THEiNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOAUTUMN 1976THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOLIBRARYTHE CAMPAIGN ANDANNUAL GIVINGThe year 1976 has been an exceedingly important one for the University. Whilethe United States was celebrating its bicentennial, the University reached itseight-fifth birthday. It installed a new président — the ninth. And its board oftrustées elected a new chairman — also the ninth — and a new vice-chairman.The University also marked the completion of the first two years of the Cam-paign for Chicago, Phase II. This effort, so vital to the continued greatness ofthe University, has brought to it many important new gifts, gifts which arealready working to give new opportunities to Chicago's students, and to fundthe work of the University's faculty.The Alumni Fund, and the annual funds of the professional schools, areplaying an important rôle in the Campaign. Through the generosity of theUniversity's alumni and friends, thèse programs are providing new levels ofunrestricted, immediately expendable support to meet Chicago's most pressingneeds. One of the Campaign's major objectives is to promote the growth ofthèse annual programs, in terms both of dollars and of participation.To enable alumni and alumnae to see how the University is progressing in thisdirection, this issue of the magazine présents, beginning on Page 37, theAlumni Fund's first full annual report. As we examine it, we can see what wehâve done in the past, and what we must strive to do in the future.THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEThe University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312)753-2175Charles W. Boand, ro'33, mba'57, PrésidentArthur Nayer, Director, Alumni AffairsRuth Halloran, Assistant DirectorGwendolyn Witsaman, Program DirectorRégional Offices1888 Century Pk. East, Suite 222Los Angeles, Ca. 90067(213)277-7727825 Third Avenue, Suite 1030New York, New York 10022(212)935-19771000 Chestnut Street, Apt. 7DSan Francisco, California 94109(415)928-0337735 Fairfax StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 549-3800Volume LXIXAutumn, 1976 Number 1The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is published for alumniand the faculty of the University ofChicago, under the auspices of the Officeof the Vice Président for Public Affairs.Letters and editorial contributions are welcomed.Don Morris, ab'36EditorJennie LightnerEditorial AssistantSecond class postage paid at Chicago,Illinois, and at additional mailing offices.Copyright © 1976, The University ofChicago. Published quarterly, Spring,Summer, Fall and Winter. The private IPhilip B. Kurland 7'Tippity-bounce'? Obviously Block Island 14Equadorian rootsDonald Collier 16Wanted: new hypothèses in high energy physicsBruce Winstein 19A new leaf 24Songof thecicadaJames Iorio 26Réminiscences of mathematics at ChicagoMarshall H. Stone 27The Stone âge of mathematics on the MidwayFélix E. Browder 28The old onesMartha Friedberg 31Because I amEda Houwink 36Annual report of Campaign for Chicago, Phase 2 37Importance of the graduate alumAlbert Rees 50Reunion highlights 51The longest and most successful baseball trip of ail timeRobert W. Baird 564 Quadrangle news 48 Alumni news 62 Letterspicture crédits: Pages 1, 51, 52 (bottom),64, Mike Shields; Page 4, D. Morris; Page15, adaptedfrom H. Kurath, Word Geog-raphy of the Eastern U.S. , University ofMichigan Press; Pages 16, 17, 18 (left andbottom), Field Muséum of Natural History;Page 18 (center), Gerardo Reichel-Dolma-toff; Page 18 (right), Walter R. Aguiar; Page20, courtesy Fermi National AcceleratorLab; Page 30, Stephen Lewellyn; Page 38,Jac Staff ord. cover.' Philip B. Kurland, the William R. Kenan, Jr., professor in the Collège,professor in the Law School, and a widely known authority on constitutional law,delivered the 1976 Nora and Edward Ryerson lecture (see Page 7). He was photo-graphed at a réception in his honor following the lecture.back cover: The Class of '51 was represented, in this year's reunion parade, by anenthusiastic group of marchers. Leading the contingent (from left) are Mark Buch-holtz, a judge in Nebraska; Emanuel Savas, a professor at Columbia; Ann WrightBurton, administrator with the Creative Initiative Foundation in California; FredTaxman, proprietor of a CPA organization in Florida; and Ray M. Johnson, Jr., whois with Pitney-Bowes in Chicago.?*** ::Mulvaney, Metcalf named as men's women's physical éducation units mergeFrom the very beginning — from that momentin the breakfast room of the Murray HillHôtel in New York when William RaineyHarper broached "a very important matter"to Amos Alonzo Stagg— the University'sathletic activities hâve been headed by asingle individual, who held faculty status, thetitle of chairman of the Department ofPhysical Culture (later Education) andAthletics, and director of athletics. (At thattime "athletics" was construed as a maieactivity, though in 1898 the women's divisionwas established under Gertrude Dudley.)In the years since the University's doorsopened in 1892, only three persons hâve heldthe post. Mr. Stagg was succeeded in 1933 byT. Nelson Metcalf, who in turn wassucceeded by Walter L. Hass in 1956. WallyHass retired this summer.This fall it is ail différent. The men's andwomen's physical éducation departmentshâve been merged. And the leadershipresponsibility has been divided. The newchairman of the department is Mary Jean Mulvaney, who, as associate professor, hasheaded women's athletics since 1966. She isnow professor and chairman.The new director of athletics is Harold R.(Jeff) Metcalf (am'53), who has been dean ofthe Graduate School of Business for alumniand student affairs. He also will serve asassistant dean of students in the University. (By coïncidence, Mr. Metcalf is a nephew ofT. Nelson Metcalf.)At the time the reorganization was an-nounced Charles D. O'Connell,vice-président and dean of students,called the change "a natural one."We don't make such arbitrary [sex-based] distinctions in any other departmentHe who hesitated wonDr. Harper, Mr. Stagg recalled in hisbook, Touchdown, "broached thesubject of my heading up the athleticdepartment, first offering me a salaryof $1,500. The whole idea was new tome, and I kept still and just thought.Dr. Harper did not wait long but said,T'H offer you $2,000 and an assistant professorship. ' Still I kept silent andthought. Décision and action weredominant characteristics in Dr.Harper's makeup, and probably think-ing that the question of salary, whichwas furthest from my mind, wascausing my hésitation, he enthusi-astically burst in with, 'Fil give you$2,500 and an associate professorship,which means an appointment forlife.' "of the University, and I think it's time westopped doing so in athletics," he said.The University starts the 1976-'77 year withtwo new coaches. Joseph Stampf (ab'41),basketball coach for eighteen seasons, has re-signed that post but continues as a memberof the department faculty. The coachingduties are being assumed by John Angélus,who has assisted Mr. Stampf while serving asvarsity baseball coach.Wally Hass' successor as football coach isRobert E. Lombardi, who cornes to the University from Homewood-Flossmoor HighSchool, where, since 1960, his teams chalkedup a 51-26-2 record and hâve won fourconférence championships.Reneker heads board;Ingersoll deputy chairmanRobert W. Reneker (phB'34) has been electedthe ninth chairman of the University's boardof trustées, succeedingGaylord Donnelley, whocontinues as a trustéeafter retiring from thechairmanship. RobertS. Ingersoll has beenelected deputy and firstvice-chairman of theboard.Mr. Reneker ischairman and chiefexecutive officer ofEsmark, Inc. Folio wing his graduation fromthe University he went to work for Swift andCompany, progressing steadily upward in theexecutive ranks of the company until 1964,when he was named président. When Esmarkwas created, embracing Swift and Company,in 1973, he became its président and, later inthat year, chairman.The University's new board chairman isthe first alumnus to hold the position sincethe late Harold Swift (phB'07), who waschairman at the time Mr. Reneker was astudent.Mr. Ingersoll was named président ofBorg- Warner Corporation in 1956, chiefexecutive officer in 1958 and chairman in1961. He resigned thèse positions in 1972,when he was named ambassador to Japan. In1973 he returned to Washington, where hecontinued a distinguished public servicecareer. He was Deputy Secretary of Stateuntil his résignation earlier this year.Davidson joins philosophy facultyDonald Davidson, a member of the Rocke-feller University faculty and a lecturer atPrinceton since 1970, joins the Chicagofaculty this fall as University professor ofphilosophy. Largely responsible for the con-temporary revival and development ofthought on theory of action, he also hasmade major contributions to the philosophyof language. Rhind is new board memberJames T. Rhind, a partner in the Chicago lawfirm of Bell, Boyd, Lloyd, Haddad andBurns, has been elected to the University'sboard of trustées. He has been a member ofthe visiting committee to the Divinity Schoolsince 1972.New curriculum bracketscollegiate, pre-clinical yearsAn important new program in humanbiology and medicine will begin operating inautumn, 1977. It will be a four-year programspanning the students' third and fourthundergraduate years and the first two yearsof médical éducation. Thirty students will beadmitted the first year, forty-five in thesecond, and sixty in the third and folio wingyears. The program, mingling the upperïevels of collegiate éducation with the pre-clinical years of médical éducation, is de-signed both for students who will then go oninto the final two years of médical éducationleading to the M.D. degree, and for studentswho, upon completion of the four years'work, will enter health-related fields such ashealth care socioeconomics, public health,and biomédical research."The new curriculum," said Dr. CharlesOxnard, dean of the Collège, "will buildupon the base of libéral éducation . . . that isalready demanded in the first two years ofthe Collège."Development of the new curriculum wascoordinated by Dr. Robert B. Uretz, deputydean of the Biological Sciences Division foracadémie affairs and associate vice-présidentof the Médical Center, through a steeringcommittee headed by Arnold Ravin, professor in the Departments of Biology andMicrobiology, the Collège, the Committeeon Genetics, and the Morris Fishbein Center,and chairman of the Committee on the Con-ceptual Foundations of Science.Professor Ravin has been named the firstAddie Clark Harding professor of biologyand its conceptual foundations in theCollège.The new program is being undertaken onthe basis of a $1 ,800,000 two-year grant fromthe Commonwealth Fund of New York.Quiddities of the quadranglesThe 1942 atomic pile under the west stand atStagg Field was not the world's first sus-tained release of nuclear energy, according toresearch reported in Scientific American.Near the equator in Gabon, West Africa, in arich vein of uranium ore, a natural"reactor," it appears, once went critical,consumed a portion of its fuel, and then shutitself down — in precambrian times, almost2,000,000,000 years ago.Dr. Charles B. Huggins, Nobel lauréateand a member of the Chicago faculty since 1927, played host to Queen Elizabeth II atAcadia University in Nova Scotia, his aimamater. Dr. Huggins is chancellor of Acadia,an honorary position.Paramount Pictures has been exploring thepossibility of making a movie based on ARiver Runs Through It, by Norman F.Maclean (phD'40), the William RaineyHarper professor emeritus of English and inthe Collège. (A portion of the book appearedin thèse pages last spring.) River (the firstwork of original fiction every published bythe University of Chicago Press) is now in itssecond printing.Pioneer 1 1 , carrying equipment from,among other institutions, the University,having reached Jupiter and then Saturn, isexpected to move out of the plane of theplanets and to be 100,000,000 miles abovethat plane by next year, when it will measuresolar phenomena never before observable.Sol Tax (phD'35), professor in the Department of Anthropology and the Collège anddirector of the Smithsonian Institution'sCenter for the Study of Man, celebrated hishalf-century association with the Universityby setting up a $30,000 endowment toexpand and maintain the University'sarchives for anthropology and relatedsciences.Primavera's second issue appeared earlierthis year, containing work of forty womenwriters and artists.If the Chicago Sting, professional soccerteam, makes it big in Chicago this season,part of the resuit may be attributable to theefforts of students in the Graduate School ofBusiness, who undertook as a project thepréparation of a marketing plan for theorganization.Hermon D. Smith chair setThe Hermon D. Smith professorship in theSchool of Social Service Administration hasbeen established in honor of the retiredchairman and chief executive officer ofMarsh and McLennan, who has been atrustée of the University since 1942 and a lifetrustée since 1970.New old school tieThe Chicago school tie, last reported in thèsepages more than a year ago, continues togenerate activity. One version is still in stockat the University bookstore; Saks hasanother, though at this writing it is out ofstock. Now cornes J. Scott Bauer, a per-sonable and enterprising (what else?) studentin the Graduate School of Business, with a tiethat he feels will be the best and most attractive of the lot. And when he gets the looseends tied together this fall, it may also nethim some académie crédit, through a work-study arrangement at GSB.Mr. Bauer collaborated in the design of thenecktie with William Frazin, of the prestigecustom tie making company which bears hisname. (His customers hâve included threePrésidents; which three is a secret.) The5hand-sewn polyester necktie will feature theUniversity's crest in an all-over pattern. Itwill be available in maroon or navy for $8,direct from Wm. Frazin & Co., 25 E.Washington, Chicago, II. 60202.KudosThe University of Chicago medal, the highesthonor bestowed by the University's board oftrustées, was established this year andawarded to two outstanding women:Mrs. Helen Regenstein, for her support ofand leadership in the University over the pasttwenty-five years. Among her efforts hâvebeen organization of a group to support theSonia Shankman Orthogenic School, theestablishment of scholarships and of theBruno Bettelheim professorship in theschool; establishment of the Joseph Regenstein professorship in the biological andmédical sciences; the création and continua]improvement of the Joseph RegensteinLibrary, named for her late husband; andmembership in the Women's Board.Mrs. C. Philip Miller (x'34) for her un-tiring work for the University. She is amember of the Women's Board, of the visit-ing committees to the Division of theHumanities, the Oriental Institute, theDepartment of Art and the Universitylibraries; and of the Auxiliary Committee ofthe University of Chicago Hospitals andClinics. Her husband, Dr. C. Philip Miller(sb'18, MD[Rush]'18) was a member of theoriginal médical faculty and is now professoremeritus in the Department of Medicine.Honored for their excellence in under-graduate teaching this past summer wereFrancis X. Kinahan, assistant professor inthe Department of English and the Collège;Léonard K. Olsen (ab'36), associate professor of the humanities in the Collège andthe Committee on Ideas and Methods; andRichard P. Taub, associate professoriallecturer in the Department of Sociology andthe Collège. The three were the 1976 récipients of the Llewellyn John and HarrietManchester Quantrell awards.Saul Bellow (x'39), chairman of the Committee on Social Thought, professor ofEnglish, and renowned novelist, has beendesignated the Raymond W. and MarthaHilpert Gruner distinguished serviceprofessor, a newly established chair createdin a bequest from the late Mrs. Gruner (x'36)and named for her and her husband (am'35),whodiedinl968.Président Wilson presented University ofChicago awards for distinguishedperformance to seven members of theArgonne National Laboratory staff: GeorgeSacher (sb'43) for contributions in radiationbiology including a method for estimatingradiation injury risks; Robert Kleb for,among other things, his rôle in designing the12' hydrogen bubble chamber; Priya Vashishta for theoretical work on FermiSystems and on electron-hole liquids; andfour members of the group which developedthe high energy polarized proton beam at theZéro Gradient Synchrotron accelerator: TatKhoe, Everette Parker, Lazarus Ratner, andRonald Martin (sm'50, p1id'52). A spécialaward also was given to the staff of the Expérimental Breeder Reactor II project.Two Canadian-born faculty members hâvebeen elected fellows of the Royal Society ofCanada: David Easton (phB'33), the AndrewMacLeish distinguished service professor ofpolitical science (he also is the Sir EdwardPeacock professor at Queens University);and Harry G. Johnson, the Charles F. Greydistinguished service professor of économies(he also is professor in the Graduate Instituteof International Studies in Geneva).Elwood Jensen (pIid'44), professor of bio-physics and theoretical biology and directorof the Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research, was 1976 co-winner with a Frenchscientist of the French Prix Roussel. He washonored for his work on sex hormone recep-tors and their rôle in estrogenic hormoneaction.In the course of delivering the three 1976Franklin lectures, given in Washington,Chicago and San Francisco under the auspices of the National Endowment for theHumanities, John Hope Franklin, the JohnM. Manly distinguished service professor ofhistory at the University, received an extrabit of good news: his name has been im-mortalized in a new variety of orchid whichhe bred. At the dinner folio wing his lectureMr. Franklin learned to his surprise thatPhalaenopsis John Hope Franklin had beenformally recognized by the InternationalAuthority for the Registration of OrchidHybrids.Three alumni are among ten Universityfaculty members and former facultymembers elected to the American Academyof Arts and Sciences: Herman H. Fussler(am'41 , phD'48), the Martin A. Ryerson distinguished service professor in the GraduateLibrary School; Erica Reiner (phD'55), theJohn A. Wilson professor in the OrientalInstitute, and in the Departments of NearEastern Languages and Civilizations andLinguistics, and editor-in-charge of theAssyrian Dictionary; and Ralph W. Tyler(pIid'27), former professor and chairman oféducation and former dean of the Division ofthe Social Sciences, now vice-président in theChicago office of the Center for the Study ofDémocratie Institutions.The others chosen: Brian J. L. Berry, theIrving B. Harris professor and chairman ofthe Department of Geography, professor inthe Collège, and director of the Center forUrban Studies; Ugo Fano, professor in theDepartment of Physics and the Collège; EricP. Hamp, the Robert M. Hutchins distinguished service professor in the Depart ments of Linguistics and Behavioral Sciencesand in the Collège and director of the Centerfor Balkan and Slavic Studies; D. GaleJohnson, provost of the University and theEliakim H. Moore distinguished serviceprofessor in the Department of Economiesand the Collège; Benjamin W. Lee, professorin the Department of Physics and the EnricoFermi Institute and head of theoreticalphysics at the Fermi National AcceleratorLab; Marshall D. Sahlins, professor in theDepartment of Anthropology; and PaulWheatley, professor in the Department ofGeography, the Committee on SocialThought, and the Collège.Robert E. Streeter, the Edward L. Ryersondistinguished service professor in the Department of English and the Collège, has beennamed the Nora and Edward Ryersonlecturer for the 1976-'77 académie year (forthe 1976 lecture see Page 8).Dr. Donald F. Steiner (sm'56, md'56), chairman of the Department of Biochemistry, isthe 1976 winner of the Banting medal,highest scientific award of the AmericanDiabètes Association. His honor came as aresuit of his work in identifying proinsulin,the precursor molécule of insulin.James H. Lorie (phD'47), professor ofbusiness administration, has been named theEli B. and Harriet B. Williams professor inthe Graduate School of Business.Five members of the University faculty hâvebeen awarded 1976 Guggenheim fellowships,of whom two are alumni — Morris Janowitz(pIid'48), distinguished service professor inthe Department of Sociology and theCollège, and Anthony C. Yu (phD'69),professor in the Divinity School and in theDepartment of Far Eastern Languages andCivilizations. The other récipients: Karl W.Butzer, professor of anthropology and geography; Alan Donagan, professor ofphilosophy; and Edward E. Lowinsky, theFerdinand Schevill distinguished serviceprofessofof music.John P. Schiffer, professor in theDepartment of Physics and the FermiInstitute and senior scientist at ArgonneNational Laboratory, was awarded the 1976Tom W. Bonner prize in nuclear physics forhis contributions to the understanding ofnuclear structure.Gwin J. Kolb (am'46, phx>'49), professor inthe Department of English and the Collègeand co-editor of Modem Philology, has beenelected président of the American Association for Eighteenth Century Studies for1976- '77.Shulamit Ran, assistant professor of music,has been commissioned by the NationalEndowment for the Arts to compose a pianoconcerto for large chamber ensemble. Shewill be the soloist at the première.6The private ISome reflections on privacy and the ConstitutionPhilip B. KurlandThe problem of privacy in politico-legal terms is a part of , if itdoes not exceed, the basic controversy that has troubled thisnation from the beginning. It is concerned essentially with thecompeting interests of society, usually acting through govern-ment, on the one hand, and the individual acting on his own,on the other. But, in this context, society is not merely itsformalized organization, that is, government, but ail of itscomponents and institutions, private as well as public.The problem presented by the right to privacy is to establishthe protection of the individual against intrusion on hisfreedom of action, freedom of choice, and freedom ofthought, not only by government, but by others, particularlyby others combined in association to multiply the power —physical, économie, moral — that would be available to anindividual.The task of protecting one individual's privacy against invasion by another individual or group is assigned to thegovernment. The problem of protecting an individual'sprivacy against invasion by the government is also, faute demieux, assigned to the government. And so the greatest, butnot the exclusive, problem of privacy is the question how tocontain the government which is its own regulator. Hère, aselsewhere, we hâve turned to the courts to establish some protections by purporting to interpret the Constitution.For many, the Constitution is a text that should be con-strued like a deed of real property or at least like a contract.Strict construction has been the rhetorical demand of suchdisparate practitioners of the black art of government as Mr.Justice Hugo Black, Senator Sam J. Ervin, and PrésidentRichard M. Nixon. But strict constructionists are only thosewho are gifted to see the true meaning of the exalted words ofthe Constitution, in the same way that it was given to Calvinand Luther to know that Rome was in error. It is not so mucha matter of proof as it is a matter of faith or révélation.For some, strict construction means not that the originalThis article is a slightly abridged version of the third annualNora and Edward Ryerson lecture, given earlier this year byPhilip B. Kurland, the William R. Kenan, Jr., professor inthe Collège and professor in the Law School. Mr. Kurland 'smost récent article in thèse pages was "The New SuprêmeCourt" (July/August, '73). words of the Constitution are définitive but only that the firstconstruction given those words in the Suprême Court aredéfinitive. Thus, précédents are to be deemed unchangeableexcept by the process of amendment provided in the Constitution itself. There are other strict constructionists — most ofthem — who would require adhérence only to those précédentsand judgments that conform to their personal prédilections.In whatever form, strict construction has never been any-thing more than a rhetorical tool. In part, this is due to thefact that many of the phrases of the Constitution do not lendthemselves to simplistic readings. The document is not a sériesof rules — even abstract rules. It always has been read — andhas to be read — in terms of the constantly changing political,social, and économie conditions that give rise to the issuesthat corne before the Court. Constitutional limitations like aillaw are a reflection of the needs of a society. The law does notcreate the society, the society créâtes the law.The arcane aspect of American constitutional law, then,dérives from the fact that the Constitution is largely a document of the imagination, but always treated as if it were real.And over a period of time it has become the imagination ofthe justices of the Suprême Court that has corne to be con-sidered définitive in the changing construction of words thathâve remained constant. And this is neither more nor less trueof the so-called constitutional doctrine of privacy, of which Ispeak, than of other parts of an instrument that was framedas a fundamental and living charter of government.Once the authority for ultimate construction of themeaning of the Constitution was conceded to the courts, as itseems to hâve been, the peculiarities of the common-lawsystem of adjudication afford the only restraints on theCourt's freedom of choice among competing arguments as tothe appropriate reading of the basic document. And thisrestraint, as Chief Justice Stone long ago told us, is essentiallyself-restraint.But the common-law process means, among other things,that the rule pronounced by a court is not a gênerai rule butone composed to résolve a particular case or controversy. Itmay be applied in future cases that fall within its ambit, but itis not designed as a gênerai rule of conduct for ail within thenational realm. Although the justices do not acknowledge oralways realize that the judicial approach nécessitâtes theresolution of a particular dispute between particular litigants,7the constitutional requirement in Article III of a case orcontroversy — an adversary judicial proceeding — does imposerestrictions on judicial behavior that are, more or less, con-trolling.Thus, if the Court has been appropriately labeled "a con-tinuing constitutional convention," its method of doing business is différent from those of an actual constitutionalconvention. It is not a représentative body; it is not politicallyresponsible to any constituency. If we cannot demand of theSuprême Court a "true" reading of the Constitution, or evena consistent one, we hâve a right to a reasoned one.The concept of a constitutional right of privacy still remains largely undefined. There are at least three facets thathâve been partially revealed, but their form and shaperemain to be fully ascertained. The first is the right of theindividual to be free in his private affairs from governmentalsurveillance and intrusion. The second is the right of an individual not to hâve his private affairs made public by thegovernment. The third is the right of an individual to be freein action, thought, expérience, and belief from governmentalcompulsion. Obviously, none of thèse rights as so stated isabsolute. And the questions addressed by the law are to whatdegree thèse constitutional rights may or must be condi-tioned.While the rights to be free from governmental surveillanceand publicity and command are problems of constitutionallaw, they are also subject to protection by législative action,by statutes which reflect the judgment of the lawmakersrather than the compulsion of the Constitution. Moreover,there may be rights to be free of surveillance and publicityand command by others than governmental actors.The origins of the constitutional doctrine of privacy are notdifficult to discover. At least for a lawyer, they are to befound in two judicial controversies that preceded the writingof our Constitution, or even of the Déclaration ofIndependence. They were encapsulated by Mr. JusticeFrankfurter in 1946:Indeed, so unhappy was the expérience with police search forpapers and articles "in home or office" . . . that it was oncemaintained that no search and seizure is valid. To Lord Cokehas been attributed the proposition that warrants could not besecured even for stolen property. . . . Under early English doctrine even search warrants by appropriate authority could issueonly for stolen goods. . . . Certainly warrants lacking strict par-ticularity as to location to be searched or articles to be seizedwere deemed obnoxious. . . . An attempt to exceed thèse narrowlimits called forth the enduring judgment of Lord Camden inEntick v. Carrington ... in favor of freedom against policeintrusions. And when appeal to the colonial courts on behalf ofthèse requisite safeguards for the liberty of the people failed . . .a higher tribunal resolved the issue. The familiar comment ofJohn Adams on Otis' argument in Paxton's, case can never be-come stale: "American independence was then and there born;the seeds of patriots and heroes were then and there sown, todéfend the vigorous youth, the non sine diis animus infans.Every man of a crowded audience appeared to go away, as Idid, ready to take arms against writs of assistance. Then andthere was the first scène of the first act of opposition to thearbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the child Independence was born. In fifteen years, namely 1776, he grew up tomanhood and declared himself free." Events take on a différent image when viewed under thelens of time. It was fifty years after Paxton's case, in whichgênerai search warrants were found invalid, that Adams re-corded the observation that in Otis' arguments against thewrits of assistance "the child Independence was born." If thiswere true in fact, it is passing strange that there was noréférence in the Déclaration of Independence, in the composition of which Adams had a hand, to the abuses of gêneraiwarrants. The ban on gênerai warrants did, however, show upin Madison's bill of rights and became the Fourth Amend-ment to the American Constitution, with this language:The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but uponprobable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, andparticularly describing the place to be searched, and the personsor things to be seized.In its language, the amendment, which closely followedthose already in effect in the states of the new nation, did littlemore than outlaw the gênerai warrant which, after ail, wasthe issue contested in Paxton, Wilkes, and Entick. But courtsalso behave in retrospect as Adams did in his romanticreading of Paxton's case. And toward the end of the nine-teenth century, in a landmark case, Boydv. United States, theCourt invalidated a fédéral statue calling for production ofprivate books, invoices, and papers. Mr. Justice Bradleyenlarged upon Entick v. Carrington:The principles laid down in this opinion affect the very essenceof constitutional liberty and security. They reach farther thanthe concrète form of the case then before the court, with itsadventitious circumstances; they apply to ail invasions on thepart of the government and its employés of the sanctity of aman's home and the privacies of life. It is not the breaking ofhis doors, and the rummaging of his drawers, that constitutesthe essence of the offense; but it is the invasions of his indefeas-ible right of personal security, personal liberty and privateproperty, where that right has never been forfeited by his conviction of some public offense.In 1928 Mr. Justice Brandeis dissented from a judgment ofthe Suprême Court that wiretapping did not violate theFourth Amendment. In dissent, Brandeis offered thebroadest reading of the right of the people to be free fromgovernment snooping. He wrote there that the authors of theConstitution:recognized the significance of man's spiritual nature, of hisfeelings and of his intellect. They knew that only a part of thepain, pleasure, and satisfactions of life are to be found in mate-rial things. They sought to protect Americans in their beliefs,their thoughts, their émotions and their sensations.And then he went on to state his conception of the limits ofgovernmental interférence:[The authors of the Constitution] conferred, as against theGovernment, the right to be let alone — the most comprehensiveof rights and the right most valued by civilized men.?;His first use of this phrase — "the right to be let alone" —could be found in what is always described as a séminal articlehe had written as a young lawyer, not on the right to be freefrom government inhibition, but on the right to be free fromnewspaper publicity, the publication by non-governmentagencies of matters of private concern. Although Brandeis'language dates from 1890, it is equally apposite today.Indeed, that is the problem. He hâve not advanced very muchon the front of the private right of privacy any more than wehâve on the front of the public right of privacy.The right of privacy from non-governmental intrusion hasnever flourished, despite Brandeis' hopes and anticipation.This has been due in no small part to the public commitmentto voyeurism revealed not only in the news stories but in thenewspaper columns giving advice to the woebegone and to theill and in the gossip columns. (Even the mighty New YorkTimes has succumbed to publishing gossip columns.)To a greater degree, however, the doctrine has failed be-cause of judicial expansion of the concept of freedom of thepress. The Court has rightly perceived that the Constitutionprovides for a free press but makes no demands for a respon-sible press. And in this case freedom and responsibility areantonyms.The press itself which rejects privacy of others, however, isoutraged at the refusai to accord it a privacy in its ownaffairs. Its claim for constitutional protection against thenecessity to reveal sources of its news stories was effectivelydenied — with good reasons — by the Suprême Court.But I hâve strayed from my subject. Brandeis' position inOlmstead in 1928, that wiretapping constitutes the same kindof invasion of privacy as does the physical entry, search andseizure of the common law, became the law by the SuprêmeCourt's Katz décision in 1967:We conclude that the underpinnings of Olmstead andGoldman hâve been so eroded by our subséquent décisions thatthe "trespass" doctrine there enunciated can no longer be re-garded as controlling. The Government's activities in elec-tronically listening to and recording the petitioner's wordsviolated the privacy upon which he justifiably relied while usingthe téléphone booth and thus constituted a "search andseizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Thefact that the electronic device employed to achieve that end didnot happen to penetrate the wall of the booth can hâve no constitutional significance.It should be seen, then, that two hundred years of litigationdid not really advance the privacy doctrine much beyond thelimits originally afforded by the Court of Common Pleas inEntick v. Carrington in 1765, except that a "taking" by eyeor ear was also forbidden by the Fourth Amendment. Ail thatKatz provided was an équation between electronic invasionand physical invasion. The underlying concepts were statedby Lord Camden both in terms of trespass, as already quoted,and in terms that accord more with our Fifth Amendmentthan our Fourth:It is very certain, that the law obligeth no man to accuse him-self; because the necessary means of compelling self-accusation, falling upon the innocent as well as the guilty,would be both cruel and unjust; and it should seem that searchfor évidence is disallowed upon the same principle. There too the innocent would be confounded with the guilty.The constitutional law of privacy, deriving from the Fourthand Fifth Amendments, had generally, therefore, affordedlittle scope for the promulgation of the Brandeisian doctrineof a right to be let alone. The fact is that the search andseizure protections hâve primarily served those guilty of crimeas a means for evading punishment. In some measure that isbecause, until recently, the Fourth Amendment has not beenseen as a proper predicate for private suit against wrongdoingofficiais who hâve engaged in such gross forms of invasion ofprivacy as would constitute illégal searches and seizures. Atthe same time, the Court has refused relief when a plaintiff'sclaim is that he had been subjected to "mère surveillance" bythe military.But the Fourth Amendment has been utilized essentially bycriminal défendants seeking to exclude from évidence thosematters secured by invalid searches and seizures. The law onthe subject is immense but technical. It rests on the dubioushypothesis that the police will be chastened by their inabilityto secure convictions where they hâve behaved improperly,and therefore will abstain from such improper behavior notonly against the guilty, but as Lord Camden said, against theinnocent as well. Whether the "exclusionary rule" has beeneffective in this respect is a debated question. Most, however,will now concède that the police will be efficiently chastenedonly by more direct means than protecting défendants againstconvictions. Mr. Justice Cardozo long ago stated the inade-quacy of the exclusionary rule. His analysis remains cogent,but ineffective. The Suprême Court has imposed the exclusionary rule on ail the states.I don't mean to diminish the importance of the judicialapplications of the Fourth Amendment. Anyone who hasread Orwell's 1984 must be cognizant of the necessity for ailpossible restraints on governmental oversight of individualactivity. As Mr. Justice Frankfurter stated in 1946:The course of décision in this Court has thus far jealously en-forced the principle of a free society secured by the prohibitionof unreasonable searches and seizures. Its safeguards are not tobe worn away by a process of devitalizing interprétation. . . .It is not only under Nazi rule that police excesses are inimical tofreedom. It is easy to make light of insistence on scrupulousregard for the safeguards of civil liberties when invoked onbehalf of the unworthy. It is too easy. History bears testimonythat by such disregard are the rights of liberty extinguished,heedlessly at first, then stealthily, and brazenly in the end.Judge Hand put the same proposition in thèse words: "Norshould we forget that what seems fair enough against asqualid huckster of bad liquor may take on a very différentface, if used by a government determined to suppress politicalopposition under the guise of sédition."With the récent révélations about Plumbers and Watergate,and FBIs and Kings, and CIA covert activities— with vividmemories of Gestapo and Ogpu— the purpose of the FourthAmendment is not abstract or amorphous but real andimmédiate. The présent question is whether existent restraintsare adéquate. No, I would not demean the concept of theFourth Amendment 's barriers against search and seizure and9wiretapping. But they rest on the slender reed of judicialrefusai to authorize searches and seizures, or to condemnbroad administrative and judicial subpoenas and on the effec-tiveness of the exclusionary rule, at a time when almost anyactivity can be asserted to be criminal and justify a warrantand when the exclusionary rule is hardly a déterrent at ail.Government imposition on individuals, however, goes farbeyond the improprieties covered by the judicial gloss on theFourth Amendment. And a broader concept of privacy, suchas that suggested by Brandeis, would hâve implications thatwould ward off that kind of totalitarianism for which thesecret police and government surveillance are only means andnot ends. If something more than trespass and self-incrimination underlay the judgment in Entick v. Carrington, it was thefact that the writ was issued by a ministry that had created itsown authority to do so, that the writ was returned to theministry's own functionaries for détermination of properaction against the person and materials seized. The executive— not the législature — made its own rules and executed them.Kafka's Trial was hardly worse.It should, however, be obvious that the problems ofgovernment administration hâve changed only in quantityand not in quality in the two centuries between English autocratie bureaucracies and American démocratie bureaucracies.Once again — if not still — we are enmeshed by législationwithout représentation. Once again appointed governmentofficiais make the laws — by way of régulations and guidelinesand executive orders, when not by simple ukase; once againthe same agents détermine the liability of individuals underthe rules that they hâve created and the remédies that are to beexacted from the hapless object of their benignity. Usually,thèse days, the goal is accomplished with the assistance ratherthan the résistance of the judiciary.A concept of privacy limited to the Fourth and FifthAmendment privilèges against search and seizure and self-incrimination and preventing inappropriate publicity ofinformation that it has commandeered offers little défenseagainst ever increasing government encroachment. But surelythere is possibility in the Brandeisian notion of a right to belet alone.And there has been a récent flurry of opinions by theSuprême Court to suggest that the Brandeis concept mighthâve some merit. In 1965, in a case called Ghswold v. Con-necticut, the Suprême Court broke loose its privacy doctrinefrom Fourth and Fifth Amendment moorings. There was inthe case no trespass on person or property, either literal orfigurative; there was no issue of self-incrimination; there wasno real question of improper publicity. The question wasabout the capacity of the State of Connecticut to inhibit theconduct of its adult citizens by forbidding them the use ofcontraceptives. Not even the nine men in the marble palacecould bring the case within the search-and-seizure canon.But, if not the Fourth Amendment, where? Ordinarily noSuprême Court justice will openly pronounce the possibilitythat he is being totally créative of constitutional rights or thathe is exercising judgment based on personal values. What thejustices seemed to believe, however — probably because they were ail over forty and none had yet been converted by theprecepts of Professor Marcuse and the Berkeley "free speechmovement" — was that sexual intercourse, especially betweenmarried couples, was a private affair. And so, Mr. JusticeDouglas, speaking for a majority, held that a ban on the useof contraceptives by married couples was an invasion ofprivacy that the Constitution could not condone. If one askedwhere in the Constitution such a doctrine of privacy might befound, the answer was that it would be found in the "pen-umbras" and "émanations" of various parts of the Bill ofRights:Various guarantees create zones of privacy. The right of association contained in the penumbras of the First Amendment isone, as we hâve seen. The Third Amendment in its prohibitionagainst the quartering of soldiers "in any house" in time ofpeace without the consent of the owner is another facet of thatprivacy. The Fourth Amendment explicitly affirms the "right ofthe people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, andeffects against unreasonable searches and seizures." The FifthAmendment in its Self-Incrimination Clause enables the citizento create a zone of privacy which government may not force himto surrender to his détriment. The Ninth Amendment provides:"The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shallnot be construed to deny or disparage others retained by thepeople." . . . We hâve had many controversies over thèse pen-umbral rights of "privacy and repose." . . . Thèse cases bearwitness that the right of privacy which presses for récognitionhère is a legitimate one. The présent case, then, concerns a rela-tionship lying within the zone of privacy created by severalfundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a lawwhich, in forbidding the use of contraceptives rather than regu-lating their manufacture or sale, seeks to achieve its goals bymeans having a maximum destructive impact upon that rela-tionship. Such a law cannot stand in light of the familiarprinciple, so often applied by this Court, that a "governmentalpurpose to control or prevent activities constitutionally subjectto state régulation may not be achieved by means which sweepunnecessarily broadly and thereby invade the area of protectedfreedom." . . . Would we allow the police to search the sacredprecincts of marital bedrooms for telltale signs of the use ofcontraceptives? The very idea is répulsive to the notions ofprivacy surrounding the marriage relationship.We deal with a right of privacy older than the Bill of Rights —older than our political parties, older than our school System.Marriage is a coming together for better or for worse, hopefullyenduring, and intimate to the degree of being sacred. Theassociation promotes a way of life, not causes; a harmony inliving, not political faiths; a bilatéral loyalty, not commercialor social projects. Yet it is an association for as noble a purposeas any involved in our prior décisions.Mr. Justice Harlan's concurring opinion would hâve reliedon the meaning implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment's —and thereby the Fifth Amendment's — prohibition againstdepriving any person of his life, liberty, or property withoutdue process of law. His emphasis, too, was upon the sacrednature of the marital relationship. And like Chief JusticeWarren and Justices Brennan and Goldberg, he would rulethat where the government attempts to regulate such a valuedright of privacy, it must justify its actions by what amounts toan almost insuperable burden of proof. And therein lieswhatever hope there may be for a developing law of privacy,the transfer of the burden, as has occurred frequently in free10speech and equal protection cases, from the individual toprove the irrationality of a statute to the state to prove thenecessity for the statute.An astute observer of the judicial process, Professor PaulBrest, has asked, "If the Constitution does not enact HerbertSpencer's Social Statics, does it enact John Stuart Mill's OnLiberty (1859)?" Brest was referring to Mill's "one verysimple principle": "That the sole end to which mankind arewarranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with theliberty of action of any of their number is self-protection";that government may control in the individual only "toprevent harm to others"; "His own good, either physical ormoral, is not a sufficient warrant. . . . Over himself, over hisown body and mind, the individual is sovereign."Brest's question was intended to be rhetorical. In thefamous Lochner case, Holmes had told us that the Constitution did not incorporate Herbert Spencer's Social Statics. Iam arrogant enough to suggest that Holmes was wrong. Thatthe Fourteenth Amendment, as read by the Court in the lastthird of the nineteenth century and for some time thereafterdid "enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics." I shouldlike to think that the Court would now incorporate Mill'sLiberty, but I hâve no hope. In part my lack of hope dérivesfrom subséquent décisions in this area, in part from the considérations I shall détail at more length very shortly.The law in this area has not been dictated by principle orprécèdent. Mr. Justice Cardozo long ago described theailment to which the Suprême Court has succumbed in thefurther development of the constitutional right of privacy. Hewrote:A fertile source of perversion in constitutional theory istyranny of labels. Out of the vague precepts of the FourteenthAmendment a court f rames a rule which is gênerai in form,though it has been wrought under the pressure of particularsituations. Forthwith another situation is placed under the rulebecause it is fitted to the words, though related faintly, if at ail,to the reasons that brought the rule into existence.And so, despite the emphasis in Griswold on sacredness ofmarriage, the Court decided that an equally compellingsituation for invoking the concept of privacy was affordedwhen the sexual intercourse that was inhibited by the statewas that of unwed couples. The reasoning in the second casewas set forth by Mr. Justice Brennan:It is true that in Griswold the right of privacy in question in-hered in the marital relationship. Yet the marital couple is notan independent entity with a mind and heart of its own, but anassociation of two individuals each with a separate intellectualand emotional make-up. If the right of privacy means anything,it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free fromunwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so funda-mentally affecting a person as the décision whether to bear orbeget a child.The opinion thus contains a marked advance on theestablishment of a doctrine, even as it marked a retreat fromthe rationalization that brought the doctrine into existence inthe first place. Privacy is an attribute of the individual: hisright "to be free from unwarranted . . . intrusion into matters[that] fundamentally affect a person." Perhaps it extends beyond the individual to the household, as our foundingfathers might hâve thought. Indeed, it was thus that Jeffersonspoke of privacy:Happiness, Jefferson too would insist, lies outside the publicrealm, "in the lap and love of my family, in the society of myneighbors and my books, in the wholesome occupation of myfarms, and my affairs," in short, in the privacy of a home uponwhose life the public has no claim.If the Déclaration of Independence which we are soassiduously celebrating this year were a constitutional document, the basis for the doctrine of privacy might properly befound in the phrase "the pursuit of happiness."Whether it is confined to individuals, as suggested in Baird,or extends to households, as originally stated in Griswold, itdoes not pertain to groups or organizations less limited thanthe family. There may be, as David Reisman has told us, a"lonely crowd," but it cannot be a "private" crowd.Mr. Chief Justice Burger dissented in the Baird case, sug-gesting that the conclusion smacked of "substantive dueprocess," that is, it was nothing more than the justices sub-stituting their judgment for the judgment of the législature.And in the abortion cases, the next explication of the privacydoctrine — one more consistent with the Mill doctrines thanwith any other — Mr. Justice Stewart, joining the judgment ofthe Court, displayed an honesty of expression seldom in-dulged by members of the Court:So it was clear to me then, and it is equally clear to me now, thatthe Griswold décision can be rationally understood only asholding that the Connecticut statute substantively invaded the"liberty" that is protected by the Due Process Clause of theFourteenth Amendment. As so understood Griswold stands asone in a long line of cases under the doctrine of substantive dueprocess, and I now accept it as such.If, therefore, one looks for a home for a developing constitutional doctrine of privacy, it will most likely be foundwhere Justices Harlan and Stewart hâve placed it: in the DueProcess Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.Whether this particular orphan of constitutional adjudication will ever grow to maturity and find any home at ail ismore dubious. So far, its growth has been less thanpromising. Outside the realm of Fourth Amendment rights,the Court seems to hâve found a constitutionally protectedprivacy only with regard to sexual intercourse and the conséquences thereof, such as abortion. And, it should be noted,in récent days the Court has refused to interfère — it has not,as the newspapers would hâve it, stamped its imprimatur —in a state law that makes a crime of sexual intercoursebetween consenting adults of the same sex. Whether this por-tends a retreat even from the limited concessions to theBrandeis notion of the right to be let alone remains to be seen.Only one thing is certain and that is that there is no assurancethat the Suprême Court will ever feel obliged to adhère to anyof its précédents except those enlarging its own jurisdiction.There is flux in other areas of privacy adjudication.Whether a state may ever publish a list of alcoholics whoshould not be sold packaged liquors is unclear, but it is11certain that it cannot do so without first affording a hearingto the person to be labeled a drunk. On the other hand, it hasbeen recently decided that a policeman is not precluded bycivil rights laws or the Constitution from circulating a pictureof a person accused but never convicted of shoplifting.The future of any constitutional privacy doctrine is in gravedoubt. My own expectations are négative. For Americanconstitutional law is, ultimately if not immediately, a conséquence of the social conditions and values and needs anddesires of the American people. What Holmes declared to betrue of the common law in 1881 remains true of constitutionallaw today:The felt necessities of the time, the prévalent moral andpolitical théories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or uncon-scious, even the préjudices which judges share with their fellow-men, hâve had a good deal more to do than the syllogism indetermining the rules by which men should be governed.My own view is that the constitutional right of privacy,especially in Brandeis' sensé of a right to be let alone, willalways be a minimal and never a major force in constitutionallaw. ("What, never? Hardly ever.")There are two reasons for my conclusion, both of whichrequire some explication. The first is that a constitutionalconcept of privacy is undefined and consequently confusedwith a great many other notions that are related but shouldnot be identified with it, because such identification both distorts and demeans it. The second is that "the felt necessitiesof the time, the prévalent moral and political théories" are inconsistent with the Brandeis conception and are moving awayfrom it rather than toward it.The right of privacy is undefined, perhaps, because it isundefinable. Like the grand concepts of liberty and equality,privacy may be too large to be clearly identified. Indeed,privacy may be only another name for the freedom of theindividual. Judge Learned Hand once essayed an attempt atdéfinition of liberty. At the outset he rejected as unworthy theassurance that it means the avoidance of "license and anarchyon the one hand, and tyranny and despotism on the other."He started, instead, with the proposition that "I think I amfree when I can do what I want; this tiny protoplasmal centerof radiant energy demands that alien impacts shall not thwartits insistences and its self-assertions." He concluded:It is the faith that our collective fate in the end dépends upon theirrépressible fertility of the individual, and the finality of whathe chooses to call good. It is the faith that neither principalities,nor powers, nor things présent, nor things to corne, can right-fully suppress that fertility or deny that good. It is the faith inthe indéfectible significance of each one of us. . . .Learned Hand was, however, a realist. And he recognizedthat the odds were heavy against "the possibility of theindividual expression of life on the terms of him who has tolive it."Liberty is so much latitude as the powerful choose to accordto the weak. So much perhaps has to be admitted for abstractstatement; anything short of it appears to lead to inconsis-tencies. At least no other formula has been devised which will answer. If a community décides that some conduct is prejudicialto itself, and so décides by numbers sufficient to impose its willupon dissenters, I know of no principle which can stay itshand. . . .And yet, so phrased, we should ail agrée, I think, that thewhole substance of liberty has disappeared. It is intolérable tofeel that we are each in the power of the conglomerate mass ofBabbitts, whose intelligence we do not respect, and whose standards we may detest. . . . [T]here was a meaning in Jefferson'shatred of the interposition of collective pressure. . . . [Sjhall wenot feel with him that it is monstrous to lay open the lives ofeach to whatever current notions of propriety may ordain.The essence of Brandeis' notion was that there were someareas of personal, individual conduct that were not subject tothe kind of coercion that Hand was talking about. And thevery notion of the national Constitution is that there areaspects of individual behavior that no government, fédéral orstate, could subject to control. To the best of their not incon-siderable ability, the authors of the Constitution and the Billof Rights detailed those areas. And among the guarantees wasthat contained in the Fifth Amendment, that no person shallbe deprived of life, liberty, or property without due processof law.There was an emphasis in the Massachusetts Déclaration ofRights of 1780 that reinforces the notion of the right to be letalone: "It is essential to the préservation of the rights of everyindividual, his life, liberty, property, and character, that therebe an impartial interprétation of the laws, and administrationof justice." The emphasis differs from the national Constitution in the use of the word "individual," rather than"person," for it is to the individual that rights of privacypertain, and ' 'individual" might never hâve been translated, asthe Suprême Court was to interpret "person," to includecorporations. And the individual and human nature of therights were also emphasized by the addition to "life, liberty,and property" of the word "character," which might well betranslated as "personality."Sir Isaiah Berlin was also speaking about the individual, thehuman criterion of privacy, when he suggested that a con-trolling principle for the governance of society was that"there are frontiers not artificially drawn, within which menshould be inviolable, thèse frontiers being defined in terms ofrules so long and widely accepted that their observance hasentered into the very conception of what is a human being."And it is the idea of the uniqueness of the human quality thatmakes the concept of privacy so important.The différence between being a person and being an objectis, I submit, also of the essence of the concept of privacy.T. S. Eliot captured the différence and the notion of the lossof privacy in some lines in his play The Cocktail Party:Yes, it's unfinished;And nobody likes to be left with a mystery.But there's more to it than that.There's a loss of personality;Or rather, you've lost touch with the personYou thought you were. You no longer feel quite human.You're suddenly reduced to the status of an object—12A living object, but no longer a person.It's always happening, because one is an objectAs well as a person. But we forget about itAs quickly as we can. When you've dressed for a partyAnd are going down stairs, with everything about youArranged to support you in the rôle you hâve chosen,Then sometimes, when you corne to the bottom stepThere is one more step than your feet expectedAnd you corne down with a jolt. Just for a momentYou hâve the expérience of being an objectAt the mercy of the malevolent staircase.Or, take a surgical opération.In consultation with the doctor and the surgeon,In going to bed in the nursing home,In talking to the matron, you are still the subject,The centre of reality. But, stretched on the table,You are a pièce of furniture in a repair shopFor those who surround you, the masked actors;Ail there is of you is your bodyAnd the 'you' is withdrawn. . . .Privacy is being a person, an individual, a human being andnot an object. But in the relationship between individual andgovernment, the individual is almost always an object to becontrolled and not an individual to be set free. So ail government control of human behavior is an invasion of privacy, aninfringement of personality. Yet, some government is, ofcourse, necessary. And, as Eliot said, "one is an object aswell as a person." But where government control is not necessary or essential to the function of the state it ought not to beacceptable to the constitutional limits implied in Brandeis'"right to be let alone." This will usually be true wherever thegovernment inhibits a person's actions "for his own benefit."Or where the government grants a benefit on a condition thatit could not otherwise impose. It is not a proper governmentalfunction to buy up personal rights. Every law that compels aperson to do what he would not choose to do is or should beconstitutionally suspect.Surely some such compulsion is more suspect than others.It would be difficult to argue that a distaste for paying taxesshould exempt a person from doing so, even if the taxes arespent for purposes regarded by the taxpayer as odious. Andcompulsions relating to property may be less suspect thancompulsions relating to personal action, although there islittle doubt that originally the Constitution spoke in Lockeanterms of property as an essential ingrédient of liberty. More-over, there will obviously be greater justification for some invasions of personal privacy than for others. The lines will behard to draw. But the goal is worth seeking and the judiciarymay yet make its contribution. For, to quote still anotherpoet:... a man's reach should exceed his grasp,Or what 's a heaven for.Certainly the Suprême Court's reach has always, in itsbrightest moments, exceeded its grasp. And, in récent times,it has more and more sought to résolve a free society' s mostserious difficulties. Why not this one?If I must, then, leave to the évolution of judicial décisionsthe définition of constitutional privacy, I would offer somesuggestions about distinctions that ought to make the task alittle easier.It is of the first importance, I should submit, that a dis tinction be drawn between the idea of privacy and the idea ofsecrecy. Edward Shils in his post-mortem analysis of theproblems of the McCarthy era, in his book The Torment ofSecrecy, pointed out that: "Privacy is the voluntary with-holding of information reinforced by a willing indifférence.Secrecy is the compulsory withholding of knowledge, reinforced by a prospect of sanctions for disclosure." There is,for my purposes, a more important distinction to be noted,especially because Shils was speaking of only one aspect ofprivacy, the right against unauthorized disclosure of information. When one recognizes the potential for constitutionalprivacy in Brandeisian terms, then the distinction must alsobe found in the fact that privacy is an individual right whilesecrecy is a governmental, or at least a corporate, concern.Obviously the right of the individual — in his individualcapacity — not to hâve his affairs publicized and to be letalone must rest on a différent rationalization than the right orpower of a government to be let alone or to conceal data fromits own citizens or others. Individual liberty is not the sameas, indeed it is frequently the opposite of, governmentalauthority.Not only is secrecy not the same as privacy; events sinceWorld War II, if not before, make it apparent that thedemand for secrecy is frequently the cause for invasion ofprivacy, both in the Brandeisian sensé and in the morefamiliar terms of the Fourth Amendment concepts of searchand seizure. Government spying, both in the McCarthy andNixon eras, has been justified in terms of the necessity formaintaining government secrecy. Government secrecy hasonly two justifications. Neither of them is individual liberty.The first is raison d'état, for which the current rubric is"national security." The second is administrative con-venience, including both the notion of the necessity for confi-dential communications and the high nuisance costs ofdisseminating ail information that anyone may demand.Any attempt to cover both secrecy and privacy under oneconstitutional définition must necessarily work to the diminution of the individual protection or the expansion of thesecrecy power, and possibly both. But, it should be noted,that if the Suprême Court can find a constitutional basis,made up of whole cloth, for executive privilège, which is asecrecy proposition, it should even more readily find in theConstitution the basis for an expansive privacy doctrine. Thelatter — individual privacy — is consistent with the Constitution^ primary function of limitation on arbitrary governmental power. The former — government secrecy — is not;indeed, it is inconsistent with it.A second kind of confusion is frequently effected by theuse of the label of privacy to cover the opposite of secrecy, themovement for "freedom of information." There is arelationship between privacy and freedom of information,but again there is certainly no identity. The essence of the oneis publicity, which is anathema to the other. Freedom ofinformation imposes on the government and others the dutyto produce data in their possession, but particularly data thathas been collected about an individual. Certainly one of theContinued on Page 3413Tippity-bounce'? Obviously Block IslandLinguists work to pinpoint the language as she is spokeOne way in which a university may actually be greater thanthe sum of its parts consists in its participation in endeavorswhich extend beyond the lifetime of any individual. Such anendeavor is the Linguistic Atlas of the United States andCanada, which has been in progress for something less thanhalf a century, and which, after ail that time is perhapsapproaching its midpoint.The Atlas represents an effort to set down the spoken language of a vast chunk of North America — vocabulary,grammar, syntax, pronunciation — on a geographical basis.In thèse days, when most people assume that the language hasbeen standardized by radio and télévision, to the extent thateveryone's speech closely resembles that of John Chancellor,the compilers of the Atlas hâve found and are finding thatthis is not so. Régional variations not only persist, but do sogeographically in fairly distinct ways. Some people really dosay "whup" rather than "whip," "dawg" rather than"dahg," "ahrange" rather than "oarange," "thutty" ratherthan "thirty," "crick" rather than "creek." Linguists hâverecorded four ways "oyster" is pronounced in the MiddleAtlantic states, three for "library." "Oil" may be called"ile," "ail," or "erl," depending on the speaker's location.Similarly, depending on locale, a seesaw may be called ateeter board, a teeter-totter, a tinter, a dandle, a tilter board,a cock horse, a ridy-horse, or a hick-horse. Sometimes thegeography can be a very small pinpoint; if you call a seesaw atippity-bounce you must be from Block Island. Likewise on ageographical basis a frying pan may be a skillet, a spider, or acreeper. A doughnut may be a fried-cake, a cruller, a nutcake, a ring, an olicook, a fat cake, or even a cookie.The Linguistic Atlas is the largest-scale project for thestudy of American dialects that has ever been undertaken,but throughout its history it has led a hand-to-mouthexistence. It began in 1929, under the sponsorship of theAmerican Council of Learned Societies, following patternsalready established in a number of European countries.The director of the Atlas is Hans Kurath (phD'20), who in1929 was teaching at Ohio State. The first section of thecountry to be studied was New England.Unfortunately, although the field work for this area wascompleted by 1933, the Dépression had settled in, and fundsfor the project dried up, to the point where only one inves-tigator could be kept in the field as the second phase, theMiddle Atlantic states, got under way. This investigator, GuyS. Lowman, Jr., died in 1941, after completing about two-thirds of the projected interviews.Meanwhile editing and publication of the New Englandportion were completed by 1943. But by that time World War II was in progress, further hampering the Atlas. After the warMr. Kurath moved to the University of Michigan, where hebecame editor of the Middle English Dictionary; this meantthat he had to abandon the direction of the Linguistic Atlas,and even his part-time work on the Atlas came to a haït withhis retirement in 1962. Thereupon the task of editing the Atlasfell, in 1964, to Raven I. McDavid, Jr., professor of English,who had joined the Chicago faculty in 1957.Mr. McDavid, a South Carolinian, had worked as a fieldinvestigator and associate editor of the Atlas since 1941 (andhad also been the editor of H. L. Mencken's The AmericanLanguage). The Atlantic Seaboard archives were moved tothe University and to Illinois Institute of Technology.Work along the Atlantic Seaboard, already plotted by Mr.Kurath, continued under Mr. McDavid's leadership, assistedby Raymond O'Cain (phD'72). Independently, the late AlbertMarckwardt moved ahead on the Atlas of the North-Central States (begun in 1938); Harold Allen working on theAtlas of the Upper Midwest (begun in 1947) at the Universityof Minnesota; and David Reed, of Berkeley, collecting datafrom California and Nevada. (At Mr. Marckwardt's death in1975, Mr. McDavid also assumed the editorship for theNorth-Central states.)Plagued by lack of funding, the work of expanding theAtlas into the Gulf states, the Southwest, and the West hasbeen proceeding — in fits and starts, but steadily. AnotherChicago alumnus, Lee Pederson (phD'64), is nearing the endof the interviewing for the Gulf states. W. R. Van Riper isediting the material from Oklahoma, and Gerald Udell(phD'66) has gathered the data from Missouri.The fundamental tool of the investigators working on theAtlas is the personal interview. The basic checklist is looselystructured, to permit the subject — in Coïts Neck, N.J.,perhaps, or Ararat, Va., or Eminence, In. — to provide some-times-unexpected contributions from the local language, butit covers an established list of words and constructions. Thesubjects must be ones with which the local informant isfamiliar and which are easy to ask about, but they also linkeach interview with the others in the Atlas' inventory.The field investigator's pencil and notebook are supple-mented, for the sake of efficiency, by mailed questionnaires,and, in récent times by the tape recorder, but the personalconversation remains basic.Mr. McDavid believes that linguistic research must bethoroughly scientific, in the sensé that any of its findings maybe confirmed by other investigators in the field. Over the longpull, of course, this may not be fully possible, for unlike research subjects in some fields, language is continually14changing. Local and régional words for a seesaw are stillhanging on, but it's probably a losing battle.Assuming the eventual completion of the Linguistic Atlas,what will Mr. McDavid and his predecessors and successorshâve accomplished?Primarily their compilation will be a rich resource forfuture scholars. The Linguistic Atlas already has begunserving this purpose; the portion published (as well asportions completed but as yet unpublished) already hasspawned many books and papers on spécifie findings. Andthe treasury of fundamental material keeps growing richer.The Atlas, as a resuit of the very thoroughness with whichit is being pursued, has a further value: it can help to preventthe promulgation of half-baked ideas, founded on hunch, onfragmentary work, or — a particular bete noir of Mr.McDavid — linguistic notions which stem from an a prioriconclusion, and are not based on research at ail. The"findings are established in advance, and the investigatorshapes his évidence to fit them," he has said, adding that thisapplies to some studies of "Black English":"Most of the investigations of the speech of Americans ofAfrican ancestry end — if they do not begin — with a dichoto-mizing between 'Standard English' and 'Black English', " hehas written.1 '"Standard English' in turn is identified withthe outworn term 'General American' or its more récentsynonym, 'network English.' . . ."What seems to be meant is some form of Great LakesBasin upper-middle-class suburban speech. Certainly thedéfinition does not include the speech of Atlantans orCharlestonians, regardless of their cultural credentials,although the research of the last half century would seem tohâve made it clear that 'Standard English' is a proteancommodity, which may corne in many différent phoneticpackages."One is equally disturbed by the term 'Black English,' as ifit were a monolith: the speech of the Negro American cornesin as many varieties as that of the Caucasoid American,including ail subspecies of the standard."Still more distressing is the notion — perhaps confined todepartments of speech — that a 'dialect' is a form of speechpathology. . . ."Perhaps the most distressful part of the current emphasison what is usually called 'Black English' (though it may hâveother names, according to the taste of the evangelists who talkabout it) is the careless way in which its putative origins andstigmata are bandied about. . . . The dialectal origins of everyvariety of American English are so complex — since everycolonial community was characterized by dialect mixture —that it is imperative to examine first and in détail the évidencefrom the British Isles. It is the technique of social-sciencefiction to leap first to the romantic notion of a gênerai Afro-American pidgin spoken throughout the South, even in thosecommunities where slavery came late and piecemeal. LorenzoTurner [pho'26]— an Afro-American himself who studied1. "New Directions in American Dialectology," English StudiesToday, vol. 5 (1973). Map of portions of New England and the Middle Atlanticstates shows one way in which linguists plot local word usage.Gullah, Haitian, Brazilian Negro-Portuguese and severalAfrican tongues, and produced one of the most thoroughinvestigations of Africanisms, thought otherwise. . . ."Nor is one easily satisfied with the stigmata attributed to'Black English,' especially if one has examined the évidencefrom other varieties of the language. Most of those who drawup lists of those stigmata hâve not examined — at least hâvenot cited — such relatively accessible studies as Atwood's VerbForms or the dissertation of Virginia McDavid.2"The status of the présent participle gwine (going) is a casein point. At a récent conférence someone suggested that it didnot occur in white speech. The speaker pointed out that it wascommon among Southern whites, and also found in north-eastern New England — as Atwood had indicated (it is alsoused in Oxfordshire, and analogous forms are widespread insouthern England). Unfortunately, enthusiastic conclusionsare seldom revised in the présence of facts. . . ."[Also] it was argued, on the strength of unspecified andundocumented observations, . . . that no white speaker would(1) omit the relative pronoun as subject of a clause or (2)negate both principal and subordinate clauses in a complexsentence; the discussion broke up when a member of theaudience [Mr. McDavid] quoted a sentence from a poor whiteinformant from Middle Georgia whom he had interviewed in1947: 'There ain't nobody never makes no pound cake nomore.' "2. Mrs. McDavid is likewise a distinguished scholar in linguistics.15Large polychrome jar with a modeled crab on top and a stylized design of the harpy eagle incised and painted on the shoulder.Chorrera period, ca. 800 b.c. Height: 12 inches.Ecuadorian rootsArcheological work in récent décades indicates thatthe cultures of the magnificent Mayas and the glorious Incashad a common source-. Ecuador a millennium earlierDonald CollierIt has long seemed to be too much of a coincidence that the although separated by a distance of 2,000 miles.famous high cultures of the Incas in Peru and of the Mayas, This problem of the cultural connections between the twoAztecs and Toltecs in Mexico should hâve flourished at centers of American civilization has now been partiallyapproximately the same time and shared many similarities solved. The cultural achievements in Peru and Mexico —16and elsewhere in Mesoamerica— were based on diffusionfrom a common source: Ecuador.Until recently archeologists and New World culture his-torians had not recognized Ecuador's early glory. The tradi-tional view had been that Ecuador, although achieving someinteresting local developments, such as the smelting andalloying of platinum, played no significant rôle in the rise ofcivilization in the New World. The Central Andes (Peru andBolivia) and Mesoamerica were believed to be the only significant centers of plant domestication and of the develop-ment of settled villages, the arts and technology, and thereligious ideas that underlay the later civilizations.But the Indians of Ecuador were living in permanentvillages, were farming, and were making pottery 5,000 yearsago. This stage of development — called the Formative —occurred some 1,000 years before similar developments inPerû and Mexico. Influences moved from Ecuador to thoseother areas over a thousand year period beginning about 1800b.c. Clearly the generally accepted view of the culture historyof Nuclear America, stretching from Mexico to Perû, needsextensive revision.The origins of the Formative cultures of Ecuador are stillpartially obscure, but there is a very high probability that theywere indigenous to northern South America. We now believethat the first intensive agriculture, large villages, and potteryin the New World developed in the tropical forest east of theAndes, perhaps as early as 5000 b.c. From there agriculturespread over the mountains to the coast of Ecuador, whereearly farmers were well established before 3000 b.c. By thenthe coastal dwellers were growing a productive variety ofcorn, squash, gourds, and manioc and living in villages of2,000 inhabitants.Because of coastal Ecuador's moist tropical climate, onlythe most durable objects — ceramics, shell, stone, bone —hâve survived from antiquity. Yet thèse remains provide afascinating glimpse of life in Formative Ecuador during theValdivia, Machalilla, and Chorrera periods.The people of ancient Ecuador lived on the seacoast oralong river plains, where annual flooding produced rich soilidéal for farming. They supported their large villages bygrowing produce supplemented by game, river and océanfish, and shellfish. They traveled by dugout canoës and reedboats.A Valdivia house of timbers and thatch dating from about2300 b.c. — a respectable degree of antiquity even whencompared with finds in the relatively arid Near and MiddleMr. Collier (vho '54) retired earlier this year as curator ofMiddle and South American archaeology and ethnology atthe Field Muséum, in Chicago, after a distinguished career ofteaching and research at institutions including the University.He remains active in the field. The Colliers are a Universityfamily; Mr. Collier 's wife, Malcolm, is p/id'57, his son,David is am'67, p/id'77, and David's wife, Ruth BerinsCollier, is p/jd '74. Effigy jar in the form of a reclining Cebus monkeyscratching itself with a hind leg. Chorrera period, ca.500 b.c.East — was uncovered by University of Illinois archeologists in1974. This oval, multi-family dwelling could accommodatethirty persons. It is the earliest known substantial house inSouth America.When ill or troubled, Ecuadorian villagers consulted avillage shaman, who was both a healer and a religious leader.He performed the curing rituals while under the influence ofhallucinogenic drugs. A large number of ceramic figurineshâve been found, suggesting their use in healing or fertilityrituals, after which they were probably discarded.The potters of. ancient Ecuador depicted many varieties ofbirds, monkeys, and other small animais with such carefulobservation and naturalism that the genus and sometimeseven the species can be identified. Thèse créatures were shownwith affection and humor. This pottery is convincing évidencethat the people of ancient Ecuador, like the people of thetropical forest east of the Andes today, loved wild pets.TLAT1LCTEHUACAN'"LA VENTALA VICTORIA (OCOSTEMBLADER,HLACA PRIETA'CURAYAClPARACAS1 TUTISHCAINYOCHAVIN DE HUANTARKOTOSH,^^ : - n17Musical instruments of Formative Ecuador included shelltrumpets, end-blown flûtes and panpipes. Whistling vessels —the earliest known in pre-Colombian art — were made in avariety of shapes and complexities. The ceramists of theChorrera period (1000-300 b.c.) were particularly attracted tothis vessel. The bottle generally has a tall tubular spout, loophandle, and one or two whistles that are sounded by an airstream activated when liquid is poured into or out of thebottle. A pair of whistles was designed to sound in unison,slightly apart to produce musical beats, or pitched in thirds orfifths.Extensive documentation of the early Ecuadorian culturesexists in a comprehensive exhibition, "Ancient Ecuador:Culture, Clay and Creativity, 3000-300 b.c.," organized atthe Field Muséum by the author, in consultation with DonaldW. Lathrapof the University of Illinois, Urbana. Assemblingthe materials of the exhibition — most of which were borrowed from private and muséum collections in Ecuador —was a task involving many persons, notable among themPresley Norton, who conceived the notion of the travelingexhibition; his former wife, Leonor Perez de Rivera, whoseinitiative started the Perez Collection; and Olaf Holm,director of the new Muséum of Archaeology at the CentralBank of Ecuador in Guayaquil. The exhibition and a detailedbilingual catalog, written by Mr. Lathrap, were financed bythe National Endowment for the Humanities, the IllinoisArts Council, and private donors.The exhibition itself, after its initial appearance at the FieldMuséum, has been shown in a number of North Americancities. Subséquent to its appearance at the Smithsonian inWashington, it is currently at the Krannert Art Muséum at theUniversity of Illinois, Urbana. Ultimately it will return toEcuador, where it will be on display in Quito and Guayaquilin 1977 and 1978.Similarities of headgear in, respec-tively, Ecuador, Colombia, andMexico. Left: Chorrera whistlingbottle, ca. 900 b.c.; center: SanAgustin stone carving, ca. 300 b.c.;right: Olmec colossal stone head, LaVenta, ca. 800 b.c.The hunting of the quarkWanted: new hypothèses inhigh energy physicsBruce WinsteinIf you take a sheet of paper and tear it in half, and then tearthe remaining half in half, and so on, after about thirty tears,you will be down to atomic spacing. How big is this? Atoms,generally, are about 10~8 centimeters apart. This means thatthere are 100,000,000 of them per centimeter.What about the énergies of thèse atoms? The atoms in thisroom, for instance — which comprise molecular oxygen ornitrogen — are jiggling around, bouncing off each other andthe walls of the room. They hâve an energy which we canmeasure in units of électron volts, and I can tell you how bigthat is, just by telling you what the kinetic energy, or energyof motion of the gas molécules, is. At ordinary room température the energy is about 2% of one électron volt. The higherthe température, the more kinetic energy.Now what happens when we try to break up an atom? Weknow that atoms are made up of électrons, protons andneutrons. The électrons go around the nucleus, which iscomprised of protons and neutrons. To break apart this atom— to bring an électron away from its nucleus — takes roughlyten électron volts. That is, it takes an energy approximately500 times that in the gas at room température to break up anatom.Now we're left with a nucleus, and our curiosity doesn'tstop. What does it take to break apart a nucleus? It requiresan energy of about 10,000,000 électron volts— 1,000,000times the energy that it took to break up an atom, or500,000,000 times the energy of a gas at room température.What is the scale we are contemplating? The proton orneutron is about 10~13 centimeters. This means that thediameter of a proton is 10% of a millionth of a millionth of acentimeter, or 100,000 times smaller than the atom.Now, perhaps, we are down to the fundamental con-stituents of nature, protons, neutrons and électrons. But to besure — and this is the field of high energy physics — we wouldlike to try to look for, among other things, a substructure inthe proton itself. At the Fermi Lab, in Batavia, Illinois, weare bombarding protons with other protons up to an energyThis article is a condensation by Mr. Winstein of the firstArthur Holly Compton lectures, given on campus earlier thisyear to honor the memory ofthat Nobel lauréate and onetimeChicago physicist. Mr. Winstein is associate professor in theDepartment of Physics. of 500 Gev (one Gev — giga électron volt — equals1,000,000,000 électron volts). This energy is 50,000 timeswhat is required to break up a nucleus, or 50,000,000,000times the energy required to break up the atom.Some very striking behavior occurs. For one thing, theproton does break up. Very many particles are produced.Sometimes twenty or thirty différent particles are produced inthe collision.But thèse particles are, in gênerai, of the same mass orweight as the proton. One does not only make particles whichare smaller. When we break up an atom, we get constituentswhich are smaller than the atom, but when we bombard protons with protons of extrême energy, we actually, on occasion, produce particles which are heavier than the initialproton.This is a real paradox. We see that we are actually creatingmatter. Well, this is a direct and clear example of Einstein'séquation: E = Me2. The expression says that energy equalsmass (with a proportionality constant, c, the speed of light),and interchanging them is exactly what we are doing in thiscollision. We are taking energy and we are making mass —particles. The energy is still conserved; we don't make anyenergy. Thèse new particles that we create hâve less energythan the original particles, so the total energy is still conserved. But we are making a tremendous number and varietyof particles.We hâve found literally hundreds of elementary particles,and the rôle of thèse particles is a mystery. We know, by wayof contrast, what the rôle of électrons is; électrons bind atomstogether. We know that protons and neutrons make up anucleus, and we know that there must be other particles tobind the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. But we don'tunderstand the need for this tremendous variety of particles —many families of particles — that are made in today's highenergy collisions.That's part of the exciting work that we are doing now.What else do we know about thèse high energy collisionsbeyond the fact that they produce a rich variety of particles?For one thing, we can vary the energy of the particles thatare colliding. We hâve gradually increased the energy of theimpact from 20 Gev to 300 Gev, so that we can measure whathappens at each step. One of the striking things that's foundis that what's called the total cross-section, or the total proba-bility, for thèse two protons to interact actually increases veryslightly with energy.19(A total cross-section cornes from the fact that when onesends a proton into a bubble chamber which contains manyother protons, it has a probability of colliding with any one ofthe other particles in the chamber. This, therefore, is ameasure of the size of the object. If it's large, then it willcollide more often than if it's small. Total cross-sections aremeasured just in that way. We send our protons through abubble chamber, or through a target, and we détermine howmany times they corne out undeflected. That tells the numberthat didn't interact, i.e., that missed ail the protons in thechamber. If we count carefully how many were sent in, wecan détermine the number that did interact, and thereforemeasure the size of the proton relative to the size of thetarget.)What researchers hâve found at Fermi Lab, and at otherlabs around the world, is that this size slowly increases withenergy. It's a small effect — on the order of a few percentagepoints over the energy range from 20 to 300 Gev. But it's aclear effect.So the size of the proton increases slowly with increasingenergy. This is something which is simple, probably fondamental, but not understood.Another thing that can happen when two high energyparticles collide is that they just bounce off each other,elastically, as in a billiard bail collision. Even though there's areasonable probability of creating thirty new particles, some-times they will just bounce off each other, creating no newparticles at ail. In fact, this happens about 15% of the time.This elastic scattering is thus an important part of the totalcross-section; why it's 15% we don't know.From what I've been saying you can gather that high energyphysicists conceive of the world as consisting of interactingparticles. That's ail there is in the world; there's nothingmore. And if you understood what particles there are andhow they interact, you would understand the world. Youwould be able to explain ail phenomena.So far there is no évidence that there is anything thathappens that is not particles which interact with each other. Anormal expérience — for instance, walking across a room — isconceived of as just a very large number of interactions ofelementary particles; the complexity of the expérience arisesfrom the statistics of the enormous number of submicro-scopic events involved. We are studying the world when westudy thèse submicroscopic events— the particle collisions. Ifwe find out what particles there are and how thèse particlesinteract, we will be able to say how nature works the way itdoes.Now we are not interested in knowing everything thatcould happen. As an analogy, consider a chess game. Aninfinité number of games could be played on a chess board,but there is only a very small number of rules which allow anddétermine ail of thèse games. Similarly, what we areinterested in is knowing what the rules are which govern theinteractions of elementary particles. We don't seek to explainor classify every single game that can be played on this chessboard. We are just interested in the rules — how can the pawnmove, how can the bishop move, and so on. As it is, we are watching this game being played withoutknowing the rules; we try to détermine what the rules arefrom watching the game played. We can hypothesize somerules and then check them. By experiment, we can go in andtry to set up a certain configuration on this chess board andsee what happens. From this we may discover rules. Itappears, for instance, that energy conservation is an ab-solutely exact law of the way particles interact. We've neverfound a case where energy is not conserved.We hâve also determined that if we do an experiment at oneplace, and get a certain resuit, then if we do this experimentsomewhere else, setting up exactly the same conditions, wewill get the same answer. It doesn't matter where we do theexperiment. This is something we hâve found experi-mentally, and we can show that this leads to very strongrestrictions on what the laws can be. This is one of the ruleswhich the laws themselves hâve to obey.Similarly, we hâve found that if one does an experimentand then one rotâtes the apparatus by some angle — say37!/2° — and does the same experiment again, again one getsthe same answer. If one rotâtes the whole laboratory — orrotâtes the earth around the sun — the total cross-sections thatare measured don't dépend on where the earth is. This rota-tional invariance, as it is called, leads to a quantity calledangular momentum, which is conserved; it doesn't changewith time.Another property that once was thought to be absolute iswhat's called mirror invariance. Suppose, for example, oneperforms an experiment and gets a certain resuit. Now if onetakes a movie of this experiment, as it's occurring, reflected,however, in a mirror and shows it to somebody else, this is areflected experiment. It was thought that the laws of physicsshould behave the same when reflected in a mirror — at verysmall distances there should be no violation of mirror invariance. In other words, one shouldn't be able to tell if he isviewing the experiment in a mirror just as one can't tell atwhat angle his apparatus sits with respect to the North Pôleby measuring the proton total cross-section. Since a mirrortransforms a clockwise motion into a counter-clockwisemotion, then we see that there can be no absolute définitionof one versus the other.Now, in fact, this is almost true. Some of the interactionsof the elementary particles seem to behave in such a way as toconserve mirror invariance. But other ones violate it. Thereare some interactions that, if a physicist sees a picture of themin a mirror, he can tell for sure by looking at it, that it'soccurring in a mirror. Mirror invariance turns out not to be alaw of nature and it's interesting that this is violated. It'scalled parity violation and it's not at ail clear why parity isviolated.It was thus originally thought, before the mid-'50s, thatone could not communicate what one meant by left and rightto another society in another galaxy. One might think, howdo I communicate to my friend out there what I mean by leftand right? I say, well, left is to the side where the heart is, because nearly everybody hère on earth has the heart on the leftside. But one can't be sure that the people on this other galaxy20haven't evolved with their heartson the right side.And if you're standing on theNorth Pôle, how can you communicate that the moon goesaround the earth clockwise,rather than counter-clockwise? Itwas thought that the laws ofphysics shouldn't dépend onwhether things were going clockwise or counter-clockwise. Thelaws which dictate the trajectorythat the moon takes going aroundthe earth are not going to dépendon whether it goes clockwise orcounter-clockwise, if you startoff in one direction it will followa certain trajectory — if you startoff in the other direction, it willfollow exactly the equal and opposite trajectory. So it wasthought that there would be noway to communicate the notionof clockwise and counter-clockwise, or left and right, toanother galaxy.But it was discovered in themiddle 1950s that there aresome interactions which do distinguish between left and right.There are some nuclei for instance which are unstable, which,when they decay, émit particles which spin more in onedirection (counter-clockwise) than another direction. Onemight, therefore, talk to people on another galaxy and hâvethem set up an experiment with, for example, Cobalt 60. Theycan measure the spin direction of the emitted électron andtherefore adopt our définition of clockwise and counter-clockwise.This was quite a blow to the physics community, whichassumed implicitly that parity was conserved— that onecouldn't tell left from right. But then it became apparent thatthe laws actually had another, deeper symmetry in them:although some particles, when they're emitted from radioactive nuclei, like to spin more in one direction than the other,in fact, if the nucleus is an anti-nucleus, the emitted particlesspin in just the opposite direction. So, if we hâve a cobalt 60nucleus on the earth and it emits counter-clockwise spinningélectrons, then an anti-cobalt 60 nucleus would rather émitclockwise spinning électrons.In other words, if this galaxy that we are communicatingwith happened to be made out of anti-matter instead ofmatter, again we'd be back in our quandary. We cannot communicate the différence between clockwise and counter-clockwise. In fact we cannot know whether things are madeout of anti-matter or matter, in an absolute sensé.So, effectively, the mirror variance principle was retained.If you show a physicist an interaction, he can tell whether it'soccurring in a mirror or not. But if this mirror is a spécialmirror which also changes particles to anti-particles, thenA proton with 300 Gev energy produces a shower of twenty-six chargea particles in the30" bubble chamber at the Fermi National Accelerator Lab.there's no way to tell.(There is, however, an exception: one very small pièce ofphysics — a very small part of particle interactions involvingthe K meson, which does allow us to tell matter from anti-matter, clockwise from counter-clockwise in an absolutesensé. One could set up thèse conditions on another galaxy,and one could détermine from the inhabitants whether or not,by using this particular decay property of the K°, they aremade of matter or anti-matter. This is a very small and veryrare part of high energy physics. It's something that is, again,not completely understood. Some people regard it as just alittle bit of dirt that nature has put in, just to confuse us, andwhat the rôle of this very small and subtle effect is, is notknown at ail. The conclusion, however, is unavoidable:nature does not treat matter and anti-matter identically.)To sum up a great deal of what I hâve been saying abouthigh energy physics, we are, in a sensé, stuck. We are askingvery simple questions about elementary particles, and they arenot being answered.In the history of physics, when this has happened, usually arévolution takes place. Let me remind you about whathappened when quantum mechanics was discovered (in-vented) in the mid- 1920s. One simple question that was beingasked then was: how is it that atoms are stable? We knew thatatoms are made up of a positively charged nucleus and anegatively charged bunch of électrons which go around it.The question that was asked was, "Why don't the électrons intheir orbits around the nucleus simply spiral in and collapse?They are being attracted; there's nothing to stop them from21giving off energy and spiraling in. If that happened, the atomwould collapse and nothing would be hère. So why don'tthey?"That was a simple question. The answer to that led to a tremendous révolution in the way people thought about theworld. The answer showed — and this is important — thatscientists were making assumptions that they weren't awareof. One "blind" assumption that was being made was that anélectron is a particle which is localized and follows a definitetrajectory, like the moon going around the earth.The answer came out of quantum mechanics: the électron isnot definitely localizable. The électron itself is not on adefinite orbit around the nucleus. It's spread out. Sometimesit is very near the nucleus. At the same time it's very far fromthe nucleus. It has a wave function, and it can be found withsome probability at ail places around the nucleus simul-taneously.It took physicists a long time to be able to state it in thèseterms. It came out of the mathematics. But it was a verystriking révolution in our way of conceiving of the world.Today we are asking questions, too. And it is undoubtedlytrue that we are making some faulty assumptions about theway nature has to behave. But we don't know what thèse particular assumptions are. And the answers to our questions willvery likely lead to a révolution.A book came out recently which treats with what happenswhen you're stuck on a problem. It is Zen and the Art ofMotorcycle Maintenance. * Hère, the book tells us, is a manwho is attempting to repair his motorcycle. He can't get theside cover plate off because he stripped the threads. He readsthe manual, but it doesn't tell him what to do about strippedthreads. Here's how the author describes the situation:This is the zéro moment of consciousness. Stuck. No answer.Honked. Kaput. It's a misérable expérience emotionally.You're losing time. You're incompétent. You don't know whatyou're doing. You should be ashamed of yourself. You shouldtake the machine to a real mechanic who knows how to figurethèse things out.This applies to the présent situation in particle physics. Wedon't know what to do. We don't know what questions toask. What can one do with thèse fundamental events in naturewhere twenty-six particles corne out? What questions can weask? We can measure how often twenty-six or twenty-seven or twenty-eight, but how can we understand the rôle ofthis?What you're up against is the great unknown, the void of ailWestern thought. You need some ideas, some hypothèses.Traditionai scientific method, unfortunately, has never quitegot around to saying exactly where to pick up more of thèsehypothèses. Traditionai scientific method has always been at thevery best, 20-20 hindsight. It's good for seeing where you'vebeen. It's good for testing the truth of what you think youknow. But it can't tell you where you ought to go, unless whereyou ought to go is a continuation of where you were going in thepast. Creativity, originality, inventiveness, intuition, imagin-*Pirsig, Robert M., Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.New York: Bantam Books, 1975. Mr. Pirsig was a student in theUniversity in 1961 . ation— "unstuckness," in other words— are completely outsideits domain.Once we hâve a hypothesis, we in particle physics are per-fectly capable of finding out if it's true, if another hypothesisis more true, and so on. But where do thèse hypothèses cornefrom? Where would one get the idea that the électron isspread out, that it's not on a definite trajectory?One of the simple questions that we are asking and that wecannot answer has to do with the quark — the quark model asa hypothesis describing elementary particles.Let's go back to our discussion of the neutron and theproton, the constituents of the nucleus. By knowing something about nuclear binding énergies and the states of nuclei,Heisenberg, in 1932, made the conjecture that the neutronand the proton are really not fundamentally two différentparticles but, in fact, are just différent manifestations of thesame particle.You can think of it like a coin. The coin can be sitting on atable with its head up, or with its tail up. In the same way wecan think about what we now call a nucléon. This nucléonsometimes looks like a proton and sometimes looks like aneutron. And in the same way that we can flip a coin, thereare certain interactions in nature which will flip a neutron intoa proton. The neutron, in fact, decays by the weak interaction. If you wait long enough— on the order of a fewminutes — it becomes a proton, emitting an électron, and aneutrino.This greatly simplifies things. If you saw a bunch of coinson the table, some of them heads up and some tails up, and ifyou didn't know anything about coins, you would think therewere two types. But this way you know that there's only one;sometimes they're facing heads up and sometimes they'refacing tails up.Let's consider another particle, the pi meson, or pion. It's aparticle which is about seven times lighter than the proton,and it cornes in three différent states, just as the neutron andthe proton are the two states of the nucléon. There's a pi+,which is positively charged, a pi0, which is neutral, and a pi~,which is negatively charged. So there are three pi mesonswhich are available for study, and there are two nucléons, theneutron and the proton. There are, therefore, six possibleways in which they can interact. A pi+ and a neutron caninteract, a piand a proton, a pi0 and a neutron and so on.Now what the view that the pion is just a three-sided coinand the nucléon is just a two-sided coin means is that the sixpossible interactions are reduced. Analysis shows that thereare really only two distinct ways that the nucléon and a pioncan interact. When one measures, say, the neutron-pi+ interaction, one learns something about the proton-pi~interaction.The reactions are ail related; they're ail différent and knowncombinations of the same two basic interactions. Interacting,really, are a three-sided object and a two-sided one. Onedoesn't hâve to study the six separately. And it turns out thatprédictions on this basis are borne out with high accuracy.This simplification has proliferated. One now knows, forinstance, that this doublet of neutron and proton is actuallypart of a family of eight particles, and the pion triplet is partof another family of eight particles. Some of thèse particlesare the ones that are produced in our high energy collisions.So when we talk about, say, a pi+-neutron interaction,what we really mean is that this is one out of sixty-four com-binations — sixty-four ways in which one of thèse eightmembers of the pion multiplet and one of the eight membersof a nucléon multiplet can interact.So, in fact, the simplification has even increased further.There are sixty-four différent ways in which this family ofeight can interact with that family of eight, but in fact, a verysmall number of parameters will then relate thèse interactions. One need not measure and study them ail; a few arestudied that predict the rest, and when we check them, thisturns out to be true.Now the quark model of elementary particles is a modelwhich gives us back the idea that there are a very smallnumber of constituents that make up the world, and providesa greater simplification. When we broke apart the nucleus, wefound this rich other world of particles — whose rôles were notclear. But using the quark model, one conjectures that thereare now only three objects in nature, three quarks which hâvespécifie charges and corne together in two possible ways.Three quarks will bind, or a quark and an anti-quark willbind — no other combinations seem to be allowed — again,something simple that is not understood! If, then, thèsequarks combine with différent internai motions among them-selves, one can then get a description of this entire world ofparticles. There are literally more than 150 particles, notcounting their anti-particles, and so far ail of them, and theirproperties, are consistent with the quark model.The hypothesis holds that there are really only three objectsin nature which combine— either three of them together or aquark-anti-quark — to make up the world. This model worksextremely well. It has prédictive power. Quantitatively, it canrelate phenomena quite well.But beginning in November, 1974, a new séries of particleswas suddenly discovered at the Stanford Linear Accelerator,and at Brookhaven National Laboratory. New states ofmatter were discovered. They had peculiar properties, andthey were interpreted as being évidence for a fourth quark;they could not be made out of the three quarks. Thèseparticles are thought to be bound states of what is called a"charmed" quark— with its anti-quark. (In fact, this fourthquark had been predicted.)Between 1974 and now (July, 1976), other évidence hasemerged which seems to verify that indeed what thèse are arebound states of this "charmed" quark and an anti-"charmed" quark. (They're called C€~— "charmed" andanti-"charmed"— bound states and researchers are nowactively looking for other states of matter, particles with bothcharmed and ordinary quarks, which are made up of thèse"charmed" particles. Récent évidence indicates that perhapsthèse, too, hâve been seen.) But the idea still seems to becorrect, that nature is made up of a very small number ofobjects— three or four— and that everything is explainable interms of the interactions of thèse particles. Now there's one problem, and it is a very serious one. It isone of the simple questions that we're asking today, and it'san example of why we're stuck. The problem is that we don'tsee the quarks themselves when we break up the proton. Theproton is supposed to be made up of three quarks. Accordingto the model, they carry fractional charges — two-thirds,two-thirds and minus one-third. The proton supposedly ismade up of three objects with thèse charges, which give it anet charge of one. We would like to see thèse fractionallycharged objects directly, but we don't. We make ail kinds ofother particles, which are explainable in terms of combinations of thèse quarks, but the quarks themselves do not corneout.This is the paradox that we are in right now. Perhaps in thequark hypothesis we are making some assumptions aboutnature that are not valid, but we don't know which of ourassumptions may be the invalid ones. Let me quote the NobelPrize winning physicist, Richard Feynman:This, then, is the horrible condition of our physics today. Tosummarize it, I would say this: Outside the nucleus we seem toknow ail; inside it, quantum mechanics is valid — the principlesof quantum mechanics hâve not been found to fail. The stageon which we put ail of our knowledge, we would say, is rela-tivistic space-time; perhaps gravity is involved in space-time.We do not know how the universe got started, and we hâvenever made experiments which check our ideas of space andtime accurately, below some tiny distance, so we only know thatour ideas work above that distance. We should also add that therules of the game are the quantum-mechanical principles, andthose principles apply, so far as we can tell, to the new particlesas well as to the old. The origin of the forces in nuclei leads us tonew particles, but unfortunately, they appear in great profusion, and we lack a complète understanding of their inter-relationship, although we already know that there are some verysurprising relationships among them. We seem gradually to begroping toward an understanding of the world of sub-atomicparticles, but we really do not know how far we hâve yet to go inthis task.The thing I haven't told you is this was written in 1961 —fifteen years ago. The new particles that he referred to were"strange" particles — particles so called because of theirreluctance to decay, as quickly as heavy "normal" particlesdo. They were just discovered then, as the "charmed"particles are just being discovered today.But a tension is building up. We've been asking thèsequestions from even more than just the last fifteen years,asking thèse questions about what nature is made of, and howthings work. The fact that we hâve worked so long to find outthe answer builds up a certain tension, and it is out of thistension that — probably — an answer will corne.Not only do we not know the answers to thèse fundamentalquestions, in a sensé we're not addressing ourselves to them,either. No experiment is either currently running — or evenbeing planned for the future — to investigate why nuclearmatter is so much more massive than the électron. When wedo learn something basic, it's going to be an accident. It'll bea flash in somebody's mind, and suddenly we'll know why theproton is as heavy as it is.23Photolysis of water is the still-unsolved secret of imitatingnature's way of converting light into food and fuel, butJoseph Katz's team at Argonne has made a big step forwardAs everyone knows, virtually ail the food eaten by the earth'sinhabitants, as well as most of the fuel they consume, are theproduct of the conversion of solar energy by plants. As thepopulation grows and supplies of food and energy begin todwindle, mankind has turned to — among other things — thesun, to see if it can be put to work in solving some of theproblems.One such effort has been reported earlier in thèse pages: thecompound parabolic collector, which maximizes the réception of solar energy. This collector, invented by RolandWinston (sb'56, sm'57, phD'63), a faculty member of thePhysics Department and the Fermi Institute, is not far fromthe stage of being put to practical use. The Winston deviceHIGH ENERGY ELECTRONELECTRONCONDUIT OUT"SPECIAL PAIR"PHOTOREACTION CENTER' H,0-0;tLOW ENERGY ELECTRONCENTRAL MG ATOMKETO DONOR OXYGENSchematic depiction of the opération of photosynthesis. has very considérable practical utility. But since it uses solarenergy as a heat source, it has an intrinsic thermodynamiclimitation because of the relatively low températures that canbe attained by focusing sunlight.For more than a décade, a group of scientists at ArgonneNational Laboratory hâve been following a quite différentpath toward the utilization of solar energy. J. J. Katz(phD'42), a scientist in Argonne's chemistry division, heads aresearch team whose aim is to use solar energy the way plantsdo — by a process of artificial photosynthesis in which solarenergy is used for chemical purposes, rather than as a heatsource.Photosynthesis in green plants is aprocess in which carbon dioxide is re-duced to carbohydrate by électronsabstracted from water, with the concomitant production of oxygen gas.Photosynthesis is thus the reverse of theprocess of combustion, in which organicmatter is converted by oxygen tocarbon dioxide and water. Combustionlibérâtes energy (in the form of heat);the reverse process of photosynthesisrequires an input of energy. The energynecessary to drive the chemical reactionsassociated with photosynthesis is derivedfrom the energy of sunlight. Thus, inphotosynthesis, solar energy is used forchemical purposes rather than as a heatsource.Though practical applications areprobably still years away, a biomimeticprocess for solar energy conversionwould hâve several attractive features:(1) in principle, it should be highlyefficient, as one red photon can producehi' LIGHT QUANTA24one électron, which is then available todérive chemical reactions, and (2) itwould use low energy light, available oncloudy days, as do green plants. Theconversion of solar energy to chemicaloxidizing and reducing potential wouldsupplément and complément the use ofsolar energy as a heat source.Mr. Katz became interested in photosynthesis when he was a graduatestudent on the Midway, taking coursesfrom the late James Franck, who was anoutstanding pioneer in the study of plantphotosynthesis.Later, at Argonne, Mr. Katz and hiscolleagues discovered it is possible togrow photosynthetic organisms of un-natural isotopic composition (in whichordinary hydrogen is entirely replacedby its heavy stable isotope, deuterium),and the study of such organisms— andof the photosynthetic pigments ofunusual isotopic composition that canbe extracted from them — developed intoa full-fledged program of photosynthesis research.Work on the physical chemistry andchemical physics of chlorophyll led Mr.Katz and his colleagues into the broaderarea of how in vivo photosynthesisworks. Their efforts in thèse directionshâve now taken the form of experimentsto duplicate in the lab the essential features of the way chlorophyll participâtes in solar energy conversion in live plants."We observe what the plant does, and then attempt tomimic it in the lab," he says. "Then we use the informationfrom our lab studies on artificial photosynthesis to pose newquestions about the process in nature. Thus, there is feedbackin both directions."(Two alumni, Michael Wasielewski [sb'71, sm'72, p1id'75]and Marion C. Thurnauer [pho'74], are members of theresearch group headed by Mr. Katz. Others are Thomas R.Janson, James R. Norris, Walter Oettmeier, L. L. Shipman,Robert A. Uphaus, and Michael Bowman.)The chemical structure of chlorophyll had been knownsince the early '40s, and it was first successfully synthesized inthe laboratory in 1960, but how the substance actuallyfunctioned in turning light into chemical energy in the livingplants was obscure and confused. Mr. Katz and his co-workers, however, hâve now found out enough about someof the essential features of chlorophyll function to enableMr. Katz holds the synthetic leaf—one step toward reproducing photosynthesis.them to proceed in the direction of an artificial "leaf."The synthetic "leaf" looks nothing like a real one, yet itprovides new insight into photosynthesis. It serves at the sametime as a prototype for a new class of biomimetic devices thatmay ultimately use light energy to produce hydrogen gas or tomanufacture edible carbohydrates and proteins. Or, it mayserve as a photo-voltaic device in the direct conversion of lightto electricity.The synthetic leaf itself is a glass cell divided into twocompartments by a polymer membrane or a métal foil. Alayer of a spécial photo-reactive chlorophyll-water adduct isimpregnated in the membrane or deposited on the foil. In onecompartment is a chemical compound that readily acceptsélectrons, and in the other is a compound that can act as anélectron donor. Each compartment contains an électrode con-nected to an external circuit that permits observations on theelectrical conséquences of the operating leaf.In use, the photoactive chlorophyll in the synthetic leaf isirradiated with white or red (visible) light, and a différence inelectrical potential immediately can be detected across the25électrodes. Irradiation with light pumps électrons from donorto acceptor, and current flows.Thus far the cell's efficiency is low, but it is comparable tothat achieved by the best organic semiconductor devices thathâve been used for direct conversion of light to electricity. Itis still very far short of the efficiency achieved by a livingplant, where each photon absorbed can produce one électron.The synthetic leaf achieves directionality of électron flow onlythrough the use of opposing électron donors and acceptors.In nature, the électrons created in the photo-reactive chlorophyll always flow in the proper direction to and from thephotoreaction center, but in the synthetic leaf, the électronsejected from the photoreactive chlorophyll hâve an equalchance of flowing away or of migrating back to the reactioncenter in which they were generated. This necessarily limitsthe efficiency of the device as presently constructed.The synthetic leaf represents, in this and other ways, a veryconsidérable simplification of the in vivo process of lightenergy of photosynthesis. In the plant there are two principalforms of chlorophyll. Most of it, referred to as "bulk"chlorophyll, constitutes an antenna for harvesting light.Antenna chlorophyll appears to exist in long chains of molécules bound together by coordination interactions betweenoxygen functions of one chlorophyll molécule and the centralmagnésium atom of another.The chlorophyll antenna absorbs the incoming light andtransmits its energy to the photoreaction center. The photo-reaction center, it is now well-established, consists of "spécialpairs" of chlorophyll molécules formed by chlorophyll-water interactions, or, as has recently been proposed by theArgonne group, by interaction of two chlorophyll moléculeswith appropriate side-chains of protein molécules. In thechlorophyll spécial pair, the light energy is converted intochemical energy in the form of électrons and positive holes.Together, the antenna and photoactive center chlorophyllmolécules act as an électron pump powered by visible light.That part of photosynthesis which produces électrons isnow well understood, but that part of photosynthesisinvolved in the abstraction of électrons from water is still verymuch of an enigma. For the synthetic leaf to achieve practicalimportance, it must be able not only to produce électrons, itmust also be able to use water as the source of the électronsrequired to restart the électron pump. That is, the syntheticleaf must be able to use the energy of sunlight to split waterinto its component hydrogen and oxygen. Attainment of thisgoal will dépend on how quickly an understanding of the wayplants produce oxygen is achieved, and thus the oxygen-producing side of photosynthesis has become a focus ofcurrent Argonne research in photosynthesis.The synthetic leaf is in the direction of a biomimetic tech-nology for solar energy conversion. Its basic premise is thatthe solution to the problem of using solar energy for chemicalpurposes arrived at by green plants a billion years ago can beabstracted and used as a model for a new solar energy tech-nology. Biomimetic technologies should fit into the scheme ofthings in a much less disruptive way than do many of thetechnical processes we dépend on today for the necessities oflife. As understanding of biological phenomena grows, newbiomimetic approaches to solar energy conversion, nitrogenfixation, fiber production, and water desalination, to namesome possibilities, begin to be seen as long-term practicalpropositions. In the case of biomimetic solar energy conversion processes, knowledge literally may become power.Song of the cicadaThey wake by some mysterious seasonfrom winglessness into brief flightin this old grove that's now becomean océan for their waves of songand day by day the shrilling seepsthrough ail the Windows of the house.The singing seems to be most nearwhen sun is bright and woods are warm.I too was buried, much too long,beneath the common acts of day.But the appointed time has passedand I émerge into the sunwith other songs that must be sungbefore this season turns away.Confused by the cicada's songthe summer windhas lost its voiceand seeks it nowamong thèse trees.A few cicadas reached my garden wall.What songs awaitthe next one in this house!The last cicadashrills and shrillsbut raindrops are his only answer.Don't weep for me that I must gowherever it is that poets gofor I will not leave ail behindbut take with meyour kind remembrancesof ail those words I fashionedto your likingand to my need.JAMES R. IORIO, AJvl'48Mr. lorio, whose verse has appeared in thèse pages pre-viously, is the author of a new volume, Silence Interrupted(Francestown, N.H.: Golden Quill Press, 1975), from whichthe poem above is taken.26Réminiscences of mathematics at ChicagoA distinguished former faculty member provides someglimpses of the behind-the-scenes workings of academeMarshall H. StoneIn 1946 I moved to the University of Chicago. An importantreason for this move was the opportunity to participate in therehabilitation of a mathematics department that had once hada brilliant rôle in American mathematics but had suffered adécline, accelerated by World War II. During the war theactivity of the department fell to a low level and its rankswere depleted by retirements and résignations. The administration may hâve welcomed some of thèse changes, becausethey removed persons who had opposed some of its policies.Be that as it may, the University resolved at the close of thewar to rebuild the department.The décision may hâve been influenced by the plans to createnew institutes of physics, metallurgy and biology on foundations laid by the University's rôle in the Manhattan Project.Président Hutchins had seized the opportunity of retainingmany of the atomic scientists brought to Chicago by thisproject, and had succeeded in making a séries of brilliantappointments in physics, chemistry, and related fields. Something similar clearly needed to be done when the Universitystarted filling the vacancies that had accumulated inmathematics. Professors Dickson, Bliss, and Logsdon had ailretired fairly recently, and Professors W. T. Reid and Sangerhad resigned to take positions elsewhere. The five vacanciesthat had resulted offered a splendid challenge to anyonemindful of Chicago's great contribution in the past anddesirous of ensuring its continuation in the future.When the University of Chicago was founded under thepresidency of William Rainey Harper at the end of the 19thcentury, mathematics was encouraged and vigorously sup-ported. Under the leadership of Eliakim Hastings Moore,Bolza and Maschke it quickly became a brilliant center ofmathematical study and research. Among its early studentswere such mathematicians as Léonard Dickson, OswaldVeblen, George Birkhoff, and R. L. Moore, destined tofuture positions of leadership in research and teaching. Someof thèse students remained at Chicago as members of thefaculty. Messrs. Dickson, Bliss, Lane, Reid, and MagnusHestenes were among them.Algebça, functional analysis, calculus of variations andprojective differential geometry were fields in which Chicagoobtained spécial distinction. With the passage of time,retirements and new appointments had brought a much in- creased emphasis on the calculus of variations and a certaintendency to inbreeding. When such outstanding mathematicians as E. H. Moore or Wilczynski, a brilliant pioneer inprojective differential geometry, retired from the department,replacements of comparable ability were not found. Thus in1945 the situation was ripe for a revival.A second, and perhaps even more important, reason for themove to Chicago was my conviction that the time was alsoripe for a fundamental revision of graduate and under-graduate mathematical éducation.The invitation to Chicago confronted me with a very diffi-cult question: "Could the élaboration of a modernized curriculum be carried out more successfully at Harvard or atChicago?"When Président Hutchins invited me to visit the Universityin the summer of 1945, it was with the purpose of inter-viewing me as a possible candidate for the deanship of theDivision of Physical Sciences. After two or three days of conférences with department heads, I was called to Mr.Hutchins' résidence, where he announced that he would offerme not the deanship but a distinguished service professorshipin the Department of Mathematics.The negotiations over this offer occupied nearly a year,during which I sought the answer to the question with which itconfronted me. It soon became clear that the situation atHarvard was not ripe for the kind of change to which I hopedto dedicate my énergies in the décade following the war.However, it was by no means clear that circumstances wouldbe any more propitious at Chicago than they seemed to be atHarvard. In consulting some of my friends and colleagues, Iwas advised by the more astute among them to corne to a clearunderstanding with the Chicago administration concerning itsintentions.There are those who believe that I went to Chicago toexécute plans that the administration there already had inmind. Nothing could be farther from the truth. In fact, mynegotiations were directed towards developing detailed plansfor reviving the Chicago Department of Mathematics andobtaining some kind of commitment from the administrationto implement them. Some of the best advice given me con-firmed my own instinct that I should not join the Universityof Chicago unless I were made chairman of the department27and thus given some measure of authority over its develop-ment. Earlier expériences had taught me that administrativepromises of whole-hearted interest in académie improvementswere too often untrustworthy. I therefore asked the University of Chicago to commit itself to the development program that was under discussion, at least to the extent ofoffering me the chairmanship.This created a problem for the University, as the department had to be consulted about the matter, and responded byvoting unanimously that Professor Lane should be retained inthe office. As I was unwilling to move merely on the basis of apromise to appoint me to the chairmanship at some latertime, the administration was brought around to arranging theappointment, and I to accept it. Mr. Lane, a very fine gentleman in every sensé of the word, never showed any resent-ment. Neither of us ever referred to the matter, and he servedas an active and very loyal member of the department until heretired several years later. I was very grateful to him for the grâce and selflessness he displayed in circumstances thatmight hâve justified a quite différent attitude.Even though the University made no spécifie detailedcommitments to establish the program I had proposed duringthèse year-long negotiations, I was ready to accept the chairmanship as an earnest of fortheoming support. I felt confident that with some show of firmness on my part theprogram could be established. In this optimistic spirit I de-cided to go to Chicago, despite the very generous terms onwhich Harvard wished to retain me.Regardless of what many seem to believe, rebuilding theChicago Department of Mathematics was an up-hill fight ailthe way. The University was not about to implement the plansI had proposed in our negotiations without resisting andraising objections at every step. The department's Ioyalty toMr. Lane had the fortunate conséquence for me that I felt re-leased from any formai obligation to submit my recom-mendations to the department for approval. Although IThe Stone âge of mathematics on the MidwayFélix E. BrowderAfter its foundation as a distinguished department byE. H. Moore in the 1890s, the single most décisive event inthe history of the Department of Mathematics at theUniversity was the assumption of its chairmanship byMarshall Harvey Stone in 1946. Stone arrived in Chicagofrom a professorship at Harvard as the newly appointedAndrew MacLeish distinguished service professor ofmathematics as well as chairman of the department.Within a year or two, he had transformed a department ofdwindling prestige and vitality once more into the strongestmathematics department in the U.S. (and at that pointprobably in the world).This remarkable transformation, which endowed thedepartment with a continuing vitality during the trials ofthe following décades is unparalleled, to the writer's knowl-edge, in modem académie history for its speed anddramatic effect. This was no easy victory on the basis ofgreat infusions of outside money for bringing in men andbuilding research facilities. It was completely a triumph forStone's sureness of judgment in men and his déterminationand strength of character in getting done what he knew hadto be done.Stone's account of the transformation which he formedand led is unparalleled for its candor and its objectivityMr. Browder, who hère provides background for Mr.Stone's recollection, is the Louis Block professor andchairman ofthe Department of Mathematics and professorin the Committee on the Conceptual Foundations ofScience. His most récent contribution to thèse pages was"Youthful Enjoyment of Rigorous Thinking" in thewinter, '75, issue. (despite the strong flavor of Stone's personality) and for itsremarkably open présentation of the process by which académie décisions are reached and leadership exerted. Thecentral problem of académie life for institutions whichaspire to excellence and to greatness is precisely theachievement of that excellence and that greatness.Within every académie institution, policy leadership fallsinto two patterns. The most common pattern, which is thebasis of the ongoing routine of the institution's existence,falls within the rational-bureaucratic mold (to use theclassical terminology of Max Weber) in terms ofrationalized gênerai policies and procédures to be applieduniformly to an array of cases in the context of a balanceof spécial interests and influences. The other pattern,which is less common, is that of charismatic leadership inwhich the individual judgment and personal qualifies ofthe administrator play a fundamental rôle in both thechoice and nature of the policy décisions which are made,and in their acceptance by those who are affected by them.Stone's account gives us a picture of the most highlydeveloped form of charismatic leadership, one whichturned out to be enormously successful. What is mostinteresting about it is the question it raises about the rôle ofcharismatic leadership in the search for académie excellence.To my knowledge, there is no case in which académieexcellence in any reasonably high degree has been achievedand maintained without an infusion of charismatic leadership, either public or behind the scènes. Yet to an evergreater degree, it has become increasingly incompatiblewith the growing pressures and struggles of interests thattend to dominate the organized life of our universities.When Marshall Harvey Stone arrived at the Universityin 1946 to play such a distinctive rôle, he was a relativelyyoung man (43) and a mathematician of great distinctionconsulted my colleagues on occasion, I became an autocrat inmaking my recommendations. I like to think that I am not bynature an autocrat, and that the later years of my chairmanship provided évidence of this belief. At the beginning,however, I took a strong line in what I was doing in order tomake the department a truly great one.The first recommendation sent up to the administrationwas to offer an appointment to Hassler Whitney. Thesuggestion was promptly rejected by Mr. Hutchins' second incommand. It took some time to persuade the administrationto reverse this action and to make an offer to ProfessorWhitney. When the offer was made, he declined it, andremained at Harvard for a short time before moving to theInstitute for Advanced Study.The next offer I had in mind was one to André Weil. Hewas a somewhat controversial personality, and I found agood deal of hésitation, if not reluctance, on the part of theadministration to accept my recommendation.and great réputation. He had spent most of his académielife at Harvard, getting his Ph.D. degree there in the late'20s with the dominant personality of the Harvard department, George David Birkhoff who had himself been astudent of E. H. Moore at Chicago. Stone had done funda-mental work in a number of widely-known directions, inparticular on the spectral theory of unbounded self-adjoint operators in Hilbert space and on the applicationsof the algebraic properties of Boolean algebras in the studyof rings of continuous functions. He was an inner memberof the country's mathematical establishment, having ob-tained a full professorship at Harvard as well as suchhonors as élection to the National Academy of Sciences.He was profoundly involved in the growing trend towardputting mathematics research and éducation on an abstractor axiomatic foundation, and was sharply influenced bythe efforts of the Bourbaki school in France in thisdirection, which achieved a major impact in the years afterthe end of World War II.Most important of ail, Stone was a man of forcefulcharacter and unquestioned integrity, with a strong insightinto the mathematical quality of others.Stone's fundamental achievement at Chicago was tobring together a faculty group of unprecedented quality. Inthe senior faculty he appointed four very diverse men withwidely différent personal styles and mathematical tastes.The most important of thèse was undoubtedly André Weil,the dominant figure of the Bourbaki group, who was, thenand now, one of the décisive taste-makers of the mathematical world, as well as a brilliant research mathematicianin his own work.S. S. Chern, who was to be the central figure of differential geometry in the world, was brought from hishaven at the Princeton Institute after his departure fromChina.Antoni Zygmund, who became the central figure of theAmerican school of classical Fourier analysis, which hewas to build up single-handed, came from the University of In fact, while the recommendation eventually receivedfavorable treatment in principle, the administration made itsoffer with a substantial réduction in the salary that had beenproposed; and I was forced to advise Professor Weil, whowas then in Brazil, that the offer was not acceptable. When hedeclined the offer, I was in a position to take the matter up atthe highest level. Though I had to go to an 8 a. m. appointment suffering from a fairly high fever, in order to discuss theappointment with Mr. Hutchins, I was rewarded by hiswillingness to renew the offer on the terms I had originallyproposed. Professor Weil's acceptance of the improved offerwas an important event in the history of the University ofChicago and in the history of American mathematics.My conversation with Mr. Hutchins brought me an unex-pected bonus. At its conclusion he turned to me and asked,"When shall we invite Mr. MacLane?" I was happy to beable to reply, "Mr. Hutchins, I hâve been discussing thepossibility with Saunders and believe that he would givePennsylvania.Saunders MacLane, who had been Stone's colleague andsympathizer in the abstract program as applied to algebra,came from a professorship at Harvard.Together with Adrian Albert, who had been Dickson'sprize student at Chicago and a longtime member of theChicago department, thèse men formed the central groupof the new Stone department at the University.To do full justice to the kind of révolution that Stonebrought about in Chicago mathematics, one needs toperform the unedifying task of acknowledging the decay ofthe department in the late '30s and early '40s. The greatprestige and intellectual vitality that had been createdunder the long reign of E. H. Moore as chairman had notbeen maintained after his retirement from the chairmanship at the end of the '20s. His successors, G. A. Bliss andE. P. Lane, were not Moore's equals in either mathematical insight or standards. Especially under Bliss'régime, a strong tendency to inbreeding was in action, andas the great elder figures of the department died or retired,they were not replaced by younger mathematicians ofequal caliber. Some of the most promising of those whocame into the department soon left. There was one principal exception: Adrian Albert. But despite his distinctionas an algebraist in the Dickson tradition, Albert at thattime had neither the influence nor the vision to bring aboutthe kind of radical transformation that the departmentneeded, and that Stone brought about.The insights that Stone provides in his first-handaccount of his great achievements and of how they werebrought about provide us once more with a dramatic vin-dication of the décisive importance of the spécial qualitiesof significant individuals as the major agents of thedevelopment of académie institutions. In académie terms,Marshall Stone served as a great revolutionary and a greattraditionalist. The révolution he made is the only kindwhich has a permanent significance — a révolution thatfounds or rénovâtes an intense and vital tradition.29favorable considération to a good offer whenever you areready to make it." That offer was made soon afterwards andwas accepted.There were other appointments, such as that of ProfessorZygmund, that also went smoothly, but what would happenin any particular case was always unpredictable.Hand-to-mouth budgetingOne explanation doubtless was to be found in the University's hand-to-mouth practices in budgeting. This wouldappear to hâve been the reason why one evening I was givenindirect assurances from Mr. Hutchins that S. S. Chernwould be offered a professorship, only to be informed byVice-Président Harrison the next morning that the offerwould not be made. Such casual, not to say arbitrary, treat-ment of a crucial recommendation naturally evoked a strongprotest. In the présence of the dean of the Division ofPhysical Sciences I told Mr. Harrison that if the appointmentwere not made, I would not be a candidate for reappointmentas chairman when my three-year term expired. Some of mycolleagues who were informed of the situation called on thedean a few hours later to associate themselves with thisprotest. Happily, the protest was successful, the offer wasmade to Professor Chern, and he accepted it. This was thestormiest incident in a stormy period. Fortunately the periodwas a fairly short one, and at the roughest times Mr. Hutchinsalways backed me unreservedly.As soon as the department had been brought up to strengthby this séries of new appointments, we could turn ourattention to a thorough study of the curriculum and the re-quirements for higher degrees in mathematics. The group thatwas about to undertake the task of redesigning the depart-ment's work was magnificently equipped for what it had todo. It included, in alphabetical order, Adrian Albert, R. W.Barnard, Lawrence Graves, Paul Halmos, Magnus Hestenes,Irving Kaplansky, J. L. Kelley, E. P. Lane, SaundersMacLane, Otto Schilling, Irving Segal, M. H. Stone, AndréWeil, and Antoni Zygmund. Among them were great mathe-maticians, and great teachers, and leading specialists inalmost every branch of pure mathematics. Some were new tothe University, others familiar with its history and traditions.We were ail resolved to make Chicago the leading center inmathematical research and éducation it had always aspired tobe. We had to bring great patience and open minds to thetime-consuming discussion that ranged from gênerai principles to detailed mathematical questions. The présence of aseparate and quite independent Collège mathematics staff didnot relieve us of the obligation to establish a new under-graduate curriculum beside the new graduate program.Two aims on which we came to early agreement were tomake course requirements more flexible and to limit exam-inations and other required tasks to those having some educa-tional value.This streamlined program of studies, the unusual distinction of the mathematics faculty, and a rich offering ofcourses and seminars hâve attracted many very promising Marshall H. Stone in his office in Eckhart. The photo wasmade in 1952.young mathematicians to the University of Chicago ever sincethe late '40s. The successful coordination of thèse factors wasreinforced by the concentration of ail departmental activitiesin Eckhart Hall with its offices (for faculty and graduatestudents), classrooms, and library. As most members of thedepartment lived near the University and generally spent theirdays in Eckhart, close contact between faculty and studentswas easily established and maintained. (This had beenforeseen and planned for by Professor G. A. Bliss when hecounseled the architect engaged to build Eckhart Hall.) It wasone of the reasons why the mathematical life at Chicago became so spontaneous and intense. By helping create conditions so favorable for such mathematical activity, ProfessorBliss earned the eternal gratitude of his University and hisdepartment. Anyone who reads the roster of Chicagodoctorates since the later '40s cannot but be impressed by theprominence and influence many of them hâve enjoyed inAmerican — indeed in world — mathematics. It is probably fairto crédit the Chicago program with an important rôle instimulating and guiding the development of thèse mathematicians during a crucial phase of their careers. If this isdone, the program must be considered as a highly effectiveone.As I hâve described it, the Chicago program made one con-30spicuous omission — it provided no place for applied mathematics. During my correspondence of '45-'46 with theChicago administration I had insisted that applied mathematics should be a concern of the department, and I hadoutlined plans for expanding the department by adding fourpositions for professors of applied subjects. I had also hopedthat it would be possible to bring about closer coopérationthan had existed in the past between the Departments ofMathematics and Physics.Circumstances were unfavorable. The University felt littlepressure to increase its offerings in applied mathematics. Ithad no engineering school, and rather recently had even re-jected a bequest that would hâve endowed one. Several of itsscientific departments offered courses in the applications ofmathematics to spécifie fields such as biology, chemistry andmeteorology. The Department of Physics and the FermiInstitute had already worked out an entirely new program inphysics and were in no mood to modify it in the light of subséquent changes that might take place in the MathematicsDepartment.However, many students of physics elected advancedmathematics courses of potential interest for them — forexample, those dealing with Hilbert space or operator theory,subjects prominently represented among the specialties cul-tivated in the Mathematics Department.On the other hand, there was pressure for the création of aDepartment of Statistics, exerted particularly by the econ-omists of the Cowles Foundation. A committee was ap-pointed to make recommendations to the administration forthe future of statistics with Professor Allen Wallis, ProfessorTjalling Koopmans, and myself as members. Its report led tothe création of a Committee on Statistics, Mr. Hutchins beingfirmly opposed to the prolifération of departments.The committee enjoyed powers of appointment andeventually of recommendation for higher degrees. It washoused in Eckhart and developed informai ties with theDepartment of Mathematics.At a somewhat later time a similar committee was set up tobring the instruction in applied mathematics into focus by co-ordinating the courses offered in several différent departments and eventually recommending higher degrees.Long before that, however, the Department of Mathematics had sounded out the dean of the division, a physicist,about the possibility of a joint appointment for FreemanDyson, a young English physicist then visiting the UnitedStates on a research grant. We had invited him to Chicago forlectures on some brilliant work in number theory, that hadmarked him as a mathematician of unusual talent. We wereimpressed by his lectures and realized that he was wellqualified to establish a much needed link between the twodepartments.However, Dean Zachariasen quickly stifled our initiativewith a simple question, "Who is Dyson?"*By 1952 I realized that it was time for the Department of*He was soon to become a permanent member of the Instituteof Advanced Study. Mathematics to be led by someone whose moves the administration had not learned to predict. It was also time for thedepartment to increase its material support by entering intoresearch contracts with the government.Fortunately there were several colleagues who were morethan qualified to take over. The two most conspicuous wereSaunders MacLane and Adrian Albert. The choice fell firston Professor MacLane, who served for the next six years.Under the strong leadership of thèse two gifted mathe-maticians and their younger successors the departmentexperienced many changes, but flourished mightily and wasable to maintain its acknowledged position at the top ofAmerican mathematics.The old onesFor my sisterHow happy we areraking the leaves today.Ail that happens to this hemorrhaging world,we are helpless to fearin our strange new confidence.Ail floats before us in shimmers.And for miles, miles back . . .Back to the harbors where our grandparents wept.Back to their inland thin clapboard deaths,to the prairie fires of renewal.Yes, and to motherless suppers,the murder of Franks,and a moon that terrified . . .And remember the Fourth of Julys, Elise,when our childhoods sizzled and died on the sidewalkslike the snakes we bought to burn?O were we homesick at home those sputtering summersfor a thing we couldn't quite discern.Who cares now?Gone our baffled heartswe would whistle upstairs to bedand open under the covers.And gone thank god, that spy in the darkwho shook in her hoch Deutschand spilled the beans to father . . .We're in the clear! on a maple sea!gathering this leaf y light!in a mist today that fingers our lipslike a newborn . . .Martha Friedberg (x'43) has had a number of poemspublished in small magazines. She is a member of the University's Visiting Committee to the Department of Music.31u. DREAMS IN STONETHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOSpécial Ojfer to AlumniA Spkndid Book of New Picturesoj the Great UniversityFor only $29.50\OVi X 9 incries 288 pages 348 pictures Hardbound£^^^T: fi «iii! ..89 '4lt'f. Tbe "Hm'i'ersity Sert/ in tbe /loor under3fi(cbfll Tower.2. £eon JUmniel Xrtff M'est side from JHutcb-inson Commons.3. Laird llell Law (Juadrangle. Tbe librarybuilding.4. Hurton-Judson Courts: ÎWain hunije.5. Rockejeller ÎMemorial Chapel: CMassed ma-sonry — tbe bell tower, south face6. George C. IValker JMuseuni: Tower stairwell.7. ('ocbrane-'IVoods Art Center.H. Ida ÎNoyes TtalP Çlory at tbe (of> of tbestairs.9. ÎMidway lookind nortb and west. Left toright: Harper, li'ieboldt, Classics, and Jdos-pitals.l(). yerkes Observatory ¦. At tbe nortb door —grijjons, fleurs de Us, acantbus, eagles, chevrons, fruit, figures, faces — a very riot ofrtstronomy depicted.DREAMS IN STONETHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOPublished by The University of ChicagoPhotographs by Patrice Grimbert andJosé Lopez and Luis MédinaEditors: D. J. R. Bruckner andIrène MacauleyDesign: Ray MachuraPrinted by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. DREAMS IN STONEAlumni of the University are offered the opportunity to buy, at a discount, this magnif-icent picture book of the University, beforethe officiai publication date and in time forChristmas.Give yourself a présent of this old en-chanting home of your mind.There are 348 pictures in this 10' 2 X 9inch book of ail the buildings on the Chicagocampus and Yerkes Observatory, splendidlyprinted on high-quality paper, solidly boundin heavy board and fabric with the University seal embossed on the front cover, andwith a unique photographie map of theentire University.Until December 31, 1976, the price is$29.50. The book will be available in mid-November and will be mailed immediatelyupon receipt of your prepaid order. AfterJanuary 1, the price rises to $35.00.At any price Drenmv in Stone is a wonderfulbook. The pictures in it were selected fromalmost 2,000 architectural photographs takenby nationally renowned photographers during the past two years. This collection wascommissioned to produce a complète andcurrent photographie record of the University and is the most extensive architecturalsurvey in pictures ever done of a university.You will be reminded at a glance whythe Midway campus is known to the worldas "the cultural mile," and you can see hèreat once the change, the growth, and, moresignificantly, the préservation of the lovelyold buildings around the main quadrangles.Most of the important architects in thiscountry during 80 years hâve built hère,some of them with stunning art; but, beyondtheir art, you can see in thèse pictures thethe idea of Chicago and feel the force of itexpressed in thèse "mansions of the mind."No picture book of the University hasbeen produced in 60 years. No picture bookof this kind has ever been produced for anyuniversity. It is a rare and lasting work ofgreat beauty.Show the world and your friends whereyou were. There are 288 pages and 348 pictures. No distractions: only a brief introduction, minimal captions, and an index. If onepicture is really worth 10,000 words, thisvolume is an encyclopedia of wonder, od-dity, luxury, beauty, and of your own me-mories.To order your copy fill in the attachedself-mailing order form (no postage neces-sary) and mail to us with your check for$29.50 per copy.Continued from Page 13reasons for requiring disclosure is to permit an individualwhose privacy has been invaded to learn about the invasionand, presumably, to take appropriate steps to secure redressfor past incursions and to prevent the future use of the datafor improper purposes, that is, for breaches of one or more ofthe three aspects of individual privacy.At the same time, freedom of information may itself resuitin invasion of privacy, as where the data to be published tothe applicant authorized to secure it reveals information of aprivate nature about other individuals. Thus, when theBuckley amendment compels the disclosure to a student ofthe contents of his school records, it may compel the dis-closures of confidential data of another individual, such as aprofessor's confidential communications about that student.This is equally true of an unedited FBI file, which may con-tain information about others than the subject of the file.This problem does not exist where the compulsory disclosure — freedom of information — relates to governmentalactions. Hère the invasion, if any, is not of privacy but solelyof secrecy. Even hère, however, the line is a fine one. Forevery government officiai is also a private individual. Wehâve become enamoured of compulsory disclosure offinancial and other data about government employées. Whenthere is no connection between the information to be securedand the corruption to be prevented or corrected, it is clearlyan invasion of the government employee's privacy. The moreso, when the data sought are not about the individualemployée but that of his relatives and associâtes. Publicitymay be a healthy preventative of, or corrective for, governmental malfeasance, but only to the degree that it actuallyrelates to possible malfeasance and not when it simplyexposes the private affairs of an individual because hehappens to be a government employée. Some of thepsychological testing administered to actual or putativegovernment employées is clearly an unwarranted invasion oftheir privacy.Again, we should not confuse Brandeis' right of theindividual to be let alone with what was once known as"laissez faire." In the nineteenth century and well into thetwentieth, the concept of individuals and individual freedomwas perverted into a form of constitutional protection againstthe régulation of corporate and organizational économieactivities. It should be clear that privacy is an individual'sright and not that of a corporation, or a class, or an association. When the affairs regulated are not those of individualsbut those of groups, the concern is not privacy. This is not, ofcourse, to suggest that corporations, classes, organizations,and associations are not entitled to constitutional protections,including certainly those of due process of law and freedomof speech and press and political activities. It is simply to saythat the right of privacy is essentially the right of a person, anindividual, a human being.The right of privacy cannot bear the burden of includingfreedom of corporations and unions from régulation. To broaden it so is to destroy it. The rejection of substantive dueprocess in the économie régulation cases has been too strongto be overcome now. But those cases, with the possible exception of Belle Terre, which upheld an ordinance limiting theuse of private houses to one family, were ail directed againstinterférence with state régulation of économie enterprises, notPersonal behavior. It is économie due process that has beenrejected, not substantive due process, which implies a judgment that the state or fédéral législature has not carried itsburden of persuading the Court of the desirability of thelégislation. As Mr. Justice Stewart said, Griswold and Doeare in fact substantive due process décisions, they are notéconomie due process cases.The same standard of judicial review, requiring the government to prove the necessity for its législation rather thanindulging a presumption of validity has been established inthe area of equal protection of the laws, in the area of FirstAmendment rights, and even in the right-to-travel cases,where the constitutional authority is as undefinable as it is inthe "privacy" area. Again, "laissez- faire" was a claim bycorporations for freedom from économie régulation, privacyis a claim by individuals for freedom of personal behavior.The two may overlap, but should not be confused.It is neither the lack of clarity in the concept of privacy norits confusion with equally important and related ideas thatmakes me doubt its future growth or even its préservation.For to me it appears — as I hâve said — that "constitutionalprivacy" is not a "felt necessity of the time." Rather it is ademand for freedom that runs against the current of most ofthe major social movements and changes that are receivingthe Suprême Court's imprimatur as well as those of thelégislature, the executive, and even most académies.I am saying that I think the right of privacy is not now ahighly valued one in our society, and of decreasing ratherthan increasing popularity. Although of ancient vintage —it dérives perhaps from the first bite of the apple of the Treeof Knowledge — it cannot be said to be pervasively regarded asa necessity or even an affordable luxury by most Americancitizens. It was an earlier génération that thought: "Theworld is too much with us; late and soon." Our own demandsseem to be for more rather than less.Privacy is a factor of decency and civility which arewaning — perhaps waned — éléments in a society where sadismand violence constitute our primary form of entertainment;where guns are cherished and butter damned, because butterkills; where politeness is regarded as superfluous at best andmaie chauvinism at worst; where language is debased andbecomes meaningless; where the criminal is regarded as thevictim of society rather than society the victim of thecriminal; where Andy Warhol is art and Pierre Bonnard is"kitsch"; where music is reduced to mathematical formulas,produced by mechanical air pumps, played by a computer;where adults are more concerned with the gossip columns andsports pages of the newspaper than any others; where learningis valueless if not "practical"; where reason is suspect andémotion is king. (Excuse me, by biases are showing.) TheOxford Professor of Poetry recently described our times:34"An âge that puts its trust in the ordering intellect will distrust and underplay the instincts. An âge like ours which wor-ships the instinctual will become anti-rational. It is noaccident that our âge has seen reason and lucidity sink to theirlowest levels of esteem since man came down from the trees."And, in such a society, the right of privacy is esteemed nogreater than lucidity and reason.In such a society, privacy is valued highly by some self-styled intellectuals and by some petit bourgeois, but mostly bythose who, in the great tradition of the Fourth and FifthAmendments, seek protection against arrest and convictionfor crime. Gerald Heard once told us why the intellectualdemands privacy. "We can only understand the intellectuals'intellectualization of their own émotion when we realize thatwhat they sensé and dread is their individuality'sdestruction."Those concerned with Learned Hand's sacredness of theindividual are a rapidly diminishing number. So, too, arethose capable of feeling shame, or embarrassment, or guilt,or fear, which are so often the conséquence of invasion ofprivacy. Ail of thèse old-fashioned émotions are beingexorcised from our society, individually and collectively, byour modem witch doctors.There are, too, more potent forces at work diminishing thepossibility of constitutional privacy. And foremost amongthèse is the service state, that form of government that cameupon us directly after the New Deal and the Second WorldWar. (One need only state the chronology without assigningcause and effect.) It is since that time that so much more ofour lives has increasingly become the object of governmentalcontrol.The essence of understanding the English constitutionalistsis to be found in the premise that "Liberty of the individual isnothing more than the residue of his conduct which remainsunfettered by any Law." This, too, it should be seen is thedéfinition of the third aspect of constitutional privacy, theright to be let alone, to remain ungoverned, "unfettered byany law." In a service state, such as our nation has nowbecome, that residue is declining at a rapid rate. AndAmericans are no longer fettered only by laws made byelected législatures, the fetters are far more frequently chainsthat are forged by individuals and bureaus, often withoutlégislative authority and sometimes in the face of législativepolicy to the contrary. (In récent days, the New York Timeshas reported the unedifying spectacle of several Senatorspetitioning an administrative agency to promulgate a rule oflaw for which thèse Senators are unable to secure the supportof a majority of the Congress. Administrative agencies nolonger go to Congress for authority to act, they are now récipients of pleas from congressmen that the agencies make thelaws.)Thus liberty is no longer limited by laws alone, but farmore frequently by executive orders, by administrative régulations, by bureaucratie guidelines, by simple exercise ofdiscrétion at the lowest level of the governmental pyramid—and even by judicial actions forging major policy déterminations for society without constitutional or législative authority. Everywhere we hear — to the chagrin and cost ofthe individual citizen and his freedoms — of inhérent constitutional powers of government not to be seen in, and mostdifficult to infer from, the Constitution: inhérent powers ofthe Président, inhérent powers of the Congress, inhérentpowers of the judiciary.Allow me a long quotation from Professor Edward Shils,who, because he knows far more of this subject than I do,should hâve been delivering this lecture. Writing of privacyand the service state, he said:The night watchman state is now only a dim trace of the past.The area of what is public has grown, and the domain of theprivate has retracted. . . . Governments believe that they mustbe responsible for the enhancement of the économie strength oftheir societies and the physical well-being of their peoples.Doing or trying to do so much, they think they must increasetheir knowledge proportionately. . . .They also wish to know more about those whom they rule.They believe that they need to know more to confer on them thebenefits they désire. They believe they must know about them toprotect the order from which they wish to move forward tofurther improvements. The acquisition of knowledge needed forthèse purposes increases the désire for more knowledge. Theknowledge which is sought is knowledge of particular individuals and institutions and gênerai knowledge about social andéconomie Systems. . . .This expansion diminishes the sphère of the private. Torestriction by régulation it adds intrusion by knowledge. Thediminution of privacy by intrusive perception of the personaland corporate private sphères is greatly aided by the develcp-ment of new professions for the acquisition of knowledge abouthuman beings, by the growth in the numbers of economists,sociologists, anthropologists, educationists, psychologists,political scientists, and by the techniques of research cultivatedby thèse professions. It is also aided by the strengthening of oldprofessions (or occupations) such as those attending todétection, intelligence, and counterintelligence.Yes, the universities, too, contribute to the barriers we con-tinually erect against individual privacy. And, like ail in-vaders of privacy, they share a self-righteousness that affordsself-justification. But, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter once noted:"Self-righteousness gives too slender an assurance ofrightness."Let me touch on just one more major social movement thatsurely inhibits the growth of a right of individual privacy.This time the immédiate sponsor was not the législature or thebureaucracies, although they hâve corne round to supportingthe movement, but the judiciary. I refer to the egalitarianmovement that derived its original impetus from the SuprêmeCourt's décision in Brown v. Board of Education, a judgmentwith which I hâve no quarrel, indeed, which I wholeheartedlyendorse. There was a time when, as Mr. Justice Holmes toldus, the Equal Protection Clause was the "usual last resort ofconstitutional arguments." It has since become the primaryresort for those who would change the social structurethrough judicial action. But more has changed than lawyer'srhetoric.Brown v. Board of Education and its successors mark thefundamental shift of constitutional limitations from protection of individual rights to protection of class rights. Theyhâve helped destroy the objective of a classless society which,35I believe, was of the essence of a démocratie dream. Theymoved the constitutional concept of equality from Jeffer-sonian political equality, which was a means, to substantiveequality, which is an end. They moved the measurement fromequality of opportunity to equality of condition. Theyspawned what Daniel Boorstin has called, in a book of thattitle, The Sociology of the Absurd, which is no longersociology, but jurisprudence, and which is no longer absurd,but real.But most important, for my immédiate purposes, was theimplied rejection, by the enlargement of the Equal ProtectionClause in the way the Court has done it, of the importance ofthe individual, the rights of the individual, the integrity of theindividual.Daniel Bell has recently written of this phenomenon:It is this érosion of the immédiate, the personal, and the individual, and the rise of bureaucratie authority, which lead to somuch irritation and disquiet. In the United States, the tensionbetween liberty and equality, which framed the great philo-sophical debates in Europe, was dissolved by an individualismwhich encompassed both. Equality meant a personal identity,free of arbitrary class distinctions. It is the loss of that sensé ofindividuality, promised by equality, which gives rise to a verydifférent populist reaction today, both among the "left" andthe "right" than in the past.Without individuality, there is no function for privacy.When we become fungibles to be manipulated by government, there can be no récognition of idiosyncracies, no private realms to husband against intrusion. We are reduced toextirpating différences, not maintaining them. Distinctions infact become discriminations in law and are labeled invidiousand therefore unconstitutional.With the lack of popular demand, with the bureaucraciesof the service state expanding their ken, with egalitarianismthe dominant jurisprudential thème, it seems to me that thePrivate I is a phantom, not the ghost of an actuality, but thespecter of a dream never to be realized.I continue to think, however, that privacy as a constitutional concept is fundamental to a free people. It inhibitsgovernment surveillance and search and seizure, electronicand otherwise; it inhibits publieizing personal data, andpapers and events; it commands that men be free of un-justified governmental control, the right "to be let alone." Inits pristine form, it is certainly a constitutional conceptbeyond realization. It is certainly beyond the puny powers ofthe judiciary to effect, assuming they wanted to do so, whichthey don't. For, from the beginning, this country has seen thecontest between the ideals of Jefferson and the principles ofHamilton resolved in favor of the latter.The question then is whether the mood of the country —what older historians once called "the climate of opinion" —can yet be enlisted in the cause of privacy, or individuality, orpersonality, or liberty, however you would label it. As I hâvealready said, my answer is négative. The présent zeitgeist isagainst the enhancement of the individual's authority overhimself and in favor of the authority of Big Brother. Currentpolitical notions from left and right call for the sacrifice of individuals to the demands of society.Judge Learned Hand, however, whose wisdom was greaterthan most, certainly greater than mine, spoke with more hopein an even less hopeful period of our history. It was in 1942,when the conflict between totalitarianism and freedom wasbeing waged by force of arms, that Judge Hand memorializedMr. Justice Brandeis and concluded in thèse words:This, the vastest conflict with which mankind has ever beenfaced, whose outeome still remains undecide^, in the end turnsupon whether the individual can survive; upon whether theultimate value shall be this wistful, cloudy, errant You or I, orthat Great Beast, Leviathan, that phantom conjured up as anignis fatuus in our darkness and a scapegoat for our futility.We Americans hâve at last chosen sides; we believe that itmay be idle to seek the Soûl of Man outside Society; it iscertainly idle to seek Society outside the Soûl of Man. Webelieve this to be the transcendent stake. . . . But our faith willneed again and again to be refreshed; and from the life of[Brandeis] we may gain refreshment. A great people does not goto its leaders for incantations or liturgies by which to propitiatefate or to cajole victory; it goes to them to peer into the recessesof its own soûl, to lay bare its deepest desires; it goes to them asit goes to its poets and its seers. And for that reason it meanslittle in what form this man's message may hâve been; only thesubstance of it counts. If I hâve read it aright, this was thesubstance. "You may build your Towers of Babel to the clouds;you may contrive ingeniously to circumvent Nature by devicesbeyond even the understanding of ail but a handful; you mayprovide endless distractions to escape the tedium of your barrenlives; you may rummage the whole planet for your ease andcomfort. It shall avail you nothing; the more you struggle, themore deeply you will be enmeshed. Not until you hâve thecourage to meet yourselves face to face; to take true account ofwhat you find; to respect the sum of that account for itself andnot for what it may bring you; deeply to believe that each of youis a holy vessel unique and irreplaceable; only then will youhâve taken the first step along the path of Wisdom. Be contentwith nothing less; let not the heathen beguile you to theirtemples, or the Sirens with their songs. Lay up your Treasure inthe Heaven of your hearts, where moth and rust do not corruptand thieves cannot break through and steal."Because I amI am a part of the great out there.My littleness does not deny my includedness.My finiteness is within infinityMy energy pursuesMy matter is endlessThough I may not be.I am in the great blueprintWith earthAnd universeAnd cosmic dustBecause I am.EDAHOUWINK, X'38Ms. Houwink, who studied in the School of Social ServiceAdministration and later taught in that field, is retired andliving in St. Louis.36The University of ChicagoAlumni Fund First Annual Report1975In the following spécial section, the Alumni Fund présents its first définitive annual report. Thereport primarily covers the 1975 fund drive (some data from the first half of 1976 also are given).The report is made as the Campaign for Chicago, Phase II, enters its important third year. It isoffered at this time because the accounting base of the Alumni Fund is shifting from a calendaryear to a July 1-June 30 year, coinciding with the University's own fiscal year.The report answers several questions: How much money was contributed to the Universitythrough the Alumni Fund and through other annual giving programs conducted by the University?How do the levels of support compare with those in past years? Which cities had the best givingrecords?The second function of the report is to give récognition both to Alumni Fund volunteer workersand to the donors who made last year a success. The alumni mentioned in this report didimportant work for the University in 1975. In 1976-'77 much important work remains to be done.The Alumni Fundorganization on the Quadrangles and the Alumni Fund volunteers across thecountry thank you for your past support. We look forward to the coming year as one of evengreater accomplishment. By attracting new dollars and more donors, the Fund will be able toprovide increasing benefit to the University.Donors DollarsTotal Alumni Giving, 1975 18,833 $5,287,558.70Alumni Fund Giving, 1975Alumni 10,529 937,385.31Friends 271 188,458.31Corporate Matching Gifts 124 41,507.94Total 10,924 $1,167,351.56Contributions Qualifyingfor Anderson Challenge 13,298 $1,545,186.0037Our support is vital . . .1975 was a banner year for the Alumni Fund. With the magnificent gift of $1,000,000 from theAndersons as incentive, alumni gave generously, so generously that their Challenge was over-matched by 50%. In the process, more people gave more money to the Alumni Fund than everbefore. Of the alumni of the University of Chicago, 28% made gifts in 1975, a new high for thisUniversity.The Challenge spawned several innovative volunteer programs which helped ensure oursuccess. Merilyn Hackett's Chicago Challenge Committee brought in substantial funds. RichardMandel's Century Fund committee volunteers in Philadelphia successfully put Chicago's casebefore their fellow alumni, and achieved dramatic increases in both dollars and donors. JohnDille's letter to South Bend alumni was very effective. The most important factor in our windfallyear, however, was the generosity of our alumni. It was your response to our volunteers that putus over the top, and we are very grateful.I wish we had time to sit back, to enjoy our good work and to rest on our laurels, but the natureof our program won't permit it. The University needs our support annually and, thus, in a fewweeks we must begin again an intensive effort to seek those unrestricted gifts which will permit theUniversity to carry on its important work in 1976-77.There are a few changes in the Alumni Fund program for the coming year which I would like tomention. First, the Alumni Fund has converted to an académie year accounting period. Thatmeans the Alumni Fund year actually began on July 1, 1976, and will conclude June 30, 1977. Thischange is designed to synchronize our fund-raising efforts with the University's budget year. Thiswill permit us to relate our goals more closely to the University's current needs. Although ourcalendar will be différent, our goal remains the same: an annual gift from each alumnus andalumna.The second change is that the Alumni Fund has broadened its scope to include gifts from friendsof the University. The University of Chicago has always benefited from the generosity of manynon-alumni. In the early days of the University, citizens of Chicago, many of whom had no affiliation with the school, made impressive gifts to launch this institution. Friends from ail around thecountry hâve continued to support its work to this day. Last year, 111 non-alumni contributed$167,000 to the Présidents Fund.Since so many friends contribute annually, we thought it proper to recognize this importantsource of support in our Alumni Fund totals. We certainly welcome this support and we hope it willcontinue to grow in the years ahead.We hâve set high standards for ourselves, and we will hâve to work hard to achieve even betterresults in 197 6-' 77. This year our challenge will be to sustain and, in fact, increase unrestrictedgiving without another Challenge. I am confident that this can be done. I hâve worked with thealumni of this University for many years and I know from expérience that they will rise to theoccasion again. An éducation from the University of Chicago has great personal meaning to ail ofus. And I think we also appreciate the University's importance to American higher éducationgenerally. Given the hard facts of what it costs to run a private university today, our support isvital to the continued health and well being of the University of Chicago. We must respond againin 1976-77 . And I know we don't need a Challenge to let the University know that we care aboutits future.Thank you for your support in 1975, and, in advance, for your continued concern during the1976-77 Alumni Fund drive.Emmett DedmonNational ChairmanAlumni Fund38Annual Giving ProgramsI. The Alumni FundThe purpose of the Alumni Fund is to raise unrestrictedfunds which can be used to meet the gênerai operatingcosts of the University. Thèse unrestricted funds are givenby alumni and friends of the University, personally orthrough family foundations. Gifts from corporationswhich match employées' contributions are also receivedand counted in the Alumni Fund totals. Ail monies countedin Alumni Fund totals are totally unrestricted, or restrictedonly as to area (i.e. Collège, Physical Science, Library,etc.).Thèse totals do not include money contributed to theGraduate School of Business Alumni Fund, the Fund forthe Law School, the Médical Alumni Fund and the School of Social Service Administration Alumni Fund. (Separatereports follow on each of thèse funds.) Also not includedare gifts restricted for spécifie purposes such as spécialscholarship funds, research projects or professorships.Since this is our first annual report, we will provide notonly 1975 results, but also gift figures for the past severalyears. This will give you an opportunity to study ourrécent progress.As previously mentioned, the Alumni Fund began a newaccounting period July 1, and in the future will count giftsreceived during the académie year (July 1 to June 30) ratherthan the calendar year. Again, for comparative purposes,we hâve provided results for the past three académie years.Calendar Years1975 1974 [ 1973 iDonors Dollars Donors Dollars Donors DollarsAlumni 10,529 $937,385.31 9,220 $558,407.75 10,709 $583,516.01Friends 271 188,458.31 207 169,230.69 273 210,000.00CorporateMatching 124 41,507.94 111 25,729.62 95 18,328.50Total 10,800 $1,167,351.56 9,427 $753,368.06 10,982 $811,844.51Académie Years1975-76 1974-75 1973-74Donors Dollars$1,082,669.20 Donors Dollars Donors DollarsAlumni 9,443 8,974 $597,742.28 8,374 $518,202.25Friends 330 202,156.79 232 177,844.69 223 171,148.93CorporateMatching 150 46,489.37 121 37,529.75 105 23,185.62Total 9,773 1,331,345.36 9,206 $813,116.72 8,597 $712,536.8039IL Professional School Alumni FundsGraduate School of Business Alumni Fund r^&1975 1974 1973Total Dollars $392,948 $307,116 $276,592Number of Donors 3308 2607 2510The results of the Graduate School of Business 1975 Alumni Fund surpassed those of ail previous Fund campaigns. Alumniparticipation in 1975 increased from 25% to 29% generally, and from 34% to 43% among the 78 firms participating in theCompany Groups Program. Corporate matching gifts ($59,782) produced nearly double the amount similarly raised in 1974.The success of the 1975 Alumni Fund owes much to the University's $1,000,000 Anderson Challenge. GSB alumni seized theopportunity and captured a $138,768 share of the Anderson matching funds. Nearly two-thirds (2,208) of the School's alumnicontributors helped earn this sum through their new or increased gifts. As a resuit of the 1975 Alumni Fund the School's base ofsupport has been significantly broadened.I am pleased that so many graduâtes hâve recognized our common responsibility for sustaining Chicago's prééminence as aleader in business éducation. Dean Richard Rosett has said, "It is my job to know the différence between good and excellent,and to put my weight behind excellence at every opportunity . . . " To my mind, our 1975 totals show that more and more ofour alumni are coming to share this détermination.John P. Gallagher mba'47National ChairmanGraduate School of Business Alumni Fund 1975Médical Alumni Fund1975 1974 1973Total Dollars $408,526 $217,485 $252,045Number of Donors 1721 1701 1812The 1975 Médical Alumni Fund completed its most successful fund raising year with an 88% increase in dollars over 1975.Gifts to unrestricted, restricted, and student aid funds topped ail previous years. Gifts matched through the AndersonChallenge totaled another $130,197.A comprehensive téléphone and letter writing solicitation campaign was a major factor in our success. We are especiallygrateful to ail of the volunteers across the country who made this possible.The tremendous response in 1975 shows that our alumni recognize the importance of the spécial kind of médical éducationwhich is offered at the University of Chicago. With the continued support of our dedicated alumni, the Médical School willcontinue to produce some of the country's leading physicians, and to make important contributions to the field of médicalknowledge.It is my pleasure to thank ail of our donors for their generous support.Henry P. Russe md'57Président, the Médical Alumni Association40The Fund for the Law School1975 1974 1973Total DollarsNumber of Donors $437,6521803 $352,5721785 $302,8701724The figures for the 1975 Fund for the Law School once again attest to the traditionai sensé of responsibility shared by so manylaw graduâtes for preserving and enhancing the distinction of the School.Annual giving to the Law School represents over 25% of the annual operating budget of the School. As Dean NorvalMorris has said, "The Fund for the Law School gives flexibility to our planning, unusual opportunities for our teaching andresearch, and generally helps us to maintain and further develop the high professional and scholarly standards our graduâtesproperly expect of us."We trust that in the years to corne the percentage of graduâtes and friends of the School will increase and that the supportwill continue at ever higher levels. The School's continued excellence requires no less.Thomas H. Alcock jd'32Kenneth C. Prince prtB'33, jd'34Edward W. Saunders jd'42William L. Achenbach jd '67National Co-ChairmenThe 1975-1976 Fund for the Law SchoolSchool of Social Service AdministrationAlumni Fund1975 1974 1973Total Dollars $89,454Number of Donors 1640 $65,6371587 $71,3511671The 1975 Alumni Fund, now in its twenty-fifth year, was the most successful in its history. In 1951, when solicitation of giftsfrom alumni was first undertaken, 516 alumni contributed $10,087. The Fund has increased nearly ninefold since then, to thepoint where 32% of our alumni are now making annual gifts. Significantly, 60% of the donors increased the size of their giftsover the amount they contributed in 1974, and 11% of the donors were making their first contribution to the Alumni Fund.A very effective organization of 225 volunteers conducted personal solicitations in some forty cities across the country. Theresponse has been magnificent. To me it indicates the concern and caring of alumni about the quality of social work and socialwork éducation. Our commitment as alumni is essential in enabling our School to maintain its présent strengths and to buildon them to meet the challenge of the future.Alton A. Linford am'38, phr/47National ChairmanSSA Alumni Fund, 197541III. Alumni Fund Volunteer ActivityMuch of the Alumni Fund's success in 1975, and indeed coming drive. This year's Fund Board conférence, held onthroughout its history, can be credited to the fine work of its campus June 3-5, produced many good ideas, both forvolunteer force. Emmett Dedmon, the national chairman, can national mailings and local fund raising activities.rely on strong volunteer committees in more than 70 cities to Board members are not only dreamers of great dreams;spread the annual giving message to alumni living ail over the they are doers of great deeds. After planning what to do, theycountry. implement thèse plans in their communities. The NationalSome volunteers seek unrestricted gifts of $1,000 or more Alumni Fund Board members, and the volunteer committeesfor the Présidents Fund. Others concentrate on Century Fund which they supervise, make the Alumni Fund work.donors of $100 or more. The majority of volunteers work in A partial list of volunteers appeared in the Spring, 1976,the vitally important area of smaller unrestricted gifts. issue of the university of Chicago magazine. Hère, althoughThe local leaders of ail the Alumni Fund committees serve we include only the members of the National Alumni Fundon the National Alumni Fund Board. The board meets once Board, we wish to thank ail of our volunteers.every year to assess progress and plan strategy for the up-The National Alumni Fund BoardNational Chairman — Emmett Dedmon ab'39Executive CommitteeRoger P. Bernhardt ab'61 Midwestern RégionalChairman, St. LouisCharles A. Edwards ab'65 Eastern Régional Chairman,Hartford/New HavenDavid J. Harris, Jr. ab'35 Chicago City ChairmanLee M. Hecht sm'65, mba'69 San Francisco City ChairmanJohn F. O'Keefe, Jr. mba'62 Los Angeles City ChairmanCarol Powell ab'66 Western Régional Chairman, DenverReed Reynolds, Jr. mba'67 Mideastern RégionalChairman, Northwest IndianaJoseph C. Swidler p1tb'29, jd'30 Washington, D.C CityChairmanArnold L. Tanis phB'47, sb'49, md'51 Southern RégionalChairman, Broward County,FloridaLife MembersWilliam N. Flory ab'48 Elizabeth Milius phB'28Michael Greenebaum prm'24 Robert F. Picken am'33Benjamin E. Mays am'25, pJid'35 Joseph R. Thomas pfiB'20Joseph A. Whitlow ab'39National Alumni Fund Board Members(Ail of the above plus)Rachel Anderson ab'39 Champaign Allen Bobroff pho'58 Grand RapidsBrunswick A. Bagdon pfiB'32 Atlanta Ethel Bobroff am'49 Grand RapidsCharles R. Baumbach ab'55, mba'56, jd'61 San Francisco Spencer C. Boise pIib'48, mba'51 Los AngelesF. Willard Bennett x'72 New Orléans JohnM.Boop mba'68 New Orléans42n*y.raai "i s© SE,rVT«Vf ^iâi i fc^S!y«V, ^ 4k P/^JV.rm PiII* S 4sRobert A. Brawer p1td'70 New YorkHaroldM. Brez sb'38 San FranciscoAllen V. Butterworth sm'49 DétroitJewel Coleman x'41 Washington, D.C.Marjorie Cooper ab'27 San FranciscoJohn S. Coulson ab'36 ChicagoFrederick P. Currier x'44 DétroitRobert E. Dalton sb'59 Palm BeachMarion L. DeLeo sb'66 RochesterHendrik Dejong ab'66, jd'69 MinneapolisWilliam S. Evans mba'52 Fairfield County, Ct.Anthony J. Finizza pho'71 Los AngelesRobert S. Firch pho'63 TucsonAlbert M. Fortier, Jr. ab'55 BostonMarion S . Francke sb'43 ChicagoJeanette Frank ab'37, x'39 Washington, D.C.LoutzH. Gage am'47 Los AngelesEdward C. Garst sb'48 RockfordEverett George ab'36 DallasBelle Goldstrich pItb'34 MiamiHenry C. Goppelt ab'51 Santa BarbarapItb'48 ChicagopItb'21 Baltimoremb A '55 AkronAlbanyam'57 Los AngelesWilliam S. Gray IIIM. Glenn HardingPaul R. Harris, Jr.Sara Harris ab'41David N. HartmanJohn F. Harvey phr>'49 New YorkStanley M. Heggen mba'48 PeoriaEllis J. Horvitz ab'47 Los AngelesGéraldine Houston x'39 MontereyJulian J. Jackson x'47 ChicagoMargaretKahn ab'38, am'39 ChicagoDee M. Kilpatrick pho'69 Ann ArborThomas D. Kitch jd'69 WichitaPatricia Kl owden ab'67 Los AngelesJohn W. Kmet mba'69 DaytonAlanB.Kuper p1tb'47, sb'49 ClevelandVirginia M. Kuper ab'46 Cleveland Robert E. Ledbetter, Jr. db'44, pho'50 AustinKenneth Léonard ab'60, mba'66 CincinnatiJ. Clifford Lewis mba'69 ColumbusThayer C. Lindauer ab'61,jd'63 PhoenixChanning H . Lushbough ab '48, am'52, p ho '56Eloise Lushbough pItb'48, am'50 ChicagoF. Richard Lyford ab'66 Des MoinesJohnJ. Malkind mba'48Richard L . Mandel ab '64Robert D. Martin jd'69Donald L. McGee jd'66 ChicagoSan DiegoPhiladelphiaMadisonSan FranciscoThomas J. McShane mba'66 San FranciscoAlbert W. Meyer sb'27, pho'30 Northern New JerseyLorna A. Middendorf am'61 DétroitJames I. Myers jd'67 BuffaloFloyd W. Oatman mba'56 San FranciscoFranklin B. Orwin ab'37 ChicagoLouise Palmer ab'41 Washington, D.C.G. Philip Points am'63 LexingtonDavid M. Rieth jd'72 Tampa/St.PetersburgGwendolyn Ritchie ab'49 ChicagoDaniel B. Ritter ab'57 SeattleHenry L. Rohs sb'32 KalamazooNorma L. Sadwick ab'49, pho'57 Los AngelesFrederick E. Samson, Jr. sb'48, pfiD'52 Kansas CityBennett Sandefur phrj'43 LansingMarcia S. Schiff ab'70 AlbuquerqueDaniel M. Seifer pfiB'32 ToledoJohn N. Shephard jd'41 MontereyGaar W. Steiner jd'63 MilwaukeeGerhard Stoll sb'58, jd'61 San FranciscoEugène Streicher pho'53 Washington, D.C.Lynn Vacca am'69 South BendRobert A.Vacca pho'73 South BendLyndaWaldman ab'64 BostonMiltonJ. Wirth mba'72 San FranciscoRoy G. Wuchitech ab'67 Los AngelesBarbara Zimmer ab'49 Indianapolis43IV. City Giving TablesHère is a breakdown of Alumni Fund and total alumni giving on a city-by-city basis. Withyour help, we can look forward to seeing higher numbers for the 1976-'77 Fund Year.Alumni Fund Total Alumni GivingPartici Participation pationCity Chairman Donors Dollars Rate Donors Dollars RateAkron/KentOH P. Harris/H. Dante 36 $ 5,674 28.6% 56 $ 12,721 29.5%AlbanyNY Sara Harris 72 2,902 34.8% 76 3,144 31.5%Albuquerque NM Marcia Schiff 28 1,645 28.6% 37 2,735 25.7%AnnArborMI Dee Kilpatrick 85 3,848 38.5% 108 5,140 36.2%Atlanta GA Brunswick Bagdon 77 5,243 29.4% 114 8,232 28.4%AustinTX Robert Ledbetter 44 1,428 35.2% 57 2,583 37.0%Baltimore MD M. Glenn Harding 97 3,967 32.8% 134 5,612 31.8%Birmingham-Montgomery 12 541 17.6% 18 645 13.5%Boston MA Al Fortier 285 12,560 27.6% 395 24,903 28.4%Broward County FL Arnold Tanis 43 2,474 32.6% 63 26,979 32.5%Buffalo NY Jim Myers 42 1,190 25.5% 62 3,159 28.4%Cedar Rapids IA 29 1,502 23.8% 49 2,665 28.2%Champaign IL Rachel Anderson 66 2,560 35.5% 85 3,749 36.6%Chicago IL 2,839 364,558 21.2% 6,268 2,842,438 29.1%Cincinnati OH Ken Léonard 74 2,720 35.7% 124 10,779 36.9%Cleveland OH 65 2,117 17.8% 139 12,931 26.0%ColumbusOH Robert Bosch 61 5,465 27.5% 90 7,528 30.5%Dallas TX RuthKahn 63 9,374 26.1% 118 31,555 31.6%Dayton OH John Kmet 19 588 21.3% 41 4,125 26.1%Denver CO David Yu 118 5,427 23.3% 187 10,593 24.9%Des Moines IA Richard Lyford 43 1,690 31.2% 74 9,550 39.6%Détroit MI Fred Currier 117 6,134 29.8% 213 38,190 35.6%Grand Rapids MI Allen Bobroff 51 1,775 29.7% 77 12,175 30.3%Hartford CT Charles Edwards 131 6,455 27.6% 191 34,179 28.7%HonoluluHI 36 1,655 22.6% 68 5,528 24.6%Houston TX 60 3,230 31.4% 97 8,935 29.6%IndianapolisIN Daniel Johnson 53 3,926 24.9% 94 6,874 29.3%Ithaca NY WillProvine 16 1,330 20.5% 24 1,745 25.5%Kalamazoo MI Sam Stone 43 1,245 31.4% 55 2,268 29.6%KansasCityMO Ed Barnicle 67 4,606 28.4% 99 7,019 26.7%Lansing MI Bennett Sandefur 50 1,945 28.1% 63 3,223 30.1%Lexington KY Philip Points 25 717 21.9% 40 1,639 27.4%Los Angeles CA 658 61,346 23.7% 1,120 127,453 27.0%LouisvilleKY 25 892 32.1% 38 1,612 28.6%Madison WI Robert Martin 71 2,163 26.3% 100 4,529 27.3%Miami FL Belle Goldstrich 66 3,790 28.8% 92 7,890 28.0%MilwaukeeWI Gaar Steiner 98 6,828 23.4% 170 12,756 24.1%MinneapolisMN HendrikDeJong 114 5,314 22.0% 226 12,658 28.2%New Orléans LA John BoopBill Bennett 36 3,342 21.3% 50 4,012 22.6%New York NY Mathew ZuckerbraunJohn Harvey 514 46,363 19.3% 971 79,455 24.6%Northern New Jersey Albert Meyer 156 6,647 31.5% 246 12,829 32.5%Northwest Indiana Reed Reynolds 109 3,181 27.6% 216 12,327 33.1%OklahomaCity OK 15 815 18.1% 25 1,893 20.5%Omaha NE 26 1,110 18.3% 48 2,992 22.9%Alumni Fund city totals reflect alumni gifts which are totally unrestricted or restricted only as to area. Total Alumni Givingincludes Alumni Fund gifts, professional school alumni funds gifts, and ail other gifts to the University from alumni.44The University of Chicago's independence . . .The Anderson Challenge was our way of underlining The University of Chicago's urgent need fora higher level of unrestricted support from alumni. We are tremendously pleased that Chicagoalumni responded so generously.The need for increased unrestricted giving is still very real. Ail gifts to the Alumni Fund, takentogether, comprise a significant portion of the unrestricted funds available to the University. Thèsefunds are especially valuable because they can be used wherever the University thinks that theywill do the most good.The University of Chicago's independence is contingent upon generous private support. That'swhy our Challenge pledge seemed to us to be such a good investment. Even without the incentiveof a challenge, a gift to the Alumni Fund will still be your best investment in the continued independence of one of the country's finest institutions.We hope you will join us in continuing to invest in Chicago.Barbara and Robert O. AndersonAlumni Fund Total Alumni G ivingPartici Participation pationCity Chairman Donors Dollars Rate Donors Dollars RateOrlando FL Jim MacMahonBill Schwartz 23 815 23.2% 32 2,188 23.7%Palm Beach County FL Robert Dalton 39 3,377 31.7% 50 5,662 31.4%Peoria IL Stan Heggan 40 1,827 27.0% 65 6,215 28.5%Philadelphia PA Richard Mandel 245 15,100 33.9% 340 21,871 33.9%Phoenix AZ Ted Lindauer 84 14,676 25.3% 120 17,929 24.1%Pittsburgh PA M. Thomas Murray 72 3,462 28.3% 119 6,421 30.3%Portland OR 75 3,111 22.2% 112 6,246 23.0%Princeton NJ 54 3,032 29.0% 69 4,013 30.0%Quad Cities IL & IA 20 2,490 21.7% 34 3,508 23.6%Raleigh-Durham NC 44 1,715 17.8% 68 3,334 21.8%RochesterNY Marion DeLeo 82 3,609 40.0% 106 5,328 33.8%RockfordIL Ned Garst 48 2,945 31.8% 74 7,292 32.7%Sacramento CA 29 1,174 20.4% 52 2,744 25.6%St. Louis MO Roger Bernhardt 82 3,605 25.4% 122 6,216 26.1%Sait Lake City UT 11 2,015 11.3% 30 3,045 15.2%San Antonio TX 14 1,995 18.4% 20 2,890 16.7%San Francisco CA Don McGee/Dick Krohn 459 20,066 24.7% 825 59,097 29.1%Santa Fe NM Bill Dunning 13 1,400 14.3% 17 1,910 14.8%Seattle WA Daniel Ritter 106 18,847 25.4% 179 28,510 25.5%South Bend IN W. Schmuhl/R. Vacca 86 21,872 34.1% 124 29,062 37.0%Springfield IL Ken Otten 40 11,596 23.5% 80 18,852 34.0%Springfield MA 14 490 10.9% 23 910 14.8%Syracuse NY Jon Zemans 28 758 27.2% 41 2,051 28.9%Tampa-St. Petersburg FL David Rieth 73 3,913 20.4% 110 10,537 22.1%ToledoOH Donald Hawkins 35 1,598 35.0% 46 2,475 29.3%Tucson AZ Robert Firch 67 2,924 28.5% 91 4,395 31.2%TulsaOK Sally Pelizzoni 27 5,590 27.3% 43 31,882 30.5%Washington, D.C. David Broder/John Grillos 525 37,330 25.7% 894 91,382 31.6%WichitaKS Tom Kitch 19 605 27.9% 32 3,795 31.4%GRAD 1,288 72,308 19.5% 2,184 170,421 23.7%(Grass Roots Alumni Drive: includes ail alumni outside the metropolitan areas listed above.45V. Outstanding Performances18 Cities Exceed 30 % in ParticipationUnlike annual giving programs at many institutions, theUniversity of Chicago Alumni Fund divides its prospects, notaccording to their year of graduation but, rather, accordingto their place of résidence. The following table recognizesthose local groups of alumni who achieved the best performance in each of several catégories. In most cases, citiesrepresented on this list got there because of strong volunteercommittees and imaginative solicitation programs. The hardwork paid off.Top Ten Cities — Over 200 Alumni Fund ProspectsHighlights•Philadelphia stood out in ail fivecatégories•Chicago alumni increased their giving by$175,000•Boston's three-day phonathon doubleddonors•Rochester hit 40% participation•South Bend, Miami, and Ann Arborshowed big gains in dollars and donors DollarsChicago $364,558.20GRAD 72,308.22Los Angeles 61,346.13New York 46,362.98Washington, D.C 37,330.44South Bend 21,871.63San Francisco 20,065.68Seattle 18,846.759. Philadelphia 15,100.0010. Phoenix 14,676.001.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. Donors1. Chicago 2,8392. GRAD 1,2883. Los Angeles 6584. Washington, D.C 5255. New York 5146. San Francisco 4597. Boston 2858. Philadelphia 2459. Northern New Jersey 15610. Hartford 131Participation Rate1. Rochester 40.0% 1.2. Ann Arbor 38.5% 2.3. Cincinnati 35.7% 3.4. Albany 34.8% 4.5. South Bend 34.1 % 5.6. Philadelphia 33.9% 5,7. Baltimore 32.8% 78. Northern New Jersey 31.5% s.9. Détroit 29.8% 9.10. Atlanta 29.4% 10. % Increase in DollarsSouth Bend 489.5%Seattle 483.3%Phoenix 273.2%Ann Arbor 158.2%Los Angeles 138.0%Miami 130.8%New York 118.3%Columbus 113.6%Chicago 94.7%Philadelphia 87.0%Top Ten Cities— Under 200 Alumni Fund ProspectsHighlights•Houston and Austin excelled in fourcatégories•Cedar Rapids, Omaha, and Peoria madeimpressive increases in dollars and donors•New West Palm Beach committee broughtin new donors12345678910 Participation RateChampaign 35.5%Austin 35.2%Toledo 35.0%Broward County 32.6%Louisville 32.1%Rockford 31.8%West Palm Beach 31.7%Houston 31.4%Kalamazoo 31.4%Des Moines 31.2% Dollars1. Springfield, Il $11,596.002. Akron/Kent 5,673.613. Tulsa 5,590.004. West Palm Beach 3,377.005. New Orléans 3,342.006. Houston 3,230.007. Princeton 3,031.508. Rockford 2,945.009. Champaign 2,559.6510. Quad Cities 2,490.00% Increase in Dollars1. San Antonio 565.0%2. Akron/Kent 349.5%3. Springfield, Il 240.4%4. Omaha 148.0%5. Princeton 105.1%6. Cedar Rapids 92.6%7. Peoria 89.9%8. Austin 86.0%9. Ithaca 79.7%10. Quad Cities 77.2% % Increase in Donors1. Boston 93.9%2. Miami 88.6%3. Ann Arbor 63.5%4. San Francisco 35.4%5. Madison 31.5%6. Philadelphia 30.3%7. Hartford 28.4%8. South Bend 26.5%9. Détroit 24.5%10. St. Louis 24.2%Donors1. Champaign 662. Houston 603. Princeton 544. Grand Rapids 515. Lansing 506. Rockford 487. Austin 448. Des Moines 438. Kalamazoo 438. Broward County 43% Increase in Donors1. Cedar Rapids 70.6%2. West Palm Beach 69.6%3. Wichita 58.3%4. Peoria 48.1%5. Austin 37.5%6. Sacramento 31.8%7. Grand Rapids 30.8%8. Omaha 30.0%9. Houston 27.7%10. Lexington 19.0%Thèse figures are compiled from the 1975 alumni giving results, which reflect unrestricted gifts to the Alumni Fund.46Fiscal Year 1976-77— and YouThis annual report is being issued at a very important point in the University's history. John T.Wilson is well into his first year as the University's ninth président. As provost, Mr. Wilsonworked closely with Président Edward Levi to design a plan to balance the University's budget andstrengthen its financial foundation. Mr. Wilson's first year as président is crucial to the plan'ssuccess, for this is the year in which the budget déficit is to be eliminated. The University mustattract more unrestricted support than ever before if this objective is to be met.At the same time, the University is in the midst of its most ambitious fund raising project: the$280,000,000 Campaign for Chicago IL We hâve already raised $125,000,000 of this total. Annualgiving money is an important campaign component. Unlike endowment money, it can be usedright now to meet the University's most pressing needs. It can provide money for student aid,money to retain highly gifted professors, money to fund important new research projects.The University of Chicago can put your money to good use. Its student body is among the mostcapable in the country, its faculty among the finest, its research facilities among the mostadvanced.The National Alumni Fund Board, at its June meeting, approved a 1976-'77 goal of $1,650,000 inunrestricted funds. The following chart shows the giving ranges of 1975 contributions to theAlumni Fund, and suggests a way in which our 1976-77 goal can be met.Needed to Reach Actual Gifts$1,650,000 From Ail Sourcesin 1976-77 in 1975Range of Gifts No. Amount No. Amount$25,000 and over 3 $ 75,000 none10,000-24,999 20 250,000 14 $ 182,949.545,000- 9,999 20 135,000 9 61,212.252,500- 4,999 30 100,000 17 59,683.111,000- 2,499 350 400,000 256 303,408.79500- 999 200 110,000 100 54,072.82250- 499 300 85,000 225 63,116.63100- 249 1,800 255,000 1,596 225,346.2150- 99 1,000 55,000 863 50,244.18Ail Others 8,277 135,000 7,720 125,810.09Total Alumni and Friends 12,000 $1,600,000 10,800 $1,125,843.62Corporate Matching 50,000 41,507.94GRAND TOTAL 12,000 $1,650,000 10,800 $1,167,351.56Study the chart — plan to make your gift in the largest range possible.^Alumni J^ewsClass notesf\A in memoriam: ManaMace Cash,vr"r phB'04, died November 1,1975, in SanAntonio, Tx. She was 95 .Ç\/Z MARY LOUISE DEMENT RUGG, SB'06,^ was one of five widows, 85 and older,who were honored recently by the UnitarianChurch (Church of the River), Memphis,Tn., the magazine learns from edith l.kelso, am'44, Memphis. Mrs. Rugg was alsocited by the Memphis branch of theAmerican Association of University Womenearlier in the year as one of five survivingcharter members. A botany major at UC, shehas retained that interest through the years,even developing a hybrid iris of her own."That, however, is not ail this valiant, clear-headed and enthusiastic little lady hasdone," adds Kelso. "Developing a talent forwriting, she joined the American PenWomen, serving as their secretary for severalyears, has taken active part in the writinggroup of AAUW, even as hostess this pastyear; and, in accordance with the southern'social approach' to éducation, wrote a familyhistory which was published and is used in anumber of libraries. . . . A warm, colorfulperson, she has many friends who will wantto wish her many happy returns nextNovember when she turns 94."inmemoriam: Frances Hoffmann Miller,phB'06, died June 30 in Michigan City, In.;Ida C. Schrader, PhB'06, died February 25 inMinneapolis.fyi in memoriam: Donald E. Bridgman,^ pho '07, Minneapolis lawyer, died June6; Mary Kringel Englund, am'07, Lakewood,Co., died February 28.(\Q in memoriam : Alice Greenacre, ab '08 ,vo ro'l 1; William F. Hummel,phB'08;Bessie Ann Noyés Johnston, phB'08.Ç\Ç\ in memoriam: Irène Kawin, pIib'09,^¦^ Chicago, who received an alumnicitation in 1 952 for her work in the juvénilecourt, died in June; Florence Tyley Skidmore,ab'09, am' 12, retired teacher living in St.Petersburg, FL, died March 19.1 rv in memoriam: Mary Elvira Pengelly,¦*'¦' phB'10, Kalamazoo, Mi.; PearlTaylorSarvis, phB' 10, Berkeley, Ca.1 1 inmemoriam: Florence Kiper Frank,1 -1 x'1 1; William A. Owens, Sr., sb' 11,am'1 1; Alfred E. Stokes, x'1 1.1 ^ in memoriam: W. Wilbur Hatfield,A^ X'1 2, who headed the English department of the old Chicago Teachers Collège from 1915 to 1947, died April27.1 *1 in memoriam: Ethel Groat Englund,1 J phB'13;MarjorieNind,x'13;HelenM.Nixon, phB' 13.\A inmemoriam: DorothyGrey, sb' 14,1^" md'22; Samuel F. Kogen,phB'14,ro'15;William H. Kurzin, sb'14, sm'15; MinnieFrostRands,SM'14;HenryG. Woodward,sm'14.1 < "In thèse days when much of the newsconcerning the older graduâtes consistsof obituaries, it might be worth noting whatsome living classmates are doing," writesdavtdh.hammer, sb'15, captainU.S. NavalReserve (ret.). "Recently I was in the FortMcNair officers' club in Washington, havinglunch. At the next table were two men whointroduced themselves." One was jamesOLrvER murdock, pIib'16. Dining withMurdock was Edward Jérôme Dies, who haswritten for the Associated Press. "Igraduated in 1915 myself, so Murdock and Ifound much to discuss. We are both active inuseful work. Murdock taught internationallaw at the George Washington law school fortwenty-eight years. I might add that he stillsuffers from wounds incurred in World WarI as a captain of field artillery in the 4thdivision, A.E.F."jules stein, pIib' 15, md'21 , and his wife, ofBeverly Hills, Ca. , hâve given the Universityover $ 1 ,000,000 for a vision researchbuilding. The new eye center will eventuallyoccupy ail four floors of the ExpérimentalBiology Building, 939 E. 57th St. Dr. Steinwas a résident in ophthalmology at CookCounty Hospital and practiced the specialtyin Chicago before establishing the MusicCorporation of America, now MCA, Inc., in1 924. As chairman of the board until hisretirement from this position in 1973, Dr.Stein supervised the growth of the firm toprééminence as the parent company ofUniversal Pictures, MCA Records, ColumbiaSavings and Loan Association of Colorado,Spencer Gifts, MCA Récréation Services andother enterprises.in memoriam: Théodore E. Beyer, md'15,Denver, died July 28, 1975.Celia Gamble House, pIib'15, ofSaugatuck, Mi., died May 20.Henrietta Levy Jarrow, phB' 15, Chicago,died June 27.Colleen Browne Kilner, PhB '15, historian,writer, civic leader, died May 1 6 in Evanston.A longtime résident of Kenilworth (II.), Mrs.Kilner authored two books about thatnorthern suburb, Joseph Sears and His Kenilworth ( 1 969) and Kenilworth Tree Stories (1972).Oneofher récent proj ects was over-seeing the Kenilworth Historical Society'sKilner Library, named in her honor. Herbicentennial project for the library was re-searching and chronicling the historiés of eachof Illinois' 102counties. Récipient of a publicservice citation from the University in 1 957,she was commended in the December 17,1974, Congressional Record 'by Sen. CharlesH.Percy(R-Il.),AB'41.Helen Shelper Logan, certificate '15,former member of the Rockford (II.) boardof éducation, died April 13.LilliaceMontgomeryMitchelI,phB'15,Rancho Santa Fe. , Ca. , died March 25 .Beth Skidmore, x'1 5, Glen Ellyn, II., diedNovember 1, 1975.Arthur M. Washburn, sb'15, md'17, ofLittle Rock, Ar.1 (L "On June6, 1953, the Alumni Associa-¦*¦ *"' tion was kind enough to award me acitation as 'useful citizen, ' ' ' writes jessiebrown marsh, x'1 6, Bozeman, Mt. "Ihavetried to be worthy of it ever since and prize itmore than any of the other citations I'veaccumulatedalongtheway. . . . IliveinIndian country out hère, so [a unit of the]University of Montana has signed a con tractwith me to keep my Indian mythology legendsin print ... in lots of 500 each printing. I didtwo years of research on Indian mythology toprépare thèse little 'read to' stories for Indianchildren. They will be copyrighted by theIndian Culture Séries in Billings. . . . Most ofthe writing I do is poetry, from light verse totwo full-length three-act plays for children.... I write a two-column wide, ten-inch longfeaturecolumn, 'Chip 's Corner,' for theSunday édition of the Bozeman DailyChronicle which encourages children to writeby promising to put their letters in thecolumn. While Chip ('the only chipmunk inthe world who knows how to read and write')was in hibernation this winter, he receivedover forty letters from children [ail over theworld] . My column is not syndicated, unfor-tunately, but gets around through localreaders who mail it to small fry . . . who live indistant places."inmemoriam: Sterling S. Beath, am'16;ErnaM. Brenneman,phB'16; George F.Cramer, sb' 16; George M. Fister, sb' 16,md' 18; Lucius Oliver McAfee, PhB' 16, am'21;Hazelle S. Moore, am'16; Margaret DrakeRowland, phB ' 1 6; Laurence Eustis Salisbury ,PhB' 16; Henry C. Sauer, sb' 16, md' 18;Virginia Washington Stith, x' 16; EleanorDougherty Trives, pIvb'16.1*7 albertpick,jr.,p1ib'17, chairmanof the board of Pick Hotels Corporation, Chicago, and a life trustée of the University, has received an honorary doctorate ofhumane letters from Northwestern.in memoriam: Marion Cheeseman Hall,x'17;RuthHostetler,SB'17; MargaretKingeryO'Brien, phB'17; Stanley F. Rice,PhB' 17; James Kuhn Senior, pho' 17.1g wtj,liambalmerknox,sb'18,md'20,u River Forest, II., has retired from the48staff of West Suburban Hospital, Oak Park,and from médical practice after fifty-threeyears in the profession.in memoriam: Rev. William Long Dowler,am'18, Miami, died in March, 1975;Constance McLaughlin Green, x' 1 8, Bethel,Ct.;MarjorieMahurinMyers, phB' 18, publicrelations expert, author, editor, radio broad-casting personality in Cincinnati for over twodécades, working under her professionalname of Marsha Wheeler, died April 2 inOjai, Ca. , where she had lived since 1969;Elbert S. Parmenter, sb' 18, md'20, Sterling,II., died November 5, 1975; Hedwig Ravene,phB'18, White Plains, N. Y.; Leroy C.Wheeler, sb' 1 8, died February 10 at his homein Sterling, II.1Q JEANNETTE RIDLON PICCARD, SM' 19,¦*¦ ¦* spent six weeks at the University ofMichigan earlier this year, where she cele-brated the Eucharist without the expressedconsent of the bishop, according to a DétroitNews story by James Cnockaert. Piccardmade the headlines in 1 974 as one of the"Philadelphia 11" whose ordination asEpiscopal priests was declared invalid in acontroversial ruling against women priests bythe house of bishops of the Episcopal Church.Since then she has been restricted by herbishop in the diocèse of Minnesota and hashad to celebrate the Eucharist withoutconsent or permission.Making the headlines is nothing new toPiccard. She first did so in June of 1934, whenshe was the first woman to make a solo flightin a balloon. Later that year, in October, shepiloted her world renowned husband Jean' sstratospheric balloon to the women's altituderecord of 57,559 feet. That effort went un-equaled until a Soviet cosmonette topped itin 1963, the same year Jean Piccard died.Although a broken hip forced her to give upher career as a balloonist in 1970, Piccardrefuses to stay down in her fight against theEpiscopal hierarchy. This is not the first timethat a new breed of priests has had to facehostile leaders, she reminded Cnockaert.inmemoriam: Martin Bickham, am'19,pho'22; Alice Mary Hunter, md' 19; Edna L.Mohr,phB'19; Jeannette Lindsay Page,phB*19; Paul Yates Willett, ab'19, jd'22.Of\ johne.lamar,sb'20, ofthe Illinois^""' State Geological Survey, was honoredfor his work in industrial minerais last yearwhen he received the Society of Mining Engi-neers' distinguished member award. Lamarhas spent most of his career at the IllinoisGeological Survey studying the character anduses of the state's non-metallic minerais.in memoriam: Eloise Smith Carpenter,pIib'20; Neil C. Hutsinpillar, am'20; LucileM. Kannally, pItb'20; Maude E. Mitchell,ab'20; Wade R. Mitchell, x'20; William VernOwen, phB'20; Sister Mary Dolores (Shine),sb'20; James Stahlman, x'20.21 inmemoriam: Cécile Dore, p1ib'21, SanMateo, Ca.,diedDecember28, 1975; John Nash Gifford, p!ib'21 , founder andprésident ofthe Gifford Ice Cream Company,died March 1 8 in Washington; Mary SeymourJones, phB'21, Tryon, N.C., died March 14;RichardS. McClaughry, sb'21, OlympiaFields, IL, died June 25, 1975; Hazen P.McComb, x'21 , Allen Park, Mi., died May22; not previously noted was the death ofZelmaOwenMorton, sb'21, Watertown,Ma.,onDecember9, 1972; JuliaMcAuleySullivan, x'21, Riverdale, II., died December8, 1 975 ; John Twist, pIib'21 , motion picturescreenwriter, died February 1 1 in BeverlyHills, Ca. ; Marguerite E. Uttley, sm'21 ,pIid'37, former professor of geography at theNorthern University of Iowa, died April 27 inSt. Petersburg, FI.; LetaRunyon Weitz,pIib'21 , of Des Moines, la. ; Kathryn StevensWieboldt, pItb'21 , died May 19 at her home inLincolnshire, II.'}'} eula phares mohle, am'22, Tulsa,^^ has been giving bicentennial lectures onAmerican history both in and out of townduring this past year. She is an adult éducation leader at her church and a board memberand chairman of international relations forthe League of Women Voters.Lawrence m. lew, am'22, was selected asthe Leisure Worlder ofthe month for March,1976, and an oil portrait was commissioned inhis honor, to be on public display for a monthbefore being presented to Professor Lew in aninformai ceremony. The honor was recentlyinstituted by Leisure World, Laguna Hills(Ca.) retirement community, "todemonstrate that those who live hère areactive, vital members of society who continueto enrich their own lives and the lives ofothers." Besides his teaching activities, Lewhas served as senior expert on foreign affairsand administrator or consultant to thegovernments of China, the United States andGreat Britain. Since coming to Leisure Worldin 1972, he has been active in the community 'sforeign policy association and as a groupdiscussion leader.in memoriam: Dorothy Brady Bock,phB'22; George C. Brook, phB'22, am'25,pho'48; Arthur E. Brooks, sm'22, phD'29;Raul De La Garza, md'22; Ralph RayFahrney, am'22, pho'29; Richard F. Flint,sb'22, p1id'25; Mary Adèle Gorman, p!ib'22;Arnold G. Isaac, md'22; Lewis Kayton, sb'22;Adrian D. M. Kraus, p1ib'22; Samuel D.McFadden, x'22; Kenneth McMurry, p1vd'22;Glen F. Minnis, p1ib'22; Waldo F. Mitchell,pfiD'22;GeorgineAdoIphMoerke, sb'22,sm'26, p1id'27; Clarence Enloe Smith, x'22;Lucinda Obermeyer Wanner, x'22.fyi HOMERP.RAINEY,AM'23,PhD'24,^•^ Boulder, Co. , professor emeritus ofhigher éducation at the University of Colorado, has received an honorary doctorate ofhumanities from Bucknell University (Lewis-burg, Pa.), where he served as président from1931 to 1935. Rainey is a former président ofthree other schools — Franklin Collège, theUniversity of Texas and Stephens Collège—and in 1946 was unsuccessful in a bid for thegovernorship of Texas. in memoriam: Franklin D. Barber, x'23;William M. Bardens, jd'23; Ray T. Dufford,x'23; C. F. Leoffel, x'23; Daniel J. Magner,sb'23; Vera McClelland, phB'23; Annie-Laurie ("Scottie' ') Walls McElroy, x'23;Olaf H. Thormodsgard, jd'23; LouiseHulley Turner, x'23.'y A inmemoriam: Rev. Rush M. Deskins,^* x'24;RayW. Frantz,AM'24,phD'30;Alice Margaret Potter, am'24; Herbert A.Sheen,SB'24,MD'30.^C benjamin e.mays, am'25, pho '35,"^ président ofthe Atlanta board oféducation and président emeritus of More-house Collège, was among those honored for"courageous and unique deeds in the civilrights movement of 1954-'74" at a com-memorative program, held at Boston University April 14. In his address keynoting theall-day program, sponsored by the MartinLuther King, Jr. , Afro- American center atBU, Mays challenged black and white peopleto work together to make the second 200years of U.S. history an era when "America. . . is America for ail people."in memoriam: Cecil E. Kincaid, pItb'25;Mildred Carder Oison, phB '25 ; Lillian M .Swing, phB'25; WalterO. Walker, sm'25,phD'31.*)£ esther lazarus (goldman) pIib'26,^" director of the Baltimore Departmentof Welfare for sixteen years (1953-'69), andher husband hâve been honored by theestablishment ofthe Esther Lazarus-AlbertD. Goldman center for the study of socialwork practice at the University of Penn-sylvania. Lazarus, who has had a lectureshipendowed in her name at the University ofMaryland, began her social work career in1926 working for the Jewish Social ServiceBureau of Baltimore. Eleven years of servicein the Juvénile Court of Baltimore followed.In 1938 she joined the Baltimore Departmentof Welfare (now the Department of SocialServices) as its first training supervisor. Shebecame assistant director in 1942, anddirector in 1953 . She has taught at the Uni-versities of Pennsylvania and Maryland andfrom 1 970 to 1 973 was a consultant to HEW .In 1974— with two other women— shefounded Women-in-Self-Help (WISH), ananonymous téléphone service for women instress. Though retired now, she is still active ina number of organizations, including theBaltimore city jail, Baltimore city hospitals,Maryland Mental Health Association and theBaltimore Committee on Problems oftheAged.in memoriam: W. Jess Gildhaus, sb'26;Paul M. Harris, phB'26; Emily B. Lamey,pfiB'26; Cicely Foster Lucas, phB'26, am'32.yj ABRAHAM BASS, SB'27, PhD'33,^ ' former director of spécial projects ofPlough, Inc. , has accepted a position asassociate professor in the collège ofpharmacy, University of Tennessee center ofhealth sciences.orville strader, am'27, high schoolteacher in Gainesville, Ga. , is the author of49two récent books about Abraham Lincoln.The first, It Happened in Lilac Time,published last year, deals with Lincoln'sassassination. The second, printed this yearby the Oakwood Printing Company, isentitled Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg.in memoriam: LeRoy James Newton Boyd,am'27, Las Animas, Co., died March 8.Gail M. Dack, pho'27, md'33, professoremeritus of microbiology at the University,who received many honors for his research onthe causes of bacterial food poisoning and hiscontributions to food processing, includingthe Pasteur Award and the Ricketts Prize,died June 21 in Elgin, II.Alberta Searles Embree, x'27, Chicago,died March 29.Richard A. Hudlin,phB'27, the man oftencredited with launching the brilliant tenniscareer of Arthur Ashe, died June 1 in St .Louis. A former teacher at Sumner HighSchool and Harris Teachers' Collège, Hudlinstruggled throughout his life to open up tenniscompétition to blacks both in the St. Louisarea, where he coached, and nationally.When he heard of Ashe's racial problems inthe Richmond, Va. , of 1959, where the youngathlète was trying to get started, Hudlinbrought Ashe to his own home in St. Louis,sent him to Sumner High and helped him getstarted on the road to tennis stardom. Hewitnessed Ashe's 1975 victoryat Wimbledon.Other protèges of Hudlin, who captained theUC tennis team during his collège days andwas the team's first black member, includedJuan Farrow and Althea Gibson, the firstblack woman to win titles at both Wimbledonand Forest Hills.Jack Kahn, phB'27, am'28, San Diego,former Chicago school principal and professor of éducation at Northland Collège inContinued on Page 52 Importance of the graduate alumAlbert ReesI am very happy indeed to be back today at the University of Chicago, where Ispent twenty rewarding years as a student and a faculty member, and I amdeeply honored to be chosen to receive the Alumni Medal. As you know, I ama graduate alumnus only. In many universities, graduate alumni hâve no realstanding in alumni affairs — they are more tolerated than welcomed. It hasalways been a source of satisfaction to me that Chicago makes no suchinvidious distinctions.A corresponding and equally unfortunate distinction is often made bygraduate alumni themselves in deciding the extent to which they will supportthe institutions where they earned their graduate and undergraduate degrees.The undergraduate institution seems to hâve first claim on their loyalty,although their graduate training is usually more directly related to the way inwhich they earn their livelihood.Ail collèges and universities are now faced with costs that are rising fasterthan income, and therefore with the need to control expenditures carefully, toraise tuition, and to seek new sources of revenue. Thèse problems areespecially severe for the major research universities. Few costs hâve risen asrapidly as those of maintaining a good research library, or of building andequipping a research laboratory. The universities that train PhDs must hâve ahigh ratio of faculty to students, and they must recruit and hold facultymembers who are at the frontiers of their disciplines.To continue to be centers of excellence, the research universities will need torely more than ever on their graduate alumni, not just as financial con-tributors, but in such rôles as public officiais, business executives, and moldersof public opinion. It is for thèse reasons that I hope that the graduate alumniof other leading universities can become what Chicago's already are — a sourceof strength at a time of great difficulties and great challenges..V jeté, ,i2ii*\Aim/tiA windy day on campus made somewhat difficult the work of the standard bearers in the reunion parade.50'76 reunion highlightSISCO, REES RECEIVE ALUMNI MEDALSJoseph J. Sisco, am'47, p1id'50, UnderSecretary of State for Political Affairs, hashad a distinguished career as the Depart-ment's ranking foreign service officer andas a key negotiator in many difficult international situations. As readers ofthemagazine recall, he moved from State thispast summer to become président ofAmerican University.TEN ALUMNI WIN AWARDS, CITATIONSThe professional achievement awardsRichard C. Atkinson,phB '48, deputy director, National ScienceFoundation;distinguished expérimenter andtheoretician in thefield of mathematicalpsychology.Helen Bevington,phB'26, professor ofEnglish, DukeUniversity; essayist,poet, critic, auto-biographer.John B. Cobb,am'49, Pho'52,professor anddirector of the Centerfor Process Studies atthe School ofTheology atClaremont; majorspokesman of White-headian theology. Arthur C. Lundahl,sb'39, sm'42, thefounder and director,until his retirement in1973, ofthe NationalPhotographie Interprétation Center.Durey H. Peterson,phD'37, retired indus-trial chemist with theUpjohn Company;pioneer in the use ofmicrobes in carryingout spécifie reactions.David Rosenthal,pho'52, chief,Laboratory ofPsychology and Psy-chopathology,National Institute ofMental Health; inter-nationally knownauthority onschizophrenia. Albert E. Rees, am'47, pho'50, is the Classof 1913 professor in political economy andprovost of Princeton University. One of thenation's outstanding labor economists, heserves as director ofthe President's Councilon Wage and Price Stability.The public service citationsJ. Gordon Henry,jd'41, trust counsel,Northern Trust Company, has contributedcountless hours anddedicated leadershipto the IllinoisInstitute forContinuing LégalEducation.William A. Johnson,am'44, senior pastor,Saint John Church —Baptist; outstandingblack church leader,whose influence hasextended broadlythrough the society.Betty M. Niven,ab'39, an innovativemoving force inOregon's movementaimed at improvinglow income housing;contributor toEugène, Oregon'scity planning.Léonard S. Cottrell,Jr., phD'33, eminentsocial psychologist atChicago, Cornell,and the Russell SageFoundation; a keyfigure in the application of sociology. Charles Boand, président of the Alumni Association (atlectern), bestows the Howell Murray awards for outstanding performance as undergraduates to (from left):James Kaplan, Jack Levin, Norval Brown (whoresponded for the group), Gage Andrews, David Kumaki, John Vail, Michael Schneider, and Tamara Brady. Twoother Howell winners were unable to attend: DonaldBingle and Nancy Wainwright. At the same session theClass of 1914 scholarship was awarded to Daryl Koehn.At far left is Arthur Nayer, director of alumni affairs.51Ashland, Wi., died November 17, 1975. Afterretiring to San Diego, Kahn served as volunteer coordinator for the San Diego Countydepartment of éducation, for which hereceived many honors and awards.ErlingMilkwick,SB'27, retired governmenthousing aide, died March 23 in Brookmont,Md.Roland J.Schacht,MD'27, Racine, Wi.,died February 13.GwendolynRandallThalhofer, am'27,Oshkosh,Wi., died November 4, 1975.George E. Widmann, sb'27, Laguna Hills,Ca.,diedSeptember28, 1975.10 irving p. PFLAUM,phB'28, and^*® MELANTE LOEWENTHAL PFLAUM, PnB'29,were honored recently at a banquetcelebrating the publication of a book EspanaFue Noticias (Spain Was News), a collectionof memoirs by foreign correspondents in theSpanish Civil War (Madrid: EdicionesEsmay). Irving, former foreign news editor ofthe Chicago Sun-Times, has now retired fromhis professorship at the University of Canter-bury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and thePflaums plan to live permanently in theirhome in Spain. Melanie's tenth novel, Safari(Christchurch: Pegasus Press), has as itsbackground modem Kenya and Tanzania,where the Pflaums traveled extensivelyseveral years ago. Her ninth novel, Lili, nowin its third édition, was hailed by one NewZealand critic as "a masterpiece, the onlyrealistic spy story since Ashenden. " ThePflaums' youngest son, thomas martinpflaum, graduated from the UC Law Schoolin June — the sixth UC degree in the Pflaumfamily.in memoriam: Louise Braxton, phB'28;Margaret E. Knox, phB'28; Orren Lloyd-Jones, md'28; Benjamin L. Maizel, sb'28,phD'32; William T. Moore, x'28; Frédéric E.VonAmmon, Jr., sb'28.OQ FRANK h. detweiler, pIib'29, jd'31,**^ law partner with the New York firm ofCravath, Swaine and Moore, has been electedto the board of trustées ofthe CommunityService Society, New York.h. warren dunham, pIib'29, am'35,phD'41, ofthe department of psychiatry,school of medicine, Wayne State University(Détroit) , is the author of Social Realities andCommunity Psychiatry, published recently byHuman Sciences Press, New York.ln memoriam: Ernest G. Brock, am'29,retired teacher of bookkeeping andaccounting in the Détroit public schools, diedMarch 18, 1975; Robert Lewis Katz, pIib'29,jd'30, attorney in the Chicago offices oftheSocial Security Administration for twenty-five years, died May 8; Robert H. Klein,phB '29, former aide to the Illinois statewelfare director, died June 1 3 in PortolaValley, Ca.; John Ligtenberg,phB'29, jd'31,partner in the Chicago law firm ofLigtenberg, De Jong & Poltrock, gêneraicounsel for the American Fédération ofTeachers, attorney for the Chicago Teachers'Union and for the consul gênerai of TheNetherlands at Chicago, died April 1 ; Frederick S. Mudge, pIib'29, retired executivewith Perkins Goodwin, Chicago pulp andpaper firm, died January 4, 1975, in SantaRosa, Ca.; Col. Charles A. Nebel,phB'29,Albuquerque, who retired from the Army in1 962 after thirty years of military service, diedMay 20; Fred G . Stevenson, am'29, of AnnArbor, Mi.'lf\ The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal*' '¦' Conclusion Concerning the Evolution-ary Nature ofMan, the latest work by notedauthor robert ardrey, phu'30, was published earlier this year.leo rosten, p1ib'30, p1id'37, intendedmerely to write a new introduction and re-publish The Education ofHyman Kaplanand The Return ofHyman Kaplan in a singlevolume, but the more he reread his earlierwork, the more he was unable to resist in-serting new épisodes, so that O Kaplan! MyKaplan.' (New York: Harper & Row, 1976)represents a complète rewrite, plus newmaterial and characters.in memoriam: Helen Crawford Davis,md'30; Benjamin John Holcomb, x'30;Raymond C. Nelson, p1ib'30; Ludwig H. O.Stobbe, md'30.11 arthur a. engel, phB '31, has been** ¦*¦ elected président of the board oftrustées, Billig Non-Profit Médical Foundation. A Los Angeles management consultantand writer, Engel was a founder ofthe UCLAgraduate department of journalism.inmemoriam: Frank J.Calvin, pIib'31;Anne Ormsby Johannsen, p1ib'3 l ; GertrudeNorris, p1ib'3 l , am'48; Jesse B. Schreiter,sb'31,sm'32.'l'J EARL S. JOHNSON, AM'32,PhD'41,¦^ ¦" reports that his appointment as adj unctprofessor of sociology at Wichita State University has been endorsed by the Kansas StateBoard of Régents. Johnson spent a week onthe West Coast earlier this year, where hespoke to the social science faculty at DiabloValley Community Collège, including ruthE . SUTTER , AM ' 57 , LENARD GROTE , AB '48 ,am'51 , and Charles sapper, am'49.in memoriam: Walter S. Guthmann,pho'32; Gordon Rittenhouse, sb'32, sm'33,phD'35; Arthur R. Young, md'32.'3'3 HERMANE.RJES, JR., SB'33, PtlD'36,•^ *^ received the merit award of the colloidand surface chemistry division oftheAmerican Chemical Society at the group'slOOth anniversary meeting earlier this year. Inaddition to playing violin in the Universitysymphony in his student days, Mr. Ries alsowas captain ofthe 1933 Big Ten champion-ship tennis team.harold w. morris, pIib'33, retired last yearas director of marketing services for SchenleyIndustries, Inc., New York, and executivevice-président of Schenley Af filiated Brands,Schenley's major marketing subsidiary. Heremains active in volunteer teaching andbusiness counseling.Herbert j . le vtn , md ' 3 3 , retired last yearafter nearly forty years of médical practice in the Donora, Pa., area.Associate Justice stanley mosk , phB '3 3 ,delivered the key address and was made anhonorary doctor of laws at commencementcérémonies of the University of Santa Clara'sschool of law last spring. Mosk served as ajudge ofthe superior court in Los Angeles forsixteen years before his 1958 élection asattorney gênerai of California. In 1962 he wasreelected attorney gênerai and two years laterappointed to the state suprême court by Gov.Édmund G. Brown. Reelected to the highcourt in 1966, he is regarded as one ofthefinest constitutional lawyers in the UnitedStates.sidne y weinhouse ,SB'33,phD'36,receivedan honorary doctor of science degree fromTemple University on May 27, 1976. Weinhouse recently retired from the directorship ofthe Fels research institute at Temple butretains his position as professor emeritus ofbiochemistry.in memoriam: George C. Allen, md '33 ;Robert A. Behrendt,MD'33; JohnW. Davis,md'33; Abraham I. Doktorsky, sb'33, md'36;Martha D . Nielsen , sb ' 3 3 ; Adolph M . Roth-bardt, jd'33; Katherine I. Ryan, pIib'33;Milan Michael Wasick, x'33.*1A ANNETTE BAKER FOX, AB'34, PhD '41,*^ " research associate at the institute of warand peace studies, Columbia University, isco-editor of Canada and the United States:Transnational and Transgovernmental Relations, a volume of essays published this yearby Columbia University Press.wtxliam m. batten, x'34, former présidentand chairman of the board of the J.C.Penney Company, has been chosen thechairman ofthe New York Stock Exchange.in memoriam: Ben Euwema, phD'34,professor emeritus of English, PennsylvaniaState University, died May 22 at his home inState Collège.Ruth E. Green, x'34, Lake Forest, II., diedApril 20.Harry H. Harman, sb'34, sm'36, director ofdevelopmental research for the EducationalTesting Service and a pioneer in the statisticaltechnique of factor analysis, died June 8 inPrinceton, N.J.Clayton G. Loosli, pho'34, md'37, aChicago médical faculty member from 1934to 1958, when he left the Midway to becomedean ofthe University of Southern California school of medicine, died June 27 inPasadena. A specialist in the prénatal andpostnatal development and fine structure ofthe lungs and influenza and pneumococcalinfection, Dr. Loosli served as professor andchief of the Section of Préventive Medicine atChicago in 1949-'58. At the time of his deathhe was Hastings professor and director oftheHastings foundation, a research organizationat USC. Mémorial contributions may bemade to the University of Chicago MédicalAlumni Association, 1025 E. 57thSt.,Chicago 60637.Vincent Newman, x'34, président ofChanner Newman Securities, Chicago, diedMay 16.Chaplain Col. Maurice W. Reynolds, x'34,s2Top corporate women honoredIncluded in the Business Week survey, "100Top Corporate Women" (June 21, 1976),are three alumna: Catherine b. cleary,AB'37, KATHERINE MEYER GRAHAM, AB'38,and beverly splane, ab'67, mba'69. Clearyis président and chief executive officer ofthe First Wisconsin Trust Company,Milwaukee, "with deposits of $20,800,000.The only woman to head a well-knownbank she did not inherit, Cleary also servesas a director of General Motors, AT&T,Kraftco, Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, and Kohler Corporation."Graham, a member of the University'sboard of trustées, is chairman of the Washington Post Company, "a$309,000,000 média empire that includes,besides the newspaper, Newsweek, five TVstations, and two radio stations. Takingover following her husband's death in 1963,Graham proved herself a strong executivein her own right, backing the Post's Water-gate investigation, despite governmentpressure, and winning a rough pressmen'sstrike."Splane, as executive vice-président of theChicago Mercantile Exchange and a formermanagement consultant and acting executive director of the U.S. CommodityFutures Trading Commission, "is regardedas a fast mover in the business world."died December 20, 1975.George E. Thompson, am'34, died March27, 1976.*1Ç. CLIFFORDG.MASSOTH,PhB'35,•^ *^ director of corporate relations for theIllinois Central Gulf Railroad, has retired,closing out a forty-year career. Massoth, ofHarvey, II. , supervised employée and publiccommunications for the ICG, and in récentyears, he brought into being the railroad 'scorporate identity program, which trans-formed the color ofthe frieght car fleet fromrust red into bold orange. Massoth spent hisentire working career with the railroad,starting as a freight salesman in 1936. Heexhibited an early interest in the companymagazine, and after seven years in sales, hemoved to the public relations department,where he became editor of the Illinois CentralMagazine. Subsequently he moved intobroader public relations work, and afterserving in a variety of posts was placed incharge ofthe department in 1966. Heispastprésident ofthe Railroad Editors Associationand the Railroad Public RelationsAssociation.albert parry, ab'35, pftD'38, chairmanemeritus of the department of Russian studiesat Colgate University, and Mary WoffordAmend were married February 8, 1976,aboard the S. S. Veendam.john f. beardsley,x'35, West Hartford,Ct. , vice-président in charge of fidelity, suretyand burglary underwriting for the HartfordInsurance Group, retired July 1 afterforty-one years with the company.in memoriam: Louis Aller, pIib'35; RobertR. Crawford, md'35; Albert G. Martin,md'35; C. Edgar Randall, ab'35.'Î/C ralph j. wehxing, ab'36, jd'38, has** ^ been named by the Greyhound Corporation to a new position, vice-président, taxes.Wehling joined Armour and Company in1939. When Armour was acquired by Greyhound in 1970, he joined Greyhound 's corporate staff as tax counsel.Charles t. thrift, jr., pIid'36, has retiredas président of Florida Southern Collège,Lakeland, and assumed the new post ofchancellor, effective June 1 . Thrift, anordained Methodist minister, has beenassociated with the Methodist institutionsince 1 940 when he j oined the faculty as professor of religion. He was elected vice-president in 1946 and became président in1957.herman kogan, ab'36, editor oftheChicago Sun-Times' "Show" magazine, hasbeen named to receive the Phi Beta KappaAssociation of Chicago's annualdistinguished service award for outstandingcontributions to journalism. Kogan was theUniversity's 1973 Communicator ofthe year.inmemoriam: DannyGlassman,Mr>'36;Alice Seefor Gordon, pItb'36; John A. Guinn,x'36./1H john g. morris, ab'37, news picture•^ ' editor of the New York Times until1 972, when he became manager of New YorkCORRECTIONIn the initial class notes item under theClass of '36 (summer, 1976), the magazinetelescoped the identifies of a father(a. William haarlow, x'36) and his son(a. wtlliam haarlow, mba'65). The item,which should hâve been included with theClass of '65, was correct in stating that theyounger Mr. Haarlow had been promotedby the Quaker Oats Company to director-strategic and financial planning in thechemicals division. It is the elder Mr.Haarlow, however, who was a basketballgreat during his collegiate years. BothHaarlows live in Hinsdale, II., and both areactive in the Campaign for Chicago, Phase 2. Times Pictures, has left the latter post butcontinues with the Times in a consultingcapacity and has an office at the paper.Morris, a vétéran of many years in newsphotography and editing, plans to work onseveral books, as well as other writing andteaching.francis m. lyle,md'37, Spokane, Wa.,retired from the practice of medicine andsurgery on June 1.inmemoriam: Lindsay J. Ervin,MD'37;Robert H. Parker, md'37; Elizabeth HarpoleWest,phB'37.'î Q cectl h. patterson, ab'38, professor*¦' " 0f educational psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, willbe a Fulbright-Hays senior lecturer in coun-seling psychology at Hacettepe University,Ankara, Turkey, during the fall semester. In1972-'73 he was a Fulbright-Hays seniorlecturer at Aston University, Birmingham,England.georgiacarle dubois, ab'38, speaking forherself and her husband , ernest p . d ubois ,sb'38, PhD '42, reports "ail is okay in the NewYork alumni chapter." Mr. and Mrs. DuBois,"older beatniks," raise their own food inHopewell, N. J. "We are both well, happy andmaking our way," shewrites. "TheUof Cisthe only place that I can understand Ourbest to the Class of '38."benm. hauserman, x'38, chairman ofthenational Catholic Committee on Scouting,has been elected to the national advisorycouncil of the Boy Scouts of America.Hauserman, of Chagrin Falls, Oh. , is vice-president, secretary and director ofHauserman, Inc.edgarm.branch, am'38, researchprofessor in English at Miami University(Oxford, Oh.), has received a senior humanities fellowship for independent study andresearch from the National Endowment forthe Humanities. The one-year fellowship isfor work on a biography of author James T.Farrell, who has authorized the work. Theprincipal authority on Farrell, Branch haspublished many articles on his writings as wellas two books, A Bibliography of James T.Farrell's Writings, and a critical study, JamesT. Farrell. This is Branch' s second NEHsenior humanities grant. The first wasawarded in 1971 -'72 for work on the life andwritings of Mark Twain. The first of fivevolumes of Mark Twain's Early TalesandSketches, edited by Branch for the Iowa-California édition of Mark Twain's works(University of California Press), went topress this past February.in memoriam: Pauline Willis Hill, ab'38,am'60, teacher of educable mentally handi-capped children at Chicago's WadsworthSchool, died April 8 in Billings Hospitalfollowing a stroke. Mrs. Hill, who brightenedthe prospects of many a disadvantaged childduring her years of dedicated service withinthe Chicago public schools, was also anaccomplished vocalist who had sung as both asoloist and choir member. She is survived byher husband, Knox C. Hill (sb'30, am'36,pItd'54), professor in the Department ofPhilosophy and the Collège and secretary ofthe faculties; three daughters, Virginia HillCarpenter (ab'60, am'63), Joan Hill Fee(ab'66), and Susan I. Hill (ab'72); a son,Thomas Hill; and a sister, Margaret WillisNicoll (phB'34). Mémorial contributions inMrs. Hill's name may be made to the VictorHorsley Fund, c/o Dr. John F. Mullan,Department of Neurosurgery, BillingsHospital, 950 E. 59th St. , Chicago 60637.William P. Kent, sb'38, am'41, p1vd'50,Falls Church, Va., deputy director oftheNational Drug Abuse Center for Training andResource Development, died April 12.Arthur A. Goes, Jr.,x'38,ownerof GoesIncentives and Awards (La Grange, II.), diedApril 25.ManfordB. Dahle,MD'38, Billings, Mt.,died February 18.'ÎQ cynthiaannehawkes,sb'39,sm'40,•^ ^ has retired from Morton Collège(Cicero, II.) after thirty-five years ofteachingmathematics.frances gray, am'39, upon her récentretirement as président of Damavand Collègein Tehran, a four-year women's collège whichshe founded in 1968, was decorated by theshah with Iran's highest award, the Order ofthe Taj .in memoriam: L. Clayton Allard, sb'39,md'42, Billings, Mt., died January 8, 1975.John A. Cooper, ab'39, deputy gêneraicounsel of the Canal Zone, died last spring.Charles B. Huelsman, Jr., am'39, pIid'49,Columbus , Oh . , died earlier this year .Kullervo Louhi, ab'39, mba'40, p1id'55,professor emeritus and former dean ofthecollège of business and graduate school ofbusiness administration at Michigan StateUniversity, died April 8 in Chapel Hill, N.C. ,following an extended illness. Louhi heldteaching and administrative posts in theGraduate School of Business at UC from 1 947to 1 958, when he joined the MSU faculty.ShirleyA.Star(Breslin), ab'39, phD'50,study director for the Bureau of SocialScience Research on the National CriminalJustice Manpower Survey, Washington, diedApril 28. She was associated with UC from1 947 to 1 960 as a senior study director andlater treasurer ofthe National OpinionResearch Center , and from 1 964 to 1 966 as aresearch associate in the Department ofSociology. Her research and favorablefindings on the combat performance of blacktroops during World War II is credited withaiding in the desegregation ofthe Army in the1950s.AT) edwtnhuntbadger, ab'40, asnewly^" appointed dean of Ohio University'sChillicothe campus, is the school's chiefacadémie and administrative officer. Badgerwas formerly director ofthe régional campus.Maurice fulton, ab'40, jd'42, has beenelected chairman of the board of directors ofthe Fantus Company, Chicago. Fantus, a unitof Dun & Bradstreet, does facility locationand area development studies. Fulton, ofGlencoe, II. , joined the firm as a partner in1946. russellj. parsons, ab'40, jd'42, has beennamed a senior vice-président ofthe Borg-Warner Corporation, Chicago. Parsons,who had been a vice-président since 1972,continues as gênerai counsel and secretary.Hejoinedthe firm in 1 946 .in memoriam: Herbert C. Foster, sb'40;Elizabeth Ann Montgomery Heimbeck,ab'40; Arthur J. Whallon, Jr., am'40; RobertE. Zellner, md'40.4 1 eu m. oboier, ab'41 , director ofthe" A library at Idaho State University (Poca-tello) since 1949, has been selected by thegraduate faculty ofthe library school,University of Illinois at Urbana, as the 1 976winner ofthe Robert B. Downs award forintellectual freedom. Oboier, who has justbeen elected to his third term as a member ofthe board of trustées of the Freedom to ReadFoundation, advises us that his book, TheFear ofthe Word: Censorship and Sex (Scare-cro w Press , 1 974) , is now in its third printing .beth blocki ide, x'41 , has been ordainedand installed as associate minister ofthe FirstUnitarian Church of Philadelphia. Theservice, conducted last fall, marked the firstordination of a woman in the history of theover-179-year-old congrégation. Ide hadpreviously been the church 's director ofreligious éducation.Edith Wharton.A Biography byR. w. b.lewis, am'41 , pho'53 , master professor ofEnglish and American studies, YaleUniversity, has been published by Harper &Row, New York ($15.00).MADELINE PALMER BURBANCK , PhD '4 1 ,research associate in the department ofbiology, Emory University, Atlanta, has beenelected président of the Association of South-easternBiologists.inmemoriam: Roberta Day Corbitt, ab'41,am'41 ; Marianna Moss Schmidt, x'41 .A/) warren b. pursell, ab'42, executive"^* vice-président ofthe Illinois Savingsand Loan League, Springfield, II. , has beenelected a national vice-président ofthe NavyLeague ofthe United States. A retired navalreserve commander, Pursell received themeritorious public service citation for hiscivilian contributions to the Department ofthe Navy last year.inmemoriam: Patricia A. Carey, am'42;Florence Taylor, sm'42.A/ï abraham broido, sb'43, a specialist"*^ in research on the combustion of cellulose and other chemical processes of forestfires and a nationally recognized authority inthe fields of fire chemistry and nuclearhazards, has retired after nineteen years withthe Pacific Southwest Forest and RangeExperiment Station, a unit of the Department of Agriculture (Forest Service) inBerkeley, Ca.wtlliam self, ab'43, formerly ofFrankovich-Self Productions, is now withCBS Télévision, as vice-président ofprograms, West Coast. Self worked as a CBSproducer at one time for such shows as"SchlitzPlayhouseof Stars" and "Twilight Zone . " He also produced Frank Sinatra andBob Hope specials.alice bensen, PhD '43, professor ofEnglish at Eastern Michigan University(Ypsilanti), has retired, ending a thirty-sixyear teaching career. The author of abiography of Rose Macaulay, Bensen plans atrip to Poznan, Poland, next year, where shehas been invited by f ellow members of theInternational Association of UniversityProfessors of English to read a paper on thatEnglish writer.in memoriam: Mary Catherine Abelmann,am'43; Margaret Harrison, x'43; FatherEdward G. Lee, am'43.A A Virginia butts, ab'44, vice-président^"f of public relations for Field Enterpriseswas listed by the Chicago Tribune earlier thisyear as one of the top business women inChicago. Butts, wrote Tribune reporterMary Knoblauch, "is the only woman highin the corporate structure of the major dailynewspapers." She continues her associationwith the University, currently as a member ofthe Visiting Committee to the Collège. She ismarried to jack c. beroer, sb'44, md'46, apsychiatrist in private practice and on thestaff of Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital andRush Médical School. At UC he is a lecturerin psychiatry and a consultant to the Department of Plastic Surgery.ROBERT THORNTON MORRISON, PtlD'44,Morristown, N.J., has received an honorarydoctor of science degree from WittenbergUniversity, Springfield, Oh. Morrison hastaught at Oberlin Collège, NorthwesternUniversity and New York University. He isco-author of a widely used collège textbook,Organic Chemistry, which has been translated into Italian, German, Chinese,Japanese, Portuguese and Russian. There isalso a pirated Taiwan édition of the book.He is married to joan wehlen morrison,ab'44, a free lance writer whose articles hâveappeared in a number of publications,including the New York Times,Mademoiselle, McCall's and Glamour.monna troub lighte, ab'44, was executivedirector of the Hemispheric Conférence forWomen, which convened in Miami Beach inAugust to evaluate mutual goals of development, the dynamics of societal changes andprograms to improve the status of women inthe Americas. The conférence was sponsoredby the U.S. Committee of Coopération ofthe Inter-American Commission of Women,a specialized branch of the Organization ofAmerican States.perez zagortn, ab'44, professor of historyat the University of Rochester and anauthority on 16th and 17th century Englishand European history, has been elected to theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences.Zagorin spent the 1975-'76 académie year asa visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.in memoriam: Ada Martin, x'44; Mary F.Neldenger, x'44.AÇ ROBERT M. CHANOCK, SB'45,MD'47,J chief of the Laboratory of Infectious54Diseases of the National Institute of Allergyand Infectious Diseases, National Institutesof Health, was one of ten récipients of the1976 awards for distinguished achievement,announced in the March issue of ModemMedicine. Chanock is a specialist in viral diseases, in which he became interested while arésident in pediatrics at UC, according toModem Medicine. He was cited "for his dis-coveries of viral causes of spécifie diseasesand his research into immunologiethérapies." He was elected to the NationalAcademy of Sciences in 1973.Charles a. messner, pnB'45, has been pro-moted to professor of French in the department of modem languages at CarletonCollège, Northfield, Mn., effectiveSeptember 1 .AjC JEWEL stradford lafontant, jd'46,^^ partner in the Chicago law firm ofStradford, Lafontant, Fisher & Malkin, hasexpanded her portfolio of business direc-torships to include the Bendix Corporation.Former deputy solicitor gênerai of the UnitedStates, she also sits on the boards of theContinental Illinois Corporation, FooteCône & Belding, and Trans World Airlines.GEORGE ARQUILLA, JR., AB'46, MBA'47,président, Burnside Construction Company,a firm that has been influential in thedevelopment of several Chicago south sub-urban areas, has been elected board chairman of the Héritage Olympia Bank, ChicagoHeights.in memoriam: Gaylen W. Cronk, am'46;Isobel E. Smith, am'46.An DONALD R. gerth, ab'47, am'51,"' pho'63, assumed the presidency ofCalifornia State Collège, Dominguez Hills,on August 1 .ira g. corn, jr., ab'47, mba'48, Dallasindustrialist, who writes a syndicated bridgecolumn appearing in many newspapersacross the country, reports that his AcesBridge team won the world championship inMonte Carlo.est memoriam: Robert L. Eddy, ab'47,mba'49; Harold J. Gradman, x'47.^O MELVENE DRAHEIM HARDEE, PhD'48,"O professor of higher éducation atFlorida State University, was honored forher contributions to higher éducation whenshe received the annual award of theNational Association of Student PersonnelAdministrators at the group's conférence inDallas earlier this year.Virginia pagenkopf satir, am'48, distinguished theorist, teacher, lecturer andconsultant in the field of family therapy, hasbeen awarded the alumni medal of theSchool of Social Service Administration,University of Chicago. Satir, co-founder ofthe Mental Research Institute in Palo Altoand first director of training at the EsalenInstitute in the Big Sur area of California,was cited as a "therapist, social worker, andeducator" who has developed "newmethodology and contributed new insights ineach of thèse fields, so that countless thou- Don't let a toorthu classmate blush unseenand toaste hisher greatness on the désert airAt reunion time each year the Alumni Association honors some of the University's outstanding alumni and alumnae. Despite the care that is taken intracking down candidates for thèse awards, there always is the possibility thatwe hâve overlooked someone eminently deserving of considération. For thisreason we are asking readers to help us identify worthy potential awardrécipients.There are three kinds of awards:Professional achievement awards honor persons who hâve made distinctivecontributions in their professional fields of endeavor.Public service citations recognize individuals who hâve practiced créativecitizenship and leadership in community service.The alumni medal is awarded for extraordinary distinction in the recipient'sfield of specialization and in service to society.If you know of an alumna or an alumnus who should be nominated for oneof thèse awards (the actual sélection is made by a committee of alumni), pleasewrite to the awards coordinator at the Alumni Association, specifying theachievements ofthe persons you suggest. Nominations received by October 31 ,1976, will be considered for the 1977 awards, so please write soon.sands of people in countries ail over theworld hâve benefited from her efforts."daniel leenov, sm'48, p1id'51 , has beenpromoted to professor of electrical engineering at Lehigh University (Bethlehem,Pa.), effective September 1.The winter, '76, issue of Journal ofChurch and State contains a guest editorial,"No Freedom of Religion for AmericanIndians," byDAVJDE. witheridge, am'48.Rev. Witheridge, executive director oftheGreater Minneapolis Council of Churchesfor twenty-five years, examined the ecu-menical situation in Britain this past summeron a twelve-week study leave.nathaniel s. eek, ab'48, has been nameddean of the University of Oklahoma collègeof fine arts. Eek, who joined the OU facultyin 1962 as director of the school of drama,had served as intérim dean since February,1975. Eek has been active in many areas offine arts at both the state and national levels.He recently served as président of the Internationa] Association of Théâtre for Childrenand Young People and has been a member ofthe Oklahoma Arts and Humanities CouncilAdvisory Panel since its inception in 1965. Inaddition to directing more than three dozenplays, musicals and opéras at OU, he haswritten articles for several publications and avariety of théâtre manuals and pamphlets.clémente, brooke, md'48, professoremeritus of pediatrics, was honored byfriends and colleagues at a réception heldearlier this year on the University of Missouricampus. Dr. Brooke joined the faculty oftheUM médical school in 1955, as it moved from a two-year program to a full four-yearmédical curriculum. In 1964 he becamedirector of the médical center's newlyestablished multiple handicap clinic and wasinstrumental in developing comprehensivetreatment programs for handicappedchildren. This remained his primary interestuntil health forced early retirement last year.in memoriam: Allen J. Burris, mba'48;Louis Nemzer, pho'48; Russell E. Radford,mba'48.aq herbert lederer, am'49, pnd'53,^^ professor of German and head of thedepartment of Germanie and Slavic languages at the University of Connecticut, wasawarded the Austrian cross of honor for artsand letters, first class, at a ceremony May 14at the Austrian Institute in New York.Lederer, président and co-founder of theAmerican Council for the Study of AustrianLiterature, was recognized for his teachingand research in the field of Austrian literature, especially Arthur Schnitzler, on whomhe wrote his doctoral thesis at Chicago. Hehas published nine books, includingRéférence Grammar ofthe GermanLanguage, Fruhe Gedichte von ArthurSchnitzler and a German-English/English-German Glossary of GrammaticalTerminology, which came out this pastsummer. He has also produced anddirected over twenty German-language performances of such plays as Goethe's Faust,Brecht 's Mut ter Courage and, most recently,the American première of an East German55Maroon baseball, 1910, recalled by one who was thereThe longest and most successful baseball trip of ail timeRobert W. Baird"Hâve you heard the news . . . hâve youheard the news? Our baseball team may goto Japan this fall, and even to Manila!"That was the exciting word that spread overthe campus of the University in the earlyspring of 1910. At first it was beyondbelief, but it became a fact even before themembers of the team could comprehend itail.It ail came about through the efforts ofProfessor Alfred (Stuffy) Place, a graduateand former athlète of the University, whocurrently was a member of the faculty ofWaseda University in Tokyo and workingin their athletic program. We knew that theteam from Wisconsin had gone to Japanthe year before, but we never dreamed thatwe would be next. We were to journey toTokyo in the fall as guests of Waseda, withail expenses paid.In the meantime Mr. Stagg was in cor-respondence with a number of men inManila to arrange a trip from Tokyo for aséries of games there, and his efforts weresuccessful, largely through the interest ofMr. Frank R. White, a graduate of Chicago,who was chairman of the Bureau ofEducation. With this wonderful additionour entire trip would take four months, inwhich we would travel, mostly by water,over 19,000 miles.Mr. Baird (phB' 12), who has written thiswarm réminiscence of the Maroon baseballteam's epic trip to the Orient in 1910, hasretired from his lumber business and nowlives in California. Our excitement was tempered consider-ably when we learned that two of our betterplayers, Clark Sauer and Walter Kassulker,top football men, had decided that theirloyalty to the University and the footballteam would keep them at home. This was,of course, also true of Mr. Stagg, whoseresponsibility to the football team madehim pass up the opportunity of a lifetime.By June détails of our trip to Japan werecomplète, as well as plans for the summer.Number one was that ail members of theteam must remain in school for the summerquarter. This would maintain our eligibil-ity, and it gave us the opportunity to take acourse on Japan under Professor "Freddy"Starr, the famous anthropologist, who hadspent much time living as a "native" inJapan.Secondly, we maintained a baseballschedule with some of the semi-pro teamsof the city. We were able to win quite a fewof thèse games, and the expérience surelyincreased our efficiency and confidence.Our team consisted of twelve players: H. O.(Pat) Page and Glen Roberts, pitchers; FredSteinbrecher and Frank Paul, catchers;John Boyle, Joe Sunderland, Orno Robertsand Baird, infielders; and four outfielders,Captain Joe Pegues, Ralph Cleary, FrankCollings and Herman Ehrhorn. ProfessorGilbert Bliss, of the Chicago faculty, was toaccompany the team as the représentativeof the University.Président Judson had received lettersfrom Président Taft and the Secretary ofState congratulating the University on sucha trip and calling spécial attention to it asan opportunity for each member of theteam to consider himself as an Americanambassador of good will to improve rela tions between the two countries. Also en-closed were officiai letters to the Japanesegovernment. Even today, sixty-six yearslater, I am sure that every one of us accepted this responsibility to a high degree.Summer school was out late in August,and on September 2 a large crowd of familyand friends gave us a rousing send-off as weboarded the train for the west coast. Ithappened to be a Friday, with thirteen inour party, but I am sure that Lady Luckwent along with us and stayed with us theentire trip.Mr. Stagg had arranged several stops enroute for games with local teams. Our firststop was at Kalispell, Montana, where onLabor Day we played a double header withthe Kalispell team in the old North-WestLeague. We won the first game, but lost thesecond by a single run. Our next stop wasSpokane, where rain prevented the game,but a large group of Chicago alumni gaveus a fine welcome and a big dinner at thefamous Davenport Hôtel.Next came Everett, where on September7 and 8 we played two tight games withtheir league team; losing the first 4 to 3, butwinning the second 3 to 2. When we arrivedin Seattle we received a royal welcome fromthe Japanese consul and many Chicagoalumni. Our game there was with theMikado Club, a team of former Japanesecollège players, and we won easily.Then came the big event: to board theship for the long journey to Yokohama.On September 10 we left Seattle on theJapanese Kamakura Maru, a passenger andfreight steamer of 8,000 tons, for the six-teen day trip. We stopped briefly at Vancouver and then headed west, traveling onGreat Circle route that took us far north ofdrama, Ulrich Plenzdorf 's Die neuen Leidendesjungen W.albert L. weeks, am'49, professor ofcontinuing éducation, New York University,has just completed a book on détente to bepublished this fall. Two other books, onAndrei Sakharov and Alexander Sol-zhenitsyn (for Simon & Schuster's MonarchNotes), came out this past year. Several ofhis columns on international affairs werepublished during the year in the ChristianScience Monitor and the NationalObserver, as well as book reviews in Orbisand the Annals (of the American Academyof Political and Social Science).Herbert z. halbrecht, mba'49, présidentof Halbrecht Associates, Inc., a New Yorkexecutive recruiting firm, has been chosenpresident-elect of the Society for Management Information Systems. CÇ\ eleanor plain, am'50, retired head•J" librarian of the Aurora (II.) PublicLibrary, has received an honorary doctorateof law from Aurora Collège in récognitionof her contribution to the cultural and intel-lectual climate of the city. Plain was cited for"expanding the modest number of volumeshoused in the library to a rich collectionwhich combines the resources of the past andthe présent in a setting of architecturalbeauty."CHARLES e. cohn, ab'50, sm'53, pho'57, aphysicist at Argonne National Lab, has beenawarded patents on (1) a method of reducinggain shifts in photomultiplier tubes and (2) atechnique for measuring variations within anuclear reactor by detecting noise signais inthe core. Both patents hâve been assigned toERDA.harry fisher, ab'50, jd'53, and his family took a crash course in Hebrew this summerin préparation for their residency nextFebruary through May at the EcumenicalInstitute for Advanced Theological Study,Tantur, Israël. Fisher, a public relationscounselor with Stemmler, Fisher &Associates of St. Louis, has traveled widelyrecently with his book, Advice to Divers andOther Poems, Songs and Hymns (St. Louis:Archway Publications, 1975).EDWARD j. olsen, ab'50, sm'55, PnD'59,was appointed chairman of the departmentof geology at the Field Muséum of NaturalHistory in Chicago late last year. Olsen, whospecializes in the mineralogy and geo-chemistry of météorites, joined the muséumin 1960 as associate curator of mineralogy.Prior to that, he served as field geologist,Geological Survey of Canada; fieldgeologist, U.S. Geological Survey; assistant56the Hawaiian Islands and almost withinsight of the Aleutians.Of course there was some appréhensionamong us, for it was our first océan voyage,but Lady Luck was along and the only badweather we encountered was a mild three-day storm after we had been on the waterfor a week.What did we do each day? At first wetried to play a little catch, but the ship didnot cooperate, and after quite a few ballslanded in the océan Pat Page called it off.After that it was a schedule of calisthenicsand a lot of walking to keep in fair physicalcondition. The only event of interest waswhen we crossed the International DateLine, where we lost a full calendar day.Just before we reached Japan we receivedseveral radiograms of welcome, one fromWaseda University, one from the mayor ofTokyo, and one from Keio Universitywhich read: "Welcome invincible ChicagoWaterloo at hand." Keio was the team thatbeat Wisconsin a year earlier three gamesout of four.On September 26 we steamed up TokyoBay, viewing forts, shipping, and Japanesewarships, to the dock at Yokohama, wherea large crowd was waiting to give us ahearty welcome. Professor Iso Abe, director of athletics at Waseda, and "Stuffy"Place representing our hosts, students fromboth universities, with photographers andnewsmen everywhere. After ail of theexcitement it was necessary to go throughcustoms, and then each of us climbed intoour first rickshaws for a thirty-minute ridethrough the city to the dépôt for the train toTokyo. At that time ail railroads in Japanwere narrow gauge, and trains traveled athigh speeds. Soon we reached Tokyo wherewe found carriages waiting to take us to theImpérial Hôtel, which was to be our homeand headquarters for the next month, andwhat a pleasant home it was.Before I get into the story of our principal reason for the trip, baseball, I feel Imust speak of the multitude of réceptions, dinners and other entertainment accordedus during the month we were in Tokyo. Ourprésence apparently had taken on an international aspect. However, space will permitme to briefly mention four.First 1 recall the réception and banquetby Japan's Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Ishee, to recognize our lettersfrom Washington. I still recall that beauti-ful long dinner table graced with three mag-nificent floral créations. The dinner wasdelicious, and then we were entertained bytwo experts in the art of balancing andtrickery. Next I must tell of our réceptionby Thomas T. O'Brien, our ambassador toJapan, who with his staff and their wivesgave us a lovely party in his beautifulgardens.Probably the largest party was accordedus by our host, Waseda University. Wewere of ficially welcomed by the président ofthe university, and for the first time we metCount Okuma, founder of Waseda and oneof the most highly regarded men in Japan.We were to meet him many times, and henever missed a baseball game. Several othermen were introduced including a ProfessorTakasigi, who was a classmate of Mr. Stagg at Yale in 1890. Professor Bliss always re-sponded appropriately, and on this occasion he announced that plans were underway for the Waseda team to visit Chicagoin 1911. (Waseda did corne to return ourvisit the next year, but that is anotherstory.) The dinner consisted of twentycourses, Japanese and American dishes.Finally, I must speak of the dinner when"Stuffy" and Mrs. Place entertained us intheir home on the edge of the city. At theproper time the cooks came in with twobeautifully roasted chickens and placed onebefore each of our hosts at opposite ends ofthe table. Each proceeded to carve thechicken just like a loaf of bread — not asingle bone in either bird.Now for baseball. The day after we weresettled in Tokyo représentatives of Wasedaand Keio came to sit down with Pat Pageand Captain Joe Pegues to work out aschedule of games, ground rules, and thesélection of umpires. Plans were made for aséries of ten games between October 1 andOctober 22. We were to play five gameswith our host, three with Keio, and oneeach with graduâtes of each university, withContinued on following page.The Maroon team en route to the diamond from their quarters in the Impérial Hôtel.professor of geology, Case- Western ReserveUniversity; and exploration geologist for theJohns-Manville Corporation. The author ofnumerous scientific articles and mono-graphs, he is probably best known for hiswork on carbonaceous météorites that arethe cores of burned-out cornets.C 1 aletha kowitz, sb'51, Chicago,•^ ¦*¦ has been promoted by the AmericanDental Association to assistant director ofthe bureau of library services.C'y HERBERT L. CAPLAN, AB'52, JD'57,•'^ attended a spécial seminar for lawyersat Pomona Collège (Claremont, Ca.) thissummer on a National Endowment for theHumanities grant. Caplan was one of twelvepersons selected nationwide to participate in"An Inquiry Concerning Justice," a program intended for lawyers "with sub-stantial standing in their field." He reportshe is also, "once again," a candidate forjudge of the circuit court of Cook County inthe November élection.WILLIAM D. BONNER, AB'52, SM'60, PnD'65,has been named director of the NationalWeather Service eastern région, head-quartered in Garden City, Long Island, N. Y.Bonner cornes to his new assignment fromthe Weather Service's National Meteor-ological Center in Washington, D.C, wherehe has been chief of the data assimilationbranch of the development division since1972.DAVID H. KISTNER, AB'52, SB'56, PllD'57,professor of biological sciences and directorof the Shinner institute for the study of inter-related insects at California State University,Chico, is one of two teachers in the nineteen- campus California State University andCollèges System to be named 1976 outstanding professor. The désignées, who eachreceive $1,000, "exemplify the highest standards in créative teaching and scholarlyendeavor." An internationally known ento-mologist whose studies hâve centered onbeetles and termites, Kistner has been amember of the Chico State faculty since1959.in memoriam: Grâce Hutchinson Russell,Phu'52, am'69; John F. Ziegler, md'52.C'î jeremiahschneiderman, am'53,^ J professor of history at State UniversityCollège, New Paltz, N.Y., announces thepublication, by Cornell University Press, ofhis book Sergei Zubatov and RevolutionaryMarxism: The Strugglefor the WorkingClass in Tsarist Russia.Continued from Page 57ail games to be played on the Wasedadiamond, where provisions had been madeto handle crowds up to 12,000.However, the weatherman came up withan unusually rainy season. It rained dayafter day, with the resuit that we were onlyable to get in seven games in the allottedperiod. We won three games from Waseda;three from Keio, and one from Wasedagraduâtes. Ail were well played before greatcrowds, and the games with Keio were veryvery close, with two of them going intoextra innings. They had an excellentpitcher — half German and half Japanese(he stood head and shoulders over his team-mates) — who gave us trouble to hit safely.We won from Waseda 9 to 2 on October4; 5 to 0 on the 8th, and 15 to 4 on the 18th.We also won from Keio 3 to 1 on the 6th; 2to 1 on the 14th, and 5 to 2 on the 19th. Wewon from Tomon Club 11 to 2 on the 20th.The pressure on the Japanese playersapparently was intense, for they played as iftheir lives were dépendent on each effort.Intimately associated with the games wasthe spirit of friendliness and sportsmanshipprésent in every minute of the contests. Icannot recall a single incident otherwise,and there were many that revealed thisspirit. I must tell of one. In one of the tightgames Orno Roberts was involved in a veryclose play at first base in which both he andthe baseman were thrown to the ground.Immediately each man got to his feet,bowed to each other, and began to brushthe dirt from the other's uniform. I shouldadd also that the umpiring was excellent.The response of the tremendous crowdsthat packed the stands in every game certainly completed the picture, for as many as12,000 enthusiastic rooters supported theirteams under the direction of cheerleaders.This alone was a never-to-be-forgottenexpérience, and most of the time they werestill in their seats singing or chanting whenwe had gotten into our rickshaws to returnto the hôtel.Quite a few of the Japanese players would drop into the hôtel evenings to visitwith us, and most of them knew someEnglish. They were interested in everythingAmerican, for their country was starting ona great surge in national development following their victory over Russia not manyyears earlier.They also were interested in Americanslang of the time which included the term"bonehead." This led to a never-to-be-forgotten incident that happened in one ofthe closely fought games with Keio. At onepoint Captain Konki of Keio came to batand hit a three-base blow between our out-fielders. The stands went wild, of course,but in the excitement Jack Boyle, our thirdbaseman, slipped the bail into his leftarmpit, an old baseball trick, and this timeit worked. Ail of us went back to ourpositions as Pat Page, apparently holdingthe bail in both hands, moved into positionto pitch. (But he was very careful to staybehind the pitching rubber.) As the nextbatter moved into the box, Konki led awayfrom the base, and Boyle slipped over andtagged him with the bail. "You're out,"yelled the umpire, who had been watchingthe situation closely. Boy! — what a gaspand reaction from the stands. Like anearthquake. Then there was nothing forKonki to do except walk toward home plateand across to the Keio bench back of firstbase where he was met by several team-mates with the audible comment: "Bonehead!"Since we were able to play only sevengames in three weeks, we tried to keep inshape by practicing in nearby Hibiya Park,even though the ground was laid with smallrock, and each afternoon the area was fullof high school boys in uniform receivingmilitary training. Of course we visited theGinza frequently, the main shopping streetof the city, where we could pick up picturepostcards of our games the very next day.Also, we enjoyed two out-of-town trips bytrain; one to Nikko in the mountains ofnorthern Japan to see the many templesand a lovely waterfall, and the other to Kamakura to see the giant statue ofBuddha. It ail added up to a remarkablestay in the hospitable city of Tokyo.During this period many of the papersexpressed their interest in the conduct ofour team, with many compliments. May Iquote one of them: "University of Chicagoleaves Tokyo high in Nippon esteem, andthe conduct of the Chicago players at ailtimes will do much to improve relations between the countries."While we were in Tokyo we received aninvitation from the city of Osaka and thenewspaper, Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, tocorne to their city with the Waseda team fora three-game séries, which was to be thefirst organized baseball ever played insouthern Japan. They had built a spécialbaseball diamond with stands for as manyas 12,000 people. The two teams left Tokyoon the morning of October 24 and arrivedin Osaka that evening, after viewing a lot ofthe country, including a very impressiveview of Mount Fuji.We were welcomed by a large crowd withflowers and a Japanese lantern parade toour hôtel. The weather was good, and weplayed our first game next day before anestimated capacity crowd, some of whomhad been there ail night to be sure theycould see the game. We won that game, andalso the game next day and the final gameon the 27th, to make a clean sweep of ailour games in Japan. Each day, before thegame, our hosts took us to see such inter-esting national sights as the former capitalof Nara, with its tame deer park, and thetemples of Kyoto.The game on October 27 was our last inJapan, and next day we said goodbye to theWaseda team and our hosts in Osaka totravel to Kobe, where we boarded a ship forShanghai and Hong Kong en route toManila for more baseball. Our route tookus through the Sea of Japan and across theChina Sea to arrive at Shanghai on theafternoon of November 2 for a stay of lessthan two days. Our ship dropped anchor inthe great Yangtze River opposite the centerCA HARRIET GEORGE BARCLAY, PnD'54,-^" professor and chairman emerita ofbotany at the University of Tulsa, has beennamed to the Oklahoma Hall of Famé. Shewill be formally inducted at an OklahomaStatehood Day banquet, to be heldNovember 16 in Oklahoma City. Barclay,who retired from the University of Tulsa in1972 after forty-three years at the institution,was instrumental in establishing the Red BudValley Nature Préserve near Tulsa in 1969.She has been a trustée of the Philbrook ArtCenter and président of the Tulsa GardenClub.in memoriam: Melania Sokolowski, ab'54,retired research analyst for the IllinoisDepartment of Public Aid, died June 9 inChicago. A journalist who wrote under thename of Mel Sokol, she was once editor ofthe magazine and was the first aviation editor of the Chicago Journal of Commerce.Anne Greenberg Pascoe, am'54, diedMarch 19 in Miami.fC AMY FRANCES BROWN, PhD'55, prO--' *' fessor emerita of medical-surgicalnursing, Vanderbilt University, reports she isstill principal investigator of a nursing research study, "Energy Cost of Bedmaking toPatients in Left Ventricular Failure." Thepatients being studied are those so ill fromcongestive heart failure as to require anelevated headrest in order to breathe. Energycost is determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption. Brown is also teachingscientific writing at the University ofTennessee at Nashville. C/T mary petrje, mba'56, treasurer of-^ the University of Chicago, is one ofonly four women in the city of Chicago toexercise real power, according to a séries ofarticles in the Chicago Tribune earlier thisyear (Mary Knoblauch, "Chicago's MostPowerful Women"). Pétrie was selected, according to the author, because she is a majoroperating officer of a big "company,"supervising investment of the University's$300,000,000-plus portfolio. She is also onthe boards of two financial institutions —Chicago Title and Trust and Chicago TitleInsurance — and two manufacturingconcerns— Empire Gas and McCain Manufacturing. Also listed in the top four wasjean mcguire allard, jd'53, former vice-président of business and finance for theUniversity, now a partner in the law firm ofSonnenschein Carlin Nath & Rosenthal.of the city and close to several Britishdestroyers.Shanghai in 1910 was a British possession, and we saw what we could of it duringour short stay. On November 4 our ship leftfor the trip around the coast of China toHong Kong, where we arrived November 7.We did not hâve the opportunity to seemuch of this interesting area then, for wehad to change ships the same day for thejourney to Manila, but we were to see muchof Hong Kong on our return.The ship that we took then was a smallsteamer of less than 1,000 tons which pliedamong the islands, and little did we knowwhat was ahead of us in the next two days.The prevailing monsoon wind blows fromthe west, which meant that our route toManila took us diagonally across the largewaves, so the little vessel never stoppedpitching. What a trip! Most of us lost a fewmeals, and two or three of the boys were as"sick as dogs." The bunks were real hardand we slipped hère and there in the night.Occasionally a great wave would break overthe craft and water would pour down overthe entire ship.On the second morning we found our-selves in quiet water as we sailed down thewest coast of Luzon to the narrow anddifficult entrance to Manila Bay. As weaccomplished this, passing the rocky emi-nence of Corregidor, we could realize thewonderful navigation performed by Admirai Dewey a few years earlier, when heled our American fleet through and intoManila Bay in the darkness of night todestroy and capture the entire Spanishfleet. As we entered the bay we wentstraight across to a single dock, where quitea crowd was waiting to welcome us.Arrangements had been made by ourhosts for some of the homes in the city totake one or two of us as house guests duringour eight-day stay, so soon we were "athome." Our equipment was taken to thefine, modem YMCA, where we were todress for the games and to exercise on dayswhen we could not play. Our stay in Manila was ail too short, for nine days later we hadto leave for the trip home.Again the weatherman failed to cooper-ate, for we had to play the first big gameagainst the local champions, the Marines,in a drizzling rain. We lost that game,which was the only game we lost in theOrient. That loss sobered us, and three dayslater we won from the Marines, when wehad to play with several large lakes in theoutfield. Finally, on November 17, we gotin a doubleheader with the team from FortWilliam McKinley and a représentative Fili-pino team, and won both games. I muststate that the intensely high humidity madeus perspire a great deal.I hâve already said that our stay inManila was far too short, but we had tohead for home and school, which was totake another five weeks of travel. Three ofour players decided to stay and get jobs, soour party lost Steinbrecher, Boyle and Ehr-horn. Also, Professor Bliss, Pegues andCleary left from Manila for Europe and thetrip around the world. Accordingly, onlyseven of us left Manila November 19 on afine Japanese steamer for Hong Kong,where we landed two days later. This timewe had three days in which to see the city andalso to take a French river boat up the greatriver to see Canton.Hong Kong, like Shanghai, was a Britishpossession then, with several British destroyers in the bay. It was a quiet city, withfields for their favorite games polo andcricket. Some of us climbed the big hillback of the city for the view, where wefound large fortifications with guns inplace, but not a soldier in sight. We had afine view of the city and the bay, withKowloon nearby and China in the distance.Hère the six men who stayed in Manilamissed a very unusual expérience. We leftHong Kong one night to arrive off Cantonin the morning, where the river was almostcovered with thousands of small boats, thehomes of untold numbers of Chinese. Aswe landed we found we were on a fair sizedisland, which apparently was the site and homes of "foreigners." We crossed theisland and the other part of the river tocross a bridge to a highly defended gâte intonative Canton. Just inside the gâte weresedah chairs ready for us, each with threecoolies to bear us around the city as ourguide directed.Native Canton was teeming with people,with no street wider than maybe ten feet.Everything was carried on heads, shouldersor pôles. Every half hour or so we stoppedat some place of interest or visited a shopwhere the most beautiful silken fancyworkwas being done, or something else apparently for export. Another stop was at afactory where lovely rugs were being madeand the pattern was worked out by a manwho stood above the loom and perfectedthe pattern by handling the woof whileother workers shot the shuttle back andforth. Our final stop was at a large spaceresembling an old brickyard. Hère, in themiddle, stood a large post, and our guidetold us that whenever a thief was convictedhe was tied to this pôle and executed by aman with a sword.When we got back to Hong Kong thatnight we boarded a Japanese liner forYokohama, where we had a few days torenew our friendships before we left forSeattle on the same ship that had broughtus to Japan three months earlier. We leftJapan on December 7 for the usual sixteen-day journey to Seattle, and the only eventof interest was when we crossed the International Date Line. Going east this time,we had the same day twice, or the same daytwice on the calendar.We reached Seattle on December 23 andimmediately took the train for Chicago andhome for a late Christmas. We had a bigwelcome, and Mr. Stagg tried to express thefeelings of the University to us for a trip sosuccessful in every respect.Lady Luck had brought us home, andthus ended the longest and most successfulcollège baseball trip of ail time, and everyevent given hère took place exactly sixty-six years ago.in memoriam: Eugène Bennett Miller,ab'56, who received a spécial citation fromthe Président for his service in the KoreanWar, died December 21, 1975; Greggar P.Sletteland, mba'56, Glenview, II., assistantgênerai counsel for Zenith Radio Corporation, died June 13.C*7 ingeborg grosser mauksch, am'57,•^ ' pho'69, has left the University of Missouri, where she was professor and familynurse practitioner in the department of community health and médical practice, schoolof medicine, to become the first ValerePotter distinguished professor of nursing atVanderbilt University, Nashville, Tn.Mauksch has built up a national réputationin the development of the primary carenursing concept. In addition to her faculty appointment at Missouri, she had also servedas nursing consultant to the Mid-Missouri Mental Health Center departmentof nursing since 1970 and to the PlannedParenthood Association of Central Missourisince 1972. She has been chairperson of theAmerican Nurses Association's Congress ofNursing Practice since 1974 and is a memberofthe National Joint Practice Commission.CO jack himelblau, ab'58, am'59, has-' O been named to the faculty of the University of Texas at San Antonio as professorof Spanish and director, division of foreignlanguages, collège of humanities and socialsciences.eugene c. pétrie, mba'58, an engineeringconsultant for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers since 1972, is amember of a survey team investigating thesuitability of various companies' qualityassurance programs to qualify them for an"N" stamp for the production of materialfor nuclear power plants. Pétrie, of Elm-hurst, II., retired from the Crâne Companyin 1970.in memoriam: Henry P. Welton II, am'58,Menlo Park, Ca., died March 28.CQ mitchell j. sweig, sb'59, sm'60,J' PhD '67, Evanston, II., has been pro-moted to professor of physics at North-eastern Illinois University. This fall he isserving as acting chairman of his department.FRANK G. BURKE, AM'59, PhD'69,Annandale, Va., is now executive director of59the National Historical Publications andRecords Commission.in memoriam: Paul Berndt, mba'59,founder and président of Berndt Associates,Inc. , Chicago, died June 29.Cjr\ michael j. kindred, ab'60, jd'62,*-^ mcl'64, an Ohio State Universityfaculty member since 1969, became associatedean for académie affairs in OSU's collège oflaw last year.ROLLAND S. CARLSON, MBA'60, MountProspect, II., group executive in charge ofmetropolitan banking, has been electedsenior vice-président of the Harris Trust andSavings Bank, Chicago./CI ELIZABETH ZIMMERMAN HOWARD,'-' -1 pho '6 1 , elementary principal ofAmerican Community Schools, Athens,since 1972, became director of juniorschools, Munich International School(Bavaria, West Germany), effective August1. From December, 1961, to June, 1963,Howard was director of the elementaryteacher training program, UC GraduateSchool of Education, under ProfessorKENNETH REHAGE, AM'35, PhD'48.robert a. goepp, sm'61 , pIid'67, associateprofessor in oral pathology at the PritzkerSchool of Medicine of the University ofChicago Hospitals and Clinics, has beenelected to the National Council on RadiationProtection and Measurements.C/y LARRY W. BOWMAN, AB'62, AM'65,"** associate professor of political scienceat the University of Connecticut, has beenawarded a senior scholar grant by theFulbright-Hays program and will spend thespring semester, 1977, at the John F.Kennedy Institute, the Catholic University ofTilburg, the Netherlands. He will be doingresearch on western foreign policy towardthe major states of the Third World.shanker shetty, am'62, économiesprofessor at Hiram Collège in Ohio, isreturning to India on sabbatical this fall tocomplète a book on the life and thoughts ofMr. Jayaprakash Narayan, a famous Indianwho was once a Marxist but later became astudent of Gandhi.C/\ edmund dehnert, pho'63, professor*-'*' of humanities at Mayfair Collège,Chicago, has received a $2,000 NationalEndowment for the Humanities grant tocomplète a study of the folk music of Polish-Americans. Dehnert is comparing the traditionai music heard in Polish villages and itsartistic versions presented in touringensembles such as the Mazowsze with musicpreserved in the songs and dances of thePolish-American community. The Chicagoarea, with the largest urban Polish population outside of Warsaw, is the focus.ron dorfman, ab'63, has joined thefull-time staff of Chicago magazine as asenior editor.64 donald E. gowan, p1id'64, associateprofessor of Old Testament at Pitts- burgh Theological Seminary, reports that hisbook The Triumph of Faith in Habakkuk(John Knox Press) was chosen as the Aprilsélection of the Religious Book Club.Gowan's first book, When Man BecomesGod: Humanism and Hy bris in the OldTestament, was published in the PittsburghTheological Monograph séries last year.LAURA GODOFSKY HOROWITZ, AB'64,président and owner of Editorial Experts(Alexandria, Va.), has announced the expansion of her firm's opérations into thetemporary office service field in the Washington, D.C, area. The firm will now sendproofreaders, editors, writers, manuscriptand production typists, indexers, and relatedpublication specialists to work in response torequests for temporary in-office help.Horowitz, who founded EE in 1972 as anoutgrowth of her work as a free lance writer-editor-publicist, runs EE with the help of adozen project managers who coordinatework carried out by more than 125 freelancers. Previously, nearly ail of thecompany's "staff" worked from their homesin various Washington, Maryland andVirginia locations.CAROLYN l. rooks, am'64, has been ap-pointed assistant to the executive director ofthe Chicago Urban League.bruce granat, am'64, has been promotedto director of corporate libraries and communications, corporate information servicesdepartment, G. D. Searle & Company,Skokie, II. Granat was awarded a fellowshipto the NATO Advanced Study Institute on"évaluation and scientific management oflibraries and information centers" in Bristol,England, last year. He was recentlyappointed to the following professionalposts: chairman, national consultation committee, Spécial Libraries Association;member, steering committee,Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associationscience information subsection; andmember, Illinois State Library automationcommittee.ELIZABETH CAFFREY JONES, AM'64, is editorof The Evener, the country 's first draft horsemonthly which began publishing in April.Jones was formerly an assistant editor of theHorsemen 's Yankee Pedlar.in memoriam: Larry L. Witherspoon,jd'64, of Houston./TC sam peltzman, phD'65, professor*¦'"' in the Graduate School of Business andeditor of the Journal of Political Economy,has been made an adjunct scholar oftheAmerican Enterprise Institute for PublicPolicy Research. Peltzman's "A RegulatoryAgency's Client Isn't You" appeared in thesummer '76 issue of the magazine.in memoriam: William H. Browne III,mba'65, assistant director in the qualityassurance division of Argonne NationalLaboratories, died June 16 in Chicago.C.Ç. MARY RŒGE LANER, AB'66, has ac-"*-' cepted an assistant professorship insociology at Arizona State University forfall, 1976. Her doctoral dissertation (at Virginia Tech, 1976) was a theoretical contribution to the study of marital dissolution.She advises us that she is sick of receivingpublications from the University of Chicagothat corne from the Alumn/ Association (asthis publication does). She reminds us thatthere are alumnae "out there" too, and saysthat what she calls our "persistent sexism" isdisappointing.Cn DR. MICHAEL H. SCHJJF, AB'67, has" ' completed his rheumatology fellowship at the State University of New YorkDownstate Médical Center and has joinedthe Denver Arthritis Clinic for the practice ofrheumatology. He and his wife, lauramatten schiff, ab'68, recently moved toAurora, Co.john t. munyan, mba'67, Batavia,director of information Systems services,central région, Cresap, McCormick andPaget, Chicago management consultants,has been elected a principal of the firm.Munyan reports the birth of a daughter,Holly, on August 11, 1975.michael r. a. wade, ab'67, after earningan M. B. A. in finance at New York University, has returned to Washington where hewas recently appointed associate director ofresettlement ofthe U.S. government 's Indo-Chinese refugee program.erroll b. davis, m., mba'67, has beenmoved from Xerox corporate head-quarters in Stamford, Ct., to the firm'sbusiness and product development group inRochester, N.Y., where he is manager,technical opérations analysis. A daughter,Whitney Leigh, was born to the Davises July20, 1975.stephen w. guittard, mcl'67, has beenappointed gênerai counsel of Dow CorningCorporation, Midland, Mi. He had beengênerai counsel of Dow Lepetit Limited, thepharmaceutical branch of Dow Chemical.CQ Now that the underground has^ seemingly gone underground, it is timefor someone to show that what goes downmust corne up, and joanne rose ryder,x'68, does so in Simon Underground, acharming children's book about a mole whotunnels into hibernation and then tunnels upto spring (New York: Harper and Row,1976). Ryder, who studied library science atthe University, is now a free lancer in NewYork.hugo k. letiche, ab'68, is currentlydocent in social thought-social psychology atthe Sociale Académie de Horst, Driebergen,the Netherlands. He, his wife Maria and sonMaurice live in Z.O. Beemster, just north ofAmsterdam.m. barry faye, am'68, has becomeprésident and chairman of the board ofGrinand Béer It, Inc., of Macomb, II. In1975 Faye served as a board member of BonHomme Richard, Inc. For the past six yearshe has been teaching Latin Americanpolitics, comparative government and international relations at Western IllinoisUniversity. Before he began teaching, he andhis wife spent two years living in Latin60American countries and both are fluent inSpanish.byron farwell, am'68, whose QueenVictoria's Little Wars was reviewed in thèsepages in 1973, is out with a fascinating495-page account of The Great Anglo-BoerWar (New York: Harper and Row, 1976.$16.95), packed with the tragic and thehumorous events of that conflict. Sample ofthe latter: When Lady Sara Wilson (WinstonChurchill's aunt) was imperiously roamingthrough enemy territory, she was given apigeon which, she was told, would carry amessage to the British garrison at Mafeking.The message was indiscreet, and to makethings worse, the bird flew straight to Boerheadquarters.sjr\ peter gram swing, pIid'69, instructor°^ in the Collège from 1953 to 1955 andcurrently a member of the VisitingCommittee to the Department of Music, hasbeen named to the first Daniel Underhillchair, the first endowed professorship inmusic at Swarthmore (Pa.) Collège. Swingjoined the Swarthmore faculty in 1955,serving as department chairman from 1958 to1974.Philippe de prins, mba'69, and FrançoiseTrefois were married June 1 1 in Brussels.joseph brisben, ab'69, former assistantdirector of public information at UC, hasreceived a master's degree in Englishliterature from Drake University, where he iscurrently associate director of universityrelations. Brisben recently completed a yearas président of the board of trustées of theFirst Unitarian Church of Des Moines, la.nç\ john a. gueguen, pho'70, has received' ^ tenure in the department of politicalscience, Illinois State University (Blooming-ton-Normal), where he teaches classicalpolitical philosophy. He spent the summer of1976 at Berkeley as the récipient of aNational Endowment for the Humanitiesgrant towards his study of the impact of theEuropean Enlightenment on the Americanfounding.NANCY MAC Y SWAYZEE, AM'70, hasaccepted an appointment with NorthwesternMémorial Hospital, Chicago, as assistantdirector of development.n 1 gordon lukesh ,AB'71,hascompletedhis doctorate in mathematics at theUniversity of Massachusetts and beginsteaching at the University of Texas, Austin,this fall.rasma silde karklins, am'71, pIid'75,joined the faculty of Boston University'scollège of libéral arts last fall as assistantprofessor of political science.francis a. boyle, ab'71 , graduated magnacum laude from the Harvard law school onJune 17 and currently is writing his doctoraldissertation in political science for theHarvard graduate school of arts andsciences, department of government. Boylewas recently appointed a graduate studentassociate at Harvard 's center for international affairs and also a teaching fellow in the department of government. Uponconclusion of his studies he intends to commence an académie career which combineshis two specialities in the fields of publicinternational law and international politicalscience.in memoriam: Donna Carpenter Rankin,jd'71; Virginia Benson Scovill, am'71.n'y Captain thomas piliari, jd'72, 43rd' •" Combat Support Group assistant staffjudge advocate, has been chosen from ailStratégie Air Command nominees to be theSAC représentative for the Albert M.Kuhfeld award, which is presented by the AirForce to the outstanding young judgeadvocate of the year.wtlliam j. henderson m, mba'72, iscurrently président of Internai InterphaseIndustry, a Chicago distributor of motiva-tional products.BARBARA DAVIS STAFFORD, PnD'72,assistant professor of art history, has received a $1 ,000 excellence-in-teaching awardfrom the University of Delaware, where shehas been a faculty member since 1973. On agrant from the American Council of LearnedSocieties, Staff ord conducted research inFrance and Englahd this past summer on thegreat voyages of the 1 8th century and howthey shaped people's perceptions of land-scape. Her book on théories of expression inthe late 18th and early 19th centuries, par-ticularly line and color theory in art, has beenaccepted for publication by the Universityof Delaware Press.eugene Y. weissman, mba'72, Birmingham, Mi., has been promoted by theB.A.S.F. Wyandotte Corporation totechnical director of the chemical specialtiesdivision.hugo boschmann, mat'72, having completed four years of teaching at Freeman(S.D.) Junior Collège, where he served asfaculty chairman and chairman of the sciencedepartment, has moved to Muncie, In., andis working on his doctorate in biology at BailState University.gordon a. groebe n, ab'72, créditmanager in accounts received, RecorderPrinting, San Francisco, reports his marriagein December, 1974. He and his wife becamethe parents of a son, Thomas, born inDecember, 1975.terri miller hopkins, am'72, Portland,has become the first paid director of theCreative Arts Guild, an organizationpreviously consisting of ail volunteers dedi-cated to promoting and coordinating thecultural activities of Linn and northernBenton Counties, Or.wtlliam a. golomski, mba'72, has won theAmerican Society for Quality Control'sEdwards medal "in récognition of hisleadership and personal dedication to theadvancement of the science of quality controlin industry and government and for superiororganizational skill in the design and imple-mentation of . . . quality programs."john s. cantieri, ab'72, received hismédical degree from Washington University,St. Louis, last May and is now serving a psy chiatrie residency at Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston.wtlliam e. savage, mba'72, Manlius,N.Y., has purchased the controlling interestin Tompkins Brothers Company, Inc., ofSyracuse, N.Y., manufacturers of circularspring and latch needle knitting machinery.in memoriam: Jerrold Alan Feldberg,ab'72, of Chicago.T\ JAMES V. HALLORANm, MBA'73, was' "^ recently promoted to manager ofresearch and technology programs, LosAngeles Aircraft Division (Rockwell), LosAngeles International Airport. With his wife,Halloran is an active participant in Toast-masters'/Toastmistress International andwas recently runner-up in a régional speechcontest. He is a member of a yacht-racingcrew on a boat which usually places in thetop five in Southern California events.KAREN NEWMAN GAERTNER, MBA'73, andgregory h. gaertner, am'75, hâve receivedappointments as instructors at Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa., effective thisSeptember. Ms. Gaertner, who has beenworking at the National Opinion ResearchCenter while studying for her doctorate atChicago, will teach in the department ofmanagement. Mr. Gaertner was a researchassistant with NORC in 1972-'73 and hasheld NORC and National Institute of MentalHealth fellowships. He will join thesociology faculty at Bucknell.t. j. mullin, jd'73, after three years in theJudge Advocate's Corps ofthe U.S. Army,has opened a private law practice in Clayton,Mo. An article, written by Mullin, appearedin the May/ June, 1976, issue of the MissouriBar Journal.nA bob appelbaum, ab'74, in a letter to' " the Alumni Association, suggests that"a few people — especially my mother —would be tickled to read in the magazine thatI, an itinérant graduate of Tutorial Studies,who never took but five quarters of a foreignlanguage at the school (Greek), hâve had thestunningly improbable luck [of being]appointed director of the Berlitz School ofLanguages of Cincinnati, in which capacity Iam presently serving."john s. ruey, mba'74, staff economist forAmoco International Oil, Chicago, receiveda certified public accountant certificate fromthe state of Illinois in February, 1976.HC LAURA KAPLAN SARET, MBA'75, iS' *^ currently working in the corporateopérations research department of G. D.Searie, Skokie, IL, manufacturer of healthcare products and pharmaceuticals.jordan horowitz, md'75, has completeda straight médical internship at Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago, where hereceived an award for intern performance,and is starting his residency in obstetrics andgynecology at the U. of California, SanFrancisco.ping fong, jr., mba'75, has been nameddevelopment manager for the médicaldivision of Air Products and Chemicals,Inc., Allentown, Pa.61JÇettersIt was Henricus Pratticus!to the editor: Your summer, 1976,magazine is "tops." Thanks for thatphotograph ofthe football team of 1898.That was a bit before my time — my dayswere, when October 1 came near on thecalendar, "Stagg fears Zuppke," or"Zuppke fears Stagg," and "Duke" Slaterwas the only black on any Big Ten team as heplayed for IOWA!Correction to Eleanor Frank White, '32(Letters, summer, '76). Harry Pratt[Judson]? — oh, no, Eleanor. We wouldnever, never hâve dared! He was "HenricusPratticus" — and every diploma announced itofficially. Those were "the good old days,"when Chicago copied the way to do it fromPrinceton! My diploma read "RobertumGuidonem" — figure that one out!And what hâve sixty years as alumnus heldfor a member ofthe Class of '16? I was aSalisbury product of Rosenwald Hall —and a member of Section 555, USAAC —the University of Chicago AmbulanceCompany.Thanks again for your summer issue. I amsorry that âge, distance, etc. and etc. preventmy sharing in your Alumni Institute. It's agrand idea.ROBERT G. BUZZARD, Sb'16, SM'17,Président Emeritus, Eastern IllinoisUniversityLaguna Hills, Ca.P. S. You should see my 1931 University ofChicago dinner plates by Copeland-Spode, aperfect set of twelve!Did physicist mean it?to the editor: Your summer, 1976, issuecontained some quotations from a physicsprofessor which I found disturbingly anti-thetical to the inspired kind of educationalthinking I hâve long associated with theUniversity.Some years ago a popular slogan, "Don'tjust stand there, do something!" emerged asa call to action by practical men protestingagainst stérile overintellectualization whichproduced no observable results.The intellectual riposte, "Don't just dosomething, stand there!" implied that theoccupation unexamined in the cosmiccontext of the entire human enterprise wasnot worth pursuing and suggested that onsome matters at least a stand should be takentranscending merely practical considérations."Don't Just Do Something" became thetitle of a Hutchins interview published in a collection of articles from The CenterMagazine in 1972. That interview noted thelimiting influence of practicality and itsshort-run outlook.In your magazine you quote PrésidentJohn T. Wilson as saying on installation,"The real issue, and the proper criterionagainst which one should be measured, is themaintenance of académie distinction." I takeit he refers to libéral éducation as previouslychampioned by Hutchins and the University,and I understand his views to be favorable.In marked contrast to the foregoing, yougive us the following from a physics professor: "To me, physics is the activity you dobetween breakfast and supper. ... I don'tthink I would urge anyone to go into science.I think it's nice if you like it. . . . But I don'tthink it's necessarily better than baseball orsomething else. Say that God came down andtold me how to teach physics better. ... Iwould want it done, but only so people,including me, could hâve a good time in theclassroom."Editorial irony emphasizes the nihilism ofthe quoted comments by appending thepoem "Homage to Zéro" which célébrâtesthe divine average of non-achievement whichhas not yet arrived anywhere.Hutchins distinguished the shallow andillusory aim of having a good time from thenobler concept of engaging in worthwhileactivities. The différence lies in the employ-ment of objective standards to look andwork beyond instant or immédiate subjectivegratifications to important accomplishments.Such accomplishments may be intellectualand rise above practicalities but they aremore than pleasurable pastimes. They hâvegênerai and enduring value. They are man-kind's treasured achievements and theyought to be encouraged by the University.What is missing from the quoted comments of your physics professor is thepassion for excellence and the dedication tothe worthwhile with which great teachersshould inspire their students. Even if physicsis 97 % judgment, some judgments are betterthan others, and a teacher should be showinghow to tell the better from the worse. If hedespairs he abdicates his intellectualresponsibility and offers nothing to hisstudents; nothing worthwhile, or important,or coming close to académie distinction.There hâve been men who were better thantheir philosophies required or even permittedthem to be, and I sincerely hope for the sakeof his students that your physics professor isone of thèse. If not, he may as well take upbaseball or something else in place of physicsor teaching. Ail occupations are not equallyimportant or worthwhile; some are essential,some merely necessary, some opportunisticor amusing, others créative and stimulating.But ail deserve a degree of commitment,absent which their meaningfulness is open toquestion to an unhealthy, paralytic extent.I want my children to be exposed to theinfluence of teachers who would rather bewhat they are and do what they do than any-thing else. Let the students examine themotives and accomplishments of such teachers and thus inform their own choicesof career and life style. But at least let usspare them the hypocrisy of the contentionthat nothing is better than anything else, towhich the actions of the contender himselfput the lie. He made décisions, if only by de-fault. He should remember, and remind hisstudents periodically in various ways, thatUlysses succeeded in his struggle to returnhome because he wanted to.GEORGE KAYE, AB'50, JD'57Paxton, II.Calling ail women debatersto the editor: Your article, about the current University of Chicago debating team, inthe spring, 1976, édition, was of particularinterest to me. As an undergraduate, I wasthe first woman to be selected to serve on theUniversity of Chicago debating team in 1922,and elected to Delta Sigma Rho, honoraryforensic fraternity. You may find my picturewith the team in the 1922 Cap and Gown,page 161.1 would like to know how manyother women hâve been on the debating teamsince then, and who they were?My field of work has been mainly in socialservice administration. I hâve worked invarious aspects of social work, in severalparts of the country. This has included thelégislative standards unit, in the bureau ofpublic assistance, Social Security Administration, Washington, D.C, during theformative years of the public assistanceprograms. I hâve always used my maidenname. During Social Work Month, March,1965, the southern Colorado chapter oftheNational Association of Social Workers gaveme a spécial récognition award for my exten-sive work in social services.At présent, I am semi-retired. For someyears I hâve lived at the Broadmoor Hôtel inColorado Springs. It is beautifully situated atthe foot of the Rocky Mountains. If any ofmy colleagues corne to Colorado Springs, Iwould be happy to see them.BETTY MILLER, PflB'23Colorado Springs, Co.Another alum is DOS stalwartto the editor: For the record SeymourWeiss (am'49) is currently U.S. ambassadorto the Bahamas, having previously served insuch senior State Department posts asdeputy director of Policy Planning Staff anddirector of the Bureau of Politico-MilitaryAffairs.MRS. SEYMOUR WEISSNassau, BahamasTribute to McGuireto the editor: In your summer, 1976, issue,you dévote two Unes to Charles E. McGuirewho died February 28. While footballappears to be presently a nothing activity atthe University, I think "Chuck" McGuiredeserves more than two lines. He was captainofthe 1921 Maroon team which created62history by defeating Princeton. He was thenext to the last Walter Camp All-American—John Thomas, who was on the same team,was the last one. It might be interesting sometime to write a small feature on Mr. Stagg'sWalter Camp All-Americans. They were,according to my recollection: Walter J.Cavanaugh; Walter Eckersall; WalterSteffen; "Shorty" DesJardin; "Chuck"McGuire; and John Thomas.carl v. wisner, jr., phB'26, jd'28Fort Lauderdale, FI.P. S. Walter Eckersall, incidentally, was anall-time Walter Camp All-American.Value in seeming harshnessto the editor: Professor Maddi's article(p. 20, spring, 1976) started an old memoryon a fascinating train of thought. It mayexemplify his ideas and lead to some newones.When I was a boy, I was told by myRussian-Jewish parents of a kind of "game"they played during my infancy: In heavilymock-tragic voice, in sing-song, they woulddeclaim in Yiddish: "aile shlogen, aile har-genen, Faivele." This means something like:"everyone is beating, everyone is killing,Faivele" — my name in affectionate dimin-utive. I would instantly burst into deepcrying, and everyone would laugh.What teaching and learning of two of Mr.Maddi's important expériences, "sym-bolization" and "confrontation withdeath"! At so young an âge. And, at thesame time, of survival beyond painfulsymbolic beating and killing — not only insafety but even in an atmosphère of reliefand laughter — albeit an atmosphère harshlyinconsistent with the immédiate expérienceand compréhension of the child. (So helearned of inconsistency too?)My parents apparently thought the"game" and behavior important and interesting enough to remember and tell me aboutyears later. I also remembered it. I thoughtof it as cruel and destructive "parent-childinteraction," and wondered how they couldhâve done such a négative thing. The possibility now occurs to me, as I write this, thatit may hâve been a release, in game form, ofsome of their own otherwise inexpressiblewishes. I don't remember anything abouttheir reasons for telling me the story. Myguess is that they intended to show how un-usually responsive I was at an early âge; thatI cried easily and was easily subject to greatsadness, without reality to justify it.I don't think they had any thought orawareness of being cruel. Probably also noneabout teaching "symbolization" or "confrontation with death" as positive strength-ening expériences. I believe the game hasroots in, and reflects, cultural expérience ofoppressed Russian Jews. Whether otherfamilies practiced a similar game, I do notknow.Mr. Maddi's concepts suggest the possibility that broadly useful implications might arise out of reexamination of some oldeveryday social practices in the light of hisideas. Some familial, educational, and insti-tutional practices, historié and current, cruelor harsh in both appearance and actuality,may be found to hâve important, identifiable, and measurable simultaneouslyconstructive qualities and survival value. Isensé the possibility that even some prac-tically useful criteria for evaluating thebalance between positive and négative implications of harshness and cruelty of some"small confrontations with death" mightresuit (e.g., marine training?). When and inwhat balance such confrontations mightconstructively teach and strengthen"courage, creativity, and enhancement oflife," and when and how much they mightsimultaneously weaken and weigh additivelyand destructively toward death itself, mightbe approached through such reexamination.fredcarr, pIib'35Ormond Beach, FI.Profs pizza prowess praisedto the editor: I read with interest, andseveral Di-gel tablets, the séminal article ondelicatessen évaluation by those two leadingtrencherscholars, Professors Madansky andShubik (spring, '76).Quarrel though I may with some aspects ofthe experiment design (the concept of"régulation pickles and mustard" is répugnant), I hâve no doubt that the techniquesused will form the basis for further study.The thought of hungry graduate studentstoiling long and heartburn filled hours to ex-tend the frontiers of knowledge is enough tobring a tear to one's eye and a burp to one'sthroat. One can only hope that Madanskyand Shubik will provide further guidance tothèse hordes before they descend upon therestaurants of America.Perhaps Professor Madansky can be per-suaded to publish his considérable work inthe area of pizza parlor analysis. I can per-sonally vouch for the fact that his ability toconsume pizza far exceeds the modest repastdescribed in the deli article. Though thelogistics would be somewhat more com-plicated than an évaluation of Manhattan'sEast Side delicatessens, please prevail uponthèse distinguished gourmands to undertakea geographical examination of the pizza,including samples from such diverse localesas New York, Chicago, Des Moines, and theundisputed pizza capital of the United States,Dayton, Ohio.GARY GASTINEAUShort Hills, N.J.Don't ignore Chicago's forbearsto the editor: Having just finished yourmore than usually interesting winter ['75]issue, let me qualify a couple of statementsmade on pp. 22-23 concerning the place ofthe University of Chicago in the history ofmathematics instruction in America. Your article states that "up to that time(1892) no real research department of mathematics, in the European sensé, existed inAmerican universities in which research atthe highest level ofthe field was consideredone of the primary duties of the department 'sfaculty. This situation changed when theChicago department was founded. The firstresearch department was the Chicago department and it remained the principal and mostsignificant exemplar of the type in Americanuniversities until the first World War."Although I hâve no évidence to contest theprééminence of the Chicago department asan exemplar and nursery of mathematicians,I would certainly contest its priority. Hère atClark, for instance, there existed for threeyears prior to the opening of the Chicagodepartment a research-oriented departmentfirst of three and then of five men, whosesole responsibilities were advanced investigation and the teaching of doctoral and postdoctoral students in their respective fields.One of thèse men, Oskar Bolza, went toChicago as a faculty member in 1892; thefirst Clark Ph.D. in mathematics, J.W. A.Young, also joined the U. of C. foundingfaculty.Claims of "first" are always hazardous,and there is no attempt hère to claim primacyfor Clark as the first "real" researchdepartment of mathematics. (If I werelooking for one, I would look first at theJohns Hopkins University in the days ofJ. J. Sylvester, and possibly at other universities as well, depending on how onedefines "department" and so forth.)American scientific éducation did not, afterail, émerge full-blown from the brow ofWilliam Rainey Harper (who got three of hisscientific department heads and a cluster ofother faculty members from hère) . So far as Ican see, it takes nothing away fromChicago's greatness as an innovative andhighly effective university institution tosuggest that it did not arise out of an intellectual and pedagogical vacuum.WILLIAM A. KOELSCH, PhD'66Associate Professor of History andGeographyUniversity ArchivistClark UniversityApple was an etrogto the editor: I hâve every intention ofkeeping the apple controversy alive! Pooh onMr. Kasper. Pooh on you, too, Dr. Wick,for not checking at least one of the Jewishencyclopedias to find that the Roman "appleof Media" is a citron (Citrus medica, var.Ethrog), held sacred by the Jews. Many ofthem, I understand, believe the "etrog" to bethe original apple ofthe Garden of Eden.Much confusion has resulted from theRoman custom of calling many kinds of fruit"apples"! The "apple of Syria" was theapricot; the "golden apples oftheHesperides" were oranges.j. w. stephenson, x'37The Orangery, San José, Ca.63ML RUNIVERSITY CF CHICAGCSERIAL RECORD DEPTLIERARY1116 EAST 59TH STREETCHICAGO ÏL :'/''\.- ff[hat hath acentVMrought?Set page 360637