteria of professional judgment inStephen Toulmin is professor in the Committee on Social Thought, the Departmentof Philosophy, and the Divinity School. Heis completing Volume Two of his book Hu-man Understanding, to be published byPrinceton University Press, and is begin-ning a book on the historical developmentof casuistry as a method of moral argument.Adapted from an article in The Hastings Center Report, june 1979. Repnnted with permission of TheHastings Center, Instttule of Society, Ethics and theLife Sciences, 360 Broadway, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY. the sciences, may once upon a timehâve looked to the needs of effectiveinquiry alone, rather than to broader"ethical" considérations. But it is bynow no longer possible to draw soclear or sharp a line between the intellectual demands of good science andthe ethical demands of the good life.The increasingly close links betweenbasic science and its practical applications expose working scientists moreand more to ethical problems and public accountability of sorts that are com-monplace in service professions suchas medicine and law.Finally, as to the individual motives that operate for scientists in theirwork: though the idéal spring of actionfor scientific inquiry may be a pure respect for the rationality of the inquiryitself, such a pure respect is at best anaspiration, and a moral aspiration atthat. Furthermore, it is something thatcan be developed in the course of anyindividual's lifetime, only as a some-what refined product of moral éducation.Yet, despite thèse powerful objections, the notion that the intellectualactivities of science are carried on at alevel that sets them, if not above, thenat any rate beside and on a par withthe moral law, continues to hâve itscharms; and we must try to under-stand its seductive power. One potentsource, I suggest, has been scientists'fear of relativism. Récognition ofanthropological diversity led, byaround 1800, to a widespread sensé —not by any means confined to philo-sophers — that ethical beliefs and prac-tices vary arbitrarily from culture toculture. Earlier in the eighteenth cen-tury it had still been possible for Voltaire to déclare, "There is only onemorality, as there is only one geometr-y"; but, from 1800 on, cultural relativism became a force to reckon with ingênerai thinking about ethical matters.Since this relativism and subjectivismput the very foundations of ethics indoubt, it was understandable that sci entists should hâve resisted the intrusion of ethics into the business of science; and that, in return, they shouldhâve insisted that the concerns of science — unlike those of ethics — were en-tirely objective, and in no sensé "matters of taste or feeling." Furthermore,the fact that scientific issues couldplausibly be depicted as public and intersubjective (i.e., "rational") made itpossible, also, to define the intellectualdemands of the scientific life in a simi-larly objective way. So, both the collective conduct of the scientific professionand the personal choices of individualscientists were apparently freed fromthe existential arbitrariness and ambi-guity of the ethical realm.At this point, it might hâve beenbetter if philosophers and scientistsalike had emphasized the similaritiesbetween science and ethics, and hadused the "rational objectivity" of science as a model in seeking to reestablishthe claims of moral objectivity. Theargument that ethical issues are, intheir own proper ways, as public andintersubjective as scientific issues (andso equally "rational") was thus aban-doned too quickly and lightly. Butmany scientists, lacking any sensé ofjoint intellectual responsibility and in-terest with the moral philosophers,were happy enough to disown relativism in science and boit for cover ontheir own. For so long as relativismand subjectivism remained viable options in philosophical ethics, most scientists understandably felt that it wasmore important to emphasize the dis-tinctively intellectual — and so, presum-ably, "value-neutral" — character oftheir own enterprises. Provided theycould préserve the autonomy of thescientific community against ail outsiders they did not mind letting the moralphilosophers sink or swim by them-selves.By now, however, the "rationality" of science — the objectivity of scientific issues, the autonomy of the scientific professions, and the categorical2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"The increasingly close links between basic scienceand its practical applications expose working scientistsmore and more to ethical problems and public accountabilityof the sorts that are commonplace ... in medicine and law."claims of the scientific life — can no longer be used to differentiate science en-tirely from the rest of thought andmorality. We are faced, on every level,not by a hard and fast distinction, butby a spectrum.• The basic concepts of the sciencesrange along a spectrum from theeffectively "value-free" to the irre-trievably "value-laden";• The goals of the scientific enterpriserange along the spectrum from apurely abstract interest in theoretic-al spéculations to a direct concernwith human good and ill;• The professional responsibilities ofthe scientific community rangealong a spectrum from the strictlyinternai and intellectual to the mostpublic and practical.Nonetheless, as recently as the 1930s,when I first acquired my ideas about"science," the most characteristic markof the scientific attitude and the scientific task was to sélect as one's prefer-red center of attention the purest, themost intellectual, the most auton-omous, and the least ethically impli-cated extrême on each of thèse différent spectrums.No doubt this "puristic" view ofscience was an extrême one, and byno means universally shared by working scientists, to say nothing of theoutside social commentators whowrote about the scientific scène. Yet itis a view that had, and continues tohâve, great attractions for many professional scientists. Since "rational objectivity" is an indispensable part ofthe scientific mission, and the intrusion of "values" into science had corneto be regarded as incompatible withsuch objectivity, ail concern withvalues (or other arbitrary, personalpréférences) had to be foresworn inthe higher interest of rationality. Cer-tainly, the professional institutions ofscience tended to be organized on thisbasis. The memberships of scientificacadémies, for instance, hâve for thelast seventy-five or 100 years been in- Stephen Toulmincreasingly recruited on the basis of thenarrowly defined intellectual contributions of candidates alone, without regard to their social perceptiveness,ethical sensitivity, or political wisdom.Indeed, the puristic view is stillpowerful today: consider, for instance,the récent proposais by Arthur Kantro-witz of M.I.T. for a Science Court,whose duty would be to pronounce onthe "factual implications" of scienceand technology for issues of publicpolicy, without référence to the"values" at stake in each case. Accordingly, the purism of theviews about science into which I wasinitiated was not merely a feature ofthe particular culture and time of myyouth: one more local and temporarycharacteristic of the factual, unemo-tional, antiphilosophical, class-structured, and role-oriented attitudesof the English professional classes between the two world wars. Many ofthe considérations advanced to explainand justify scientific purism — the intellectual reaction against ethical relativism, the collective désire for profes-3sional autonomy, the personal charmsof an ethically unambigious life plan —hâve a force that carries them acrossnational boundaries.What deeper explanation shouldwe look for, then, to account for theémergence of this puristic view of science? Granted that, by the early twen-tieth century, relativism and subjectivism were beginning to pose an implicitthreat to the objectivity of science aswell as to ethics, how was it that scientists perceived and defined theirown collective interests and self-imageso clearly? How did they corne to suppose that they could see science ascapable of being the stronghold ofreason by itself and on its own, incontradistinction to ethics, which hadseemingly been unmasked as the play-thing of émotion?The distinction between an objective science and a subjective ethicsmay be traced back at least as far asthe scientific positivism of Comte, inthe early nineteenth century — i.e., thebelief that science can be built up fromscratch by only a dispassionate observer, starting from the same repertoryof morally neutral "facts" about theworld. The same contrast helped toencourage the revival of scientific positivism in Vienna in the 1920s. But whywas scientific positivism itself able tocarry conviction from the earlynineteenth century on, in a way that ithad not done earlier?I believe the crucial developmentin the history of nineteenth-centuryscience was the establishment of distinct scientific disciplines, professionsand rôles: that is, the process bywhich individual, sharply delimitedspécial sciences began to crystallizefrom the larger and less-defined matrixof eighteenth-century natural philoso-phy. As a resuit of this change, scientific workers divided themselves upinto new and self-organized collectivi-ties, and acquired a collective con-sciousness of their specialized intellectual tasks, as contrasted with thebroader concerns of philosophical,literary, and theological discussionmore generally. In this way, it at lastbecame possible to define the new individual rôle of "scientist." (This famil-iar word was coined as recently as 1840 by William Whewell, on the mod-el of the much older term "artist," forhis presidential address to the BritishAssociation for the Advancement ofScience.)In thèse respects, scientific rôlesand writings, organizations and arguments dating from before 1830 differsharply from anything to be found af-ter around 1890. In the hands of themost distinguished eighteenth-centuryauthors, scientific issues were alwaysexpanding into, and merging with,broader intellectual questions. In thewritings of a John Ray or a JosephPriestley, the doors between science,ethics, and religion are always open."And why not?" they would hâveasked; "for natural philosophy mustsurely embrace within itself, not justmathematical and expérimental philosophy, but also natural theology andnatural morality." (Their sentimentswere also those of Isaac Newton him-self, for whom "to discourse of God"from a study of His Création "doescertainly belong to natural philosophy.") Indeed, it took a séries of de-liberate and collective décisions to restrict the scope of scientific debate before thèse larger issues of philosophyand theology were effectively excludedfrom the professional debate about sci-entfic issues. One such example wasthe resolution adopted by the Geolo-gical Society of London in 1807 to ex-clude from its Proceedings ail arguments about the origin, antiquity, andcréation of the earth, as being merelyspéculative, and to confine the Proceedings to papers based on directobservations of the earth's crust. Dur-ing the rest of the nineteenth century,the intellectual concerns of the différent spécial sciences were identifiedand defined in progressively sharperterms, setting them apart from thebroader interests of philosophers,theologians, and the gênerai readingpublic.At this point, we should look atthe manner in which natural philosophy, as conceived in the seventeenthand eighteenth centuries, fell apartinto its component éléments, and thesciences (and scientists) were led to setup shop on their own. Even as late asthe 1820s, Joseph Townsend could still présent significant contributions togeological science in the guise of anargument vindicating The Veracity ofMoses as an Historian. By the end of thecentury, Biblical history and geochro-nology had become entirely distinctdisciplines, pursued by quite separatecommunities of scholars. Yet, even inthis case, the transitions involved wereprotracted, hard-fought, and painful.Similarly, one major reason for thehostile réception that greeted Darwin'sOrigin of Species was the threat itseemingly posed to the traditionalassociation between natural historyand sacred history. Acknowledging aprésentation copy of the book, Darwin's teacher Adam Sedgwick express-ed sorrow and alarm at Darwin's disregard of the "essential link" betweenthe moral and material order of theworld. If natural historians no longershowed us how the hand of theCreator was exemplified in the livingcréatures that were His handiwork,how then could the human race be ex-pected to retain its confidence in Divine wisdom and providence?In addition, we might examine theinstitutional changes during thenineteenth century by the leading scientific académies and societies thathad originally been founded from 1650on. How did they move from beinggênerai associations of scholars, cler-ics, and gentlemen to being specializedorganizations of professional experts,with a narrowly defined scope andstrict entrance qualifications? Before1830, the Royal Society of London wasstill largely an association for thegênerai discussion of issues in naturalphilosophy. Even in the second half ofthe ninteenth century, it was stillaccepted as a matter of common formthat a poet such as Alfred Tennysonshould be a Fellow of the Royal Society, and sit on important Royal Societycommittees. By the 1890s, it had become the mode to pursue, not just artfor art's sake, but also science for science' s sake: even, electrical theory forelectrical theory's sake, organic che-mistry for organic chemistry's sake,botanical taxonomy for botanical tax-onomy's sake. This was so because, by1890, the self-defining disciplines andautonomous professions with which4 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981To understand how science came to part companyfrom the foundations of ethics, we need to examinethe history of scientific specialization."we are familiar today — each of themdevoted to the spécial aims of one oranother science — had finally estab-lished an existence independent ofeach other.Once again, however, thèse insti-tutional claims did not corne automati-cally or easily. On the contrary, the intellectual and institutional claims ofthe spécial sciences faced continued résistance from the churches and else-where. So the collective expérience, interests, and self-perceptions of, for example, cell physiologists, historicalgeologists, and electromagnetic theor-ists led them to défend their newlywon territories with some realjealousy, to act protectively toward theintellectual goals of their disciplines,and to resist any countermoves aimedat reabsorbing them into some largerSystem of philosophy or theology.In short, to understand how science came to part company from thefoundations of ethics, we need to examine the history of scientific specialization. It was the development ofspecialization and professionalizationthat was responsible for excludingethical issues from the foundations ofscience, and so, though inadvertently,destroyed most of the links betweenscience and the foundations of ethics.During the hundred or so years beginning around 1840, the concepts andmethods, collective organization, andindividual rôles of science were prog-ressively sharpened and defined, inways designed to insulate truly "scientific" issues and investigations from ailexternal distractions. So defined, thetask of "positive science" was to revealhow and in what respects, regardlessof whether we like them or not, dis-coverable regularities, connections,and mechanisms are manifest in, or responsible for, the phenomena of thenatural world.This "positive" program for science was sometimes associated, but wasnever identical, with the philosophy ofscientific positivism. It rested on thefollowing assumptions.A scientific picture of the worlddiffers radically from a metaphysico-religious picture. The former is realisti-cally confined to demonstrable factsabout the natural world: the latter embeds those demonstrable facts with-in a larger conceptual System, struc-tured according to préjudices that are(from the scientific standpoint) arbit-rary, externally motivated, and pre-sumably wish-fulfilling.A realistic view of the naturalworld is one that is kept free ofirrelevant préférences and évaluations,and so depicts Nature as it is,"whether we like it or not."If scientific work is to be effective-ly organized and prosecuted, questions of "demonstrable fact" must beinvestigated quite separately from ailarbitrary, external, wish-fulfilling notions. Only in this way can we carryforward the technical inquiries of science proper, without being sidetrackedinto fruitless and inconclusive debatesabout rival values or Weltanschauungento which individual scientists mayhappen (like anyone else) to beattracted for personal reasons.Thus, the deeper reasons for de-fining the scope and procédures of thespécial sciences in ways that keepethical issues out of their foundationswere connected with the basic metho-dological program of the modem scientific movement. In particular, theyreflect the steps which hâve beentaken over the last 100 years to giveinstitutional expression to the maximsand ambitions of the founders of theRoyal Society, through the professionalization of the scientific enter-prise. Given the care and effort thatthe community of professional scientists has taken in this way to insulatethe foundations of science from ethics,we should not therefore be surprised ifthey hâve made it that much harder topréserve clear and significant connections between science and the foundations of ethics, as well.In ail thèse ways, nineteenth-century natural scientists worked tokeep ethical considérations and préférences from operating within "thefoundations of science"; so that, for instance, the tests for deciding whetherone scientific theory or concept was"better" or "worse" than its rivais,from the scientific point of view,should be wholly divorced from issuesabout what was ethically "better" or"worse." It was a matter of great im portance for them to be able to makethe choice between alternative théoriesor concepts turn solely on "objective"or "factual" considérations: thus, theycould avoid having to face the question whether one theory or concept ismorally préférable to, or more objec-tionable than, rival théories or concepts.That kind of value neutrality was,of course, quite compatible with particular scientists adopting ail sorts ofethical views and positions on theirown responsibility. It was even compatible with one rather more gênerai,collective view: namely, that we mustbegin by drawing a sharp line betweenmatters of pure or real science andmatters of applied science or — moreprecisely — of technology, after which itwill become clear that questions ofethical desirability can arise only in thelatter, technological area. (To put itcrudely, anatomy is value-free, clinicalmedicine value-laden.) Above ail, itwas compatible with ail sorts of philosophical discussions, as professionalscientists sought to rationalize or jus-tify their particular ethical positions,and square their personal views aboutethics with their scientific interests andméthodologies.In our own day, however, theaccumulated successes of the "positive" methodology hâve carried science — and scientists — up against thelimits of that program's validity, andin some places across them. To beginto answer my central question — "Howcan we set about reconnecting the sciences with the foundations ofethics?" — let us identify certain pointsat which, during the last few years,the location of thèse limits has becomeapparent.The positive program for science nor-mally took for granted a sentimentalview of ethics: this was used to justifyexcluding ethics — which was assumedto deal with labile and subjective matters of taste or feeling — from the sys-tematic investigation of "demonstrablefacts." It was assumed, in otherwords, that human values, valuationsand préférences hâve no place withinthe world of nature that is the scien-tists's object of study.5During the twentieth century, bycontrast, science has expanded intothe realms of physiology and psychol-ogy, and in so doing has shown thelimits of that assumption. As physiology and psychology hâve succeeded insecuring their own positons as sciences, human beings hâve ceased to beonlookers contemplating a naturalworld to which they themselves areforeign and hâve become parts of (orparticipants within) that world. As aresuit, the makeup, opérations, andactivities of human beings themselveshâve become legitimate issues for scientific investigation. At the very least,the biochemical and physiological pre-conditions of normal functioning, andso of good health, can accordingly bediscussed nowadays as problems forscience, as well as for ethics. With thiscrucial incursion by science into thefoundations of ethics, we can recog-nize that not ail human évaluationsmust necessarily be regarded, from thescientific point of view, as irrelevantévaluations. On the contrary, some ofthe processes and phenomena studiedby natural sciences carry with themcertain immédiate evaluative implications for the "good and ill" of humanlife. With this example before us, weare ready to take the first step in thedirection hinted at earlier: that of us-ing the "rational objectivity" of scienceas a model for reestablishing theclaims of moral objectivity.Given the increasingly close involvementof basic science with its applications tohuman welfare, notably in the area ofmédical research, it is meanwhile becom-ing clear that the professional organiza-tion and priorities of scientific work canno longer be concerned solely with considérations of intellectual content andmerit, as contrasted with the ethicalacceptability and social value, either ofthe research process itself, or of its practical conséquences.The very existence of the bioethicsmovement is one indication of thischange. The work of the NationalCommission for the Protection of Human Subjects, and of institutional re-view boards to review research involv-ing human subjects, is another. This being the case, the doors between science and the foundations ofethics can no longer be kept boltedfrom the scientific side, as they werein the heyday of positive science.Neither the disciplinary aspects of thesciences, their basic concepts and intellectual methods, nor the professionalaspects of scientific work, the collective organization of science, and itscriteria of professional judgment, canever again be insulated against the"extraneous and irrelevant" influenceof ethics, values, and préférences.On what conditions, then, can wereestablish the frayed links betweenscience and ethics?1. We should not attempt to reestablish thèse links by reviving outwornstyles of natural theology. The kind ofsyncretistic cosmology to be found inTeilhard de Chardin, for example, isno improvement on its predecessors:this is indeed an area in which "demonstrable facts" are in real danger ofbeing obscured by a larger wishful-filling framework of theological fan-tasies. Instead, we should em-bark on a critical scientific andphilosophical reexamination of hu-manity's place in nature, with spécialréférence to the use of such terms as"function" and "adaptation," behindwhich the ethical aspects of our involvement in the natural world aretoo easily concealed.2. We should not insist on seeingethical significance in ail of science, letalone require that every pièce of scientific investigation should hâve a demonstrable human relevance. Thoughthe enthusiasms of the 1960s "counter-culture" were intelligible enough intheir historical context, that would begoing too far in the opposite direction,and would land us in worse troublethan the positivist program itself. Instead, we should pay critical attentionto the respects in which, and thepoints at which, ethical issues enterinto the conduct of scientific work, in-cluding its immédiate practical conséquences. The ethical aspects of human expérimentation, and of such en-terprises as sex research, are only sam-ples from a much larger group ofpossible issues.3. We should not see this re- newed interaction between science andethics as threatening, or justifying, anyattack on the proper autonomy of scientists within their own spécifie professional domains. The récent debateabout recombinant DNA researchgenerated rhetoric of two contrarykinds: both from scientists who sawthe whole affair as a pretext for out-side interférence in the proper affairsof the scientific professions, and fromlaypersons who genuinely believedthat those affairs were being carried onirresponsibly. Instead, we should re-consider, in a more sélective way, justwhat the proper scope and limits ofprofessional autonomy are, and atwhat points scientists cross the lineseparating legitimate professionalissues from matters of proper publicconcern, whether political or ethical.4. We should not suppose that re-newing diplomatie relations betweenscience and ethics will do anything tothrow doubt on the virtues, duties,and obligations of the scientific rôle orstation. During the last fifteen years,the anti-scientific excesses of the radic-als hâve sometimes made it appearnecessary to apologize for being a sci-entist; and, as a reaction against thisradical rhetoric, some professional scientists hâve developed, in turn, a kindof resentful truculence toward publicdiscussions about the ethical and political involvements of the scientific life.Instead, we need to understand betterhow the Unes between the narrowlyprofessional and broader social respon-sibilities of scientists run in the collective sphère, and also how individualscientists can balance their obligationswithin the overall demands of a moral-ly acceptable life, as between theirchosen professional rôles as neurophy-siologists, for example, and the otherobligations to which they are subjectin other capacities as citizens, col-leagues, lovers, parents, religious be-lievers, or whatever.During the last few years, the"purist" view of science — as a strictlyautonomous intellectual enterprise, insulated against the influence of ailmerely human needs, wishes, and préférences — has thus lost its plausibility.Whether we consider the basic concepts of the sciences, the collective en-6 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"We should embark on a critical scientific andphilosophical re- examina tion of humanity's place in nature."terprises of professional science, or thepersonal commitments and motivations of individual scientists, we canmaintain a strictly value-free (orrather, ethics-free) position only bysticking arbitrarily to one extrême endof a long spectrum.From that extrême point of view,the ideally scientific investigationwould be a pièce of strictly académieresearch on some application-proofproject in theoretical physics, con-ducted by a friendless and statelessbachelor of independent means. Theremay hâve been a substantial body ofscience approximating this idéal as re-cently as the 1880s and 1890s, but thatis certainly not the case any longer.On the contrary, we can learn some-thing about the foundations of ethicsby reconsidering the character andcontent of the scientific enterprise onail three levels.1. As a collective activity, any science is significant for ethics because ofthe ways in which it serves as anembodiment or exemplar of appliedrationality. In this respect, the very objectivity of the goals at which scientistsaim, both collectively and individually,provides us with the starting point fora counterattack against relativism andsubjectivism in ethics, too.2. Correspondingly, the moralcharacter of the scientist's personalmotivation, particularly the way inwhich the Kantian "pure respect forrationality as such" grows out of thewider life of affect or "inclination" —what I hâve elsewhere called "themoral psychology of science" — canteach us something about the natureof personal virtue and commitment inother areas of life.3. Finally, the actual content ofthe sciences is at last contributing to abetter understanding of the humanlocus within the natural world. Thisfact is well recognized in the physiolo-gical sciences, where the links betweennormal functioning and good health arecomparatively unproblematic. But it isa matter of active dispute in severalareas just at this time: for example, inthe conflict over the relations betweensocial psychology and sociobiology.And there are some other fields inwhich it should be the topic of much more active debate than it is: for example, in connection with the rivalry between psychotherapeutic andpsychopharmacological modes of treat-ment in psychiatry.This done, it should not be hardto indicate the points at which issuesoriginating in the natural sciences cangive rise to, and grow together with,evaluative issues — and not merelywith issues that involve the values "in-trinsic to" the scientific enterprise itself, but also larger human values of amore strictly ethical kind. For as wesaw the new phase of scientific de-velopment into which we are nowmoving requires us to reinsert humanobservers into the world of nature, sothat we become not merely onlookers,but also participants in many of thenatural phenomena and processes thatare subject matter of our scientific investigations. This is true across thewhole spectrum of late twentieth-century science: ail the way fromquantum mechanics, where Heisen-berg's Principle requires us to acknow-ledge the interdependence of theobserver and the observed, to ecology,where the conduct of human beings isone crucial factor in any causal analy-sis of the condition of, say, Lake Erie,or to psychiatry, where the two-wayinteraction between the psychiatristand his client is in sharp contrast tothe one-way influence of nature on thehuman observer (but not vice versa)presupposed in classical nineteenth-century science.Recognizing the interconnected-ness of human conduct and naturalphenomena may not by itself détermine the direction in which those interconnections should point us. Ad-mitting the need to establish some har-mony between human conduct andnatural processes is one thing:agreeing on what constitutes such aharmony is another, harder task.There was, for instance, a disagree-ment between Thomas Henry Huxleyand his grandson, Julian, about the relations between human ethics andorganic évolution. T. H. saw it as abasic human obligation to fight againstthe cruelty and destructiveness ofnatural sélection, whereas Julian sawthe direction of human progress as a simple continuation of the direction oforganic évolution. What both Huxleysagreed about, however, was the needto see human ethics as having a placein the world of nature, and to arrive ata rational understanding of what thatrelation is.It was with this need in mind thatI referred to such concepts as functionand adaptation as requiring particularscrutiny. For the question, "What isthe true function of human beings?", ispotentially as much a topic of debatetoday as it was in classical Athens,when Plato had Socrates raise it in theRepublic. Likewise, the question, "Howshould our ways of acting change, inorder to become better adapted to thenovel situations in which we are find-ing ourselves?" is a question that alsoinvites answers — sometimes, overlysimple answers — based on a reading ofcontemporary biology and ecology. Forbetter and for worse, we are probablyripe for a revival of the organic theoryof society and the state. And, thoughthis is a topic that must be takenseriously, it is also one that is going toneed to be handled with great cautionand subtlety, if we are to avoid thecrudely conservative emphases of ear-lier versions of the theory. Startingfrom where we do, the answers wegive to such questions will certainlyneed to be richer and more complexthan those available in Plato's time;but, sharing Plato's questions, we areevidently back in a situation where ourview of ethics and our view of natureare coming back together again. ¦Suggested further reading:Bronowski, Jacob. Science and Human Values(Harper & Row, 1972).Englehardt, H. Tristram, Jr., and Callahan,Daniel, eds. The Foundations of Ethics and ItsRelationship to Science (The Hastings Center,fortheoming).Gillispie, Charles C. Genesis and Geology: TheDécades Before Darwin (Harper & Row).Books by Stephen Toulmin:Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry intothe Aims of Science (Harper & Row, 1961).Human Understanding (Volume One, Princeton University Press, 1972).The Philosophy of Science (Harper & Row,1953).Reason in Ethics (Cambridge UniversityPress, 1949).7Robie House:The late Lora Hieronymus Robie,PhB'OO, would be pleased toknow that the 89,000 alumni ofthe University hâve a standing invitation to visit her former home, which isnow Alumni House. In 1906, Mrs.Robie persuaded her husband,Frederick, to build their house in HydePark because she liked the neighbor-hood and wanted to keep in touchwith campus life. He hired architectFrank Lloyd Wright to design theirhouse.But Mrs. Robie might beastounded at the number of visitorswho walk through her house on thedaily tours sponsored by the University. Visitors from around the worldcorne to see Robie House, which is aChicago Architectural Landmark (1960)and a U.S Registered National HistoricLandmark (1963). The tours usuallytake place at noon, but every day,seven days a week, ail day long, eagervisitors may be seen on the porches,in the yard, and in the street, takingpictures of the famous house.Robie House was not always sohighly regarded. As a little girl, Mrs. Carroll MasonRussell, SB'19, lived down the blockfrom the Robies. Her house at 5715Woodlawn was designed by architectHoward Van Doren Shaw, and "every-body thought it was quite nice."The Robie House, in contrast, wasa "disgrâce.""The neighbors reacted violently,"said Mrs. Russell. "The talk about itwas very bitter. They thought it wasplain ugly, and out of taste. The contrast in living ideas was so différent.People just didn't live in things thatlooked like boats.""They called it 'the battleship',"said Madeleine Michelson Mueller,daughter of Nobel Prize-winningphysicist Albert A. Michelson, whoalso lived nearby.Architectural historian Henry Russell Hitchcock thought it resembled anocéan liner, with its living-dining arealying in a continuous line like a greatship's public rooms, "and opening atthe ends and ail along the sides ontocontinuous balconies like nauticaldecks." To further extend the sensé ofairy, flowing space, Wright made the ends of the living and dining roomsinto V-shaped "prows." The thirdstory, housing three bedrooms, lookslike a bridge (or wheelhouse, or crow'snest) perched above and at rightangles to the horizontal lines of thecantilevered roof.(A cantilever is a projecting beamsupported at only one end. In RobieHouse, welded fifteen-inch steel chan-nel beams, which had never been usedin home construction before, run eastand west in the ceiling, unbroken, for110 feet. Thèse allow the roof to soarout twenty feet at each end of thehouse, in an impressive cantilever.)Architectural historian John Druryhas said that Robie "must hâve been adaring person indeed to commissionwhat was likely to be regarded as amonstrosity."Frederick Carlton Robie, Sr. wasprésident of the Excelsior Manufactur-ing Co. of Chicago, which made bicycles. While Robie's vision of his idéalhome sounds merely practical now, itwas daring in 1906:"I definitely wanted it fireproof, andunlike the sort of things prévalent inUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981The New Alumni HouseArchitects consider Frank Lloyd Wrighf sRobie House to be one of the two most outstandinghouses built in the twentieth century.homes of that period. The ideas ofmost of those houses was a kind ofconglomeration of architecture, on theoutside, and they were absolutely eutup inside. They were drafty becausethey had great big stairwells, occupy-ing a lot of valuable space, interferingwith outside window gazing. I wantedno part of that. I wanted rooms without interruption. I wanted Windowswithout curvature and doodads insideand out. I wanted ail the daylight Icould get in the house, but shadedenough by overhanging eaves to pro-tect from the weather. I wanted sunlight in my living room in the morningbefore I went to work, and I wanted tobe able to look out and down the Streetto my neighbors without having theminvade my privacy."I certainly didn't want a lot ofjunk — a lot of fabrics, draperies, andwhat not, or old-fashioned rollershades with brass fittings on theends — in my line of vision, gatheringdust and interfering with windowwashings. No sir. . .1 wanted a brickwall to keep the children from wander-ing out of the yard and getting lost."Robie prepared half a dozensketches, which he took to friends inthe construction and manufacturingbusiness."They looked at thèse things andthey thought I had gone nuts. Well,maybe so, but it was my money."He then approached six architects,who also turned him down."I did a little travelling around,"said Robie, "and ran across a constantfillip: T know what you want, one ofthose damn Wright houses.' It was agood advertisement for Mr. Wright."The twenty-seven-year-old Robiemet the thirty-seven-year-old Wrightin 1906 and the two men had "a defi-nite community of thought." Wrightspent the next three years designingwhat he was later to call "a goodhouse for a good man." Construction began in March1909. The contractor chosen by Wrightafter a "meticulous" search was Harri-son B. Barnard, AB'95, who later be-came a trustée of the University. Robiesaid Barnard was "a go-getting, two-fisted, high-spitting sort of guy, andwas a thorough mechanic in the art ofhousehold construction." Barnard toldRobie after the house was built that he"might as well hâve been making a pièce of machinery" because the planswere so perfect.In June 1910 the Robies moved in.Wright gave Robie exactly what hewanted. He gave the world, in hisown words, "the cornerstone of modem architecture."In 1957, a panel of leadingarchitects and art historians were toagrée with Wright. They named RobieHouse one of the two outstandingThe dining room as it originally appeared with dining table, chairs, built-in oak buffet and slatted roomdivider (behind table and chairs), as designed by Wright. The fumiture is now in The David and AlfredSmart Gallery on campus; the buffet and divider were removed by previous tenants.9houses built in the twentieth century.(The other was "Falling Water," builtby Wright in 1936 in Bear Run, PA.)But long before that, in 1911, Euro-pean architects recognized Wright'sgenius because of the revolutionaryideas embodied in Robie House.Wright's révolution, which settrends in house design for the next fif-ty years, was to make houses looknatural on their flat Midwestern prairie Wright eliminated the stuffy atticand dank, "unwholesome" basement(the land on which Robie House sitswas originally swampy marsh). Hebanished multiple chimneys ("bristlingup from steep roofs to hint at 'judg-ment' everywhere," grumbledWright), and the mantel (Wright calledit "a marble frame for a few coals, or apièce of wooden furniture with a fewtiles stuck in it").Robie House, as it now appears, from the corner of58th Street and Woodlawn Avenue. Wright designedplanters, lined with zinc, ail along the outside of the house, and provided spigots at intervais for wateringplants. When ail of the planters are filled with plants, the effect is to soften the taut Unes of the house.sites (hence the term "Prairie School"of architecture). To link a house to thelevel earth, he used horizontal lines.Most of Wright's other prairiehouses were built on sites larger thanRobie House's 60 x 210-foot city lot.But the narrow dimensions allowedWright's horizontal vision to soar. Thehovering roofs, balconies, and lime-stone sills stretching the length of thehouse suggest séries of floating planesheld together by a single vertical élément, the massive chimney.Wright's prairie house wasattuned to the Midwestern climate aswell as to its topography. The broadoverhanging roof is more than a keyélément in Wright's design; it sheltersthe inhabitants — and the walls themselves — from the violent extrêmes ofheat and cold, damp and dry, darkand bright. The undersides of the roofprojections are flat and painted whiteto diffuse reflected light to the upperrooms. Instead, he made the great hearththe core of the home.". . .the intégral fireplace became animportant part of the building itself inthe houses I was allowed to build outthere on the prairie. It refreshed me tosee the fire burning deep in the mason-ry of the house itself."Ceilings in typical turn-of-the century homes were impressively high.Wright lowered them. "Taking a human being for my scale, I brought thewhole house down in height to fit anormal man." That normal man wasFrank Lloyd Wright. Anyone tallerthan Wright's 5 feet, 8-V2 inches, ducksinstinctively under doorsills.Wright's interior design ingenious-ly allows movement throughout thehouse with a minimum of cross-traffic.One can enter the house and ascendto the top floor or to the servants'quarters above the garage without dis-turbing those who might be in the living or dining areas. Children could run from the outdoors into their playroomand from there to the foyer bathroom orupstairs to the kitchen without passingthrough any other rooms.The light Robie craved was gener-ously admitted through uncurtained,unshaded Windows of sparkling col-ored glass in abstract floral patterns.Even the closets hâve patterned Windows.In keeping with Wright's désire tobring nature's forms indoors, the artifi-cial light is "natural." Twenty-sixglobular light fixtures provide "sunlight" in the living-dining area. (Agroup of solar architects which met re-cently in Robie House worked by theirrays.) "Moonlight" streams from ceil-ing bulbs covered by rice paper andgolden oak filigree screens.Wright used Robie House as alaboratory in which to test new ideasin heating and cooling houses.Radiators were placed along the floorin front of doorways and Windowswith the pipes actually below thefloor. This helped warm the slabs, sothere was no shock of stepping on thecold floor. Warm air rose throughgrills at the base of the French doorsalong the south wall of the living-dining area, blanketing any coldradiating from the glass, and thusmaintaining a comfortable indoortempérature.Robie House was also the firsthouse to hâve controlled ventilation (aprecursor of air-conditioning). Fans ingrills in the ceilings over each "prow"in the living-dining area draw air frominside the house and expel it throughsimilar grills in overhanging eaves outside the Windows.Robie House boasts yet anotherfirst: an attached three-car garage. Un-til Robie House was built, garageswere set apart from the house, to iso-late the smell of horses, and later automobiles. But Wright believed that ailfunctions in a house should be inte-grated.The Robies lived in the house onlytwo and a half years."It was rumored that Mr. Wright'sbuilding was so costly that he brokeMr. Robie, who had to move out," re-called Mrs. Russell. "But I think it wasbecause people who resented thehouse wanted to say, 'See, we toldyou so.' "In fact, Robie thought his rela-tionship with Wright "was one of thecleanest business deals I ever had."10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWinter 1981His budget for the house was $60,000.The total cost, including the $14,000lot and the $10,000 furnishings, was$59,000.Robie moved to Détroit to workfor the Ford Motor Co. when his bicycle business declined. He sold hiscompany to "a Mr. Schwinn."The W. Taylor family bought thehouse, but lived in it only six months.Mr. Taylor died, and in 1911 the family sold the house to the head of theWilber Mercantile Agency and one-time commodore of the Chicago YachtClub, Marshall D. Wilber.The Chicago Theological Seminary announced plans to raze the houseand build the badly needed marriedstudents' dormitory on its site.The announcement set off angryprotests. A group of professors fromthe State Academy of Fine Arts inHamburg, Germany, wrote, "TheRobie House is one of the monumentsof our time. That this monumentshould give place to a barracks. . . !"Art students from the Universitydenounced the trustées and adminis-trators for cultural barbarism.David Ray, AB'32, AM'57, theneditor of Chicago Review, wrote an article about the planned démolition inThe western "prow" of the second-floor living-dining area, from the front porch. Stained glass doors atright and left open out onto a spacious balcony.(CTS) bought the house from the Wil-bers for $102,000 in 1926. They used itas a women's dormitory, a dining hall,and conférence center.But the seminary had reallypurchased the house for the corner lotunderneath ("not suspecting its futurefamé," wrote CTS président A. Cush-man McGiffert, Jr., in the history NoIvory Tower).World War II temporarily haltedplans to raze the house and replace itwith a new building. But by 1957, CTShad a housing crisis. A burgeoningnumber of married students lived intemporary housing that violated theChicago building code. CTS studentshad no dining room.Meanwhile, Robie House hadsteadily deteriorated. CTS did nothâve the $75,000 deemed necessary forstructural repairs. An additional$25,000 was needed to bring the houseinto compliance with the city buildingcode.In March 1957 Président McGiffert The Nation, indicting the University forfailing to assume responsibility for thehouse' s future.The criticism exasperated Président McGiffert. Mrs. Anna PatonGoodman, X'24, a family friend of theMcGifferts, recalled, "Cush used tosay, 'What they ought to do is build anice model of the Robie House andput it in the Muséum of Science andIndustry or the Art Institute. Then thearchitects could ail go look at it without the roof leaking on them!' "And CTS's business manager saidbluntly, "We are in the business toeducate ministers, not to support anational shrine."As one defender of CTS said inthe Chicago Sun-Times, "iratecritics. . .hâve contributed not one dollar toward the préservation of 'themost important house ever built in theUnited States.' It is time to put up orshut up."The vénérable Frank Lloyd Wrightwas not about to do that. At the âge of eighty-seven, smartly dressed in dou-ble-breasted overcoat and brightlyshined shoes, his flowing white hairtucked under a broad-brimmed hat, hetoured the house he had built a halfcentury earlier. Poking his cane intocorners, he proclaimed it "sound as anut.""Just needs a little tuckpointinghère and there," he said. For $10,000or $15,000, he told reporters, he would"make it like new," and that includedthe cost of restoring the furniture."This is one of the best-builthouses in the world," Wright said."The house is really in marvelousshape considering the abuse it has suf-fered. The students came in hère andmade whoopee, you know."Wright lambasted the seminary,calling their actions "a spécial speciesof vandalism.""To destroy the house would belike destroying a great pièce of sculpture or a great work of art. It wouldnever be permitted in Europe. . .It isparticularly sad that professional re-ligionists should be the executors."And, he added:"A religious organization has nosensé of beauty. You can't expectmuch from them."An increasing number of indi-viduals and groups rallied to Wright'scause. Phi Delta Thêta, the fraternityWright joined while a student at theUniversity of Wisconsin, offered totrade its building at 5745 Woodlawnfor Robie House. Alderman Léon De-spres proposed a city ordinance tomake funds available for préservation.Others suggested making Robie Housethe officiai mayor's résidence.In April 1957, Wright phonedPrésident McGiffert. "Why divide yourestablishment by crossing Woodlawn?" he asked. "I will undertake todesign without charge a buildingmeeting ail your requirements whereyou are now, one that will hâve theadmiration of the world. I will put theplan in your hands within thirtydays."The offer was not accepted.Succumbing to mounting publicpressure, CTS offered in mid-April togive Robie House to the city if the citywould pay to move it else where. Themove, estimated at a half million dollars, was rejected.CTS applied for a démolition permit, and scheduled the razing inSeptember 1957.il1 I *" ~*~-¦"*' fil12 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981Ira Bach, now chairman of theCommission on Chicago Historical andArchitectural Landmarks, was "badlyfrightened" by talk of the imminentdémolition. He acted."I went to New York, with JulianLevi's and Chancellor Kimpton's bles-sing, to ask William Zeckendorf ofWebb and Knapp [the architecturalfirm in charge of urban renewal inHyde Park] to buy the house for useas his headquarters during the rede-velopment project." Zeckendorf agrée,and paid CTS $125,000 for the house.Frank Lloyd Wright called Zeckendorf "a savior."But the rescue was only tempor-ary. The house had deteriorated badly.The roof leaked, the wood waswarped, and the electric fixtures wereso dangerous that anyone touchingthem risked electrocution.In a cold indoor ceremony inFebruary 1963 (the house's heatingSystem wasn't working), Zeckendorfpresented the deed to Robie House toUniversity Président George Beadle.The University had finally agreed totake over the house, provided that themoney required to repair and restore itwas raised by those who wanted itpreserved.Ira Bach led the second battle tosave the house. As chairman of an international committee of architects,planners, and preservationists, he hadalready raised $75,000 from 1958-60.That money was used for a new redceramic tile roof duplicating the original, and for a new gas heating unitand electrical service wiring.In 1967, the Adlai Stevenson Insti-tute for International Studies movedinto the house. The architectural firmof Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill con-tinued the rénovations, spending thelittle money available on paint and fur-nishings.The "battleship" had survived,though many architectural and arthistorians were not happy that RobieHouse was no longer a home.In May 1970, the "battleship"withstood another attack, this timeLeft: Robie House living room as it now appears.The sofa at rear and two small tables in foregroundare replicas of the original furniture Wright de-signed for the home.Right: Formerly the master bedroom, this third-level room with vaulted ceiling is now a conférencecenter for the Office of Alumni Affairs. from the Students for a DémocratieSociety. Believing that the StevensonInstitute had been involved in the U.S.government's intervention in South-east Asia, they broke Windows, de-stroyed some furniture, and ransackedfiles.In 1975, the University Development Office established its headquarters in the house. And in 1980, the Officeof University Alumni Affairs became thenew tenants.It is hard to believe that RobieHouse is more than seventy-one yearsold. Surrounded by stately WoodlawnAvenue homes and the University'sGothic spires, it still looks avant-garde.And for those of us who work init, it is a joy to enter each morning. ¦Florence A. HammetMany repairs still need to be madein Robie House. Ira Bach and PeterKountz, executive director of UniversityAlumni Affairs, hope to raise $500,000for further restoration.Visitors may take guided tours ofRobie House Monday through Satur-day, starting promptly at noon. Spécialgroup tours on arrangement. Phone:(312) 753-4429. A close-up of the Windows in the western "prow"of the Robie House living room. The glass is notleaded in the usual sensé but is set in "H" channelsof zinc, fused into place by copper electroplating.The design, a play of Unes, squares, and triangles,is an abstraction offorms in nature. The patternedoak grill above the Windows conceals a fan whichdraws air from the interior and expels it throughsimilar grills in overhanging eaves outside theWindows - the first use of "air-conditioning."13Hanna Holborn GrayThe President's Report OnThe State of the UniversityBy Hanna Holborn Gray14 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"It is time to give attention to future patterns of appointmentsas thèse affect our priorities in the arts and sciences/7I should like to comment on the stateof the arts and sciences at Chicagoand to address my view of somesignificant issues that we need consis-tently to review and to résolve as wepursue the aim of giving définition andvitality to the common académie core ofour university.Let me begin by citing thèse remarksmade by a university président:The problem of tenure has become un-usually acute because the times are out ofjoint. The market situation in the teach-ing profession has had a profound effect.Just before the War, and again just after-ward, there was a surge of students; collèges and universities grew rapidly andjunior collèges sprang up like weeds.Consequently there was an intense de-mand for teachers and jobs were plenti-ful . . . At the same time the great foundations were pouring out money to thecapital funds of institutions and privatephilanthropy made ail previous periodsof beneficence seem puny. Furthermorethe public showed such a lively interest inimproving professorial salaries that stateinstitutions, like privately endowed universities and collèges, added to theirfaculties and advanced salaries rapidly.It was at this same period that 'research' became a watchword. The miracles of medicine and applied science, thestartling suggestions of . . . mathema-ticans and physicists, the vogue for économie prédictions — ail thèse came to agreat climax and absorbed public interest. No institution was longer regardedas respectable unless research was asignificant part of its program . . . AUthèse factors combined to make for greatmobility in the teaching profession. Theproblem was not so much how an individual should find a job but of a choiceamong those available.But since then, said the Président, therehad corne a swift décline and disillusionresulting inan oversupply of degree holders as greatas the excess of openings had been . . .Budgets . . . were eut, income from en-dowments fell, enrollments no longermounted rapidly and salaries were eut.Public faith reacted violently . . . therewas talk of a scientific holiday; éducationwas put under severe criticism fromwithin and without. Naturally thèse factors united to produce widespread académie unemployment.. . . superabundance of optimism wasfollowed by public pessimism of thedeepest dye. It went to extrêmes as fool-ish as optimism had previously. Thèse words, with their familiarring, were written in 1940, by PrésidentHenry Wriston of Brown University. Hewas right, of course, about the unduepessimism of his time. Precisely thesame warning is appropriate today.Wriston's description captured the senséof reversai to an âge of growth in thehistory of universities — a transitionwhich had begun some eleven years ear-lier with the crash of 1929. So today'spessimism dérives from current perceptions of the continuing impact of the lasteleven or so years on a set of expecta fionsderived from another "heroic" âge.The questions before us hâve to dowith seeing through and beyond thosepersistent difficulties of constraint towhich we hâve become accustomed andwhich render impossible the solutions — if they were ever that — orprescriptions of incrémental growth.Our joint obligation and opportunity isto décide how an institution of greatstrength can build on its most vigorousfoundations and can move through debate and action toward the sélective,purposeful choices which will foster thesustained distinction of scholarship andresearch and the effective quality of éducation to which we aspire.The renewal of institutional leadership will arise from a sharedcommitment to our vision of theUniversity's rôle and future. There isgreat reason for confidence in ourcapacity to achieve that end. Any observation of the University's présentstrength and of the faculty's délibérations in those major areas which hâvebeen under study — enrollments, research policy, graduate éducation, thestratégies of longer term budget planning, to name only four — must generatethe realistic optimism which is appropriate to our condition. There is considérable momentum already in thèse andmany other initiatives which hâve astheir object the shaping of directions forthe whole university, with full regard forthe interdependence of its parts and for fostering an académie environment inwhich teaching and research willflourish at the highest level.But for now, for our immédiate pur-poses, let us turn, however artificial theséparation, to the arts and sciences. Inour terms, that means essentially the fa-culty and programs of the Divisions andthe Collège, although it includes manyfrom the professional schools. By choice'and by history we hâve no single gov-erning faculty of arts and sciences. TheUniversity's decentralized System placesprimary responsibility for académie policy and administration in graduate divisions whose groupings of départaient:and committees are intended to supportbroader associations of disciplinary ap-proaches and relationships, and in aCollège marked internally by both common and divisional jurisdictions.The Collège has been reorganizedmore times than I may know, and I amnot about to propose another. The lastmajor reorganization took place somefifteen years ago, and its purpose was togive enabling form to our conception ofwhat the framework of an undergrad-uate éducation in the libéral arts shouldbe at this university. It was to articulatethe conception of a four-year collègewith a cohérent curriculum that includesbasic and advanced gênerai éducation,some breadth of élective subjects, somedepth of concentration, some flexibilityin pursuing individual interest and in-dependent work. It was to affirm the importance of a closer and more fruitfulinterchange and coopération betweenthe Collège and the Divisions and of afaculty with joint appointments and anengagement in undergraduate as well asgraduate instruction.The numbers of faculty on joint ap-]pointment, and the numbers of divisional faculty teaching in the Collège,hâve grown dramatically since 1965. Notail divisional faculty teach in the Collège,nor has that ever been intended. Electivecourses and offerings in areas of concentration hâve also expanded considerably.We hâve a first-rate Collège of whichwe are justly proud. Its relationship tothe Divisions is stronger and healthierthan was the case fifteen years ago. It has15'also become more difficult to define or todiscern an entity that can be called aCollège faculty. I don't mean that weought to hâve such a separate group; inmy view, we never should. But I drawattention to a paradox that has markedour history and that marks it still. Wehâve a firm commitment to the importance of a common core of learning, to aset of basic values about what it is tobecome liberally educated, to a curriculardesign that dénies that simple distribution among a variety of disciplinaryofferings gives any real cohérence orbreadth to undergraduate study. On theother hand, we hâve a tradition ofautonomous choice and extraordinaryflexibilty in a community of scholarsdedicated to research and graduateteaching. The interest in undergraduateteaching, and in its différent aspects, isuneven; so, too, is the concern withviewing undergraduate éducation as awhole. The common core and gêneraiéducation courses find it difficult to at-tract ail the faculty they need. For somefaculty, the educational conviction thatsuch courses are indeed good is inconflict with their own intellectual convictions about the particular substance ormethod or syllabus of the course iniwhich they might teach. Where commonrequirements are taken seriously, as theyare hère, and where they are expected togive life to the basic methods and waysand objects of knowing which ail stu-jdents are to understand, then contro-Wersy about their content and methodwill always be acute and passionate — far[more so than in an institution which of-Ifers a cafétéria staffed by as many short-jorder cooks as can make their own thing.Hence the intensity of our debates,which hâve made Chicago a place ofsometimes ferocious but exceptionallylively and productive educational discussion. We need, I think, to live withthe conditions that underlie this state ofthings, but not to accept the status quo./We need to engage more faculty inthinking about the whole of the Collège, curriculum, about ways of attracting' more colleagues to teaching in the com- jmon core, about the means by which toavoid the dangers that can accompanyour System — namely, that certaincourses can become too rigid, or that agiven syllabus may be wrongly iden-• tified with gênerai éducation per se. The| issue is not whether we hâve an excellenti curriculum now. We do. The question iswhether we can find ways to ensure thecontinuing balance that we seek in thefour-year curriculum and whether wecan direct critical attention on the part ofa signficiant group of faculty to the con-Itinuing revitalization of the Collège.The tension between the claims ofcommonality and of individual choicewill not disappear or give way to narrowideological unity. The attractive simplic-ity of such single-mindedness, evenwhen disguised as comprehensive gospel, should never be permitted toobscure the complexity which we knowattaches to the struggle of attaining someknowledge, let alone wisdom, or the en-riching variety of genuine and compet-ling intellectual convictions. The searchfor curricular structure, now suddenlyfashionable again elsewhere, should notseek to impose a false cohérence offorced intellectual assent.The character and quality of undergraduate éducation will rest on abroad agreement, one in whichthe faculty within the arts and sciences asa whole participate, if to varying de-grees, as to the principal purposes andguidelines to be sought. To my mind, a(libéral éducation at this university aims/above ail to develop the gift of intellectual integrity, the capacity for criticalthinking and informed independentjudgment, to introduce students tofondamental aspects of the cultural in-lheritance, of the study of civilization,and of methods of analysis and dis-covery that cross a range of the arts andsciences. I take it that we want studentsto cultivate their ability to see relation-ships among disciplines and especiallyamong différent dimensions of inher-ently complex issues that might other- wise appear or be treated simply as tech-nical problems. We hope that they willgain and apply an intelligent respect forthe powers, and even the limitations, ofthe mind and its potential to see thingswhole, and for the values of créative research and professional standards,whatever may be their own futurevocations.The health of the Collège is linked tothat of the Graduate Divisions. In bothareas, of course, the nature of instructionand character of our programs rest on thequality and commitment of the faculty. Itis in the matter of graduate éducationand of the pattern of faculty appointments that we face the most critical questions now before the University.The Commission on Graduate Education began its work last spring underthe chairmanship of Keith Baker. Its task,as the chairman has written to the faculty,is to consider the présent state and future shape of graduate éducation at thisuniversity in the light of its traditionalcommitment to excellence in teachingand research and of the current con-straints on the organization of higheréducation .... Among the issues theCommission has been charged to consider are the assumptions and goalsunderlying our approaches to graduateéducation at The University of Chicago,and the strengths and weaknesses of ourcurrent programs; our policies relating toadmissions and aid, and our ability toidentify, attract and sustain the mostpromising students; the requirementsand length of time expected for the com-pletion of graduate degree programs; therôle which graduate students play in research and teaching.The commission has solicited theviews of the faculty, and its findings andrecommendations will receive wide discussion. The range of questions it isstudying compose the University's mostsignificant educational agenda. It is vit-ally important that in the meantime de-partments and committees and divisional faculties give intensive considération to thèse issues of graduate éducation and curriculum in relation to theirown disciplines and programs.But this kind of discussion needs16 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"It is time to inquire whether the studies of languagesand literatures should be organized in new ways."also to be concerned with broader rela-tionships within and across divisionsand with the professional schools aswell. Departmental and even divisionallines can create habits of constrictedvision, despite our vigorous tradition ofcross-disciplinary work and despite theunusual flexibility of our académie arrangements. It is time to reflect, forexample, on whether the studies of languages and literatures should be organized in new ways, time to inquirewhether the neighborhood alliances between appropriate areas of the physicaland biological sciences are adéquate.Above ail, it is time to give attentionto the future patterns of appointments asthèse affect our priorities in the arts andsciences.We must take it as a given that thefaculty cannot grow in number over thisnext period of time and indeed will hâveto be slightly reduced in size. AH of us arefamiliar with the problems created by theextension of the retirement âge whichwill begin in 1982 and which will post-pone to a still later time the significantoccurrence of new vacancies. We know itis crucial to make positions available toyoung scholars and teachers, both forour own institutional vitality and for thesustenance of research and teaching —indeed, of universities and collèges — inthe future. We believe both in the policyof making junior appointments whichcarry the possibility of considération fortenure and in the importance of con-tinuing to attract distinguished seniorscholars.But at the same time we must con-centrate and not diffuse our stiengths.To plan for the vitality of the future is toidentify and consolidate those and tomaintain the flexibility to introduce newstrength in areas of significant opportu-nity or need. Such planning must balance many désirable goals, and it mustestablish priorities. The changes it bringswill rarely be dramatic and radical acts ofexcision or addition. Instead they willcorne from the compression of one oranother sub-field or with shifts in thescope of certain activities. The process dépends on careful and rigorous as-sessment by faculty of the most promis-ing and pressing areas in which this institution with its resources and purposesand capacities should seek to concen-trate its best efforts.The process we are pursuing is noteasy. Fortitude and imagination are re-quired to résolve the competing and excellent claims which émerge. But theworking out of priorities for faculty appointments, after consultation betweendeans and their faculties, will provide ameans for establishing our sensé of whatcan be done over a period of severalyears, and of where we intend to go. Itwill enable us to clarify our choices andto allocate our resources wisely in theservice of our académie goals. It musttake into account the symbiotic relation-ship of the Collège and Divisions, and ofthèse to the professional schools.A year ago the report of the Brad-burn Committee on enrollmentsstimulated a larger discussionthroughout the University. From thathâve corne the conclusions that weshould plan to increase the size of theCollège to about 3,000 students [from2,700] over the next several years, to ar-rest the décline in numbers of graduatestudents in the Divisions, and to maintain a stable total enrollment for the professional schools.The judgments guiding thèse décisions assume that the University's character as a research institution, and thecharacter and quality of its undergraduate and professional schools, require ascope and depth of program, a distinction and breadth of faculty, which adifférent scale could not support andwhich an expanded emphasis on professional éducation might radically alter.The strength of the Collège can be rein-forced while guaranteeing the kind ofcurriculum, the insistence on smallclasses wherever appropriate, the shar-ing of intellectual expérience which areits hallmark. Obviously we do not intendto increase the size of the student body atthe expense of thèse values or by lower- ing standards of admission. Nor will it benecessary to admit many more studentseach year, for the growth of the Collègehas in fact resulted equally from its in-creased rétention rate, which shouldcontinue. Our success in strengtheningthe Collège, and the University by conséquence, will dépend in any case, quiteapart from any question of numbers, onthe kinds of applicants we attract, on ourprocédures for recruitment and admissions, on the greater visibility andunderstanding which the Collège cancommand nationally. Systematic attention is being devoted to thèse matters,and a similar emphasis is being placed onthe recruitment and admission ofgraduate students, and to financial aid.We are planning a fund-raisingcampaign for the Collège and Divisions,for supporting and strengthening thearts and sciences. This will be the largestof the spécial purpose campaigns withinthe larger context of University fund-raising in the coming period of years.Such planning is again a means of de-fining and stating our institutionalpriorities, of meeting the stringenciesthat we confront, and of looking to theUniversity of the coming décade and be-yond. The principal goals of such a campaign will hâve to do with junior andsenior faculty appointments, withscholarships and fellowships, withfunds for the sciences and the library,with some resources that will enable usto make sélective changes and additionsand to respond to new opportunities.The campaign will assert the central rôleof libéral éducation, of graduate training,of basic research and scholarship in thearts and sciences.Out of our continuing discussionsand the conclusions and plans to whichthey lead will corne the opportunity tomaintain and to build that rôle. We havelthe great good fortune to be building onsecure and vigorous foundations, withthe support and energetic parti cipaton ofa faculty whose quality constitutes thestrength which we possess today andwhich we can anticipate with equalconfidence in the time to corne. ¦ I17A distinguished sociologist examines the reasonswhy we fail to use our vast resources torésolve our social and économie problems.Why Don't Things Work Anymore?A conversation with Morris lanowitzWhy Don't Things Work Anymore?" That was the headlineon a book review in The WallStreet Journal on December 22, 1978, andthat, according to the reviewer, waswhat the author, "the distinguishedsociologist" Morris Janowitz, was ex-plaining to his readers in his book TheLast Half Century: Societal Change andPolitics in America.Well, why don't things work anymore? Why does contemporary societyfail to use its vast resources to solve itssocial and économie problems?We posed thèse questions toJanowitz recently, and excerpts from ourconversation follow. But first, a bit ofbackground.Janowitz, PhD'48, the Lawrence A.Kimpton Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Sociology, hasbeen a member of the faculty since 1947,except for a ten-year stint (1951-61) at theUniversity of Michigan. He also hastaught at various f oreign universities, in-cluding serving as the Pitt Professor atthe University of Cambridge, England.From 1967-72, Janowitz served as chairman of the Department of Sociology atthe University.A glance at Janowitz's publishedworks gives a hint of his wide-ranginginterests as a sociologist. He is the author(sometimes with others) of such diversebooks as Tlie Dynamics of Préjudice; TheCommunity Press in an Urban Setting; Public Administration and the Public; The Professional Soldier; Social Change and Préjudice; Institution Building in Urban Education; and Social Control ofthe Welfare State. The central thème of Janowitz'swork involves problems of an advancedindustrial nation. Janowitz defines anindustrial nation as one in which mostworkers are producing goods in fac-tories. In an advanced industrial nationmost workers are providing services,and think of themselves as having a skill."We became an industrial nation aslate as 1880, and an advanced industrialnation after World War II," he observed.Janowitz is particularly interested ininstitutional analysis."I study an institution in a society invery broad historical and sociologicalterms, to try and see its structure," heexplained.One institution on which Janowitzhas concentrated his studies has beenthe American military. His book TheProfessional Soldier is the définitive workin the field. He also edits a journal calledArmed Forces and Society. Over the years,he's been called innumerable times totestify before congressional committeesand others who needed help in makingdécisions about the military.In addition, Janowitz has served, forthe last ten years, as gênerai editor of theséries, "Héritage of Sociology," in whichThe University of Chicago Press haspublished thirty-two titles.Janowitz and his wife, the formerGayle Shulenberger, AM'51, live in atown house in Hyde Park. From 1977-80they loaned the house to their daughter,Naomi, twenty-five, a student ingraduate school, while they served asRésident Masters in Pierce Tower. Theirolder daughter, Rebecca, twenty-seven, is married and is a lawyer in private prac-tice.In his book The Last Half Century,Janowitz stresses the importance of citizen participation at the community level.He acts on his beliefs; he has been heav-ily involved in local politics and community organizations. When he lived inAnn Arbor, Michigan, he was active inDémocratie state politics, and ran forstate représentative. He has worked innumerous Chicago community organizations such as the Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conférence, theMetropolitan Housing and PlanningCouncil, and especially with Léon Fin-ney of The Woodlawn Organization. Hehas been chairman for a spécial non-profit group, The Friends of the Book-sellers of Hyde Park, an organizationdedicated to helping bookstores in HydePark get established and survive.As one writer to another, we askedabout Janowitz's working schedule."I try to write two pages in themorning, every day. Sometimes it goesin thirty minutes, and sometimes, at theend of the day, there aren't two pages.It's hard on weekends," he said.Every morning, at six o'clock, sum-mer and winter, rain or shine, Janowitzémerges from his house to join his closefriend, Robert Rosenthal, AM'55,curator of Spécial Collections in the University Libraries, for a walk."It's somewhat lopsided," Janowitzsaid, referring to their daily walk. "Hegoes rapidly; I go in-between, but we doalright. I can't walk and talk at the sametime, if we're going rapidly. Our objec-18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981Morris Janowitztive is to go about two miles, and we doit — sometimes. On weekends we get inthe car and drive to one of the Chicagoneighborhoods for our walk. We do ourChicago sociology that way."Janowitz, who likes to refer to him-self as a "schoolteacher," talked aboutthat part of his work."I enjoy enormously my contactwith graduate and undergraduate students. Not only in the classroom, al-though that's an important part of it. Ilike best the informai contact outside theclassroom, like in my living room, whenthey let their hair down, and we hâvegood bull sessions."When Janowitz's book The Last HalfCentury: Soàetal Change and Politics inAmerica appeared it gained widespreadattention and high praise in the pressand it was this which eventually led us toask him to talk about his work.The Last Half Century is a com-prehensive and systematic analysis ofthe major trends in American societyover the last fifty years. It is a synthesis ofJanowitz's lifetime of scholarship, ob- serving American society and its institutions.The book centers on the crucial concept of social control, which Janowitzdefines as "the capacity of a social group,including a whole society, to regulate itself." He explores the question of howwell we hâve — or hâve not — managedsocial control, in the midst of socialchanges.In The Wall Street Journal review citedabove, the reviewer, Aaron Wildavsky,professor in the Department of PoliticalScience at the University of California atBerkeley, praising the book, said:". . .the questions this bookposes . . .will be the country's centralpolitical dilemmas in the foreseeable future."Said Henry Fairlie, writing in TheNew Republic:"Janowitz addresses himself to theproblem that the 1970s faced but hâvenot met: that of trying to govern a freepeople who in temper hâve become un-governable."And in a highly favorable, three- page review in The New Yorker, NaomiBliven commented:"Most of us will find ouselves andour discomforts suggested somewherein this book." And, she added, "Thesheer amount of factual information isawesome."In the book, Janowitz traces patternsof social control and the current strainson social control in four institutional con-texts: the world of work; the world ofresidential communities; the massmédia; and the law and legitimate coer-cion.Excerpts from our conversation withJanowitz follow:In your book, you mention a crisis insocial control. What do you mean by that?Social control has two différentmeanings: a right meaning and a wrongmeaning. The wrong meaning is repression. People often think that social control means "I control you; I repress you."That's the common sensé définition, butthe classical définition of social control isthe capacity of a group to regulate itself.19That's the sociological définition ofdemocracy. Democracy is not simplyvoting, it is the capacity of a society touse voting to regulate itself.The concept of social control isapplicable to the smallest group, thefamily, where everybody participâtes ina measured way in controlling andrégula ting the group, to the largest, suchas the United States government inWashington, as a device for social control.We hâve such difficulty in regulat-ing ourselves today, as a society, that wespeak of a crisis in social control. But IhardJy believe that a crisis means that weare faced with an immédiate collapse, abreakdown in our institutions, or arévolution. It is a matter of deep andpersistent strains and tensions, particu-larly in the political sector.Could you please comment on the insta-bility of political majorities today in theUnited States?The striking character of Americanpolitics today is the instability of people'spolitical attachments. When I grew upyou were either a Democrat or a Republi-can. Now, some people don't make uptheir minds as to whether they are goingto vote for a Democrat or a Republicancandidate unril the night before élection;in some cases, not unril they actuallywalk into the voting booth.If you look back, in 1932 the Demo-crats came into power and had the mandate to run the country. Whether theyran it into the ground or whether theysa ved the country is a matter of your ownvalues. But the Démocratie party wasstrong enough and had enough controlover the government to run it. Now thevarious political constituencies are sofragmented that the président haslimited powers. He, of course, is a man with a great deal of power, but he doesn'thâve the kind of aggregated power re-quired to enact and administer a consistent program that previous présidentshad. Roosevelt had such power. LBJ wasthe last président who really had someaggregated power, and he achieved important civil rights progress.Why are we fragmented politically?We are fragmented politically because the issues are complex and an individual has difficulty in charting his selfinterest and political préférence. Thissituation is the resuit of changes in oursocial structure since the end of WorldWar II. In the New Deal period, forexample, political participation was or-ganized along occupational Unes, withethnicity and religion as secondary fac-tors. People basically voted their occupational interests and it was possible forone party to achieve a significant major-ity and to rule relatively consistently for along period of time. After 1945, the socialstructure changed. First the occupationalpattern became more specialized andthere emerged sharper cleavages between occupational groups. This meantthat the individual voter was less likelyto see either the Démocratie or Republican party as representing his occupational interest. The voters became moreand more independent in the search fortheir preferred political candidates.Second, the rise of the welfare statehas made it even more difficult to calcu-late one's self interest. About a quarter ofthe national income is controlled by thewelfare state. Welfare is no longer simply for the lower class; it pénétrâtes de-eply into the middle class. Each voter hasa hard time judging which program andwhich candidate will best serve his ownself interest in the area of social welfare.The voter is against high taxes, but he wants his favorite programs to remainintact. The resuit is a fragmentation ofvoter préférence. In turn, the electedofficiai has a difficult time developing anintegrated and consistent program. Instead, he too acts in a fragmentary fash-ion as he seeks to appeal to diversepressures by giving in to most groups insome limited way. The resuit is that thenumber of independent voters andticket-splitters increases.The middle class individual has hischildren educated in collèges subsidizedby the fédéral or state government.When older, he uses social security andmedicare. I consider thèse grants forhealth and educaton as forms of welfare.So I corne up with a very broad définitionof welfare. Welfare is that part of yourincome which is controlled by the fédéralgovernment through a séries of services.Elected officiais find it difficult, if notimpossible, to adjudicate betweencompeting pressures and claims for welfare payments.You state that you no longer choose touse the term "classes" to describe our society.Why is that?We no longer hâve a simple classstructure. I don't think we hâve any bigcatégories apymore; and if so, they arevague and diffuse enough to be mean-ingless. Practically everybody considershimself to be a member of the middleclass. What does it mean to say you are amember of the middle class? There aremany business executives with verylarge salaries who do not think of themselves as members of the upper class.Very few people consider themselvesmembers of the upper class.Instead of referring to classes, I pre-fer to use the term "ordered social segments." The ordered segment of societyinto which a person fits dépends on20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"The rise of the welfare state has made it evenmore difficult to calculate one's self interest.. . .Welfare is no longer simply for the lowerclass; it pénétrâtes deeply into the middle class."many facets. If a person is maie, young,black, and unemployed he fits into onesegment of society. If another person isfemale, middle-aged, divorced, workingin a hospital in a technical task and isusing the fédéral government to sendher children through collège, she fits intoanother group, but hardly a spécifieclass. A number of relationships détermine into which ordered segment ofsociety an individual fits.Rather than defining themselves bybroad social class, people now tend todefine themselves by occupation. Associety becomes more advanced, wecontinue to shift away from broad classidentifications to skill groups. We hâveelaborate skill définitions in our society,hundreds of différent kinds of skilled occupations. Each one of thèse skilled occupations has claims and desires whichmust be balanced off and controlled bysociety. For example, how do we décidewhether teachers should earn more orless than nurses? It becomes verydifficult and leads to a great strain on thepolitical System. Market mechanisms arecrucial but they do not and cannot beexpected to do the job of social control.Other institutions for generating consentare necessary.As a resuit, religion is an importantaspect when one looks at the orderedsegments of society. In the past, therewas a close overlap between religion andincome and social class or position.Lower class people tended to beCatholic, but today Catholics are scat-tered ail through the social structure. Soyou hâve some people in the middleclass who vote like Catholics againstbirth control and abortion, and somemiddle class Protestants feel and votedifferently on thèse issues. Class also ispushed aside at times by ethnie considérations. In yourbook, you talk about disarticulation in our society. What do you mean?By disarticulation I mean the condition when social institutions lack intégration, when the parts do not fit together.For example, the family and the schoolare lacking in articulation, and schooland work lack articulation. In particular,labor-management relations in theUnited States, as compared, for example, with West Germany, are withoutadéquate articulation.Certainly up until World War I international relations were of limited importance, but this has changed consider -ably. The effects of international relations are more than a matter of arms ex-penditures. In terms of économies we aretied to world markets. Now at leasttwelve per cent of the gross nationalproduct dépends on international trade,which is very high for the United States.We prosper only when other parts of theworld prosper and we can trade withthem. The individual must recognize thatthere is a relationship between his job andinternational trade. The automobile in-dustry is a classic case of disarticulation,between the real world and the world ofthe automobile manufacturers.And I would like to mention hèreanother form of disarticulation, thedifférence between the Suprême Court'sattitudes toward crime and the public'sattitude toward it. Over the last twentyfive years the Court has been developingthe rights of accused people and of pris-oners. It has been broadening the civilrights basis of the human rights and légalrights of thèse people. But the rank-and-file population want a tougher ap-proach to crime in the streets. So youhâve disarticulation between mass public opinion and the Suprême Court.Respect for the Suprême Court, avital institution of social control in our society, has gone down. In fact, respectfor the Suprême Court has gone down asmuch as that for any institution becauseit was much higher to begin with. Whenwe started such studies years ago, ninetypercent of American people respectedthe Suprême Court, but now that hasdropped down very much because of theattitude of the Suprême Court towardscrime control. This change is a goodexample of the tensions involved in social control.This widespread disarticulation between ordered segments of society hasled to greater difficulties in conflictresolution. In Congress, both partieshâve the same difficulty with conflictresolution because effective congressio-nal power has decreased. We face a situation of marked political stalemate. Al-though the 1980 electorate producedsome éléments of a new alliance, for better or for worse, the outeome is not yet abasic political realignment which wouldend even temporarily the political stalemate. Each individual congressman is,so to speak, a party unto himself . He hassome loyalty to the Republican or Démocratie party, but is more interested inrunning his own campaign and gettingelected.There is no simple way of combiningthe members of Congress into meaning-ful groups to make solutions to problemspossible. For example, Congress hastried repeatedly to control expenditures,but in the end it breaks down because oflog-rolling. When Carter was elected, hepromised to hâve a balanced budget by1980 — but he couldn't do it because therewere too many competing interests. Itwas impossible for him to judge betweenone interest and another and rule deci-sively.Mechanisms of setting priorities arevery much attenuated. Social control at21the political level has been weakened because it is hard to balance the needs of apregnant young girl, unmarried, againstan old-timer who has emphysema. Howdo you décide who is going to get themoney? So we give some to everybody.There is no limit to the demands andaspirations. So what you do is to allowinflation to become rampant under anadvanced industrial society. It is notsimply an économie question. It is a social and moral and political question, oneof not being able to set priorities in thissociety. The market place cannot setthèse priorities, which must representour social norms as well as market considérations.The whole idea of sociology is thatwe try to study our society, which cannotbe understood by économies alone. Youcannot understand the automobile in-dustry in terms of économies alone. Ifautomobile manufacturers were économie men, they would not hâve gottenthemselves into such a mess. They couldnot believe that Americans would everwant to own small cars, instead of bigones. Well, we cannot afford big cars, sothere was cultural lag.Given the disarticulation you talk about,what are the chances for révolution in oursociety?When you examine the weaknessesof American society, you must balancethèse against its strengths. Since theCivil War, we hâve never had an armedrévolution, and I do not think we aregoing to hâve one. How do you explainthe absence of révolution? Anger alonedoes not lead to a révolution. In order tohâve a révolution, you must hâve broadmasses of the population organizedalong some principle.We hâve discontent and lack oftrust, but we do not hâve any broad- based désire for fundamental change.The lower class is no more alienated fromsociety than the middle class is angryabout this society.You cannot even get a third partystarted in the United States. Our societyis too complex. People realize that it istoo complex, and that there is nothing tobe gained from a révolution at theprésent time.Even being on relief in this countryis equal to being, until recently, at thesame économie level of an employedworker in many parts of the world. Sothe high standard of living and the diver-sity of social groups does not augur forrévolution.I would say the potential is hardlyfor an armed révolution. The changes insociety which are being made today,which really count, are changes in theposition of women. But I don't seewomen having a political révolution;theirs is a social révolution.Women are entering the labor market in large numbers and it is changingthe whole structure of the family inAmerican society. It is attenuating thefamily. I don't think the family will dis-appear, but many people today are livingimportant parts of their lives outside of afamily. One's membership in a familyhelps to mature one's aspirations, and ifthe family is weak, you hâve increasedsocial tensions in the larger society. Ofcourse, new forms of family will émerge.The women's movement willweaken the family, but it won't destroyit. There will be a period of disorganiza-tion and a period of reorganization.Society will hâve to develop new institutions to deal with the working mother. Itis not just a few lower class and middleclass people who will need this assistance, but most families where womenwork. More women will go to work to maintain a higher standard of living.That will require a whole différent concept of infant care, of school, and of lei-sure time.The number of children people aregoing to hâve will go down. Children aregoing to become a scarce commodity.Children are valuable in socializing theirparents. Because children are among thebuilders of neighborhoods, their absenceweakens communities.Disarticulation can also be seen inincreased uniformity in communitieswhere there are entire apartment buildings occupied only by old people or byyoung swingers. Social control occurswhen people interact with people whoare différent from themselves. But if youlive only with people who are like your-self, you don't develop the same sensé ofsocial control.I don't think society is going to be asdisorganized in the years ahead as it isright now. I think we're sort of at thezénith. We are doing rather well for theblack college-educated. There is, ofcourse, a profound problem with minor-ity lower class youth. And we are onlypart way through the incorporation ofwomen in the labor market.Efforts to incorporate blacks arenoteworthy. They hâve not succeededsufficiently, but when one takes a long,broad, historical view, I think we hâvehad real achievements.The problems of young minoritymembers are very difficult. (There ismarked disarticulation between thelower class families and urban schools.)In the past the "lower classes" becamesocialized by employment. You get asensé of social control when you take ajob. But youth job opportunities are con-tracting. You hâve to graduate from highschool before you can get employment,and with the minimum wage, you hâve22 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981"I don't think society is going to be asdisorganized in the years ahead as it is right now.I think we're sort of at the zénith."to be twenty-two or twenty-three to beconsidered for a worthwhile job.I gather you feel there are some changesneeded in the minimum wage law?What we need is a minimum wagerégulation which is useful and not arbi-trary. The présent minimum wage law isarbitrary. It does not take into considération the différence in productivity between a young person and a more mature person. I think we might make someadjustments and make the minimumwage flexible for the sake of youngpeople. Pay them a certain rate whenthey are entering the job market andthen, when they get older or more skilled, they would qualify for a higher level.So we hâve a tough problem to dealwith in the years ahead. I believe thatultimately we'll hâve some form of volunteer national service, where in addition to classroom éducation, people willhâve expérience with work. This expérience also is needed for middle class students. I tell my students who are goingon in graduate work or professionalschool that they need to stop going toschool and go out and work for a coupleof years. AU youth in our society suffersbecause we hâve separated éducationfrom work too severely in this country.The Spanish-speaking minority willgrow rapidly and may well outnumberthe blacks. The job of integrating thèseminority members, especially the youth,will be a tremendous task.In your book you analyze in détail localcommunity organizations and various typesof grass roots participation. How importantare thèse organizations and can they helpsolve the problems of our political System?Local community organizations areno salvation but they are important andthe trend is toward increasing impor tance. Contrary to expectation, thenumber and vitality of thèse groups hasincreased. In our large scale society withour massive bureaucracies, local groupscan and do play a vital rôle. They operateto identify and clarify basic and on-goingissues; they serve to train future politicalleaders; and they contribute to conflictresolution and compromise. I notice thatin the last décade local organizations inmany metropolitan centers hâvegrouped themselves together to attackcity-wide problems. They supply an alternative or a supplément to the électionprocess which is most valuable, giventhe complexity of public issues. Theyalso serve as agencies to relate the individual citizen to government organization. Despite their weaknesses and occa-sional rigidity, they make an importantcontribution that can be increased.Would you comment on the rôle of themilitary in our society?We are one of the few nations inwhich the military does not underminepolitical institutions. To hâve a politicaldemocracy is a rare thing in the world.Most countries are authoritarian inpolitical affairs and in most countries,the military has spécial powers aboveand beyond the rôle they hâve in thiscountry.It's a great mystery to me, althoughI've studied it for so many years, why weare able to control the military. Possiblyit's because we hâve a citizen-soldierconcept in our armies. This is importantto recognize. The west — Great Britain,France, and the United States — first de-veloped modem armies. But we wereable to control thèse armies; that is, putthem under civilian control. This is thecase now even for Germany. On theother hand, armies in many parts of theworld became modernized armies later — in Asia, Africa, and in parts ofSouth America — and they hâve militarydictorships. So this is a very importantissue and question, and our success inthe past does not necessarily mean wellsucceed in the future.The idea of a draft, of flooding thearmy with large numbers of civilianswho go in and out ail the time, thecitizen-soldier concept, the fact thateverybody has an obligation to serve,has been a source of great strength and asource of civilian control in the UnitedStates.Since 1973 when we went to an all-volunteer force, we hâve for the first timea large peace-time armed force, made upmore and more of professionals. I thinkwe must work out some solution to pre-vent them from becoming a caste, separated from the rest of society.The citizen-soldier is an oldnineteenth century idea; one man, onegun, one vote. Are we departing fromthat political idéal? Is vountary nationalservice with military and civilian optionsthe modem équivalent of the draft?What do you predictfor the future in theUnited States?I'm neither optimistic nor pessimis-tic. As a sociologist I hâve first to assemble the facts and trends and then assessthem. I do not see any drastic changestaking place in this society. I think thatthere will be graduai changes. I thinkthat inflation will last for quite a fewyears. Well learn to live with it. Wellhâve to live in a society where our institutions are strained, but a nation inwhich disasters and catastrophes areavoided. The most difficult aspect is totake a preventative position in international military matters.I see a search for a new equilibrium,which will go on for a long rime."23IntramuralSportsAt ChicagoWill the Pork Belly Futuresbeat the Dead Popes? WillNorvaVs Criminals* triumphover Mens Sana in CorporeSano? Choosing your team'sname is part of the fun inintramurals. Whenever I feel the urge toexercise, I lie down until itpasses." For more than twogénérations, University students (andalumni) hâve quoted this statement, andhâve always let you know, pridefully,that it is attributed to the late RobertMaynard Hutchins.Today, when students feel the urgeto exercise, they obey it — by playing var-sity sports, recreational sports, andintramural sports (IMs). This year, morethan eighty percent of ail University students will hâve participated in at leastone of forty-six différent intramuralevents.Students can choose team sports inleague play, such as football, soccer, bas-ketball, volleyball, and Ultimate Frisbee(a passing game, similar to soccer or bas-ketball, invented in 1967 by the staff of aNew Jersey high school newspaper; thegame has since spread throughout thecountry). There are also individualcompétitions in sports such as tennis,horseshoes, racquetball, and table-tennis, and one-day tournaments inswimming and track.Not ail intramural sports are con-ventional. In swimming, for instance,racers in one relay event must swim the'Norval Morris is fulius Kreeger Professor in the LawSchool and an international authority on criminal law.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981Co-ed softball on the Midwaylength of the pool in a baggy sweatshirt.When a swimmer reaches the end, hetakes off the sodden shirt, hands it drip-ping to his teammate, who dons it, divesin, and swims the next leg as fast aspossible.The Turkey Trot, a mile-long cross-country race held the week beforeThanksgiving, is another popular event.Frozen turkeys are awarded to the win-ners in each division. This year's overallwinner, Charlie Lutz, AB'75, of themen's Médical School team, Club Med,trotted the mile in 4 minutes, 34 seconds.Participation in team sports is espe-cially rabid. In basketball this year, eachundergraduate men's house has a basketball team, and some hâve two. At anaverage of 14.5 students per game, thethirty men's Résidence League basketball teams consist of almost 435 students.With the addition of ten independentteams (undergraduates not affiliatedwith a Collège house), and thirteenwomen's teams, with slightly smalleraverage rosters, there are almost 690undergraduate students playing basketball this year, or more than twenty-fivepercent of the undergraduate studentpopulation. With the addition oftwenty-five Graduate League teams andten Open Récréation League teams (forstaff and faculty), almost 1,100 people, orabout ten percent of the University community, are playing basketball thiswinter.The undergraduate RésidenceLeague involves by far the largestnumber of people. The five major résidence halls contain twenty-five smallCollège houses, of about forty to sixtystudents each. Two-thirds of ail undergraduates and almost ail freshmen live inthèse houses. This is a captive population for intramural sports, says RosalieResch, AB'73, (known to students asRosie), assistant professor and assistantchairman of the Department of PhysicalEducation and Athletics, and director ofthe intramural program.Resch believes the housing Systemaccounts for the vitality of intramurals atthe University. At other institutions withresidential Systems, houses might bedouble or triple the size of those atChicago."The houses are so large that you'llwind up with a real élite core of participants. With smaller houses, the non-athletes sometimes are forced to partici-pate along with the athlètes in order toyield a team."It keeps us with a broad-basedprogram. Instead of having thirty reallysuper basketball teams, we hâve ninetyor so, and within those ninety, there areprobably ten to fifteen really excellentteams. The rest of the teams are fairly compétitive within the leaguestructure.""That's what I appreciate mostabout the program," said Karen Ger-aghty, class of 1983, and co-chairman ofintramurals for her house, Upper Wal-lace, in Woodward Court. "It's notgeared to just athlètes. Instead it'sgeared to people who might feel inclinedto go out for a sport, but who feel intimi-dated, because they know they're notsuperb athlètes and they don't feel theycould compete on a varsity level. And yetthey're probably very good athlètes ifthey forget about being intimida ted."I've seen a lot of people who cornein and really don't know the game thatwell, and who progress incredibly," sheadded.How seriously do IM participantstake their sports?"IMs are a good way to blow offsteam," said Geraghty. "During thegames, people take it seriously, but it'sail within the atmosphère of 'This is forfun.' "Fun is just what teams like the SickDogs, Dead Popes, and The ComplèteGreek Tragédies claim to hâve. No uni-forms are required. Former high schoolvarsity stars wear old football jerseys;tough sandlot types appear aggressivelycasual in jeans torn at the knee, P. F.Flyers, and slept-in T-shirts; while the25(Top, left) Women compete in soccer intramurals; (Top, right),Rosalie Resch, AB'73, Intramurals Coach; (Bottom, right) LawtonR. (Rob) Burns, AM'76, (left) a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology, and his brother, Alan R. Burns, a doctoralcandidate in the Department of Education (and a student in theSchool of Business) are the proud owners of much-coveted IMt-shirts, awarded to winners in IM sports events.(Opposite page, top, left) Batter up in co-ed softball; (Bottom, left)Ultimate Frisbee; (Top, right) Co-ed volleyball.more scholarly athlètes appear on thefield fresh from class in cuffed chinosand Oxford shirts, with mechanical pendis in their pockets.Some teams use clothing as apsychological ploy to intimidate oppo-nents. In this year's Hanna Bowl, thegraduate/undergraduate football cham-pionship held on the Midway, Cham-berlin House players (of Burton-JudsonCourts) wore matching house sweat-shirts, and blackened their eye sockets toinduce terror in their graduate foes, theWabuno Bay Buccaneers. (The Bues wonit, 13-16, despite having scouted thewrong undergraduate team.)The most brutal tactic of ail, however, is to wear a T-shirt that says "Intramural Champion.""The intramural T-shirt is quite astatus symbol," said Geraghty. "A lot offirst-year students really, really want aT-shirt."Even graduate students, someformer collège varsity athlètes, play to, win the coveted award."The trick is to win your sport earlyin the season," said Lawton R. Burns,AM'76, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology, and a WabunoBay Buccaneer. "Because then you getyour choice of colors. So winning football is like winning the crown jewels. This year we got dark navy blue T-shirts," he said happily.But there is another award whichmotivâtes players. Undergraduatehouses receive points for participation inIMs and extra points for winning eventsthroughout the year. At the year's end,the points are tallied, and the maie,female, and coed houses with thegreatest number of points win trophies,as do the runner-up houses.Four or five houses take this overallchampionship very seriously. Sometimes their efforts to win lead to one ofthe few things Rosalie Resch can cite asan example of going overboard in intramurals."We've seen some abuses in the individual events, with people turning inforfeits on one another so that they canget house points." Resch takes the minorabuses in stride, adding that, "Sometimes you do need a little coercing to getstudents out of their rooms and awayfrom their desks. If it's a matter of 'We'regoing to forfeit tonight if you don't corne'or 'Corne swim in the swim meet becausewe need a fourth for the inner tuberelay,' that's okay, because you wind upwith people getting out, having a goodtime, and saying to themselves, 'Thatwas fun, I should do that again.' ""A lot of people in the house who don't participate in the sport will corneand cheer us on, especially when we gettoward the finals," said Geraghty. "Ifsnice, because the house really pulls together." Some fans are not fans at ail, butscouts, diagramming offensive plays infootball, or gauging the strength of apower-hitter's arm in softball. Scoutingbecomes especially popular just before aplay-off or championship game.Within some teams, players receivenicknames to emblazon on the backs oftheir team shirts. This créâtes an im-presson of solidarity. Burns recalls:"One year we set out to giveeveryone on our softball team, called TooToo Too, a nickname with Too in it. Wehad one guy who was rather sickly-looking, so we called him Too-bercular.We had another guy who always sat inthe bar and we called him Ti-Many-Martoonis, and yet another named Tee-Toodeler. A bearded blond guy wasToo-Tonic. My nickname was Too theLibrary, because I'd always leave the barafter a game to go back to work."The intramural program does notprovide coaching for teams, but oftenstudents take on this task, working withinexperienced players to improve theirsports skills."In coed softball," said Burns, "youhâve to hâve four or five women on the26 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981field at ail times. Some women hâvenever played softball, at least notsixteen-inch softball, so thèse are peopleyou hâve to train. You can't hâve holes inyour field, and you can't cover thèsepositions, so it's in the team's best interests to learn how to play the game as wellas they can. We always hâve coed prac-tices before and during the softball sea-son, just to teach inexperienced playershow to bat, throw, and play thepositions."University students officiate at IMgames. They are paid hourly wages fromIM funds, and receive training at a re-quired meeting held early in the year.Throughout the playing seasons, stu-dent supervisors from the IM officeevaluate each official's performance.Some officiais learn their job so well thatthey go on to qualify as référées for highschool compétition. Many hâve evenbeen "stolen," Rosalie Resch said, byDePaul University, to officiate at games.Rules in IMs do not differ muchfrom those in varsity play. Officiais maybe more lenient in enf orcing them, however, said Karen Geraghty, becausemany people don't understand the moretechnical aspects of the game and maynot realize they've done anythingwrong. IM games are often shorter — andplaying fields may be smaller. Fights are the exception, not therule, in IM sports, but sometimes a dis-puted call can resuit in an attack on anofficiai by an angry player. For a firstoffense, the guilty player is condemnedto a novel punishment: officiating at anIM game. For subséquent offenses, theplayer is dismissed from the league.No protective gear is worn in IMsports, because most sports do not involve excessive physical contact. There isno tackling in football, for example. Buteager players still break noses, dislocateshoulders, jam fingers, strain knees, tearcartilage, and in gênerai, mangle limbsfor the love of the game. Injured playersare immediately evacuated from theplaying field and taken to the emergencyroom at Billings Hospital.The University commits space aswell as money to its intramural program.Intramurals are second only to physicaléducation classes and varsity athletics onthe priority list for use of the athleticfacilities."Obviously I can't schedule gamesat the same time as varsity games," saidResch, "but I'm given the varsityschedules well in advance and if the varsity teams are not using the facilities, wehâve them. They are not going to bounceus out because they want an extra prac-tice. If they want an extra practice they hâve to work around this program."Students hâve been playing intramurals at the University since the1890s. In 1923 Amos Alonzo Staggcreated an Intramural Department toencourage junior and senior men to continue to participate in athletics afterfulfilling required physical éducationcourses in their fresman and sophomoreyears. Zealous participation in IMs isreally nothing new; in 1928, sixty-eightpercent of University men (women we-ren't yet playing IMs) participated in atleast one intramural sport per quarter.Why do today's University studentsplay intramural sports so avidly?"If you work or study ail day, get-ting out to play softball or football is atremendous release," said Burns. "Thenyou go out and hâve a béer afterwards,and then you go back to work. "Peter Bernstein, class of 1981, has analternate explanation:"Let me tell you what IMs are ailabout," he said. "You may hâve a 3.8G. P. A; you may hâve inherited your un-cle's Trans-Am and his Wendy's Franchise, but l've got a damn good chance ofwinning Independent Coed DoublesPing-Pong.""(Reporting for this article was done by AndyRothman, Class ofl982, and Florence Ham-met, and writing by Hammet.)27KaléidoscopeNotes on Events, People, ResearchCancer Research Round-up. One of thediseases people most fear is cancer."Three critical steps lead to cure,"says Dr. Harvey M. Golomb, AB'64, as-sociate professor in the Department ofMedicine. "Exact diagnosis is the firstimportant step. There are many différenttypes of tumors and leukemias. Once thetype of disease is determined, we mustlearn the exact extent of the disease —what stage it's in and where it's located.Only then can we décide if the patientrequires surgery, radiotherapy, chemo-therapy, or a combination of the three."Médical researchers at the University are making important contributionsto the early diagnosis and treatment ofcancers.•The National Cancer Institute hasrecommended that ail breast cancers beanalyzed for the présence of estrogen re-ceptors. Estrogen receptor is a protein inbreast tumors for which physicians testin order to sélect the proper type oftherapy for a patient. Until now, therehas been no simple, inexpensive way toperform this test.Elwood Jensen, PhD'44, the CharlesB. Huggins Professor and director of theBen May Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Geoffrey Greene, researchassociate at the Ben May Laboratory,hâve made a discovery which will make asimple test possible.Jensen and Greene hâve success-fully prepared "monoclonal" antibodiesto human estrogen receptors. Monoclonal antibodies are mass-produced incloned, hybridized rat-mouse cells. Thecells consist of antibody-secreting whiteblood cells from the spleens of rats, im-munized with purified receptor, thathâve been fused with cancerous whiteblood cells from mice.In the new monoclonal antibodytechnique, the antibody is made radioactive by treatment with radioactive iodineand then used as a marker for receptorsin the cancer. Because procédures likethis one, called radioimmunoassay, areused widely to analyze other biologicalsubstances, most hospitals already hâvethe necessary facilities for countingradioactive iodine. Thus, this immuno-assay technique should cost less thancurrent methods of measuring estrogen Elwood Jensenreceptors.Jensen recently was named a récipient of the Charles F. Kettering Prize,one of three prizes awarded annually bythe General Motors Cancer ResearchFoundation, for "the most outstandingcontribution to the diagnosis or treatment of cancer."The award, which consists of amedal and $100,000, was made for Jensen 's research into the nature of humanbreast cancer. He showed that onlypatients whose breast cancer containshigh levels of estrogen receptors will re-spond favorably to endocrine therapy.• University opthalmologists hâvedeveloped a computer program to helpdiagnose retinoblastoma, an eye canceraffecting infants.Retinoblastoma shares a commonsymptom, "white pupil" (leukocoria)with a number of other eye diseases. Inleukocoria, a white mass within the eyereflects light, creating the illusion of awhite pupil."At the présent time, we hâve the world's most accurate computer program to diagnose leukocoria," said Dr.Karl J. Fritz, MD'71, assistant professorin the Department of Opthalmology inthe Division of the Biological Sciencesand the Pritzker School of Medicine."Retinoblastoma requires removal of theeye. Other diseases of this group do notrequire removal of the eye, so it is veryimportant to get the diagnosis straight."The program uses twenty-two signsand symptoms crucial in determiningwhether the patient has one of eightprinciple types of leukocoria. It "cor-rectly predicted fourteen out of fifteencases which we hâve hère, which ismuch better than any physician I knowcan do," said Dr. Fritz.• Gastric and pancreatic cancer defyearly diagnosis, giving few, if any,warning signs until the disease is in anadvanced stage and tumors are wide-spread.In order to improve treatmentmethods, the National Cancer Institute(NCI) has awarded a five-year, $800,00028 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981contract to the University to treat andstudy patients with advanced gastric andpancreatic cancer. The University is oneof six médical centers in the nation toreceive the fédéral funds, administeredthrough the NCI's Gastro-IntestinalStudy Group."We will be using new drugs andnew combinations of drugs, along withradiation therapy to combat thèsetumors," said Dr. Bernard Levin, asso-ciate professor in the Department ofMedicine and director of the Gastro-Intestinal Oncology Clinic at the University Médical Center. "The University ofChicago Médical Center was selected forthe study because we already hâve onthe staff surgeons, radiation therapists,pathologists, and other physicians whoare specialists in gastric and pancreaticcancer," he said.• University scientists hâve dis-covered that leukemia and melanomacells — and possibly other malignantcells — enter the blood stream in the sameway that normal red and white bloodcells do.Dr. Peter P. H. De Bruyn, professoremeritus in the Department of Anatomyand the Committee on Immunology, andassociâtes observed thèse malignantcells making temporary migration poresin the cytoplasm of cells in blood vesselwalls of expérimental animais.Normally only mature blood cellsget into the circulation from bone mar-row, where they form."A few years ago we began studyingwhy leukemia cells, which are types ofimmature white blood cells, also get intothe blood steam," said Dr. De Bruyn.Tumors receive their blood supplyfrom blood vessels that they themselvesinduce."There is good évidence that thèsenewly proliferating vessels . . . are morereadily penetrated by malignant cellsthan other vessels," said De Bruyn."This entry of malignant cells into theblood stream is the first step in metas-tasis, the formation of new tumors atother sites. If one could prevent that, nometastasis would occur."Voters' Dilemma. Why were Americansfaced with what many regarded as poorpresidential choices in 1980?Barry Karl, AM'51, the Norman andEdna Freehling Professor of AmericanHistory, and Norman Nie, professor ofpolitical science and senior study director at the National Opinion Research Center, discussed what's happened tothe way Americans choose présidents atthe fail meeting of the Citizens Board ofthe University."We live in a society that needsleadership, and yet we do not respect theprofession of politics which develops ourleaders," said Karl. Qualified peopletherefore are not attracted to the job.Nie said another reason for poorcandidates is the décline of the politicalparty as an organizing and mediating institution. Ironically, the weakening ofparty ties is the resuit of positive de-velopments in society."We hâve achieved levels of educational attainment, literacy, and sophistication which simply were unheard of acentury ago, or even fifty years ago,"said Nie. "Ail of this lowers the cost ofinformation and makes the necessity ofguiding votes by political parties less important. It now becomes possible forcandidates to reach directly the constitu-encies via a cheap mass média."Consequently, those who choosecandidates place a premium on skills inusing média, not on ability to govern orto effect political compromise, Nie said.Reaching Out to Kids. "PreventingDelinquency: Communities ReachingOut to Kids" is the title of an hour-longvideo tape funded and produced by TheUniversity of Chicago School of SocialService Administration. The tape waspreviewed at an informai showing onNovember 14. Among the guests wasWilliam Sylvester White, AB'35, JD'37,formerly presiding judge (Juvénile Division), Circuit Court of Cook County,now judge in the Appellate Court of Illinois.The présentation was directed byTimothy Roberts, director of SSA'sGreenwald Media Center. Robert B.Coates, associate professor in SSA, wasthe producer. Mike Reynolds providedtechnical assistance, and research wasdone by David Altschuller.The video tape show explores theworkings of a variety of community-based services and programs that workwith children and adolescents to preventjuvénile delinquency. In the présentation, Coates looks at both public andprivate organizations, such as The BlueGargoyle (a campus agency that provides counselling and académie aid toadolescents) and The North Side Association Group Home Program, in an at-tempt to develop some gênerai princi-ples applicable to work in the area of community-based coalitions concernedwith the prévention of juvénile delinquency. Coates also interviews the headsof several social and private organizations in order to give a contemporaryperspective of the existing state of community involvement in this area."Preventing Delinquency: Communities Reaching Out to Kids" will beused in a variety of ways, and will bemade available to a number of différentgroups. Coates says that the tape willbeshown to practitioners at existing community homes and agencies in order tofamiliarize thèse groups with the de-velopments being made in the prévention of delinquent behaviour. The tapewill also be made available to newgroups that are interested in the imple-mentation of community-based socialservices in the Chicago area, and to thevarious city and state agencies responsi-ble for aiding in the development of suchservices. Groups or individuals interested in renting a copy of the cassetteshould contact Mike Reynolds at (312)753-4610, or should write to him in careof SSA, 969 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL60637.Johnson Foundation Grant. The University has received a grant of $499,993 fromthe Robert Wood Johnson Foundation tosupport a twenty-two month studyevaluating primary care training programs in gênerai internai medicine.The study will compare conven-tional training in internai medicine withprimary care training programs estab-lished in the late 1970s through the Johnson Foundation and the fédéral government. The 1976 Health Professions Educational Assistance Act created spécifieprimary care training programs in internai medicine, gênerai pediatrics, andfamily medicine. The first résidentscompleted thèse programs in 1979.Dr. Alvin Tarlov, MD'56, professorand chairman in the Department ofMedicine, is the récipient of the grant.He says that to evaluate the effectivenessof the différent training programs hisstaff will develop a log diary."The diary will be extensive inscope, examining in détail eachencounter that the physician has witheach patient on three successive days,"he said.The diaries will be completed byphysicians who hâve been in practice atleast two years and who hâve graduatedfrom either specified primary care resi-dency training programs or from the29Model of the new hospital and intensive care tower of the University MédicalCenter, being built at 58th Street east of Cottage Grave Avenue. Tower (center,right) will connect new hospital with existing Médical Center facilities.conventional programs. The study willinclude approximately 450 physiciansand yield information on more than10,000 doctor-patient encounters. Officevisits, as well as emergency room, nurs-ing home, and hospital encounters willbe included in the research.Collaborating with Dr. Tarlov in theresearch will be the study director, PeterWeil, AB'66, PhD'75, research associatein the Department of Medicine and in theUniversity's Graduate School of Business, and assistant study director MaryKay Schleiter, AM'77, research associatein the Department of Medicine. The sur-vey work itself will be conducted by theNational Opinion Research Center at theUniversity.New Hospital Underway. Constructionof a new $70.2 million hospital and intensive care tower at the UniversityMédical Center is well under way.The six-story structure, in the shapeof an H, is being built on University-owned land at 58th Street east of CottageGrove Avenue. It will replace 468 of theMédical Center's oldest beds. The firstfloor will contain the Radiology Diagnostic Center. The Médical Center'sfamous Chicago Lying-In Hospital willbe housed on the second and third floorsof the new building, and will hâve aseparate entrance on the second floor.This floor also will contain the PérinatalCenter and the labor, delivery, andopéra ting suites. The third floor will contain forty bassinettes, and four separatepatient care units of twenty-four bedseach. The fourth, fifth, and sixth floorswill contain medical-surgical bedsarranged in twelve units of approximately twenty-four beds each. Unitswill be allocated to several différent spe-cialties. Approximately one-half of thepatient care units will be private rooms;the remainder will be semi-privaterooms.There will be a separate six-story intensive care tower adjacent to the hospital. The pédiatrie emergency room willbe on the first floor of the tower, and aneight-bed Burn Unit will be located onthe second floor. Ten-bed medical-surgical intensive care units will beplaced on the third, fourth, and sixthfloors of the tower. The ten-bed cardiacintensive care unit will be on the fifthfloor.The tower will link the new hospitalwith the Médical Center's existing facilities and will provide access to thesurgery suite, and to recovery areas in the Surgical-Brain Research Pavilion.Vacated space will be renovated foracadémie use. The new hospital willeliminate current deficiencies of space,building code compliance, and function,and will house the latesrfin médical tech-nology.To help finance the hospital and tosupport research and teaching, theMédical Center is conducting a three-year campaign to raise $35 million in giftsand pledges. Of thèse funds, $15 millionwill be allocated to the new hospital, andthe remaining $20 million will be used tosupport académie purposes. Of the $20million, $5 million will be used for science library facilities, $5 million for basicscience facilities, $5 million for clinicalscience facilities, $3 million for endow-ment, and $2 million for student-faculty-alumni facilities. Several individuals and organizations hâve already pledged a substantialportion of the $35 million.Bernard A. Mitchell, founder of theChicago-based fragrance firm of Jovan,Inc., and vice-président of theUniversity-affiliated Gastro-IntestinalResearch Foundation, has given $14.5million.Arthur Rubloff of Arthur Rubloff,Inc., a Chicago-based national real estatedevelopment firm, has pledged $5 million.A.N. Pritzker, PhB'16, and his family hâve pledged $3 million. The Pritz-kers endowed the médical school in1968.Construction of the hospital beganin August; it is scheduled to be occupiedby fail of 1983.30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWinter 1981Hans Bethe Visiting Fellow. The U.S.must end its dependence on foreign oil,said Hans Bethe, Nobel lauréate inphysics, to a University audience.Bethe was op campus January 27-29as a Visiting Fellow. He is the first scien-tist to participate in the Visiting Fellowsprogram, established in 1979 by theWomen's Board of the University, tobring prominent national and international figures to campus to meet infor-mally with students.Bethe stayed in Woodward Court,attended a common core class, gave aseminar and a public lecture on energy,and held informai discussions with students.In his lecture, Bethe said, "The oilcrisis is real — very real — and we'd bettertake note of that. It is not a myth con-cocted by the oil industry, nor can theydo much about it."He believes that oil independencecould be achieved within ten years.Bethe won the Nobel Prize in 1967for his discoveries of how energy is pro-duced in the sun and stars. Since 1974,he has devoted almost ail of his time toproblems of the production and use ofenergy.Percy at Woodward Court. WoodwardCourt's cafétéria was packed on Feb-ruary 1 with listeners to hear SenatorCharles Percy (R.-Ill.), AB'41, talk about"Priorities for Today." Percy is a trustéeof the University and new chairman ofthe Senate Foreign Relations Committee.It is essential for the U.S. to hâve acrédible foreign policy, Percy said. Thiscan only be backed by a strong nationaldéfense, which, in turn, implies a needfor a strong, dynamic economy, headded.To stimulate the economy, Percyproposed cutting the "punitive" capitalgains tax, which he feels encourages thefinding of loopholes and tax shelters instead of stimulating the search for business investment opportunities.Percy also said most industriesshould be deregulated in order to fosterfree market compétition.To eut government expenses, Percysuggested that wasteful programs andcommittees be eliminated. This could bedone, he said, by automatically ter-minating thèse programs within a certain period, unless reinstituted by newlégislation. Barry Sullivan, MBA'57Sullivan Named Trustée. Barry F. Sullivan, MBA'57, has been elected a trustéeof the University.Robert W. Reneker, chairman of theBoard of Trustées, said:"Barry Sullivan is a distinguishedalumnus of the University, and we aredelighted to benefit from his counsel andadvice."Sullivan is the chairman of the boardand chief executive officer of FirstChicago Corporation and The First National Bank of Chicago. He was elected tothe position in June 1980.He attended Georgetown University from 1949-52, served in the U.S.Army from 1952-54, and then receivedhis bachelor's degree from ColumbiaUniversity in 1955.For twenty-three years Sullivanworked for the Chase Manhattan Bank.He was executive vice-président of theChase with overall responsibility forcorporate banking, international bank-ing, information services, merchantbanking and the trade finance groups atthe time of his résignation.Sullivan is married and has foursons and a daughter.Mellon Gift for Humanities. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has given$1,350,000 to the University to provideopportunities for superior young scholars in the traditional fields of thehumanities.The funds will be used to appoint orpromote junior or intermediate level fa culty members and to provide postdoctoral fellowships or dissertation support for graduate students."This is truly a grant which looks tothe future," said Hanna H. Gray,Président of the University, commentingon the gift. "We are at a critical juncturefor the académie community, when perceptions about the job market and prédictions about enrollment hâve east apall on the aspirations of younger scholars."The grant will provide a bridge,enabling the University to encourage thevery best of this génération of graduatestudents to engage in académie careersand to retain the very best of the génération of younger faculty members now inentry-level positions. Thèse two groupswill contribute those who will fill theleadership positions in the humanities inuniversities and collèges throughout thisnation when the présent group of olderscholars begins retiring in the late 1980sand 1990s."The grant is part of the MellonFoundation's "Fund for the 1980s," andis to be used over the next seven to tenyears.New Associate Provost. Lewis H.Nosanow, PhD'58, has been namedassociate provost of the University andprofessor of physics in the Departmentof Physics and the James Franck Institute.Nosanow, a post-doctoral NationalScience Foundation Fellow and later aGuggenheim Fellow at the University ofUtrecht (the Netherlands), has been withNSF since 1974. He will serve as deputyto Provost Kenneth W. Dam, the University's senior académie officer under theprésident.Before joining NSF Nosanow wasprofessor of physics at the Universities ofFlorida and Minnesota. At Florida, healso was chairman of the Department ofPhysics and Astronomy.As a scientist Nosanow has concen-trated on statistical mechanics andtheoretical low température physics. Inparticular he has studied the propertiesof solid hélium, the applications of thequantum theorem of correspondingstates, and the fluid properties of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen.Baker & McKenzie Gift. The law firm ofBaker & McKenzie of Chicago has given$1 million to endow the Russell BakerScholars Fund for faculty research and31student scholarships at the Law School.The gift commémorâtes RussellBaker, PhB'23, JD'25, who founded thelaw firm. Baker died in 1979.Gerhard Casper, dean of the LawSchool, said that the gift "is timely andvery important. The profession of lawhas become highly compétitive. Theneed for maintaining the highest qualityof légal éducation in that environment isurgent, and this support for faculty research is precisely aimed to help us meetthat need."New Physical Sciences Dean. It's goingto be a busy few years ahead for Stuart A.Rice, who has been appointed dean ofthe Division of Physical Sciences by University Président Hanna H. Gray, to become effective July 1. Rice recently wasnamed one of the seven new members ofthe National Science Board in Washington, D.C.Rice is the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor in the De-partments of Chemistry and Biophysicsand Theoretical Biology, the JamesFranck Institute and the Collège.Rice will succeed Albert V. Crewe,the William E. Wrather DistinguishedService Professor in the Departments ofPhysics and Biophysics and TheoreticalBiology, the Enrico Fermi Institute andthe Collège. Crewe has served as dean ofthe Physical Sciences Division since 1971.He will return to full-time teaching andresearch at the University.Rice, 49, is a physical chemist, whohas explored the relationship betweenmolécules, the behavior of liquids, andthe principles of light-induced chemicalreactions.Rice is a graduate of Brooklyn Collège, and holds MS and PhD degreesfrom Harvard University. He came to theUniversity in 1957; from 1961-68 he wasdirector of the James Franck Institute;from 1971-76 he was chairman of the Department of Chemistry.Rice was elected to membership inthe National Academy of Sciences in1968, and in 1969 he received a namedprofessorship, the highest honor theUniversity can bestow upon a member ofits faculty. In 1970 he received the University's Quantrell Award for Excellencein Undergraduate Teaching.The NSB is composed of twenty-fourpart-time members and director JohnB. Slaughter. It establishes the policiesby which the foundation meets its con-gressional mandate and helps formu- Stuart Ricelate major national science policies.The NSB also assesses the status andhealth of science and its various disciplines, and reports its views to theprésident. Board members are selectedfor distinguished service in science,medicine, engineering, agriculture,éducation, public affairs, researchmanagement, and industry, and areappointed by the président to servesix-year terms.Rhetoric for Women. Is there anyknowledge a woman must hâve?Absolutely, says Wayne Booth,George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor in the Department ofEnglish, Committee on the Analysis ofIdeas and Study of Methods, and theCollège. Booth believes that most versions of collège libéral éducation are notsufficient for women today, and thatsociety in gênerai is wrong-headedabout women."Women in our society need to learnsomething that men don't need in quitethe same way," says Booth. "They needto learn how to cope with men who thinkof women in largely reductive meta-phors labeled female, child, broad,chick, toy, and so on downward."According to Booth we need newways of thinking about women andcombatting the ways they are charac-terized in books, magazines, and news-papers, and the newer média.There would be no need for an es- sential différence in éducation for menand women if they ail found themselvesin essentially similar circumstances inour world; but, Booth points out, theydon't."In our society every woman's circumstances are largely structured bymen in surrounding positions," saysBooth. Even after several décades of"consciousness raising" about the situation of women, men seldom manage tounderstand what treating women asequals might mean. Since men are un-likely to do this educational job for themselves, one distinctive goal for everywoman must be to learn how to changemen's minds.As a longtime teacher of rhetoric,Booth points out that he, too, has beenremiss in failing to think about how hislanguage — in his books and in histeaching — might affect intelligent femalereaders, consciously or unconsciously,and confirm the stéréotypes of maiereaders. Women need to learn the arts ofrhetoric and strategy required in ail efforts to change the world, including theeffort to change "us men."Language, as Booth sees it, is both acause and a sign of the fundamentalproblem between men and womentoday.The language, specifically the meta-phors, which hacks and Homers alikeuse to describe our expérience demon-strates a profoundly male-dominatedculture. That culture, Booth claims, canhardly be changed by sprinkling in a few"shes" and "hers" in our writing andconversations in an attempt to equalizethings. As the best women writers hâveshown again and again, the problemgoes to the heart of our symbolic grasp ofthe world; the way in which our meta-phors for différent kinds of "selves"détermine how we treat each other.Even some feminist writers usewhat Booth calls seductive and cripplingmetaphors — words that describe andevoke a distorted sensé of selfhood."Perhaps the need is even greater toappraise metaphors offered by would-befeminists than the metaphors used bymen who treat women as objects. I suspect for many women the cripplingmetaphors offered in a work like Fear ofFlying will be more seductive than any-thing offered in the média," Booth says.It is not an exaggeration to say thatselves, both maie and female, are everyday being destroyed for lack of défensesagainst plausible metaphors, accordingto Booth.32 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981The ReunionYOU DONT WANT TO MISS ^^ <fev«Four Events That Will Make This Weekend Spécial• THE TOMMY DORSEY DANCEFriday Night, May 15Big Band • Champagne • Setni-Formal AttireSponsored by the Student Activities Office• THE NATIONAL ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONAWARDS LUNCHEONSaturday Noon, May 16Alumni Medal • Public Service • ProfessionalAchievement • Howell Murray Awards• COUNTRY MUSIC ON THE GRASSSaturday Afternoon, May 16Music • Eats and Drink • Fresh Air • Blue Sky •Students • Faculty • Alumni• GALA REUNION '81 DINNERSaturday Night, May 16Elégant Food • Surprise Entertainment • SpécialTables for the Classes of '31, '41, '56, '71, 76,and the Emeritus ClubPLUS EXTRA SPECIAL EVENTSWe'll help you findyour lost classmates.Write us!REUNION NETWORK '81Robie House5757 S. WoodlawnChicago, IL 60637 Yes, I don't want to miss Reunion '81.? Send me a Réunion '81 réservation form.? I'd like to organize a class table for the Saturday nightdinner.? I'd like to volunteer to help the Reunion '81 Committee.Naine Address City Phone State . Zip .Degree-Yr.For those women who alreadyrecognize the threatening power of themetaphoric visions created by would-beexploiters, the main task is to discoverstratégies of résistance — both personaland public. Thèse must include ways ofeducating men to recognize how they arethemselves crippled by the picture ofwomen offered in the média."Anyone who looks closely at ourpopular magazines will find a steadybarrage of 'metaphors for happiness,'conjuring women as 'machines ofgratification' — candy machines thatideally should cost something more thanthe world's most expensive scotch butless than the world's best stereo."What we are offered is an unre-rriitting picture of what goods in life willproduce happiness," says Booth. "In toomany instances women become justthat: goods."The reductive stéréotypes can befound everywhere, even in magazinesthat claim some sophistication. But theyare perhaps at their worst in the so-called"magazines for men," many of whichsell millions of copies a month.One which sells five million copiesper issue, makes us believe that happiness could be had if we just had the rightkind of penthouse with the right kind of"pet." A penthouse is by implication aplace "offering unlimited and totally ir-responsible sex." A récent issue, dedi-cated to women and pain, suggests that"a penthouse is a place where it's O.K. tobind and strip and presumably whip certain anonymous females whose eyes aremercifully shaded from us with darkshades, their faces turned a way," saysBooth."The metaphor for happiness hèreis obviously possession of a slave whowants to be hurt by a 'real man.' Happiness is inflicting pain and dégradation onmindless and faceless animais who wantnothing but pain and dégradation — in apenthouse," continues Booth.Such metaphors become enslavingbecause "women are surrounded bymen whose fantasies about the idéal lifeare fed by such tripe," continues Booth."Though most men will deny thatthey believe such stuff, the fact is that noreal woman, however liberated she maylike to think of herself, can possibly liveup to the dream of non-people like Tamara,' the pet whose editors, no doubtmaie, make up sayings like this: 'I like totake unsuspecting men by storm — like afriendly cyclone!' 'Men tend to failharder than I do. Even if a man stalks me (note the metaphor) and claims me(claims me) for the night . . . there's noguarantee I'il be there when he wakesthe next morning.' 'I think I radiate acertain kind of animal appeal that makesa lot of dialogue unnecessary.' 'I hâte tosay it, but when it cornes to getting myattention, nice guys finish last!'"Just the kind of sexpot ail real menare looking for," Booth comments."None of that nonsense about having totalk with her, none of that nonsenseabout having to be nice. The un-nicer Iget, the more she'll love it. The less chat-ter I get from her empty (and for the mostpart invisible) face the better. Sheermindless passion is what I hâve alwayslonged for and somehow hâve neverbeen able to find. Where do they locatethèse wonderful créatures who willguarantee that when I wake next morning they won't be around to interfèrewith my life?"According to Booth, women (likemen) need to develop a strong enoughsensé of selfhood to resist the reductivemetaphors found everywhere in our culture, and to sustain full friendship withpersons.Booth proposes what he calls fourarts to combat reductive metaphors.First is the art of strategy: the art ofwinning, whether with words or othermeans, and learning how to think abouthow to win in a good cause. Booth be-lieves that the Equal Rights Amendmentmight hâve been ratified long ago but forthe stratégie mistakes of its defenders.The second art he proposes is the artof persuasion: how to convince people tochange their minds."In a world in which too manypeople see themselves as winning by déception or by preventing thought in language, the art of using thought in language to persuade people to your causeis a relatively noble one," says Booth.The third art is the reconstitution ofselves by a vigorous criticism of metaphors. The fourth art is the reconstitution of circumstances by a vigorous criticism of metaphors for situations, andfinding the right metaphors for a selfcapable of genuine friendship; it seeksalternatives to frozen confrontationswith "the enemy.""Real enemies are always combat-ted more effectively when we hâve firstdone ail that can be done to see behindMichael Krauss, AB'75, MBA'76, and ClydeWatkins, AB'67, are coming to Reunion. Areyou? the labels and attract true friends to ourcause," Booth says. "You don't hâve tobe a sentimentalist to realize that whenpeople treat each other as unreconstruc-table enemies they make disastrous mistakes," adds Booth.He cites the example of a well-known woman politician who oftenlocks herself into positions that preventthe solving of problems."She seems to hâve no suspicionthat there might be a kind of strategy, atransforming art of thinking about circumstances and transforming them, instead of assuming they are fixed. Shedraws battle-lines, and créâtes enemies.Yet it is hard to find collège courses orprograms that might hâve taught her thepolitical and rhetorical arts that success-ful leaders, maie and female, must em-ploy."Thèse arts are not dispensable frillsin éducation," says Booth. "They arematters of life and death, sometimesquite literally, as when a Janis Joplin iskilled by a society willing to use her anduse her and use her until what self shehad is used up into nothingness. Theyare more often less drastic than that; butthey are always matters of life and deathmetaphorically, the life and death of oursoûls. " Though they are in one sensé notnew — many women in our time hâvebeen trying to teach them — they are always in short supply. And the forcesworking against them are immenselypowerful.Booth believes that women need tofight against the language that oursociety uses by a careful, active critiqueof each course they take, and each bookand magazine they read, and by a studyof how, in a given society, one can "fightback." He advocates an active reshapingof self and circumstance through understanding an effective use of language.He believes that every woman — andof course every man as well — must mas-ter thèse four arts if she is "to achieve anykind of genuine libération in a world thatfrom her birth seems determined to bindher to its enslaving metaphors."Sohio Scientists Visit. Four scientistsfrom The Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) visitedon campus recently. They came to viewand be briefed on research being done atthe University that relates to the com-pany's interests. They were particularlyinterested in work being done in the de-velopment of solar energy collectors, de-velopment of amorphous semi-34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981John Carswellconductors, and paleo-geography. Thevisiting scientists were Robert Right-mire, manager of Energy and Diversification Research; Jack Wilson, researchsupervisor for Energy and Diversification Research; Robert Swofford, groupleader, Laser Research; and DonaldChernoff, SB'73, PhD'78, senior researchchemist, Laser Research Group. PeterMeyer, professor in the Department ofPhysics, the James Franck Institute andthe Collège and director of the EnricoFermi Institute welcomed the visitorsand took them on a tour. The StandardOil Co. (Ohio) annually provides fundsto support the physical sciences at theUniversity.Tinker Visiting Professorship. TheTinker Foundation of New York has do-nated $750,000 to the University toendow an Edward Larocque Tinker Visiting Professorship in Latin Americanand Iberian Studies.The Tinker Visiting Professorshipwill bring distinguished Latin Americanand Iberian scholars to the University toteach and conduct research.Commenting on the grant, HannaH. Gray, président of the University,said:"The Tinker Foundation's generousendowment will enhance the University's commitment to interdisciplinary,comparative, and theoretical research.The University was one of the few institutions to develop a large-scale program in Latin American studies prior to1940. We hâve continued to emphasizegraduate training and faculty research inthis area and hâve maintained one of theoutstanding Latin American programs inthe nation."Artifacts From Three Major Civiliza-tions. Monsoon winds made it possiblefor China and the Near East to trade asearly as the 2nd century A.D. The pat-tern of trade across the Indian Océanoften included stopovers at India, SriLanka, and the Maldive Islands.As a resuit of thèse stopovers, agreater understanding of Near Easternand Far Eastern cultures may well cornefrom thèse countries in the middle.John Carswell, curator of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicagorecently excavated a site in Mantai, Sri Lanka, which contained the artifacts ofthree major civilizations: Chinese por-celain, Islamic pottery, and nativeearthenware.According to Carswell, this meansthat for the first time exact dates can beestablished for the ceramic remains ofthree major civilizations."Once a careful chronology is established, a framework for the stylistic de-velopment of forms and décoration canbe determined," he said.To date there hâve not been enoughscientifically controlled excavations atthe major Near Eastern Islamic sites,says Carswell. As a resuit, exact dateshâve not been determined for the indig-enous pottery and Chinese porcelainfound there.Until very recently China has keptthe detailed information regarding artifacts uncovered there from westernscholars. Carswell adds that great ad-vances in archeology are expected in thenext décade in China. In the meanwhile,the countries in the middle offer immédiate possibilities for scientificallycontrolled excavations.As the most ancient and important port in Sri Lanka, Mantai was an em-porium for trade between the Near andFar East until the eleventh century. Mantai was in an idéal location to receiveIslamic pottery and Chinese porcelain asitems of trade. Pottery and porcelainwere more easily transported by waterthan over land, where they were likely tobreak through the jostling movement ofa horse and cart.Other sites on the southern coast ofIndia and sites in the nearby MaldiveIslands hâve also yielded similar mixtures of ancient Islamic and Chineseceramics and coins. The richness of thefind at Mantai is a resuit of copioussherds of local earthenware — which willreveal aspects and an exact chronologyof that particular culture — as well as évidence of the cross-cultural influences ofthe imported materials.Carswell hopes to excavate the sitefor five more years from 1981 onwàrds.By training native students in themethod of scientific excavation, Carswellhopes to enable them to discover aspectsof their own héritage as well as providinginsights to the cultures of the Far andNear East.35The Alumni Association President's Fageby Beverly J. Splane, AB'67, MBA'69Iam typically so uninvolved thatpeople need to hold a mirror up tomy mouth to see if I'm still breathing.Not for me a drum and a place in theparade. You will find me at home with abéer in my hand watching the parade onTV. As an alumna, until very recently mymajor involvement with the Universitywas signing a check. I know, because Inow get reports, that most of you areonly that involved, if not less.And signing a check is aboutenough, isn't it? Does the University ofChicago need its alumni to fill a footballstadium? To lobby a state législature tokeep the funds flowing in? To find itsgraduating students jobs, or to pressurethe administration to maintain the statusquo, or to tell the faculty how to teach?Ye gods! Absolutely not! you will say, Iwill say, the administration, faculty, andstudents will say.Try a little experiment sometime.Get together a group of university ofChicago alumni and yell out, "Big TenFootball!" How about the response?Would you like to see it again? Next timetry yelling out, "Active alumni!" I don'tbelieve any of us would seriously maintain that either Big Ten Football or activealumni would necessarily be fatal to thepursuit of beauty and truth (whetherthat phrase is redundant or not), but I domaintain that very few of us would beprepared to take the risk that we mightbe wrong.No immédiate need to worry, ofcourse. The last time I heard someone"rah rah" for the University of Chicagowas about the same time I saw twenty-four ladies in tutus arabesque single filedown a ramp in slow motion, and thesmell of opium was strong in the air.So why am I bothering? The University does not need its alumni to fill itsstadia, or even its coffers, although thatcertainly helps. It does not need "stringspulled" to get research grants, to attracttop faculty, to obtain financial support.Our University judges and wants to bejudged on its merits, and "rah rah"alumni are irrelevant in that endeavor.So what good are we, or can we be,or should we be, to dear old aima mater?Thèse are potentially dark days forprivate higher éducation. (I refer not to1980 and its presidential élection, but to the latter half of the twentieth century.)• In Britain the Labour Party this yearseriously debated a resolutionwhich called for the abolition ofprivate éducation. (They also seriously debated, and passed, a resolution which called for the abolitionof the House of Lords, but that'ssomeone else's war.)•In the United States, the demandsfor sameness of treatment hâve ailbut eradicated the earlier commitment to equality of opportunity.When the Chicago public schoolsreinstituted a requirement that students had to be able to read beforethey would be allowed to enterhigh school, the country reacted asif "dirty" bombs had been rein-vented.But private higher éducation is necessarily discriminatory and elitist; samenessof treatment is not possible. Private éducation is, using prevailing définitions,undemocratic, or in Britain, un-Labourish.The University of Chicago is undemocratic. It is and must be. The commitment to excellence which is themotivating power of the University requires discrimination and elitism.If the University hopes to survive asa relatively private institution (OSHA,EEOC, FTC, NDEA, etc., to the contrarynotwithstanding), it must convince themembers of this society that it has value.We, its active alumni can play a part.At a minimum, when those of uswho achieve notoriety are asked aboutthe forces which made us notorious weshould do more than blush and shuffleour feet and mumble. We might for instance stand right up there with eyesforward and head held high and say,with Blacker, "I put my trust in God,kept my powder dry and was educatedat the University of Chicago." Or whencalled upon to surrender, we might re-spond, with McAuliffe, "I was taughtclear thinking and succinct expression atthe University of Chicago, so my reply is,'Nuts!' " You see? Very quotable rejoin-ders, aren't they?Most of the people in this countrydon't even know that they know someone from the University of Chicago. Andwhy is that? Because we don't tell them. We ail hâve productive lives in which themajor achievement thus far is not anacadémie degree, even an académie de-gree from the University of Chicago, sowe don't automatically talk about theUniversity or crédit it with helping ourdevelopment.This (atypical) réticence of ourscould hâve serious conséquences.Cornes the révolution, no UAW memberin Flint, Michigan will rise up to say,"Save the University of Chicago! Myshop steward's daughter and the kids'pediatrician are University of Chicagopeople, so leave the place alone." Norwill a Congressman from Minot, S.D.,say to himself, "So-and-so who dis-covered the cure for cancer was a University of Chicago graduate. Better nottake any risks. Elitism is one thing, butthere's no need to sow the ground withsait."An unfortunate side effect of our réticence is that we, individual alumni whohâve not discovered a cure for cancer andwho are not pediatricians (a shop steward's daughter we are) don't hâve anyreflected limelight to bask in. Look howmuch mileage Harvard alumni get out ofHenry Kissinger, particualarly as por-trayed by Garry Trudeau. We hâveGeorge Shultz, it is true, but did ail ofyou know that? Do you know whoGeorge Shultz is, or has been? No créditwill be given for knowing who CariSagan is, but ask the next twelve peopleyou meet if they know where his degreesare from and see what response you get.Because it confers on its possessorno status among the gênerai public, aUniversity of Chicago degree is nottalked about. This, of course, makes thecircle vicious: because University of Chicago degrees are not talked about, theyconfer no status on their possessors.So speak up, folks. Whether ac-cepting the Nobel Prize or an Oscar letyour tune be the same: "In addition tomy mom and dad, my husband or mywife, my kids, my publisher, my pro-ducer, my hairdresser, my chauffeur andMiss McGinty who taught me arithmeticin the third grade, I owe it ail to the dearoldU. of C." And you too can play a partin saving private higher éducation fromdrowning in the sea of "sameness" nowthreatening to engulf it."3b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981FUTUREALUMNIEVENTSCHICAGOMarch 26. Ventures of the Mind Séries. Anight at the Adler Planétarium. Buffet dinner;talk by James Sweitzer, AM'75, PhD'78, onthe history of astronomy at the University;followed by a sky show, "Search for the Edgeof the Solar System."April 5. The Order of the C and the U. of C.Club of Metropolitan Chicago sponsor thesecond annual Second City Théâtre Night.7:00 p. m., Second City, 1616North Wells. (Forinformation on either of the above, call PatSchulman at 753-2195.)DALLASMarch 13. University Président Hanna H.Gray will meet alumni at a réception anddinner. Arrangements hâve been made atLoew's Anatole Dallas, thanks to Ira Corn,AB'47, MBA'48.DENVERMarch 2. Monte Pascoe, Executive Director,Colorado Department of Natural Resources,inaugurâtes the Spring Luncheon Séries at The Petroleum Club. Arrangement by TomSheehan, MBA'63, Carol Sheehan, AM'74,and Barbara Wagonfeld, AB'58.March 18. "Wings," Broadway drama at theDenver Center for the Performing Arts, thefirst in the Denver alumni 1981 Play Séries.April 6. Arnold Weber, Président of the University of Colorado, former faculty member ofthe Graduate School of Business of the University of Chicago, is the speaker at the SpringLuncheon at The Petroleum Club.April 11. Matinée performance of the Broadway musical, "How to Succeed in Business"at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts.HOUSTONMarch 12. Président Hanna H. Gray will meetalumni at a réception and dinner. Arrangements hâve been made at The Galleria PlazaHôtel by Nora Jaffe, AB'68.KANSAS CITYThe U. of C. Club of Kansas City is tentativelyplanning a Spring event at the Nelson GalleryAtkins Muséum in connection with the ex-hibit, "5,000 Years of Korean Art."NEW YORKMarch 27. Dr. Angelo M. Scanu, professor inthe Departments of. Medicine and Biochem-istry, participâtes in the Visiting ProfessorAlfred D'souza, MBA'78, is coming to Reunion 1981. Are you? Séries. His topic is "Cholestérol — Good orBad?" Arrangements at St. Peter's Church(hailed as the "new landmark church complexat Citicorp Center") hâve been made by the U.of C. Club of New York. A tour of the churchcomplex is available before the program.PITTSBURGHApril 7. Cari Frankel, AB'54, JD'57, will speak• on "United Steel Workers of America AFL-CIO-CLC vs. Weber, et al" at Arthur's at theLandmark. Arrangements by Joan Daley,MBA'75.PORTLANDApril 23. "The University of Chicago Cornesto Portland." Président Hanna H. Gray and afaculty panel will discuss the University andanswer questions from alumni. Contact EdgarWaehrer at (503) 226-2571 during businesshours.SEATTLEApril 24. "The University of Chicago Cornesto Seattle." See Portland. Contact Ross Ar-drey at (206) 455-1774.ST. LOUISMarch 19. D. Gale Johnson, Chairman andEliakim Hastings Moore Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Economies, willspeak at an informai luncheon aboutPrésident Ronald Reagan's économie policies.To be held at the Stan Musial and BiggiesRestaurant; arrangements by Fred Moriarty,MBA'71.THE KLEZMORIMThe Klezmorim, a group of California musicians, has revived the Yiddish music of Eastern Europe.Concerts: Sat., APRIL 4 at 2:00 PM AND Sat., APRIL 4 at 8:30 PM (Mandel Hall)General Admission — $7.00 Students/Senior Citizens — $4.50Dance: Sun., APRIL 5 at 8:00 PM (Ida Noyés Cloister Club)General Admission — $6.50 Students/Senior Citizens — $4.00Master Classes: Mon., APRIL 6 at 1:00 PM (Center for Continuing Education)Admission — $1 .00For musicians (amateur, professional or otherwise) who want to learn the klezmer style. Please bring instruments along.Taught by individual members of THE KLEZMORIM.Lecture/Démonstration: Mon., APRIL 6 at 7:30 PM (Center for Continuing Education)General Admission — $4.00 Students/Senior Citizens — $2.50A démonstration of klezmer techniques and styles together with a surveyofthe great recorded klezmer performances ofthe1910's and 20's. Lecturers: members of THE KLEZMORIM.INFORMATION/RESERVATIONS: Elsie Newton (312) 753-3185 (weekdays) 752-0943 (evenings, weekends)Concert tickets will also be on sale at the Reynolds Club Box Office starting March 2.Name THE KLEZMORIM — Ticket Order Form Address ConcertConcertDanceMaster ClassesLecture/ Démo April 4 - -2:00 PMApril 4 - -8:30 PMApril 5 - - 8:00 PMApril 6 - - 1 :00 PMApril 6 - - 7:30 PM . @ $7.00. @ $7.00@ $6.50. @ $1.00. @ $4.00 @ $4.50@ $4.50@ $4.00@ $2.50TOTAL PhonePLEASE MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO: The University of Chicago; MAIL TO: Center for Continuing Education, 1 307 East 60th Street, Chicago IL 60637.Please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Tickets will be mailed after March 2.Class News1 rj Karl Magnus Nelson, SB'17, MD'20,-L / was honored in August on his nine-tieth birthday at the Princeton, IL Rotary Clubfor his fifty-three years of médical service inPrinceton.^ A Irène Whitfield Holmes, PhB'24, of£-J\. Lafayette, LA, has been named anoutstanding senior citizen by the AmericanAssociation of Retired Persons.^ C George Dykhuizen, AM'25, PhD'34,Zi<J has been named a Fellow of the Ver-mont Academy of Arts. Dykhuizen is lamesMarsh Professor Emeritus of Philosophy atthe University of Vermont in Burlington.Benjamin Élijah Mays, AM'25, PhD'35,has become the second black to hâve his portrait hung in the South Carolina State Housein Columbia, SC. Mays is président emeritusof Morehouse Collège in Atlanta, GA.0/~\ Arlien Johnson, PhD'30, was hon-L/U ored in October by the University ofSouthern California (USC) in Los Angeles asan outstanding emeritus professor. Johnsonwas professor of social work and dean of theSchool of Social Work at USC from 1939-59.Q ^ Matthew Peelen, MD'32, has retired\^J Z— from his forty-five year career as asurgeon in Kalamazoo, MI. He is looking for-ward to travelling.OO Margaret Barrows Ferkinhoff,JJ PhB'33, AM'58, a retired socialworker, continues a limited private practice inHobart, IN. She was formerly a supervisorwith the Lake County, IN Department ofPublic Welfare and a social worker in the EastChicago, IN public schools.The Illinois Society of Physical Medicineand Rehabilitation has established the LouisB. Newman, M.D., Distinguished ServiceAward to honor Louis B. Newman, MD'33,for his outstanding achievements in the spe-cialty of physical medicine and réhabilitation.Newman is professor of rehabilitationmedicine at Northwestern University MédicalSchool in Chicago and a consultant in réhabilitation medicine for Vétérans Adminstra-tion médical centers in Chicago.Donald Pierson, AM'33, PhD'39, received an Award of Merit from the Brazilian-United States Cultural Union in Sao Paulo,Brazil. He was cited for "outstanding contributions to closer relations between Brazil andthe United States." Pierson, who recentlycelebrated his eightieth birthday, created theEscola de Sociologia e Politicia in Sao Pauloand started a social sciences publications program there. One of the school's publications isin its thirty-sixth year and seventeenth édition.Edward G. Rietz, SB'33, SM'35, PhD'38,was honored in September by the ChicagoSection of the American Chemical Society forhis many years of service to the society. Rietzis professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle,and educational coordinator at Rush MédicalCollège in Chicago. In his spare time, Rietzreads chemistry texts for the Chicago unit ofRecording for the Blind and is a volunteer atRush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Hospital. Healso belongs to the Richard III Society whoseaim is to vindicate the English king.O C Ray W. MacDonald, AB'35, has beenv_/\_/ elected to the board of directors ofEnergy Conversion Devices, Inc. in Troy, MI.Louis A. Wagner, SB'35, and his wife,Frances Bonnem Wagner, PhB'35, hâve retired from the Chicago school System and liveat 4917 Ravenswood Drive, Apt. 1312, in SanAntonio, TX 78227. In 1978 they establishedthe Louis A. and Frances B. Wagner LibraryFund for the University of Chicago Libraries.OO Peter Beal, SB'38, MD'42, former\J \J associate clinical professor at StanfordUniversity Médical School, Stanford, CA, is askin disease specialist at Astoria Clinic, As-toria, OR.Rudolph C. Mendelssohn, AB'38, has retired from his forty-year career at the Bureauof Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, DC. Formerlyassistant commissioner of the BLS, he is nowan associate with Data Users Access Laboratory in Arlington, VA, a non-profit grouptrying to increase public access to govern-mental statistics. During his career, Mendelssohn studied the future impact of computerson statistical data processing for the UnitedNations, and advised officiais in the People'sRepublic of China on computers and nationalstatistics.O Q Abraham J. Kauvar, MD'39, has been\J s named président of the New YorkHealth and Hospitals Corp. in New York City.William Miller, SB'39, SM'48, has retiredfrom thirty-one years of teaching chemistry inSt. Charles High School, St. Charles, IL.A f\ The Old Gold Goblet Award of De-TCW Paul University in Greencastle, INwas given to Robert Farber, AM'40, in October. Farber, who is vice-président and deanemeritus of the university, was cited "foreminence in life's work and service to AimaMater."/Il Jo William Barr, X'41, ha s retired after^t _L thirty-two years of teaching Americanhistory at the University of Missouri, Rolla.Barr was director of faculty publications forfifteen of those thirty-two years, and waselected Outstanding Teacher in each of sixyears. He also holds the Amoco FoundationAward for distinguished teaching.Sara Harris, AB'41, hosts a talk show onradio station WQBK in Albany, NY. The program, aired every other Sunday from 8:30 to10 a. m., deals primarily with aging, but alsoincludes discussions of the humanities andcurrent social and political events. A <"} Stanley M. Freehling, X'42, a partnerTC.Z. in Freehling & Co. in Chicago, received the Outstanding Volunteer Award ofthe Chicago chapter of the National Society ofFund-Raising Executives in November.Freehling is a member of the Visiting Committee to the Division of the Humanities, theVisiting Committee on the Visual Arts, andthe Citizens Board of the University.F. David Martin, AB'42, PhD'49, hasbeen elected to a four- year term on the PublicCommittee for the Humanities in Pennsyl-vania. Martin is professor of philosophy atBucknell University, Lewisburg, PA.A Q Donald J. Yellon, AB'43, JD'48, has^t\J been named vice-président and gênerai counsel of Foremost-McKesson, Inc. ofSan Francisco, CA.A A Jérôme Reich, AB'44, AM'46, hasJL JL been named educational director ofthe Sager-Solomon Schechter Day School inNorthbrook, IL.A [T Frank W. Beare, PhD'45, received an^t\J honorary Doctor of Divinity degreefrom the University of Toronto, Trinity Collège, and the Toronto School of Theology inMay. Beare is professor emeritus of divinity atTrinity Collège in Toronto.Afl James L. Anderson, SB'46, SM'49, re-Tt \_/ ceived the Jess H . Davis Mémorial Research Award of the Stevens Institute ofTechnology in Hoboken, NJ. Anderson, whois professor of physics and engineeringphysics at the institute, was cited for his research and his paper "ApproximationMethods in General Relativity."Ernst Borinski, AM'46, has been namedto the Roll of Honor of the Southern Sorio-logical Society. He is one of only three sociol-ogists who hâve been named to the roll.Borinski studies the sociology of race relationsand law, and black éducation.Helen LeBaron Hilton, PhD'46, has beennamed to the Iowa State University Foundation Board of Governors in Ames, IA.Florence Date Smith, AB'46, a learningspecialist in Eugène, OR, was one of fourAmerican teachers chosen by the WorldFriendship Center in Hiroshima, Japan to visitJapanese private and public schools lastsummer. The teachers met with boards oféducation, teachers' unions, médical personnel, and the mayor of Nagasaki, and wereinterviewed by Japanese télévision news-casters in many cities.A fj Edgar T. Britton, AM'47, executive di-^t / rector of the Illinois Society for thePrévention of Blindness and the Illinois EyeBank in Chicago, received the BenjaminFranklin Award of the Chicago chapter of theNational Society of Fund-Raising Executivesin November.David S. Bushnell, PhB'47, AM'50, hasbeen appointed director of the Center for Pro-ductivity Studies at The American University38 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981in Washington, DC. Bushnell writes that "myreturn to the académie fold after a number ofyears with the IBM Corporation and the U.S.Office of Education is a happy choice for me atthis mid-career point."Benjamin C. Korschot, MBA'47, hasbeen elected chairman of the board of gover-nors of the Investment Company Institute inWashington, DC.Marshall Rosenbluth, SM'47, PhD'49,has been named director of the Institute forFusion Research at the University of Texas,Austin.Arthur Shapiro, AB'47, AM'53, PhD'65,has been named director of the University ofTennessee at Knoxville Doctoral Center.AQ Irving S. Bengelsdorf, SM'48,TtO PhD'51, received the 1980 ServiceThrough Chemistry Award from the OrangeCounty section of SCALACS (SouthernCaliforrùa Section of the American ChemicalSociety). Bengelsdorf, a science writer, is lec-turer and director of science communicationsfor California Institute of Technology,Pasadena.Gordon Donaldson, MBA'48, has beennamed senior associate dean for faculty de-velopment at Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA. Donaldson is the WillardPrescott Smith Professor of Corporate Finance at Harvard.Thomas F. Freeman, PhD'48, receivedthe honorary degree of Doctor of HumaneLetters from Southeastern MassachusettsUniversity, North Dartmouth. Freeman isprofessor of philosophy at Texas SouthernUniversity, lecturer in the Department ofReligion at Rice University, and minister ofthe Mt. Horem Baptist Church, in Houston,TX.Henry J. Goldfield, AB'48, AM'61, hasbeen promoted to senior administrativeanalyst in the office of the Chief Administrative Officer of the County of Los Angeles.Goldfield lives in Reseda, CA.The Very Rev. Raymond L. Holly, AB'48,is vicar of St. Mark's Church, West Frankfort,IL; dean of the Southern Deanery of the Epis-copal Diocèse of Springfield, IL; and editor ofthe Springfield Churchman of the same diocèse.Kenneth R. Magee, MD'48, SM'79, hasbeen appointed consultant in neurology anddirector of neurologie éducation at McLarenGeneral Hospital, Flint, MI.Seymour I. Mandell, MBA'48, has beencited by the National Collège of Education,Evanston, IL, for developing the BusinessEducation for Career Advancement programat the collège. Mandell coordinates the program, which prépares bilingual persons forjobs in business.Gordon P. Martin, PhB'48, AM'52, retired in September as university tibrarian ofCalifornia State University, Sacramento, aposition he had held since 1966.Kelvin M. Parker, AB'48, PhD'53, retiredin August as professor of Spanish at IllinoisState University, Normal. He plans to move tosouthern California.Joseph Scherer, AM'48, PhD'51, hastaken early retirement from the Fédéral Reserve Bank of New York, where he was headof the government finance section, to acceptan appointment as professor of finance in theDepartment of Banking and Finance at Hofstra University School of Business,Hempstead, NY. Scherer also served as thereprésentative of the New York Bank on theAdvisory Board of Employée Benefits for theFédéral Réserve System.Myron H. Wilk, X'48, his wife, Lois, andeight cats and three dogs hâve moved fromNorthport, Long Island, NY, to Brentwood,CA, where the Wilks run a mobile home parkbusiness. They would like to hear from class-mates; their address is 1241 N. Bundy Drive,Brentwood, CA 90049.A Q Ernest C. Anderson, PhD'49, receivedTt y an Outstanding Achievement Awardfrom Augustana Collège, Rock Island, IL.Anderson is a retired chemist.Konrad F. Rother, AB'49, has beennamed assistant gênerai manager in the realestate finance division of Baird & Warner, Inc.in Chicago.James Schroeter, AB'49, AM'52, PhD'59,is professor of American Literature at theUniversity of Lausanne in Lausanne,Switzerland. Joan Gitzel Schroeter, AB'49,AM'55, his wife, is director of the Americanprogram at the Institution Château MontChoici, a girl's preparatory school inLausanne. The Schroeters hâve been inLausanne since 1975, and "still remain enthu-siastic 'boosters' of the old Collège. We wouldlike very much to discover on this continentfellow enthusiasts with whom we might shareour nostalgia for Chicago."fT/™\ Ian Barbour, PhD'50, has been ap-\J\J pointed a Fellow of the NationalHumanities Center in Research Triangle Park,NC.Sculptures by Burton Blistein, AB'50,AM'58, were featured in a show at the Mary-land Fédération of Art Gallery on the Circle inAnnapolis, MD in May. Blistein is artist-in-residence at St. John's Collège in Annapolis.Hugh Zielske, MBA'50, has been namedvice-président and national director of médiaresearch for Foote, Cône & Belding Advertis-ing, Inc. in Los Angeles, CA.[T "1 Vern L. BuUough, AM'51, PhD'54, re-\J JL ceived a degree in nursing fromCalifornia State University in Long Beach inDecember 1979. Bullough is dean of the Faculty of Natural and Social Sciences at theState University Collège of New York at Buf-falo.Allen E. McAllester, AB'51, has openedhis own law office in Canton, OH.CO Melvin Cherno, AM'52, has been\J £m named the Joseph L. Vaugan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginiain Charlottesville.Ruth Curd Dickinson, AB'52, has re-turned to the University to be associate director of major gifts in the Development Officeand is looking forward to seeing her formerclassmates as she works with various fellowalumni on development projects. Her daughter Sara is a third-year student in the Collège.Richard V. Lechowich, AB'52, SM'55,has been elected a Fellow of the Institute ofFood Technologists. He is professor in andhead of the Department of Food Science andTechnology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute,Blacksburg, VA. [TO Shirley Unrau Mirow, AB'53, has\J\J been named executive director ofPlanned Parenthood of South Palm Beach andBroward Counties, Inc. in Boca Raton, FL.Mirow has been on the staff of PlannedParenthood affiliâtes in New York and Floridafor almost ten years.^LA George K. Romoser, AM'54, PhD'58,\J A professor of political science at theUniversity of New Hampshire, Durham, andchairman of the Conférence Group on Ger-man Politics, a national organization of scholars, organized a study tour for seven politicalscientists during the West German électioncampaign in September and October. Thegroup conducted interviews with the WestGerman candidates and with public opinionresearchers.C PT George M. Joseph, JD'55, has been\_/\_/ named chief judge of the OregonCourt of Appeals in Salem.James W. Winkelman, AB'55, has beenappointed director of clinical pathology at theUpstate Médical Center of the State University of New York in Syracuse, NY.C^l Charles H. Barxow, MBA'56, has been\J\J named président and second-rankingofficer of Northern Trust Corp. and theNorthern Trust Co. in Chicago.Philip Glass, AB'56, married Luba Bur-tyk in October. Glass is a composer whosemost récent opéra, Satyagraha , premiered inRotterdam, the Netherlands, in September.Burtyk is an internist with the ManhattanHealth Plan in New York City.James S. (Jack) Kahn, PhD'56, has beennamed laboratory associate director at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, a research facilityoperated by the University of California forthe U.S. Department of Energy, in Livermore,CA. Kahn is a geophysicist; his eldest son,Doug, is a graduate student in geophysicalsciences at the University of Chicago.Wilma J. Phipps, AM'56, PhD'77, hasbeen named a Fellow of the AmericanAcademy of Nursing. She is director andchairman of medical-surgical nursing at theFrances Payne Bolton School of Nursing ofCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland,OH, and director of medical-surgical nursingfor the University Hospitals of Cleveland.Phipps has also edited a textbook, Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts and Practices, published last year by C. V Mosby.CTO Em Olivia Bevis, AM'58, has been\_/(_/ named head of Georgia SouthernCollege's new Department of Nursing inStatesboro, GA.Herman W. Chew, SM'58, PhD'61, hasbeen promoted to professor of physics atClarkson Collège of Technology in Potsdam,NY.Alonzo Crim, AM'58, has been elected tohis third four-year term as superintendent ofthe Atlanta public schools, Atlanta, GA.Jo Eleanor Elliott, AM'58, has beennamed director of the division of nursing,U.S. Public Health Service, of the Departmentof Health and Human Services in Washington, DC.39Richard Hellie, AB'58, AM'60, PhD'65,has been promoted to professor of Russianhistory at the University. In September Hellievisited Des Moines high schools for the Collège.Fujio Ikado, DB'58, has been appointedchairman of the Department of Philosophyand Thought at the University of Tsukaba inJapan, and has been elected to a second termas the Fulbright Commissioner for Japan.Robert Jewett, DB'58, has been namedprofessor of New Testament interprétation atGarret-Evangelical Theological Seminary inEvanston, IL.Roger D. Masters, AM'58, PhD'61, hasbeen named the John Sloan Dickey ThirdCentury Professor in the Social Sciences atDartmouth Collège, Hanover, NH.Abraham Morduchowitz, SM'58,PhD'62, has been named group leader, newtechnology research, at Texaco's Beacon Research Laboratories in Beacon, NY.Sheldon Murphy, PhD'58, received theDistinguished Alumnus Award from SouthDakota State University, Brookings, SD, inOctober. Murphy is professor and director ofthe division of toxicology in the Departmentof Pharmacology at the University of TexasMédical School in Houston.Richard W. Resseguie, MBA'58, has beenelected executive vice-président of the FirstNational Bank of Highland Park, IL.CQ Judith Adler, AB'59, AM'61, teaches\_/ 37 music to the physically and emotion-ally handicapped at the Westchester Conser-vatory of Music in White Plains, NY. Adler is aconcert pianist and a social worker.Dana Fraser, AB'59, has been namedacadémie adviser at City Collège, Yakima,WA.Eunice Jacobsen, AM'59, has been appointed instructor of medical-surgical nursing at Saint Francis Hospital School of Nursing in Evanston, IL.Lois Malasanos, AM'59, has been nameddean of the Collège of Nursing, University ofFlorida, Gainesville./l C\ Margaret Inglehart, AM'60, PhD'64,\_/v/ has been promoted to associate professor of social science at General Motors Institute in Flint, MI.Reatha Clark King, SM'60, PhD'63, hasbeen elected a régent of St. John's University,Collegeville, MN. She is président of Metropolitan State University in St. Paul, MN.Morton W. Miller, SM'60, PhD'62, hasbeen appointed to the Scientific Committee 66on Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria forUltrasound of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Millerstudies the biological effects of non-ionizingradiation (non-nuclear radiation) as associateprofessor of radiation biology and biophysicsat the University of Rochester Médical Center,Rochester, NY.H. Edward Stessel, AM'60, has beennamed assistant professor of English at theUniversity of New Haven, West Haven, CT.Judy Trueman, AB'60, of Shoreham, NY,exhibited nineteen of her abstract paintingsand collages in the Shoreham-Wading RiverLibrary in September.61 John J. Agria, AM'61, PhD'66, hasbeen appointed dean for Académie Affairs at Southampton Collège of Long Island University, Greenvale, NY.Robert V. Goldstein, MBA'61, has beenelected a director of the Association of National Advertisers. He is vice-président, ad-vertising, for Procter & Gamble Co. in Chicago.Richard Houskamp, AM'61, has beennamed social worker of the year by the WestMichigan Chapter of the National Associationof Social Workers. Houskamp is associateprofessor of social work at Calvin Collège,Grand Rapids, MI.O. Robert Nottelmann, MBA'61, hasbeen elected senior vice-président, steel re-lated group, at Inland Steel Co., Chicago.Jane Upin, AM'61, discussed the musicof colleague Edmund Dehnert, PhD'63, in arétrospective survey of Dehnert's work airedon Chicago radio station WNIB-FM in September. Upin and Dehnert are professors ofhumanities at Truman Collège in Chicago.Dennis K. Wentz, MD'61, has been appointed director of médical services for Van-derbilt University Hospital and associate deanfor clinical affairs at Vanderbilt MédicalSchool in Nashville, TN./CO Douglas Neal Day, Jr., AM'62, mar-VjjL. ried Constance Barnes Fisher in Au-gust. Day is minister of The Free ProtestantChurch of Divine Communion in Orinda, CA.Fr. Dominic Morrissette, AM'62, hasbeen appointed priest of Immaculate Conception parish in Gilman, IL.David Nicholson III, AB'62, has receivedthe Milton Brown Dissertation Award in theArts at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, for his dissertation proposai, "The Fairy Taie in Modem Drama."/^ O A rétrospective survey of the music of\Jv_J Edmund Dehnert, PhD'63, was airedin September on Chicago radio stationWNIB-FM. Two of the pièces presented were"Pentatonic Sketches for Orchestra, " which wonthe bicentennial compétition for Illinois com-posers sponsored by the Illinois Arts Counciland the North Side Symphony of Chicago in1975, and "The Myth of Sisyphus,"environmental music commissioned for a1979 performance at the Century ShoppingMail in Chicago.Richard A. Hodge, JD'63, has been appointed by California Governor Jerry Brownto the Superior Court of Alameda County,CA./T A John Betjemann, MBA'64, has been\J A named président and chief executiveofficer of the Methodist Hospital in Gary andMerrillville, IN.Louis B. Jennings, PhD'64, has retiredafter thirty-one years as professor in andchairman of the Department of Bible and Religion at Marshall University, Huntington, WV.During Jennings' tenure, the Department ex-panded its enrollment, course offerings, andfaculty. Jennings participated in many professional and religious organizations, includingthe Society of Biblical Literature, AmericanAcademy of Religion, West VirginiaPhilosophical Society, and the AmericanAssociation of University Professors. In addition, Jennings preached, taught, and servedon boards and committees for the United The Constant ReaderBy Richard DunlopAlthough she rarely visits the UnitedStates, Beverly Bronstein Gordey,PhB'48, is one of the most influentialwomen in American publishing. She isDoubleday's senior editor in Europe.According to Herbert Lottman, writing inPublisher's Weekly, Gordey is an intégralmember of the international literary mafia, aperson who runs a literary salon in Paris andhas the right contacts ail over Europe."Nor does it hurt," wrote Lottman, "thatBeverly Gordey is a pleasant person to bewith, attractive and outgoing, capable ofcommuning with editors and rights people,and of intelligent exchanges with authorsabout their subjects."Stroll down the Quai de Grands-Augustins, past the book stalls on the LeftBank of the Seine, and turn into the Rue desGrands- Augustins past Picasso's Paris flat. Tothe right the Rue Christine leads past the résidence of Gertrude Stein a few doors from thecorner. There Alice B. Toklas lived afterStein's death until she was put out by theStein family. To the left runs the Rue deSavoie, so narrow that even Parisian cab drivers think twice about entering it; there sits therésidence of Beverly Gordey and her hus-band, Michel Gordey, one of France's mostrenowned journalists.Stop before an arched carnage entrancein a mansarded house built in 1728. Thewooden doors are weather-beaten and splin-tered at the bottom. Press a button on the wallto the side, and a maid cheerfully responds.When she has heard your name, the woodendoors buzz with the incongruous insectsound of a door in a modem apartmentbuilding and snap open so that you can entera courtyard. Flights of stairs, slanted, uneven,and carpeted, creak underfoot as you climb toa door where the maid ushers you in to Mme.Gordey 's drawing room.An antique angelic cherub carved inwood perches on a desk with an expression ofsurprise. Somewhere a typewriter tick, tick,ticks. When Beverly Gordey enters the roomholding out her hand in greeting she is veryFrench, very Parisian, her gestures as chic andrefined as her dress, but at the same timethere is an essential openness that she ac-quired as a girl in pre-World War II Denver.She is an American in Paris.It is Gordey's task to scout continentalEurope and Israël for ail Doubleday divisionsfor new and established authors, for booksthat, as she says, "are not being done inAmerica.""I read a lot," she explains. "I know a lotof people who talk about books. I talk to pub-lishers, critics, travel a lot to see people, findout ahead of time what is going on."Above ail, she reads. She reads on trains40 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981Beverly Bronstein Gordey, PhB'48and planes, but mostly she reads in her studysurrounded by shelves and stacks of books.When she and her husband go on vacation,they carry a suitcase full of books with them,to the dismay of bellboys and porters.Mortimer Adler would be proud of Beverly Gordey, one of his most bookish disciples. At the âge of fifteen in the early 1940syoung Beverly Bronstein curled up one day inher Denver home with Adler's book How toRead a Book. It fascinated her, and the next dayshe .enrolled in the University of Chicago'searly entrance program, where, she says, "Ilearned how to read a book."At the University, Gordey wasinfluenced by Wallace Fowlie, professor ofFrench Literature. She was fascinated by sur-realism in French literature, and decided thatshe had to get to Paris. Fortunately the University had a program for students whowished to take their master's degree inFrance. The war was over, she applied for theprogram, and left for Paris.When Gordey arrived in Paris, AlbertCamus was editing Combat, which he hadstarted as a clandestine journal of the underground. Gordey met Camus, who took a lik-ing to her and opened his files to her. Shewrote a thesis about the literature of theFrench Résistance, and while doing so, became friends with people in the movement.One day she met Michel Gordey, then chiefcorrespondent for France-Soir. He had pre-viously been married to Marc Chagall'sdaughter, and after divorce remained a closefriend of the Chagalls. In 1950, Beverly Bronstein and Michel Gordey were married.Currently Michel Gordey is a spécial correspondent in Europe for Newsday, (a Long Island, NY daily).The Gordeys hâve two children. Afterthey were Iaunched in school, Beverly Gordey began casting about for a career for herself.Michel Gordey's long-time friend, (thelate) Louis Cowan, PhB'31, had set up theChilmark Press, and was looking for a Parisreprésentative. Beverly Gordey got the job.Not long thereafter, Doubleday hired her astheir Paris représentative.Through her husband's friendship withMarc Chagall, Beverly Gordey came to knowthe painter, and eventually edited The World ofMarc Chagall. She worked in close collaboration with the painter for three years. The bookwas a seven nation co-production that madepublishing history, and became a LiteraryGuild sélection.Gordey also initiated a project for whichDoubleday was given world rights for HerbertLottman's biography Camus. Among themany books which she has procured forDoubleday are: De Gaulle, by FrançoisMauriac; Muséum Without Walls, by AndréMalraux; Tolstoy, Pushkin; Divided Soûl, andThe Life of Gogol, ail by Henri Troyat; FromProust to Camus by André Malraux; FrenchDemocracy by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing; and awhole séries of books by Jacques-Yves Cos-teau.In addition, Gordey has arranged forDoubleday to publish Salvador Dali fromSpain, Jan Kott from Poland, Bohumul Hrabalfrom Czechoslovakia, Andrei Vozneskenskyand Olga Ivinskaya from the Soviet Union,and Alfred Andersch and Robert Havemannfrom Germany.Every year Gordey reads four hundred promising books, some in manuscript. Abouttwelve to fifteen of thèse end up on Double-day's lists."What am I looking for? Books of highquality of any category, except académiebooks. I look for fiction, non-fiction, history,biography, religion, cook books, illustra tedbooks," she explained.Seated in her drawing room, talkingabout books, Gordey still gets excited abouther topic."Every morning I go to my desk and amhappy about it," she said. "If it weren't forpublishing, I might still be one of those pe-rennial students."Scouting for Doubleday means that Gordey attends the great yearly European bookfairs at Frankfurt and Bologna and pays reg-ular visits to eleven major German publishingcenters, including East Berlin. She also travelsto Stockholm, Copenhagen, Zurich, Milan,and Israël. She reads French easily, but mustdépend on others to give a first reading inbooks in other languages.The Gordey's social life is very importantto her work."I entertain more at home in the simpleAmerican style than do most Frenchwomen," she said. "The French are morelikely to take their guests out to dinner thanwe are."Gordey also counts on her friends andacquaintances scattered about the continentto keep her informed about promising books,authors, and ideas. She believes that ideas areperhaps the most important things, in herwork. Many of the most important books shehas acquired for Doubleday first appeared toher as an idea at a dinner table, or over long-distance phone calls. She nurtures the ideainto a book, monitors the work in progress,makes certain that translations are accurateand in the true spirit of the book, and assistswith publicity when necessary."The best writing today is being done inGreat Britain and the United States, countriesunfortunately outside my sphère, but therealso is good writing in West Germany. Thebest writing in Spanish is being done in SouthAmerica and not in Spain. Writers who spendthe most time on their books write goodbooks. French writers spend only a fewmonths on a book, and today there are fewgood French books," said Gordey.How do a woman and a man of letterswho live in Paris vacation? The Gordeys taketwo trips every year to a village near St.Moritz in Switzerland. They unpack theirsuitcase of books and settle down to read. Inthe summer they intersperse bouts of readingwith rambles through the mountains; in thewinter they ski."There are a couple of lakes, a couple ofcows, and us," said Gordey, with a sigh ofcontentaient. "We talk to so many people therest of the year that on vacation we don't talkto anybody. We just read."Church of Christ (First CongregationalChurch). He is the author of a textbook, TheFunction of Religion: An Introduction, publishedby the University Press of America.Alice Mandel, AB'64, teaches painting,drawing, printmaking, three-dimensionalart, and art history at Alternative East HighSchool in Wyndmoor, PA. Mandel's sculptureand crafts hâve won awards in several juriedshows.Mark Titus, AM'64, teaches philosophy,English, and humanities at Adelphi Academyin Brooklyn, NY.Zl C Mary H. Deal, AB'65, AM'66, of Day-\J\J ton, OH, is director of the planningand women division of the American Planning Association. She is the daughter ofGeorge Varnum Deal, PhB'23, and EmilySedlacek Deal, AB'26, AM'40.Donald Larmouth, AM'65, PhD'72, received an award for excellence in institutionaldevelopment from the University of Wiscon-sin, Green Bay in September.Allan H. Perlman, MBA'65, has beenpromoted to assistant director of management information services at Northwest Industries, Inc. in Chicago.David K. Ray, MBA'65, has been electedcorporate vice-président of Knight-RidderNewspapers, Inc., Miami, FL.Salvatore G. Rotella, AM'65, PhD'71,président of Chicago City-Wide Collège, hasbeen appointed to serve as président of LoopCollège in Chicago as well./l /l Arlene Brewster, MAT' 66, has been\_/U appointed director of the youth services unit at Youngstown Hospital Association in Youngstown, OH.Melvin B. Goldberg, JD'66, LLM'68, hasbeen named associate dean at William Mitch-ell Collège of Law, Minneapolis, MN.John Goode, MBA'66, has been namedsenior vice-président, finance and corporateplanning, for the J.I. Case Co. in Racine, WI.Carol Gould, AB'66, has been namedassociate professor of philosophy at StevensInstitute of Technology, Castle Point, Hobo-ken, NJ.Larry L. Greenfield, DB'66, AM'70,PhB'78, has been elected président of ColgateRochester-Bexley Hall-Crozer DivinitySchool in Rochester, NY. Greenfield was formerly dean of students and assistant professor of theology at the University of ChicagoDivinity School.Fritz Guy, AM'66, PhD'71, has beennamed associate dean of the Seventh-DayAdventist Theological Seminary at AndrewsUniversity, Berrien Springs, MI.Paul M. Niskanen, MBA'66, has beennamed honorary consul of Finland in Portland, OR.Waldemar Schmeichel, DB'66, AM'72,PhD'75, assistant professor of religion atKalamazoo Collège, Kalamazoo, MI, has beengranted tenure./lr7 James J. Breuss, MBA'67, and Patricia\J / M. Mueller hâve formed a financialConsulting firm, Mueller & Breuss Associates,Inc. (MBA) in Chicago.Douglas G. Colton, AM'67, has beennamed senior research scientist at BristolLaboratories in Syracuse, NY. Judith D. Peters, AM'67, has been named"Executive of the Year" by the United Way ofGreater Rochester, NY. She was honored forher leadership as executive director of theAssociation for the Blind of Rochester. Petersrecently accepted a position with the EastmanKodak Co. in Rochester, NY.James R. Richardson, JD'67, and WendyC. Binder, JD'72, both partners in the Chicagolaw firm of Chapman & Cutler, were marriedin August.Arvid F. Sponberg, AM'67, assistant professor of English at Valparaiso University,Valparaiso, IN, has been named chairman ofthe university's Department of English.George F. Steckley, AM'67, PhD'72, hasbeen promoted to associate professor of history at Knox Collège, Galesburg, IL.Gregory T. Stengel, AB'67, has beenelected assistant gênerai counsel of TheEquitable Life Assurance Society in New YorkCity. Stengel is a member of the steeringcommittee for the University of Chicago Clubof New York.James Woolley, AM'67, PhD'72, has beennamed assistant professor of English atLafayette Collège, Easton, PA./2 O Irwin Abraham, SB'68, and Lisa BethOO Handwerker were married in Augustin Tarrytown, NY. Abraham practicesmedicine in Brockport, NY.Tom Doetschman, AB'68, is studying themolecular structure of muscle fiber at theSwiss Fédéral Institute of Technology inZurich, Switzerland, on a post-doctoralfellowship.Thomas H. Kieren, MBA'68, has beennamed manager of business planning forGAF Corp., Wayne, NJ.Gordon Korstange, AM'68, teaches sixthand seventh grade at Independent DaySchool in Middlefield, CT.Jud Lawrie, MBA'68, has been namedmanager of the Chicago Transit Authority'sBudget Department.Margery Hazlett Smith, AM'68, PhD'70,has been named associate professor ofEnglish at Barat Collège, Lake Forest, IL.Z^Q Elizabeth Daniels, AB'69, is first sop-Uy rano in the Washington Camerata, agroup of four singers and four intrumentalistswho perform music from the médiéval, renaissance and early baroque periods. Danielsrecently appeared in a production of DieFledermaus at Wolf Trap and in the HandelFestival at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC. She also teaches voice at Mont-gomery Collège, Rockville, MD.John A. Johnson, JD'69, has been electedvice-président and gênerai manager of In-diana General-Magnet Products, Valparaiso,IN.Dennis Molamphy, SB'69, of WichitaFalls, KS, is the father of Mark ArthurMolamphy, born in July.Kenneth M. Rich, MBA'69, was named aBlack Achiever by the Harlem branch of theYMCA in New York City.Andràs J. Riedlmayer, AB'69, marriedCarol Munroe in August. They live in Cambridge, MA.70 David D. Bonacci, AB'70, MD'74, hasbeen appointed director of the psy- chogeriatric program at the University ofRochester Médical Center, Rochester, NY.Bonacci is also assistant professor of psychiatry at the center.Arthur C. Butters, MBA'70, has beennamed accounting manager at DiversifiedPrinting Corp., Atglen, PA.John B. Foster, MBA'70, ha been namedprésident of Joseph T. Ryerson & Sons, Inc. inChicago.Walter A. Hill, MAT'70, assistant professor in the Department of Agriculture atTuskegee Institute in Alabama, has beennamed to a six-year term with the DanforthFoundation Associate Program for Faculty.Michael J. Hobor, AM'70, PhD'75,MBA'76, has been named to the newly-created post of vice-président, marketing, forRust-Oleum Corp., Vernon Hills, IL.Kenneth J. Johnson, MBA'70, has beennamed controller at Motorola, Inc. inSchaumburg, IL.Roger E. Johnson, MBA'70, has beennamed comptroller of United Bank of Denver,Denver, CO.Lansing R. Pollock, AM'70, PhD'70, hasbeen named chairman of the Department ofPhilosophy and Religious Studies at BuffaloState Collège, Buffalo, NY.Charlotte E. Sibley, MBA'70, has beennamed manager of project research for thepatient care division of Johnson & JohnsonProducts, Inc. in New Brunswick, NJ.William T. Whitfield, MBA'70, has beenappointed manager, purchasing and trans-portation administration, for InternationalHarvester's agricultural equipment group inChicago.W. Robert Wilson, MBA'70, has beennamed a director, and président and chiefoperating officer, of Lukens Steel Co.,Coatesville, PA.r7'1 Kenneth Begelman, MD'71, a/ JL specialist in adult and pédiatrie car-diac and thoracic surgery, has become anassociate of the Guthrie Clinic in Sayre, PA.John Bryant, AB'71, AM'72, PhD'75, hasbeen named assistant professor of English atPennsylvania State University at ShenangoValley.William E. Kassling, MBA'71, has beennamed group vice-président, building spe-cialties, American Standard, Inc., andprésident of the Steelcraft ManufacturingCo., in Blue Ash, OH.Jon M. Leverenz, MBA'71, has beennamed editor-in-chief of atlas and map publications for Rand McNally & Co. in Chicago.Brian J. Murray, MBA'71, married CaroleJ. Van Lanen in September. Murray is groupmanager of data processing for Boise Cas-cade's paper group in Portland, OR;Van Lanen is a student at the University ofPortland.Robert A. Ries, MBA'71, has been namedassistant professor of business administrationand économies at Winona State University,Winona, MN.Charles Shabica, PhD'71, received thePresidential Merit Award of Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. He was cited forhis research publications and internationallectures on oceanography.Allen H. Shiner, MBA'71, président ofShiner + Associates, Inc., acoustical engi-neers, led a symposium called "Acoustical42 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981~ Turkey ~Homage to oAtaturf^18 Day In-depth Tour in Célébration of the 100th Birthday ofMUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURKFbunder of the Turkish Republic and Distinguished World LeaderThis spécial interest tour is sponsored by theCenter for Middle Eastern Studies of The University of Chicagoand theAlumni Association of American Collèges of Istanbul.The group will be escorted byProfessor Richard L. Chambers,Director, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, The University of Chicago.The tour visits Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Konya, Antalya, the Dardanelles (Gallipoli)Cappadocia, resorts and archaeological sites on the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts,including Troy, Ephesus, Aphrodisias, and Pergamum.TOUR FEATURES INCLUDE:• Roundtrip economy airfare from Chicago or New York.• Deluxe hôtel accommodations (or best available).• AH meals.• Réceptions and dinners with Turkish friends.• Tickets to spécial Ataturk Centennial events.• Lectures by Prof. Richard Chambers.• Spécial seminars and lectures.• Comprehensive program of sightseeing.• Touring by first class motor coach.m Date: August 28 to September 14, 1981Total Tour Cost $2,664.($175 less from New York gateway.)££ ThC World OfOZ ^r information write or call: VIPtOURISM Ltd.A CORTELL GROUP AFF.UATE 3 Eas, g^ g,^,New York, NY 10022Toll-free (800) 223-1306/7For New York state call collect(212) 751-3250(212)832-1100 °Design Considérations of Air DistributionSystems" at a meeting of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and AirCondiboning Engineers.Candace B. Wells, AB'71, received herDoctor of Education degree in curriculum andinstruction at Oklahoma State University inStillwater. She is assistant professor in theDepartment of Instructional Services atWichita State University, Wichita, KS.John Garwood Wells, MBA'71, marriedMary Thérèse Woodward in September. Wellsis an investment officer in the trust départaient of the Continental Illinois National Bank& Trust in Chicago.rJr) Wendy C. Binder, JD'72. See 1967,/ Z— James R. Richardson.Bart Ellis, AM'72, is the director of(Re-)Socialization Skills, Inc. in Marina delRey, CA, a community-based program for thetreatment of persons with serious mental ill-ness.Phillip G. Farr, MBA'72, has been electeda national director of the National Associationof Accountants. Farr is managing partner ofPhilip G. Farr & Associates CPAs of Thomson, GA.William F. Love, MBA'72, has beennamed vice-président, correspondent banking and financial institutions division, LaSalleNational Bank in Chicago.Larry Ribstein, JD'72, is visiting associateprofessor in the School of Law at SouthernMethodist University, Dallas, TX.Huei-Mei Tsai, SM'72, PhD'77, is associate professor at the National Taiwan University. She spoke at the annual meeting of theTaiwan Médical Association in November on"The Mechanisms of Cranial-FacialAnomalies."r7r\ Thomas Coates, MBA'73, received the/ \J Duke of Paducah Award for his in-volvement in the Boy's Club of Paducah, KY.Coates is vice-président and treasurer ofUrban Investment and Development Co. inChicago.Marianne Mahoney, AM'73, PhD'77, hasbeen appointed assistant professor of politicalscience at Barat Collège, Lake Forest, IL.Robert R. McComsey, MBA'73, has beennamed a gênerai partner of Neuberger & Be-rman, a New York City investment management firm.David Mitch, AB'73, AM'74, teaches inthe School of Foreign Service at GeorgetownUniversity, Washington, DC.Mary C. Moster, AM'73, has been namedvice-président of Hill and Knowlton, Inc.,Chicago, a public relations and public affairscounseling firm.Edgar Daryl Preissner, MBA'73, has beennamed vice-président, waste Systems division, of Browning-Ferris Industries, Houston, TX.Ellen A. Rudnick, MBA'73, has been appointed director of international planning forBaxter Travenol Laboratories in Deerfield, IL.Joël D. Wolfe, AM'73, PhD'78, has beennamed visiting assistant professor of politicalscience at Amherst Collège, Amherst, MA.^ A Charles M. Boland, MBA'74, has/ Jl. been appointed director of marketingof Roche chemical division of Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., in Nutley, NJ. Bruce E. Bursten, SB'74, has been appointed assistant professor of chemistry atOhio State University, Columbus. For thepast two years he has done postdoctoral workat Texas A & M University in Collège Station,TX.Richard V. C. Carr, SM'74, PhD'75, hasbeen named senior research chemist, industrial chemicals technology, for Air Productsand Chemicals, Inc. in AHentown PA.Robert Bruce Ciullo, MBA'74, marriedMary Christina Di Loreto in October. Ciullo isa stockbroker in institutional sales for MorganStanley & Co. in New York City.Minna Kohn Davidson, AM'74, has beennamed instructor of theater and dance atAima Collège, Aima, MI.Richard G. Glinski, MBA'74, has beennamed managing consultant in finance Systems for Northwest Industries, Inc. inChicago.Théodore Z. Polley, Jr., MD'74, hascompleted six years of gênerai surgery training at the University of Michigan Hospitals inAnn Arbor. He will train for his specialty,pédiatrie surgery, for two years in the Department of Pédiatrie Surgery at Children'sHospital Médical Center and Harvard Médical School in Boston.Peter C. Ree, MD'74, is director of theDowney Radiation Oncology Médical Clinicin Downey, CA.Richard Rosenbaum, MBA'74, has beenpromoted to audit manager in the Chicagooffice of the accounting firm of Coopers &Lybrand.Elizabeth Sue Schnur, AB'74, marriedPeter Stone Holmes in September. Schnur is adoctoral candidate in developmental psychology at the University of Michigan, AnnArbor.Lou Willett Stanek, PhD'74, has beenappointed to the advisory board of ColumbiaBusiness School and to the Management Décision Laboratory Board of New York City.Robert M. Stewart, AM'74, has been appointed instructor of philosophy at RiponCollège, Ripon, WI.Michael Zimmerman, AB'74, has beennamed assistant professor of biology at Ober-lin Collège, Oberlin, OH.^7 C Joseph Achenbaum, MBA'75, has/ \J been named assistant investmentofficer of Teachers Insurance and AnnuityAssociation (TIAA) and Collège RetirementEquities Fund (CREF) in New York City.Russell E. Bowman, AM'75, has beennamed chief curator of the Milwaukee ArtCenter, Milwaukee, WI.John Carlson, MD'75, is a gênerai surgeon at Regina Mémorial Hospital in Hastings, MN.Rev. Allan W. Eickelmann, AM'75, hasbeen named pastor of First CongregationalUnited Church of Christ of Ottawa, IL.Catherine Phyllis Hancock, JD'75, anassociate professor at Tulane University LawSchool, New Orléans, has started the school'sfirst alumni magazine. She is editor of theTulane Lawyer, issued twice yearly.Dorothy T. Moore, PhD'75, has beennamed associate professor of psychology atBerea Collège, Berea, KY.David L. Smith, AM'75, PhD'80, hasbeen appointed assistant professor of Englishat Williams Collège, Williamstown, MA. Kern Hartwell Tyler, MBA'75, marriedMarilyn Jean Anthony in September. Tyler isvice-président of the Manchester Lumber Co.in Manchester, CTrT/I Ramon Diaz, AB'76, MD'80, is a resi-/ O dent in obstetrics and gynecology atthe Center for Health Sciences of the University of California, Los Angeles.Gerald Irons, MBA'76, has retired fromthe National Football League ClevelandBrowns. Irons began his professional footballcareer ten years ago with the Oakland Raid-ers.Arlin Larson, DM'76, married SharonEakin in August. Larson is an adviser in theCollège at the University.Thomas J. McNamara, AB'76, marriedRosemary Mirabile, a psychiatrie socialworker and psychotherapist, in November.Thomas is an associate with the New YorkCity law firm of Cohen, Rosenthal & Rosen-berg.Michael J. McPheters, MBA'76, has beenpromoted to head of the No. 1A ESS Development Department at the Bell TéléphoneLaboratories in Naperville, IL.Lawrence Miles, MBA'76, has been appointed manager of acquisitions and spécialprojects for Santa Fe Industries, Inc. inChicago.Alan B. Miller, MBA'76, has been namedgênerai counsel of B. B. Cohen & Co. inChicago.Daniel Frederick Nugent, AB'76, isdrilling supervisor for Ringsalot Tree Surgery& Dendrochronology in Bisbee, AZ. Dendro-chronology is the science of dating events andvariations in environments in former periodsby comparative study of growth rings in treesand aged wood.Burt M. Rublin, AB'76, JD'78, and Har-riet J. Kay, MBA'80, were married in August.Burt is an associate with the law firm of Wolf,Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen in Philadelphia,and Harriet is on the audit staff of ArthurAndersen & Co.William C. Thiede, MBA'76, has beenelected président of Powell Metals & Chemicals, Inc. in Rockford, IL.Richard E. Utman, Jr., AB'76, is a FirstLieutenant with the Second Marine Division,Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, NC.John Michael Williams, AM'76, receivedhis Ph.D. degree in psychology from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Heworks for Vision Research Laboratory at theUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor.•yy John Martin Clough, SM'77, PhD'78,/ / has been named the CongressionalScience and Engineering Fellow for 1980-81 bythe Biophysical Society, the American Societyfor Photobiology, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Joseph M. DiGeorge, AM'77, has beennamed to the mathematics faculty at the Ped-die School in Hightstown, NJ.Martin P. Greene, JD'77, has joined theChicago law firm of Lafontant, Wilkins & Butler. Greene's practice includes employmentdiscrimination, médical malpractice, andbusiness litigation.Scott R. King, SB'77, analyzes andfinances the biotechnology industry for F.Eberstadt & Co., Inc., a brokerage and investment firm in New York City.44 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981Neither Meat-Cutter Nor Grass-CutterYou won't find the office of the Crab-grass Press on New York's Avenue ofthe Americas.It is in Philip Metzger's (AB'38, AM'39)basement on Tomahawk Road in Prairie Village, Kansas.As a youngster, Metzger admired fineprinting and dreamed of owning his ownprinting press. But he had no opportunity ofdoing so."My parents were immigrants fromGermany, and my Dad was in the méat business in this country. I had to fight to go to highschool, and fight to go to collège, because Iwas supposed to be a meat-cutter, you see,"said Metzger.Instead, after graduating from the University, he worked for the National MétalTrades Association in Chicago, and then forKansas City Power and Light Co. in KansasCity, Missouri, eventually becoming vice-président. But at the âge of forty-five, he tookearly retirement in order to realize his child-hood dream of being a printer."I am often asked for the genesis of thename of my press," Metzger said. "Thehomeowner knows that if he neglects hislawn it soon will be overrun with crabgrass.Since acquiring my press I hâve spent littletime on the lawn. Ergo: the Crabgrass Press."Metzger's press is an eighty-year-old Al-bino demy folio (it prints on a sheet of paper16 x 21 inches) which he acquired from a lib-rarian in Coffeyville, Kansas, who found it inEngland during World War IL So far he hasprinted pamphlets and ephemera, and is pro-ducing his first book.Metzger is entirely self-taught."I'm weak on design, so I rely on otherpeople to help me with that," he said. Amongthose on whom he relies is Herman Zapf, theinternationally known German designer andcalligrapher who has created more thantwenty popular new typefaces (including thatin which The University of Chicago Magazine isset, Palatino).Metzger met Zapf when the designer wasvisiting Kansas City as a consultant to Hall-mark, Inc. The two became fast friends, anddecided to do "a little fun project. " For the lastten years, they hâve worked intermittently onOrbis Typographicus (now completed), a portfolio of twenty-five quotations on the arts andsciences from the writings of Thomas Edison,Albert Einstein, Robert Oppenheimer,William Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw,and others. Most hâve been printed in two ormore colors on mould-made and hand-madepapers from England, France, Germany,Italy, and Japan, and in three cases, from theU.S.; two on Worthy Hand and Arrow paper,which has not been made for years; and oneon a sheet by James Yarnell of Wichita, Kansas, specially made for Metzger's and Zapf'sundertaking. (Ninety-nine sets hâve been Philip Metzger, AB'38, AM'39, opérâtes hiseighty-year-old Albion demy folio printing press.printed; seventy are for sale at $200 each.)Metzger also collects examples of fineprinting from private presses, and serves onthe Visiting Committee to the Library at theUniversity.Upstairs in the house on TomahawkRoad, Metzger's wife, Louise, pursues another hobby in a room that was specially built.In this room are twelve small houses whereantique dolls live. The houses date from 1900."My dollhouses were made for childrento play with," said Mrs. Metzger. "They werepart of somebody's life."Mrs. Metzger makes most of thefurnishings in the houses, meticulouslycopying the full-size object, though notnecessarily to scale."You can hâve things out of scale in adollhouse whereas you can't, say, in theThorne rooms at the Art Institute of Chicago.In lots of ways, it's like a stage setting, wherein order to emphasize an object, you make itlarger," she said.Sometimes Mrs. Metzger finds dues tothe construction of furnishings in antique shops."I had always wanted to make candle-shades for my dollhouses, but wondered howin the world the shades were fastened to thecandies. In an antique shop I found a candieshade and a candie holder and the mysterywas solved."I hâve a couple of granddaughters, but Ihâve a spécial indestructible dollhouse forthem," said Mrs. Metzger, laughing.Both of the Metzger's sons, Philip A. andJoël, hâve learned printing from their father,and hâve taken up related careers: Philip isgetting a doctorate in rare book library scienceat the University of Texas, and Joël is a calligrapher and sign painter in Portland, Oregon.Metzger's next project is a collaborationwith Joël on an édition of letters Joël wrote tohis parents about his Peace Corps expériencein Kenya. Metzger will attempt to reproducesome of the letters, written in a calligraphiehand, in facsimile."I always wanted to see if fine printingwas hard," said Metzger. "It is. And worth itail."45Patrick Kover, MBA'77, has been namedprésident of the Régional Health ResourceCenter in Urbana, IL.Bruce Masterson, MBA'77, is managingconsultant of Data Resources, Inc., an économie forecasting firm in Détroit, MI.Mark W. McLemore, AM'77, was or-dained in May as a minister of the ChristianChurch (Disciples of Christ). McLemore isassociate minister of First Christian Church inChicago Heights, IL.Robert E. Ross, MBA'77, has been nameda vice-président in the trust départaient at theNorthern Trust Co. in Chicago.Jonathan Ginsburg, AB'78, marriedJulie Gordon in August. Ginsburg is athird-year rabbinical student at the JewishTheological Seminary in New York City.N. Calvin Mayo, MBA'78, has beennamed gênerai superintendent, Gulf CoastLine, at Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of Americain Chicago.Barbara Metcalf, MBA'78, is coordinatorof the job-sharing project for Flexible Careers,a Chicago career development center.Buzz Spector, MFA'78, is co-editor ofWhiteWalls: A Magazine of Writings by Artists,published in Chicago.Ophelia Barsketis, AB'79, is a studentat the American Graduate School ofInternational Management in Glendale, AZ.Charlotte Digregorio, AM'79, has beennamed editor of the "Community" section ofthe DeKalb, IL Chronicle.Donald Mitchell Griswold, AB'79, andNancy DeFrancesco, AB'80, were married inAugust. They are both students in the lawschool of Boston University, Boston, MA.Marcia Hirtenstein, MBA'79, is acertified public accountant and a financialanalyst for Norwich Eaton Co. in Chicago.Cari H. Lavin, AB'79, is copy editor andstaff writer for the Los Angeles Herald Examiner,Los Angeles, CA.Michael McConnell, JD'79, is a law clerkfor Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. of the U.S.Suprême Court.Thomas W. Murphy, MBA'79, has beennamed principal in the accounting firm ofErnst & Whinney in Chicago.Doris Powers, MBA'79, married GilbertMeister, Jr. in October. Doris is a managementconsultant with McKinsey & Co. in New YorkCity.Robert D. Powers, MBA'79, has beennamed commander of the 1128th Transportation Co. of the Alabama National Guard inEufala and Clayton, AL.Thomas A. Tingleff, MBA'79, has beenelected vice-président of finance by theChicago and North Western TransportationCo. in Chicago.Elizabeth Toll, MAT'79, has been nameda member of the history faculty at WestoverSchool in Middlebury, CTMichael A. Vêlez, MBA'79, has beenpromoted to vice-président, commercialloans, at Pioneer Bank & Trust Co. in Chicago.Alex M. Warren, Jr., MBA'79, has beenelected vice-président, human resources forLeaseway Transportation Corp. in Cleveland.Richard Karlin, AB'55, SB'57, is coming toReunion 1981. Are you? John Antle, PhD'80, is assistant professor of économies at the Universityof California, Davis.David Robert Cross, JD'80, has joinedthe New York City law firm of Simpson,Thacher & Bartlett.Nancy DeFrancesco, AB'80. See 1979,Donald Mitchell Griswold.Scott P. George, MBA'80, and MariaIrène Hadey were married in July. Georgeworks in the corporate finance départaient ofSalomon Bros, in Chicago.Jane Ellen Goodman, SM'80, and T.Gregory Guzik, PhD'80, were married inBond Chapel at the University in August.Philip Adkins Hall, PhD'80, is assistantprofessor of sociology at Our Lady of the LakeUniversity in San Antonio, TX. He is the thirdgénération of Halls to receive a graduate degree from the University. His father, RobertAnderson Hall, Jr., AM'35, taught at Princeton University, the University of Puerto Rico,Brown University, and, from 1946 until hisretirement in 1977, at Cornell University,Ithaca, NY. Lolabel House Hall, AM'98,taught at Erasmus Hall High School and New-town High School in New York City beforemarrying Robert Anderson Hall, Sr., AB'05,PhD'07, in 1910. Hall, Sr. was a research-chemist.Harriet J. Kay, MBA'80. See 1976, BurtM. Rublin.James R. Lawson, MBA'80, has beenelected assistant controller of the FirestoneTire & Rubber Co., Akron, OH.Rev. Michael D. Linden, AM'80, is pas-tor of St. Patrick's Church in Kingston,Jamaica.Frances J. Turisco, MBA'80, marriedGeorge Pettinari in September. Frances is ahealth care consultant for Arthur Anderson &Co. in Chicago.Moving?To change your address for The Universityof Chicago Magazine and ail other Universitymailings, fill out this form and mail it to:ALUMNI AFFAIRS RECORDS OFFICERobie House, 5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, IL 60637Please attach old address label hère:New Address:(Name and Class)(Street)(City, State, Zip Code)Please allow eight weeks for changes. DeathsFACULTY AND STAFFJ. Roy Blaney, SM'28, founding directorand professor emeritus in the University'sZoller Dental Clinic; from 1947-66 Blaney di-rected a major study of the effects of fluori-dated water on the teeth of children in Evan-ston,IL, comparing them to children in OakPark, IL, where the water was unfluoridated.Believed to be the largest dental study everattempted, and the only one with X-rays, thestudy showed a sixty-five percent réductionin dental caries among the children usingfluoridated water; November.Harry T. Fultz, SB'15, a member of the University's School of Education from 1912-22,and director of International House from 1947until his retirement in 1962; December.Lloyd A. Metzler, professor emeritus inéconomies. Metzler was a leading figure ininternational économies, monetary économies and macroeconomics in the 1940s and1950s. He joined the faculty in 1947, and waseditor of The Journal of Political Economy from1966 until his retirement in 1971; October.Dorothy Price, SB'22, PhD'35; professoremeritus of zoology, who taught and did research at the University from 1935-65. Priceand Cari Moore, former chairman of the Department of Zoology, developed the conceptof a reciprocal relationship between hormoneproduction by the gonads and the anteriorpituitary gland. This "feedback" mechanismis the basis of action of the birth control pill;November.Harold C. Urey, Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in theDepartment of Chemistry. Urey won theNobel Prize in chemistry in 1934 while at Col-umbia University for his discovery ofdeuterium, or heavy hydrogen. He also wasthe first to isolate heavy isotopes of oxygen,nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur. During WorldWa_ II he directed the Manhattan Project'sSpécial Alloy Materials Laboratory inseparating fissionable uranium 235 from ifsmore abundant isotopic counterpart. Ureyjoined the University's chemistry départaientand newly formed Institute for NuclearStudies in 1945. There he studied the chemicalorigins and history of the earth, the moon,météorites, and the rest of the solar System. In1953, amino acids were created in Urey's laboratory using electrical sparks and the gasesméthane, ammonia, and hydrogen. TheUrey-Miller experiment showed how organicmatter could arise under conditions similar tothose on the primitive earth. After World WarII, Urey argued actively for international control of the nuclear technology that he helpedto create; January.THE CLASSES1900-1909T. H. Hildenbrandt, SM'06, PhD'10; June.Winifred Dewhurst Snyder, AB'07; October.Minnie McDevitt Clucas, X'08; August.46 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINBWinter 1981Elizabeth F. Farwell, PhB'll; September.Auvergne Williams, JD'll; retired attorneyin Memphis, TN; September.HanyT. Fultz, SB'15. See Faculty and Staff.Solomon E. Harrison, PhB'15, JD'16;Chicago attorney and real estate de.veloper;September.Edward McKenzie Quinn, AM'16, JD'22;February 1980.Pearle Oliver Buchanan, SB'17; September.Lucy Chandler Fuller, AM'17.Stewart G. Cole, AMT9, DB'20, PhD'29;March.1920-1929Edith Ruff Higgins, PhB'20; retired executive director of The Visiting HomemakerAssociation of New Jersey, Inc.; August.Blanche Rucker Hutchinson, SB'20; September.Eleanor Lyne King, PhB'20; July.Wallace R. Greiner, SB'22, MD'26; August.Denton Adlai Magroder, PhB'22; March.Dorothy Price, SB'22, PhD'35; See Faculty.Brenton W. Stevenson, PhB'22, AM'25;May.Kenneth E. Barnhart, PhD'24; retired professor of sociology at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA; August.George D. Tsoulos, SB'24, MD'28; Chicagophysician for fifty-two years; September.Lester S. Abelson, PhB'24, JD'25; philan-thropist, and co-founder and gênerai partnerof Barton Brands, Ltd. in Chicago. With hiswife, Hope, he sponsored the building of theAbelson Auditorium, now under construction at the University, to house Court Théâtre;November.Julius B. Laramore, Jr., AB'25; May.Burr L. Robbins, PhB'25; retired présidentof General Outdoor Advertising Co. inChicago; September.Ernest J. Thuesen, PhB'25; August.Rev. Stiles Lessly, AM'26, DB'29; Visitationminister for the past ten years at SalemChurch in Florrisant, MO; September.Katharine Cox Smith, AM'26; June.Jacob Charles Ferdman, SB'27; chemistryteacher at Steinmetz High School in Chicagofor thirty-eight years; October.Roland O. Witcraft, AM'27; October.Lawrence E. Apitz, SB'28, JD'32; June.J. Roy Blaney, SM'28; See Faculty.Edwin S. Ketchum, PhB'28; May.Charles H. Schutter, PhB'28; AM'39,PhD'43; retired principal of Delano Ele-mentary School in Chicago; October.Frederick Stenn, SB'28, MD'33, AM'35; retired associate professor of medicine atNorthwestern University; October.Gilbert Tunstell, PhB'28, AM'39; January.Norman Anderson, PhB'29; retired teacherand principal in the Chicago public schools;August.John J. Chapin, PhB'29; October.M. Dorisse Howe, PhD'29; professoremeritus of botany at Utica Collège, Utica,NY; August.Mildred Davis Miller, PhB'29; September.1930-1939Kenneth B. Alwood, PhB'30.Grâce Winslow Doherty, AM'30.John Dollard, AM'30, PhD'31; professoremeritus of psychology at Yale University, and author of Caste and Class in a SouthernTown, a pioneering analysis of race relationswhich was banned in Georgia and South Af-rica for many years; October.Richard Hall, PhB'30; co-founder of theMultiple Listing Service of Tucson, AZ; September.Arthur Marquette, PhB'30; August.Albert Tannenbaum, MD'30; September.Irby B. Carruth, AM'31; retired superin-tendent of schools in Austin, TX; August.Allen Ewing Kolb, PhB'31; former executive vice-président of the American CancerSociety's California Division, and winner ofthe Medal of Freedom during World War II;October.Melba Georgina Maurice, PhB'31; May1978.Sanger P. Robinson, X'31.John M. V. Stevenson, PhB'31; August.William Hoffman, AM'32; retired directorof the U.S. Department of Labor's division ofmirùnum wage and hour standards; October.Ward B. Jenks, AM'32; March.Donald Kennedy Snow, SB'32, SM'35; retired chemist; September.Rev. Eric G. Haden, AB'33, AM'34; formerprofessor of religious éducation at CentralBaptist Theological Seminary, Kansas City,KS; August.Olive A. Junge, PhB'33, AM'47; September.Henrietta Sarnatzky Pomrenze, PhB'33,AM'54; July.Clifton E. Striker, X'33; May.Donald E. Compton, AB'35; insuranceexecutive in Wichita, KS and executive director of the Kansas Motel Association for sixteenyears; June.Anita M. Ellingson, PhB'35; retired assistant professor of public health éducation atthe University of Illinois Collège of Dentistryin Chicago; August.Owen C. Berg, SB'36, MD'41; chief of urol-ogy at the Olin E. Teague Vétéran Center inTemple, TX, and former vice-président of thePhotographie Society of America; September.Joan Fleming, MD'36; professor emeritusof psychiatry at the University of Colorado'sSchool of Medicine in Denver; August.Arthur P. Miles, AM'36, PhD'40; directoremeritus of the School of Social Work at theUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison; May.Ben G. Ottenhoff, AB'36; October.Mary Ellen Ryan, AB'36; August.Robert Diller, JD'37, JSD'40; former attorney at Sidley & Austin in Chicago; March.John A. Mattmiller, AB'37, MBA'47; October.Dennison B. Childress, X'38; April.Laurel Elaine Davis, X'38; former professorof home économies at Indiana University,Gary, and St. Elizabeth's Hospital School ofNursing in Chicago; September.Lois W. Gallagher, AM'38.Sunder Joshi, PhD'38; former minister ofthe Unitarian Church of Hinsdale, IL; October.David Schultz Pankratz, MD'38; formerdean of the University of Mississippi MédicalSchool and director of its Médical Center inJackson, MS; October.William Tate, X'38; dean emeritus at theUniversity of Georgia in Athens; September.David B. Erikson, AB'39, AM'42; a memberof the faculty of the City Collèges of Chicagofor thirty-one years; October. Raymond Gouwens, AM'39; village clerk inSouth Holland, IN for thirty years; August.Edward T. Johnson, AM'39; July.1940-1949Lillias W. Lober, AB'40; retired director ofsocial service at St. Christopher's Hospital forChildren in Philadelphia; August.Agnes Smart Barber, AM'42.Victor W. Adams, Jr., SB'43; mathematicianat Menlo Park Computation Branch, U.S.Geological Survey, in Menlo Park, CA; June.Ernest Sturc, X'43; Senior Fellow of theOverseas Development Council and formerdirector of the exchange and trade relationsdepartment of the International MonetaryFund in Washington, DC; October.Rev. Ralph Imes, DB'44; February 1980.Helen Bell Craig, X'45; May.Eleanor Jean Mountford, AM'45; retiredteacher and librarian in the East Liverpool,OH public schools; August.Merrill Scoville, AM'48.Lois Amtman Dubin, AB'49, AM'76;former social worker at the House of the GoodShepherd in Chicago; September.Walter S. Hebble, X'49; March.Michael T. Stephansko, X'491950-1959Ruby L. Little, AM'51; assistant professoremeritus of social work at the University ofOklahoma in Norman; September.Joseph I. Pétrit, MBA'51.Harry H. Pollak, AM'51; coordinator of theU.S. State Department's Office of Labor Affairs in the Agency for International Development; September.Donald F. Roy, PhD'52; June.William T. Keeton, AB'52, SB'54; professorof biology at Cornell University; August.Virgil Otto, MBA'53; August 1979.William W. P. Jochem, JD'54; an attorney inthe légal départaient of Allied Chemical Corp.in Morristown, NJ; August.Colin Park, PhD'55.Pedro Leano, PhD'56; January.Evelyn Jacobson Anderson, AM'57; formerassistant professor of éducation and libraryscience at the University of Maryland, CollègePark; August.Tom A. Crossley, MBA'58; March 1979.Richard D. Hoen, MBA'59.1960-1969Ronald L. Shelton, AB'61; August.Eloise Elizabeth Swanson, AM'61; July.George K. Hesslink, AM'63, PhD'66; professor of sociology at Pomona Collège,Claremont, CA; September.Richard C. Johnson, MBA'69; superin-tendent of the Bloomington Mill and SlabbingMill at Inland Steel Co.'s Indiana HarborWorks, East Chicago, IN; September.1970-1979Jo Eager Gordon, AM'74; October.James Allen Baker, AM'76; April 1979.Books By AlumniLéo Rosten, PhB'30, PhD'37, King Silky!(Harper & Row). Rosten's hyperactive privateeye, Sidney "Silky" Pincus is back, this timepitted against a crime don named Tony ("theSnake") Quattrocino. Among other adven-tures, Silky has a romance with a woman tenyears older than he. Rosten admits to occa-sionally lapsing into "Yinglish," (from theBronx or the old East Side,) but not to worry;his publisher has included a glossary. TheMilwaukee journal commentée "Picture SamSpade as played by Groucho Marx."Horace Freeland Judson, PhB'48, TheSearch for Solutions (Holt, Rinehart &Winston). Judson explores the foundations ofscientific knowledge, describing science fromthe single cell to the solar System. Judson is aformer Time correspondent, whose writinghas appeared in The New Yorker and The Atlantic.Michael Harrington, AM'49, Décade ofDécision (Simon and Schuster). Harrington,who was nominated for the National BookAward for his last book, The Vast Majority, isperhaps best known for his classic work, TheOther America: Poverty in the United States. Inthis work, Harrington analyzes the économiecrises of the seventies and concludes that "theold policies and théories don't work anymore." The author feels that we are at a turn-ing point, a crucial time of décision that willaffect the future of America and the world forgénérations. "The United States will, for theforeseeable future, continue to pay a terribleprice for its historié, and often fanatic, an-tisocialism. The national consciousness andsubconscious are both permeated by an indi-vidualistic libido, a survival from simplertimes that keeps us from facing up to thecomplexities of the présent and the immédiatefuture," he writes. In suggesting how to dealwith future problems, Harrington urges"democratization of information, of expertise, of statistica définitions." In addition, hefeels "there must be a structural transformation of corporate power. And the key to thatdevelopment is democratization of the investment function." He assigns to his fellowcitizens "a staggering task" to bring Americaout of its présent stagflation and the deeperwoes it signais. He forsees the émergence of"a revived liberalism — taking that term tomean the reform of the System within theSystem — which will, of necessity, be muchmore socialistic even though it will not, in ailprobability, be socialist. To be sure, there isthe possibility posed that a truly modem andinnovative Right will triumph in politicalstruggle and lead the country toward a so-rially cruel, but economically functional, future. I will leave the further exploration of thatscénario to its partisans."Gerhard L. Weinberg, AM'49, PhD'51,The Foreign Policy of Hitler' s Germany: StartingWorld War II, 1937-1939 (The University ofChicago Press). Weinberg describes Hitler'scareful économie, military, and diplomatiepréparations for war, and contrasts thèse withthe efforts of other countries to avert war. Theauthor is the William Rand Kenan, Jr. Profes sor of History at the University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill.Susan Sontag, AB'51, Under the Sign ofSaturn (Farrar, Srraus & Giroux). In this collection of essays Sontag writes about AntoninArtaud, Walter Benjamin, Elias Canetti, PaulGoodman, Roland Barthes, Leni Riefenstahl,and Hans-Jurgen Syberberg.Donald G. Bloesch, DB'53, PhD'56, TheStruggle of Prayer (Harper & Row). Bloeschdefines the theological foundations of prayer,and discusses current misunderstandings ofprayer, including pop mysticism and culticevangelicalism. Bloesch is professor of sys-tematic theology at the University ofDubuque Theological Seminary, Dubuque,1A.June Rachuy Brindel, AM'58, Ariadne(St. Martin's Press). In her first novel, Brindeltells the story of the fail of Crète from the pointof view of Crete's high priestess and queen,Ariadne. Brindel is professor of English atWilbur Wright Collège in Chicago.Calvin Redekop, PhD'59, Strangers Become Neighbors: Mennonite and Indigenous Relations in the Paraguayan Chaco (Herald Press).Redekop describes the interactions andstruggles to survive of the Indians,Paraguayans, and Mennonites who live in theParaguayan Chaco (a région in south centralSouth America drained by the Paraguay Riverand its chief Western tributaries). The authoris professor of sociology at Conrad GrebelCollège of the University of Waterloo,Waterloo, ON.Joseph L. Sax, JD'59, Mountains WithoutHandrails: Reflections on the National Parks (TheUniversity of Michigan Press). Sax examinesthe government's policies on the nationalparks, arguing that officiais should resist thetemptation to turn thèse lands into "urban"-style amusement parks. Sax is professor oflaw at the University of Michigan Law Schoolin Ann Arbor.Betty Glad, PhD'62, Jimmy Carter: InSearch of the Great White House (W. W. Norton& Co.). In this biography of the thirty-ninthprésident, Glad shows why Carter sought thehighest office in the land, how he reached it,and why he lost it. She is professor of politicalscience at the University of Illinois, Ùrbana.Stanley Brandes, AB'64, Metaphors ofMasculinity: Sex and Status in AndalusianFolklore (University of Pensylvania Press);and, with co-editor Mary LeCron Foster,Symbol as Sensé: New Approaches to the Analysisof Meaning (Académie Press). Brandes is ananthropologist at the University of California,Berkeley.Charles Goldsmid, AM'65, PhD'71, andEverett K. Wilson, AM'42, PhD'52, PassingonSociology: The Teaching of a Discipline (Wads-worth). Goldsmid is visiting associate professor of sociology and anthropology at OberlinCollège, Oberlin, OH. Wilson is professoremeritus of sociology at the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill.Sheldon J. Hershinow, AM'65, BernardMalamud (Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.).Hershinow is professor of literature and American studies at the University ofHawaii's Kapiolani Community Collège inHonolulu. His book is a critical study ofMalamud's fiction.Anne Studley Petersen, AB'66, andMichèle Andrisin Wittig, Sex-Related Différences in Cognitive Functioning: Developmental Issues (Académie Press). Petersen is director ofthe Laboratory for the Study of Adolescenceat Michael Reese Hospital and Médical Centeraffiliated with the University, and researchassociate (assistant professor) in the Department of Psychiatry at the University. She isalso coordinator of the Clinical ResearchTraining Program in Adolescence at MichaelReese and the University.William W. Hagen, AM'67, PhD'71,Germans, Pôles, and Jews: The NationalityConflict in the Prussian East, 1772-1914 (TheUniversity of Chicago Press.) Hagan, associate professor of history at the University ofCalifornia at Davis, reconstructs the historyand interaction of three national communitiesinhabiting the German-Polish ethnie frontier.Robert P. Grathwol, PhD'68, Stresemannand the DNVP: Réconciliation or Revenge in German Foreign Policy, 1924-1928 (The RégentsPress of Kansas). Grathwol examines the re-lationship between the German governmentand the German National People's Party(Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP,which controlled about one-fifth of the Reich-stag), focusing on foreign minister GustavStresemann's attempts to pursue a foreignpolicy of reconciliation. Grathwol is associateprofessor of history at Washington State Uni,-versity, Pullman.AnthonyC. Yu,PhD'69, The Journey to theWest, Volume 3 (The University of ChicagoPress). This is the third volume of Yu's translation of the Chinese classic Hsi-yu Chi, firstpublished in 1592. Itrecounts the sixteen-yearpilgrimage of the monk Hsuan-tsang (596-664) to India with four animal disciples inquest of Buddhist scriptures. Yu is professorin the Divinity School, the Department of FarEastern Languages & Civilizations, the Department of English, and the Committee onSocial Thought at the University.Robin Hogarth, PhD'72, Judgement andChoice: The Psychology of Décision (John Wiley& Sons). Hogarth is associate professor in theGraduate School of Business at the University.Mark Johnson, AM'72, PhD'77, andGeorge Lakoff, Metaphors We Live By (TheUniversity of Chicago Press). The authorsshow how basic concepts of love, work, time,status, happiness, health, and communication are understood metaphorically, in wayswe do not usually notice. Johnson is assistantprofessor of philosophy at Southern IllinoisUniversity at Carbondale.Marc L. Miringoff, PhD'72, Managementin Human Service Organizations (Macmillan).Miringoff is professor in the Graduate Schoolof Social Welfare at the State University ofNew York at Albany.4 s UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/Winter 1981biiX AJMD SENblBllALYCHRISTIANITY,SOCIAL TOLERANCE,AND HOMOSEXUALITYGay People in Western Europefrom the Beginning of theChristian Era to the FourteenthCenturyJohn BoswellOne of the most intensive treatments ofany single aspect of médiéval history, thisgroundbreaking book shows thatCatholic Europe was not unremittinglyhostile to homosexuality; that there werecenturies when the church accepted itand even canonized gay people. "JohnBoswell restores one's faith inscholarship as the union of érudition,analysis and moral vision. I would nothésita te to call his book révolu tionary. . . .By my count the author is the master of12 languages...and his book displays thesweep and control that one finds only inthe work of a major historian.... He hasalso mastered one of the rarest of skills;the ability to write about sex withgenuine wit. Improbable as it mightseem, this work of unrelentingscholarship and high intellectualdrama is also thoroughlyentertaining." — PaulRobinson, New YorkTimes Book ReviewIllustrated. 424 pp.7"x9%" $27.50 SEX AND SENSIBILITYIdéal and Erotic Lovefrom Milton to MozartJean H. HagstrumDistinguished teacher and critic JeanHagstrum considers the ways in whichliterature and the arts, from theRestoration to Romanticism, hâvetreated the many aspects of love. Hepursues the antithetical thèmes ofheterosexual love-friendship and ofmorbid-irregular passion in poetry andnovels, drawing parallels betweenliterature, music, and painting. "It isplain from the first that we are dealingwith an authoritative voice — clear andjudicious, often witty and pointed, withnot a word wasted." — Ronald PaulsonIllustrated. 368 pp. 7"x 10" $30.00 ON THE EDGE OFPARADISEA.C. Benson: DiaristDavid NewsomeSon of an Archbishop of Canterbury,housemaster at Eton, Master ofMagdalene Collège, Cambridge, A.C.Benson (1862-1925) moved freely ininfluential circles. His publishedwritings appealed, as he said himself, to"the unctuous and sentimental middleclasses" — only his "Land of Hope andGlory" is now remembered — yet hisdiaries reveal a writer of caustic wit andbrilliant observation.... They reveal, too,the highly charged atmosphère of maiefriendship in which Benson lived and hisfear of deep involvement which kept him"on the edge of Paradise, and never quitefinding the way in." "Good reading frombeginning to end." — Anthony PowellIllustrated. 406 pp. 6"x9" $25.00_ 10% Alumni discount if you use this order formLThe University of Chicago PreSS H030 S. Langley Avenue Chicago IL 60628Please send me book(s) as indicated below. (Any book may be retumed within ten days for full refund or cancellation ofcharges, if not completely satisf actory. )Price$27.50$30.00$25.00Quan. Number Author06710-6 Boswell31289-5 HagstrumNewsome57742-2List price totalLess 10% discountPlus 6% sales tax (IL résidents]Total Check, money order enclosed.Charge to Master Charge VisaCrédit card # Bank ID (Master Charge only) Crédit card expiration date Signature Name Check, money order, or crédit card # must accompany orders.(Illinois résidents please add sales tax.) Publisher pays postage. Address City/State/Zip.AD 0518THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERobie House5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, IL 60637ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED UNIVERSITY OFSfcRIAL RECORDLldRARY1116 EAST 59THCHICAGO ML RCHICAGODEPTSTREET Second ClassPostage PaidChicago, IL 60607IL 60637The Golden Century: Late Médiéval Art andArchitecture in Burgundy and FlandersDIJO]Sf - BRUGES - REIMS - BEAUNE - BOURGESA tour organized and conducted by THE DAVID AND ALFRED SMART GALLERYand THE DEPARTMENT OF ART of The University of ChicagoLeaving Chicago for BrusselsFriday, June 12, 1981Returning from BrusselsSunday, June 28, 1981Photo by Lila LangDétail from a 15th CenturyFrench Gothic House. The région of Eastern France (Burgundy) and Belgium(Flanders) has been a vital center of art and culture sinceRoman times. Precious manuscripts, jewels and goldenshrines, the famous médiéval hospital at Beaune, greattapestries, the Ghent altarpiece by Jan and Hubert vanEyck are among the artistic splendors of the later MiddleAges found in this région, also known, incidentally, forits wine and food.Under the guidance of Professor Linda Seidel,internationally known scholar of French and médiévalsculpture and popular teacher of history of art at TheUniversity of Chicago, participants of this seventeen daytour will visit and study the architectural monumentsand artistic masterpieces of late médiéval art in greatcities and quaint and bustling villages, some almostuntouched since médiéval times. Thèse artistic richescan be seen as either the crowning glory of the waningMiddle Ages or the vibrant dawn of the Renaissance,and will provide tour members with a fascinatingglimpse of médiéval life in one of its most crucialperiods.Tour accommodations will be in first-class hôtels withbreakfast and some meals included. The cost of the touris $2,875 per person sharing, $280 single supplément,and includes a $350 tax-deductible contribution to bedivided equally between The Smart Gallery and TheDepartment of Art. This fee enables participants to helpsupport one of Chicago's newest art muséums as well asthe University's distinguished art department.Professor Seidel will présent two illustrated pre-tourlectures, the dates and places to be announced.For further information and a detailed itinerary pleasecontact Mrs. Georgina Gronner, EXECUTIVE TRAVEL,INC., 520 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois60611, (312) 527-3550