UNIVERSITYMAGAZINEJUNE 196 ':..,"¦¦•LAW'S DEDICATORY YEAREven the student in the back row gets a good view of the teacher (Professor William W.Crosskey) and the blackboard in the new classrooms. Be/ow: The new library holds twotimes the 150,000 books in the old law school and will offer research facilities to the BarAssociation, as well as the School.Jo Desha Lucas' (left) class continues in the corridor after thebell rings. Above, on page 1: students confer in their officeon the top floor in the six story central building.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAreflectionsin new windows irlLAW'S DEDICATORY YEAR)ean Edward H. Levi of the Law School has said that"we have set out to surround our students with the wholelife of the law." During the dedicatory year of the new LawSchool, the wealth of their surroundings has been doublyimpressive, for in addition to using the new shining andbeautiful classrooms, library, offices and lounge, the students have witnessed and participated in a full year ofspecial events.International members of both bench and bar who havecome to honor the year have included Vice PresidentRichard Nixon; Sir Perciva] Waterfield, K.B.E., formerFirst Civil Service Commissioner of the United Kingdom;retired Justice Stanley Reed of the U.S. Supreme Court;R bert M. Hutchins, former Chancellor of the Universityai .1 now president of the Fund for the Republic; thePHOTOS: LEE BALTERMAN Honorable Sir Patrick Devlin, Lord Justice of the Court ofAppeal; Lloyd Garrison, former dean of the University ofWisconsin Law School; Jacob Viner, professor of Economicsat Princeton; The Right Honorable Lord Denning, of theJudicial Committee of the Privy Council and House ofLords.These and many others took part in programs throughoutthe year, which included the Henry Simons Lecture andthe Ernst Freund Lecture, and three special conferences.The year came to an end with a three-day celebrationclimaxed on Mav 1, Law Day, with an address by U.S.Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold. He has been immediately preceded by Nelson Rockefeller and Lord HighChancellor of Great Britain Viscount Kilmuir.¦ H73 w r^mmm* —1iBB i t rL. .JUNE, 1960 1UNIVERSITYMAGAZINE5733 University AvenueChicago 37, IllinoisMidway 3-0800; Extension 3244EDITOR Marjorie BurkhardtFEATURESI Law's Dedicatory Year3 _. Law and the Attainment of ourNational Goals, Seminar9. Power and ResponsibilityRobert M. Hutchins16 Atlases, Anecdotes and Annie Besant21. Landmarks on the Streets where we LiveDEPARTMENTS13 - - News of the Quadrangles19. Books by Faculty and Alumni20 __ Memo Pad25 Class News32 --- - --- Memorials33 Index to 1959- 1 960 ArticlesCOVERLookinq through the windows of the New LawSchool the photographer, Al Flores, saw theoutline of Burton Judson Courts to the west.He also saw reflected in the windows the faceof Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court,Earl Warren. Mr. Warren was among theguests of the Law School honoring Law Dayand concluding the dedicatory year of theSchool.PHOTO CREDITSCover, 5, 15: Albert C. Flores; inside cover,I, 2: Lee Balterman; bottom 2, 3, 7, II:Stephen Llewellyn; 21, 22, 23: Ann Plettinger,The University of ChicagoALUMNI ASSOCIATIONPRESIDENT John F. Dille, Jr.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Howard W. MortADMINISTRATIVE ASST. ...Ruth G. HalloranPROGRAMMING Lucy Tye VandenburghALUMNI FOUNDATIONChicago-Midwest Area Florence MedowREGIONAL OFFICESEastern Region W. Ronald SimsRoom 22, 31 E. 39th StreetNew York 16, N. Y.MUrray Hill 3-1518Western Region.. Mary LeemanRoom 318, 717 Market St.San Francisco 3, Calif.EXbrook 2-0925Los Angeles Branch Mrs. Marie StephensI 195 Charles St.. Pasadena 3After 3 P.M.— SYcamore 3-4545MEMBERSHIP RATES (Including Magazine)I year, $5.00; 3 years, $12.00Published monthly, October through June, by theUniversity of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733University Avenue, Chicago 37, Illinois. Annualsubscription price, $5.00. Single copies, 25 cents.Entered as second class matter December I. 1934,at the Post Office of Chicago, Illinois, under theact of March 3, 1879. Advertising agent: The American Alumni Council, 22 Washington Sguare, NewYork, N. Y. Highlight of the year was the Law Day convocation at which honorary degrees were conferredupon (left to right) United States Appellate Judges Charles E. Clark of New Haven, Connecticut,and Herbert F. Goodrich of Philadelphia; Illinois Supreme Court Justice Walter V. Schaefer; UnitedStates Chief Justice Earl Warren; California Supreme Court Justice Roger J. Traynor; U. N. Sec. Gen.Dag Hammarskjold, and Great Britain's Lord High Chancellor Viscount Kilmuir. The academic.procession assembled at the School then crossed the Midway.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMeeting in the Weymouth Kirkland Courtroom, which was first used onthe previous day for a session of the Illinois Supreme Court, a "blueribbon" multidisciplinary faculty group discusses.the role of law andTHE ATTAINMENTGOALSMODERATOR, PROFESSOR OF LAW WALTER ].BLUM: Being an integral part of the University, this LawSchool has never lost sight of the fact that concern for lawis not a monopoly of lawyers. A lawyer may have specialknowledge of law, but many others legitimately share aninterest in law. The political scientist studying governmentor politics or administration must confront law. The economist is constantly aware that law and legal institutions havea bearing on the level of our material wealth and its distribution. The historian knows that law occasionally hasinfluenced the course of events. And the philosopher frequently inquires about justice, and so comes to grips withlaw. Thus, in arranging our discussion, "The Role of Lawand the Attainment of our National Goals," it seemed fittingthat we should bring together from our University a politicalscientist, C. Herman Pritchett; a lawyer, Francis A. Allen;an historian, Louis Gottschalk; a philosopher, Richard P.McKeon; and an economist, Theodore W. Schultz. The roleof law in our society is a concern of the educated and inquiring man, and it is primarily in this capacity, shaped, tobe sure, by their respective backgrounds, that we haveinvited these five professors to exchange views today. Onefinal word of introduction: we are, virtually, unrehearsed.In some four or five hours of preliminary conversation, wecould not even agree what law is, where it begins, andwhere it ends. Whatever law is, we have agreed to startwith this question; "How does law enable the people in oursociety, either individually or as groups, to achieve anything?"MR. GOTTSCHALK: As a representative of the historyprofession, I should say that law, in a way, is a result of the OF OUR NATIONALexperience of mankind. And as a consequence, it enablesthe people to express their moral standards and the aspirations they have for an orderly society. And since the lawis an implement toward the achievement of order— at leastit is an implement toward the avoidance of anarchy-it does enable a people to express its history and its aspirations.MR. McKEON: It seems to me that the purpose of law isto achieve justice. And, although this answer is an old-fashioned one, it is the one that I think introduces thedynamism in the problem of law today because justice isat once the source of criteria which guide law and, at thesame time, justice is what law accomplishes. It is fromthis interplay that I think we can get out of the otherwisestultifying tendency to deal with the law as primarily themeans of resolving conflicts. It is a means of resolvingconflicts; it is also a means by which to achieve interestswe want. But beyond that, it is a means by which to definevalues and achieve rights. It is out of this interplay, thislive interplay, that I think we can manage to talk aboutthe role of law in society.MR. BLUM: After that, I think I'd better call on a lawyer.MR. ALLEN: Yeah. I think its about time to talk aboutwavs and means. I suppose the schoolboy— I'm now talkingabout this mythically brilliant schoolboy who knows everything that everyone is supposed to know— the schoolboy wouldsay that the law accomplishes its purposes in a direct waythrough the forces of intimidation and deterrents. This isone way in which the law operates. It represents themanipulation of the force of the community to attain certain goals. I say this a little more boldly than I ordinarilywould because of what Mr. McKeon has just said. Now,I want to say something else here— and that is this— thatwhether in fact the law deters and how it deters are problems of some intricacy and, I think, properly approached,would really demonstrate that what I'm saying is not at allin oppostion with what Mr. McKeon suggested. TheJUNE, 1960 3question of the deterrent effect of the law obviously doesinvolve a problem of justice. For, one would suppose thatthe deterrent effect of the law gains that effect in verylarge measure because it is accepted as the just way bywhich to proceed. I think I'll stop here.MR. SCHULTZ: There's a tendency to try to define lawin some absolute sense and make it all comprehensive, andperhaps we won't be able to get our bearing in some relative sense. This leads me at this point to ask a question-to what extent are the differences in law, as we see themin different systems or in different countries, of primaryimportance in achieving a particular subset goal, such aswe might have in the economic sphere. In achieving economic growth, in achieving economic stability, there aredifferences in efforts of peoples to reduce inequalities inincome and wealth. These can be attained as essentialeconomic goals under very different kinds of economic systems. What runs through my mind is the extraordinaryachievement of Mexico in economic growth in recent decades; longer, of course, than Japan, Israel more recently,West Germany. Compare the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A.:certainly vastly different law systems, yet I think no onetoday will say that Russia hasn't achieved tremendouseconomic growth and a great deal of economic stability.Now are we then likely to overemphasize the differencesin law when we narrow the purpose to the achievementof a particular subset of national goals?MR. PRITCHETT: If you want me to follow up on thatline, you'd better ask somebody else. I would like to saythat it certainly looks like, as the political scientist— beingthe only social scientist on this panel (as everyone knowsthat economics is not a social science but a dismal science),well, I've a problem— I'll respond to the question half inthe humanities and perhaps half in the social sciences.(Political science is a social science— nobody else will claimit but us.)MR. SCHULTZ: You're making it sound like an orphan.MR. PRITCHETT: Perhaps we're orphans now, but wewere legitimate at one time. Actually, we grew out of law.Political science really was a kind of a combination of lawand moral philosophy. Certainly, we concern ourselves withlegal institutions in their product of the time. We're interested in describing how law is made by legislatures, howlaw is made by courts and so on. I am not too happy withthe rather broad statements that have been made. Socialscientists, as you know, in recent years have tried toapproach reality by their retreating from it, building models,putting things into a system and then seeing how the systemworks and what comes out. I have a kind of a jim-dandymodel here that I'd like to use to put forward my notionof law. I'd like to use two other words that are equallyvague and equally difficult to define, but they seem to benecessary in the model. The first: politics— the process ofpolicy formation, the process by which the society makesbasic decisions on those aspects of its resource use whichhave to be subject to a community decision. Of course,this varies from one community to another. In the secondplace, we have administration, which is the way we getat the goals that we've formulated. At least we try to— wesay, what are the rational means of achieving this goal, ofachieving a greater social equality and so on. And weset up some administrative mechanisms. Now law seemsto me to be the third part of this process. Law is theprocess, at least here, of how we determine and enforcethe standards which will protect and advance values insociety. And here, I .come back to the word that has alwaysbeen used— we're interested in authoritative sanctions that are just sanctions. Now, we don't want to have force usedin our society in a way that is not a just use of force. Consequently, in certain areas, when we become convinced thatpressures of one kind or another are no longer really operating justly in private use or in some kind of social pressureswe take over and provide some public sanctions which willbe governed by the notion of justice. Those are my preliminary remarks.MR. GOTTSCHALK: It seems to me that I'm going tobe forced more and more into taking the position of thehistorian rather than as the mere representative of theinquiring public. All of my colleagues have emphasizedpolicy and justice and economic welfare, and it behoovesme, therefore, to talk about law as a reaction against abusesas a result of the experience^ of a community with certainelements in it it does not approve of. And as a consequence,law, and some of the best laws, seem to me to be an expression of a desire to correct rather than a desire to moveforward in a direction of some kind of aspiration. TheAmerican Bill of Rights strikes me as a pat example ofthat, due to the fact that it is so often couched in negativeterms— Congress shall not do so and so and no state shalldo this and that— it is an effort to prevent abuses in thefuture that have been the experience of the states or ofthe people in the past. Compare that with the Frenchdeclaration of rights, for example, of 1789— almost the sametime, as a matter of fact— which is an expression of aspirations, a set of rational principles tending toward a notionof natural law or of eternal justice. Compare the experience of the two declarations of rights. Ours has, with someamendments, been a continuous document. It has beenimplemented by a regular arm of the government, whereasthe French have left that to the general notions of thepeople— public opinion— and the result has been, at thecount last night, 17 constitutions in the last 170 years orso. It seems to me therefore that when law is an effortto correct existing abuses, it is likely to be a better expression of the social pattern than a set of laws that tendsto look toward the future because some elements of thepopulation would like to have the world be a better placeon rational principles.MR. McKEON: I think there's been a tendency to takewords like justice as being vague and general. Let metry to give what seems to me to be the four operationsof law that would be necessary if one took into accountjustice. Beginning with the first, namely, corrective justice:it is justice in which law is a deterrent, in which law is thesense of rules, prescriptions to be adjudicated in the courtor, arbitrated in a less formal way, in ways which willmake the resolution of conflict and the avoidance of conflict more subtle by going into meanings and values thatare recognized by the group. The second aspect I thinkrequires a separation: In the process of adjudication orlegislation, there comes to be the recognition of the protection of certain rights and freedoms which were originallyrules about the non-interference of government into theaffairs of the individual. You have two functions. One,resolution of conflict or deterrents with respect to injuriesthat are specified in the law; secondly, protection, evolution of new rights and freedom. In this process, a thirdwould seem to me to be one that should be very prominentin this discussion— namely, the maintenance of the rule oflaw itself. Even if you lose your case, the continuation ofthe process by which the resolution of conflicts is established is a goal, an objective which is a high one in thesociety. And then, finally, the fourth is the process bywhich one advances justice in the sense of the pursuitand understanding of the general welfare.4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThere was a body of fundamental law that was writtennot only 'to form a more perfect union, but also to establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for thecommon defense, promote the general welfare and securethe blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.' Thegeneral welfare is part of the operation of law, not in avague sense, but in the sense of recognizing that in addition to needs and desires that we know about there is thepossibility of emerging new fashions of satisfying needs,new objectives— and this, I would say, is a part of theoperation of law.MR- BLUM: When one looks at law that way, what otherforces are there in our society for attaining any goal?Doesn't that make law all inclusive?MR- GOTTSCHALK: I am again obliged to raise questions of whether law is the best way to achieve anythingin the nature of goals or the aspirations of the people. Mr.McKeon quoted the Preamble of the Constitution. That isone of the three great documents of American history, asyou know, and the first one, the Declaration of Independence, stated the goals of the United States or the statesthat were rebelling against England, as our natural rightsto life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is aset of aspirations, too, but very vague. The Constitution,drawn up by relatively more conservative people, put thesein more concrete terms and it indicated such things asperfect union and domestic tranquillity, and the other thingsthat Mr. McKeon quoted. Well, these are relativelyabstruse terms. Their perfect union, as a matter of fact,has led to a number of crises in our history, including oneof the great wars of the 19th Century. It is doubtful thatwe have as perfect a union now as some of us would liketo have.These are terms that need definition. When the thirdgreat document came along, out of Mr. Lincoln at Gettysburg, it used still more concrete terms. That is to say,'government of the people, by the people and for the people.' Democracy. If you have democracy, you can attainyour goals in the best fashion. It seems to me in generalthat when you talk about aspirations of a society, that itisn't through law that aspirations of society are best attained—or at least not through law alone that thev are best attained,but through education and economic forces and the churchand a great number of other institutions that are concernedwith values as well as the law. The law is largely an effortto avoid lawlessness, to avoid anarchy, and consequently, asa corrective of things that have, in the past, seemed toneed correction.MR. McKEON: I wanted, since Mr. Gottschalk is worriedabout definitions, to suggest that the process of the lawis, itself, a process of definition. I should not, in manyinstances, want more precise statements than either theDeclaration of Independence or the Constitution. The statements that were made permitted the discovery of the meansby which to achieve what was stated as an objective inthose terms. Since it's not the aspirations of the people I'minterested in, but the operation of the law, I'd like toillustrate a little bit further by an experience I had withthe Universal Bill of Human Rights. UNESCO set up acommittee of experts who met to talk about its intellectualand historical background. We were individuals with nolegal, governmental or diplomatic status: we called on allof the traditions of the world taught in the sacred books,in the moral philosophies about all of the rights that werebeing contemplated. I listened to ancient cultures withalmost no legal development and no aspiration towarddemocracy prior to 1945. And then it occurred to me Governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller gavethe convocation address in Rockefeller Chapel,which bears the name of his grandfather.Shown here in procession with Chancellor Kimpton, he was the object of all eyes and comment, but shared newspaper coverage withRichard Nixon, who was in Chicago that dayfor Polish Constitution Day Celebrations.JUNE, 1960Byzantine glass mosaic panel, "The Law," by Harold Haydon of the College faculty, for the Temple Beth-El in Gary, Indiana. "The Law" represents established order and practice, the fruit of the experience of thepeople and their guide for living. In contrast, the companion panel,"The Legend," is regarded as the flower that precedes the fruit — thepromise of a better life and the springing of creative imagination. Theprincipal elements of "The Law" are associated with the Temple. Thesteel sheds of Gary which range across the lower portion of the mosaicand the columns of flame recall how the Lord appeared to Moses, yetlocate the mosaic in our time with our realities.suddenly, since the quotations were convincing, these werein the sacred books. Only in Great Britain, in France andin the United States, we had Bills of Rights, and in the19th Century, the multiplication, therefore, of rights, notmerely in terms of aspirations, but in terms that reducedthem successfully or unsuccessfully to terms which individuals could claim, and institutions could adjudicate. At thispoint the law comes in.MR. SCHULTZ: I want to protest slightly here. It seemsto me that we've got to make this relevant to something.I don't see what it applies to. I mean, I don't object todefining law as being all inclusive— that's an old philosophy—provided you can make it cut somewhere. How do vouwant to use this? You promised we were going to talkabout some national goals and their achievement.MR. PRITCHETT: Certainly we have national goals. Someof them are really unspoken. We simply take them forgranted. The idea of progress is certainly a national goal,even though we haven't written it down in any legal document. On the other hand, we have some very ringing statements such as in the Bill of Rights. And we're constantlythinking of new national goals, all the time trying to worktowards them. MR. BLUM: Well now, Mr. Schultz has asked that we bemore explicit. What are these new national goals?MR. PRITCHETT: I don't know whether you want to takea small one or a big one. I suppose I could be equallyvague about either. Certainly, we're trying to move towardsome kind of understandings or, hopefully, toward somekind of institutions— such as we've long employed withinnational boundaries— that will be effective in some way outside national boundaries. This is the big problem.MR. SCHULTZ: Well, each can have his choice. I oncethought that there was a very strong consensus that weare trying to achieve in this country something more nearlyapproaching equal opportunities for humans; people whoare part of this country express this in social terms, ultimately, in economic terms. Progressive income taxes arethings that have been acclaimed for a long time; but I'drather stay out of this.It seems to me that a big problem we face is the vervlarge groups in this country, sometimes called minorities,the Negro and others, who have not had anything likeequal economic opportunities. Our aspirations are, I shouldthink, that we move ahead and redress the inequalities thathave characterized our society in the past.MR. McKEON: Let me, since I still have in mind the fourfold division of law, try the way in which the analysis ofthe problem of minority groups would respond to it. Whatis the manner in which minority groups make their claimsfor help? It would seem to me that there is no simpleway which we can answer this question or throw it on lawand sav that law should do this. A minority group, whenit begins to improve its economic status, is moved into aposition in which it can be more effective within the structure of society, including the legal structure of society.This has been the history. The second step has normallybeen, in view of the greater claim that can be made becausesome members of the group have distinguished themselvesand have the leisure and the funds, to try to provide forthemselves a means by which the group can participatemore nearly equally or fairly in the decisions of society,including political decisions. We're in the midst of onestage of this process in the case of a group that 100 yearsago had a special amendment to the Constitution writtenfor them. It is not enough, merely, that the group hasbegun to rise economically or is protected in the exerciseof its social or political rights, but there must open up anequality of opportunities. And, I think part of this is law.And then, finally, there is a claim for justice. They talkabout justice from the second stage on. They clarify whatthey mean by justice at the third stage. Now, what I wouldlike to do is to plead for this as a viable way of proceeding—that is to say, the recognition that vou begin with aneffectively stated need and desire, which is then translatedinto a legal formulation and a means of adjudication whichopens up liberties and rights and finally, a fourth stage,clarifies the structure of values within which all this hasgrown.MR. ALLEN: If I could be worth a footnote here to whatMr. McKeon has just said in connection with the segregation problem, to note something of the progression whichhe has outlined. Since the fact is that the case of Plessyand Ferguson was decided in 1896, this, as you know, wasthe case in which all but one member of the SupremeCourt supported the principle of separate but equal facilities in public transportation, and provided the legal basisfor the system of racial segregation in this country. Theinteresting thing, historically, about Plessy v. Ferguson isthat it was decided without casting a ripple on the watersof this country. Nobody noticed it. There is historical6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE,vidcnce that it was not resented by the Negro leadership.The position of the Negro leadership— some of it— was that^e proper way for the group to attain equality was toconfine its efforts to its own group and that a policy ofsegregation was indeed an advancement of that objective.K was not until time passed and different ideas of how thisproblem of equality was to be solved appeared, which rejected the improvements in the condition economically andsocially of the group, that you got the Negro groups in theposition of asserting aggressively their position in the courts.fhei i you got what is one of the most remarkable sequencesj, legal doctrine that I Tcnow anything about— the casesivhich provide the background in the segregation cases, theivhite primary cases and the others which led up to theBrown v. the Board of Education. I think one can see aprogression, economic, social and intellectual in this process.Of course, the process isn't over. It may well be, however,that the announcement of the legal principle that segregation, at least in public education, is a violation of theConstitution is a new factor in the situation. It now becomes a moral force.MR. GOTTSCHALK: Isn't it fairly clear that though youhave the 15th amendment on the books of the Constitutionfor a matter of 100 years, that, nevertheless, only becauseof tj>e improvement of the Negro by economic means, bygen i ral education and through moral principles derivedfrom hither, thither and thar and the church, that thepublic becomes aroused. Eventually, this begins to be amatter that the law enforcement agencies, through thecourts, take cognizance of in the way that in the preceding 100 years they have not. In other words, this is anexpression of the growth of a cultural phenomena muchwider than merely knowledge of the law.MR. BLUM: You make it sound as if the law has little roleto play in the attainment of national goals, but merely follows in the wake of public opinion.MR. GOTTSCHALK: Well, I wouldn't say merely, but Iwo-. Id say that there is a tremendous amount of force inthe law when it follows a cultural pattern, and that it islikely to be a neglected law or likely to be meaninglesswhen it attempts merely to be educational or to attain anaspiration that is not in the culture.MR. SCHULTZ: Well, it seems to me one thing was saidhere, and that is that we are inclined to give too muchweight when we single out a particular line of activity thataffects the improved status and position of the Negro inAmerican society. Very frequently, this is true on the partof economists. In the last several decades manufacturingplants have been going South, and for this and many otherreasons the income that is earned, the income, therefore,con ing to families in this minority group has vastly improved. A good deal of writing of the last 20 years in some sense had too high expectations of what this, byitself would do. I would say the same thing for the politicalprocess per se— the efforts now to get votes for the Negroes.We have too high expectations of what this will achieve.This could also be said about the law entering in in apositive way, which it has more recently. I suspect thatit will be combinations of these factors that will give resultsfavorable to these goals and greatly exceed just the summation of the small effects of each. What puzzles me here isthat is it necessary in achieving these particular goals thatsomehow we have a consensus about them and that thismust occur so extraordinarily slowly. At least I thoughtthat if I would now go into a neighboring country for anexample— Mr. Pritchett mentioned Mexico for me and therise of the position of the Indian in Mexican society— itseems to me this has been very much more rapid in thelast 25-30 years than it has been for equally oppressedlarge groups in our society. Now is there something inherent in our very society that makes us really quite vulnerable, that we can't do things in five decades that, in othersettings, might be done in three and two and so on? Ourgreatest competitor on the international scene seems tohave some very great advantages. Let me hold this andask the question: Is it inherent in our society that whetherit's law that comes to play, political process, the expansionof the economy, or a combination of these, must this comeoff just at this slow, gradual pace— is this inherent in ourvalues and our institutions? Can't it be otherwise?MR. BLUM: Mr. McKeon and each one of you was bombeda moment ago with Mr. Gottschalk's observations on lawfollowing behind public opinion. You may wish now torespond also to this observation.MR. McKEON: Now in the case of Mr. Schultz's observation, I'm not sure how one calculates the speed or the slowness, and consequently, I'm not certain of my own timingof what is going on from many points of view, that is fromthe point of view of the objectives that are involved, thecomplexity. It seems to me that the last few decades havebeen a period of rapid change in the United States, but thiswould merely set one sensibility against another and I amas impatient as Mr. Schultz.MR. PRITCHETT: Well, philosophers measure time indifferent units.MR. McKEON: I think not. If we wanted to debate that,I could offer you evidence of greater impatience that Ihave manifested in matters of this sort, but this wouldseem to me to be an irrelevant piece of subjectivity. WhatI wanted to talk about earlier was the question that Mr.Gottschalk raised— law and public opinion, which is alsopresent in Mr. Schultz's remarks about consensus. It seemsto me that the interesting part of the way in which lawaccomplishes its ends is that it is, in fact, made up of twoPanelists: Pritchett, Allen, Blum, Gottschalk, McKeon and Schultz.JUNE, 1960 7levels. It is possible to describe the decisions of the courtin terms of public opinion. The opinions, the facts, whatare thought to be the facts, subjective estimates of thespeed of change, all of the rest— all of these would not,however, determine how the court will decide or what themoral effect of the decision of the court is. And consequently, granting a mean of public opinion, the instrumental value of a court decision, an important one, intotally changing, in making explicit, in permitting thepeople to catch up with its moral insights, is an instrumentality that cannot be reduced to any Gallup poll ofwhat the people think at the time.MR. GOTTSCHALK: I wouldn't want the law to be determined by a Gallup poll, but it seems to me one of thegreat qualities of our Constitution that sets it off from otherconstitutions with which we are familiar is that we do havean independent judiciary with a right of judicial reviewand with a set of laws in a bill of rights which attemptsto protect minorities and indicate higher rights than, thosethat are contained in the former law. So that I feel oneof the important things about our system of law is that wehave guardians of justice.MR. McKEON: This is not the issue of which I was talking. I'm speaking about the law, the courts of law as formers of public opinion, as important means of making socialadvance, and even formulating moral principles.MR. GOTTSCHALK: Well, I nave no doubt they canformulate moral principles. What I'm concerned with ishow they enforce moral principles. You may rememberthat President Jackson once said of the Supreme Court,'Judge Marshall has made his decision. Let him enforce it/MR. McKEON: May I repeat that. It is this limitation thatwe need to take into account. It is not merely the sanctionsof the court and what the sheriff can do, it is the effect onpublic opinion of a public announcement of a decision bya major court, including the decisions of the SupremeCourt. It makes public opinion. It doesn't need any policeforce to put it in.MR. ALLEN: I just have something to say about this question of the effect of the law, of the agencies of the law, asan instructor in moral principle and the ^creator of moralprinciple. This is a prickly problem, particularly if youapproach it from the standpoint of one who is charged withactually forming policy and administering it. It is an extremely intricate problem and I would say in the first placethat it should be recognized that there are limitations as towhat legal institutions can do by way of moral instruction,and that those limitations are such that if they are disregarded, they are disregarded at peril. For when theyare disregarded, the kind of moral instruction that is givenmay not be of the advantageous sort. For example, if one'senthusiasm as a legislator to give moral instruction reachessuch limits that he causes to be enacted an unenforced andunenforcable law, the consequences of this in terms ofmoral instruction are not likely to be desirable. It is nevertheless true that one can identify certain bodies of the lawin which one assumes, at least, that moral instruction isbeing given. Take the area of the criminal law. I wouldsuppose that one might take the criminal law as an authoritative statement of the minima of responsible citizenship,and that by giving authoritative declaration to those minima,and by enforcing them, that moral instruction is given tothe community and, if properly applied, is given to theperson proceeded against. There are other ways in whichmoral instruction can.be given by the legal order. Supposethe government is concerned, as it certainly could legiti mately be, with the problem of internal security againstsubversion. If government proceeds to accomplish thatobjective by denying proper claim to the interests of theindividual human being, if the methods are those whichdevalue the importance of individual personalities, thencertain types of moral instruction are given which I cannot help but believe affect the moral tone of the community. On the other hand, in approaching that greatobjective, if the government proceeds with proper deference to the demands of individual human personality, Icannot help believe that the effect of this is a strengthening of the moral tone of the individual in the community.MR. GOTTSCHALK: Let me-may I give one illustrationof the dangers that might arise when the legislature undertakes to educate the public in ethics. In 1933, if I had onmy person a bottle of whiskey and a pocket full of gold,I would be acting illegally— not because I had the gold,but because I had the whiskey. Exactly a year later, if Ihad a pocketful of gold and a bottle of whiskey, I'd beacting illegally, not because I had the whiskey, but becauseI had the gold. And it seems to me that one of the reasonswas we have two amendments to the Constitution, one ofwhich cancels out the earlier one— that Congress undertook to be moral on one occasion and then, later on, discovered that the public didn't care very much for this morallesson and this discovery necessitated a second amendment.MR. McKEON: I don't think that the law, legislation,courts or any other legal bodies should teach a moral lesson. When they do, I quite agree with Mr. Gottschalk,they're apt to do a bad job or to make mistakes. I do think,however, that in the exercise of their functions, they exhibitmoral lessons, or the opposite. They can't avoid that either.It seems to me that we must insist upon the former andnot the latter.MR. SCHULTZ: I'm still wondering to what extent we'rebringing national objectives into focus here. It seemsto me that all this is delightful, instructive, and itcertainly stays. What puzzles me really is what we hadn't,in our preliminary efforts, discussed— somehow law meanssomething very different to each person, and also in theend I suppose this is true too of national goals.I suspect it isn't an accident that this little field calledthe dismal science by Herman Pritchett may have a bit ofcapacity to do a few things because it has been willingto abstract from and leave aside a lot of things— the culturalcomponent, the legal component, and so on. This causesme to hark back to how much is lost and how much isgained because we've abstracted these institutions so farfrom law. But I think there's a lesson in this, too. Thatis, to go back, we may try to define it too comprehensively.We may want to include too much. And this blunts andcertainly makes fuzzy at the fringes what we are trying todo and what, for example, a set of institutions or a legalframework is trying to accomplish. I'm not driving thisto a hard conclusion. I'm just speculating. If there is asmall conclusion, it is that economics, economists, I thinkin some sense, can become more effective and certainlymore in demand and useful in many different kinds ofsocieties when in some sense they can start with the legaland cultural component as is.MR. RLUM: At the start of this discussion, I said that wecould not agree where law begins and where law ends, butthat we agree where the discussion would begin. We alsoagreed where the discussion would end and that was at4:30. And in traditional law school fashion, we hope wehave left you with an ample store of questions, yet noanswers.8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEa contribution to oneof the symposia featuredearlier in the dedicatory yearby a former Chancellorof the University:POWER ANDRESPONSIBILITY"Justice" by Freeman Schoolcraft,Lecturer in Art and Director of Lexington Gallery. Created for the entrance to 100 North La Salle Streetin Chicago, an office building occupied primarily by persons in the legalprofession, this nine-foot symbolic figure is of green bronze.BY ROBERT M. HUTCHINSPRESIDENT, FUND FOR THE REPUBLICAND CENTER FOR STUDY OFBl MOCRAT1C INSTITUTIONS Neither of the ideas in the title of this symposium is veryinteresting in itself. Responsibility cannot exist withovitpower. And power, by itself, is simply an inconvenient factof life. A. A. Berle, jr., in his new book, Power WithoutProperty, observes that almost nothing has been writtenabout power. And Professor McKeon, in his authoritativepaper, makes the same remark about responsibility, addingthat it is a comparative parvenu, born in 1787.These two ideas, or words, impress us only in combination. In combination they lead us into all the major legaland political problems of the West. The legal and politicalhistory of the West may be seen as the effort to makepower responsible. The problem of power and responsibility is identical with that of a free and just society. Freedom implies power of some kind, and justice implies responsibility.The American tradition is the tradition of dispersingpower and trusting to luck, or to the Invisible Hand, toproduce responsibility. From James Madison to ReinholdNiebuhr the notion has been that salvation lies in havingmany contending centers of power. The Federalist Xfinds safety from factions in having a great many of them,fighting over a large territory. In the latest pamphlet published by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Mr. Niebuhr, referring to the corporation and thelabor union, said, "What health we have is due to the factthat these dubious sovereignties balance one another." Mr.Niebuhr went on to deal with the function of governmentas follows: "It is only the purpose of government to seeto it that the over-all purposes are fulfilled within the termsof the spontaneous desires, motives, etc. of all the centersof power. This is the new liberalism as against the oldliberalism. The old liberalism assumed that spontaneity,free enterprise, free market, all contributed to the generalwelfare. We know that is not true. We know there mustbe checks and balances. The government, if it finds onecenter of power is too strong, must raise up another centerof power in the interest of justice."There is something unsatisfactory in the notion that thewhole matter of power and responsibility, freedom andjustice, is going to be solved because the centers of powerwill balance one another and that the role of governmentis simply to see to it that the supply of such centers isadequate.In order to have any confidence that if enough centersof power contend they will make one another responsibleand give us a just society, we must attribute to Providencea greater interest in the welfare of the American peoplethan either our history or our merits would seem to justify.JUNE, 1960 9My purpose is to suggest the possibility that we as a people,as a community learning together, might learn how toassume conscious control of our destiny.In considering this possibility, one of the grossest errorswe can make is to assume that we have exhausted ourintelligence and imagination, that is, our capacity for learning. The fact is that we have hardly ever exerted it becausewe never had to. To say, for example, that there is something inherently degrading and corrupt about Americanpolitics and that therefore government must govern as littleas possible is to overlook the fact that governments havebeen transformed because communities have learned tomake them responsible. Nobody living in Sir Robert Wal-pole's day could have imagined that in 150 years the Britishwould be setting standards of honesty in public administration for the world. It will not escape our notice, I hope,that this transformation was accompanied, and in somedegree caused, by the reformation of the British universities.If a society is to be free and just, all power in it -mustbe made responsible. This means that all power must bebrought to the test of reason. The obvious way of doingthis is through the law. It is no answer to say that somelaws are unreasonable. Of course they are. But the lawis still what Dr. Johnson said it was, "the last result ofhuman wisdom acting upon human experience for the benefit of the public." We have been preoccupied since Machia-velli with social physics— politics is who gets what and howand the law is what the courts will do— but the law is stilla work of reason. If it is not, then perhaps I may be permitted to say, in an ad hominen kind of way, that thisSchool has no claim to be a part of an intellectual institution.To borrow a phrase from an unpublished paper by Ber-trand de Jouvenel, the law is the method by which potentiabecomes potestan, by which power becomes authority, bywhich it acquires legitimacy in its possession and is constrained to reasonableness in its exercise. Office means duty.This idea is familiar enough. In fact the deepest constitutional conviction that we have is that governmentalpower must be made responsible. When the Constitutionwas framed, government and the individual were the onlytwo entities in society. Government was the one with thepower. Now other centers of power may have a moredirect and drastic effect on the individual and on the lifeof the country than any 18th Century government couldhave hoped to have. This raises new constitutional questions.As Arthur S. Miller has said in a paper about to be published by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, "Whenever any organization or group performs afunction of a sufficiently important nature, it can be saidto be performing a governmental function and thus wouldhave its actions considered against the broad provisionsof the Constitution. In the racial covenant cases, the whiteprimary cases, and the company town cases, the Court hasshown that the concept of private action must yield to aconception of state action where public functions are beingperformed . . . With the continuing pluralizing of American society and the increasing recognition of the governmental power of private groups, it can be forecast withsome certainty that the trend of the Court in public-icing'private groups will continue. It should become the important constitutional law development of the mid-twentiethcentury."MR. MILLER ENDS HIS ESSAY with these words: "Thestudy of constitutional law today should include not onlywhat governments can and cannot do, but also what theymust do." But if governments must do more than they did,the task of making governmental power responsible is back with us in new and disturbing forms. A United Statessenator remarked in my presence the other day that Con,gress was ceasing to be a legislative body. If it broughtpower to the test of reason at all, it did so not by makinglaws but by holding hearings. Using the example of milltary expenditures, he said that if Congress increased themthe Administration would impound the money. If Congressreduced them, the Administration would reschedule itspurchases. Bureaucracy in government and in politicalparties and the complexity of the operations of governmentpresent and proposed, mean that the constitutional theoryof responsible government requires the most thoroughgoing reexamination. We might learn something aboutpolitical parties and public corporations from Englandsomething about making the bureaucracy responsible fromthe Conseil d'Etat in France, and from Western Germanysomething about how government may help make privateeconomic power responsible through internal participationrather than external control.We cannot assume that if something must be done tomake private power responsible the government must doit. The alternatives are not as we usually seem to thinkthey are, between governmental control and letting privatepower run wild until its flamboyance is checked by collisionwith other private powers. There are other ways of bringing power to the test of reason, ways that may do more topreserve the vitality and spontaneity of individuals andgroups than the law can do. The law is general, and it iscoercive. It is, therefore, a rather blunt instrument.Mr. Berle appeals to what he calls the "public consensus." He says, "Does this inchoate public consensus haveany relation to settled law? The answer must be that itdoes include settled principles of law. But it also includescapacity to criticize that law. From time to time it maydemand changes in existing law."Mr. Berle finds the public consensus formed and represented by ther influence of leading businessmen and "theconclusions of careful university professors, the reasonedopinions of specialists, the statements of responsible journalists, and at times the solid pronouncements of respectedpoliticians." He goes on to say, "These, and men like them,are thus the real tribunal to which the American systemis finally accountable. Taken together, this group, so longas its members are able to communicate their views, becomes the forum of accountability for the holding and useof economic power. Collectively they are the developersof public consensus, the men first sought to guide theformation of public opinion to any given application."At first blush it would seem that if economic power isnow responsible to this tribunal, we do not need to concern ourselves very much with making economic powerresponsible. This tribunal exists. And though its membersmay have some little difficulty from time to time communicating their views, they are always in session, andalways, presumably, engaged in holding American business responsible.The consensus, we are told, is always ahead of the law,but some of its principles are well enough defined to becalled inchoate law. The consequences of the violation ofthese standards may be serious. One result, Mr. Berle says,may be that "the standards set up by the consensus willsuddenly be made into explicit law in case of abuse ofpower." Mr. Berle points to a wide range of issues on whichbusinessmen are likely to find themselves in trouble if theydo things which, though now thought to be legally permissible, violate the standards set up by the public consensus.We are well acquainted with the notion that the institutions of this country operate within limits set by public10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEOpinion. The flourishing trade of public relations is a testimony to this fact. Presumably there are, and always willbe, leaders of public opinion. It may be that some of themare the kind of people that Mr. Berle appoints to thetribunal to which American business is accountable. Somedoubt is cast on his selections, at least as far as SouthernCalifornia is concerned, by a statement of Professor Gilbertjrighouse of Occidental college that appeared in the Los\ngeles Times on October 28. Mr. Brighouse said thatneither intelligence, honesty, industry, nor loyalty was necessary for business leadership. He said, "One of the greatestleaders in Southern California, for instance, is an imbecile.gut when they really need something done, this is the manthe}' go to."But let us assume that the tribunal exists, no matter whoits members are. Mr. Berle may be right in saying thatbusinessmen had better watch out for it. But it must beadmitted that today this tribunal is working rather erratically. Its operation, in practice, is as inexplicable and unreliable as that of the Invisible Hand.IN THE FIELDS WITH WHICH I am more familiarthan I am with business no such tribunal appears to exist, or,if it exists, it is totally ineffective. Nothing appears to influence our educational institutions, nothing that is, exceptmoiey. I see no inchoate law that they are obeying. I seenor.;' that the media of mass communication obey. If theyhad been obeying the most elementary rule of inchoate law—don't cheat— the quiz show scandals could not have occurred. And I am prepared to wager that the corporateinterests that control television will not be penalizedthrough having inchoate law become explicit law. It issignificant that the law proposed by Mr. Kintner of NBCis one that woidd cause the companies little inconvenience.I raise the question whether our institutions are equalto the task of developing public consensus, inchoate law,or law. I see no grounds for optimism in the present operation of the public consensus or of the loose, informal unorganized tribunals that are said to form and represent it.Wl it we need is criticism. The issue is whether the kindof pontaneous, sporadic, uninstitutionalized criticism withwhich we have always been familiar, which adds up tothe voices of unrelated soloists singing in different keys, or even singing different pieces, is adequate in our presentsociety to bring power to the test of reason.We should be able to look to the universities, the press,and the professional associations. They do not seem to bein the best of health. The universities have become folkinstitutions, reflecting, rather than criticizing, the society.They are now dedicated to chaperonage, vocational certification, and specialized research. The media of communication are not critical of practices upon which theythink their prosperity depends. The professional associations, even in what used to be called the learned professions, have tended to look like the propaganda divisionsof pressure groups. I suggest that if we are going to learnhow to make power responsible through criticism we aregoing to have to find out how to make the institutions ofcriticism responsible.Although I see few signs that the universities, the mediaof communication, and the professional associations areinterested in becoming centers of independent criticism,there are some indications that we may eventually developnew institutions for the purpose. The recommendation ofthe Commission on the Freedom of the Press that a continuing agency be established to appraise the performanceof the media is being actively debated. Senator John Sherman Cooper has introduced a bill calling for a nationaladvisory council on education. At a recent meeting of theconsultants to the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, at which both Mr. Berle and Mr. Niebuhr werepresent, there was unanimous agreement upon the needfor a new body, a new organ of criticism, to assist in themore systematic development of the public consensus withregard to the economic order. There are some stirringsamong scientists, engineers, and medical men that may giveus some hope that these professions may ultimately tryto give some reasonable direction to the greatest irresponsible power at large in the world, the power of technology.If we as a people are to assume conscious control of ourdestiny, we shall have to learn how to take conscious control of this power, which now rules us with a tyranny sofamiliar and so absolute that we docilely follow in its wake,wherever it leads, and seem prepared to obey all its commands, including the command to commit suicide.Th central librarybui ding of the newtaw School is lit foran evening event inthe dedicatory year.JUNE, 1960 11THE CULTURAL SIDE OF JUNE REUNIONFRIDAY, JUNE 10Oriental Institute Open House with JohnWilson »The Research Institutes with a stellar castof scientists as hostsAfter Nehru, What? with Myron Weiner ofthe Committee on South Asian StudiesSATURDAY, JUNE 1 1America's Fluctuating Leadership with WalterJohnson, Chairman, HistorySuper-Voltage Radiation Therapy with Dr.James W. J. Carpender, Professor ofRadiologyArchitecture: Gothic/Modern with Alan Fernof the HumanitiesIntimate Report on Russia with stellar facultypanelistsAgriculture in Israel with David Amiran, Chairman, Geography, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (visiting professor)Illustrated Music Lecture with Daniel Heartzof the Music DepartmentAND TWO TOP LUNCHEON SPEAKERSHutchinson Commons: Dean Alan Simpson onthe Educated ManAlumnae Brunch (women) Walter Blair, Chairman, English, on American Humor fromBenjamin Franklin to PogoThe dates again: Friday-Saturday, June 10-1112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENEWS OF THE QUADRANGLESMeeting in a tense worldGathering on campus at a time ofgreat concern— just after the announcement of the U-2 being shot down overRussia, and just before the Summitmeeting— 150 statesmen, authorities inand out of government, religious andcivic leaders met to explore the pathways to peace.They were led by six Nobel PeacePrize winners: Chairman of the Conference was Lester B. Pearson of Canada. The other five were Sir NormanAngell of England, Lord John Boyd-Orrof Scotland, Ralph J. Bunche of theU.S., the Rev. Dominique G. Pire ofBelgium, and the Rt. Hon. Philip Noel-Baker of England.A seventh Nobel winner, Arthur H.Compton, of Washington University inSt. Louis, who received the 1926 Nobelphysics award, also participated.Delivering major addresses wereAdlai Stevenson, Paul G. Hoffman, Dr.Compton and Gen. Carlos P. Romulo.This Conference on World Tensions,sponsored by World Brotherhood, Incorporated and the University of Chicago, was called to direct worldattention to the basic ways of achievingpeace through economic relations, communications and international law.Committees were established in eachof these three areas, and, after separateworking sessions, open meetings wereheld to consolidate the committeerecommendations into the combinedsuggestions of the Conference.Dr. Compton, who was elected chairman of the Council on World Tensions,summarized the feeling of the group,"This is not a time for caution, butfor boldness." Mr. Pearson quotedChicago's Daniel J. Burnham: " 'Makeno little plans— they have no immag-ination to stir men's blood/ Will weleave the cause of peace to studentsmarching in the streets? Will no appealto men's hearts and spirits be madeat the Summit?"ANGELL: This Conference has todeal with a situation the like of which has never before confronted mankind.Heretofore men have fought wars endlessly—as tribes, as clans, as nations,but man has survived. In the past mankind could afford the passions, illusions,tensions, which produce wars. We canafford such indulgence no more. If thetensions of the past persist into thenuclear age they will destroy us.NOEL-BAKER: The spy-plane incident shows what goes on when youhave an arms race, such as we have inthe world today. . . . The basic factis that armaments give no defense ofany kind in this nuclear age. If youwant confidence between nations, youdo not get it through armament, butby stopping the arms race. With disarmament, it doesn't matter if there isespionage or not.HARRY S. ASHMORE: The UnitedStates should reaffirm its faith in theopen society and base its relevantdiplomacy upon this historic concept.This does not mean an automatic endto the complex multilateral negotiationsthat deal with communications as. anaspect of larger policy questions; itdoes suggest that all possibilities ofunilateral action on the part of theU.S. should be explored. It calls fora posture of boldness, for a willingnessto lower some of the barriers of ourown erection antecedent to a demandthat others follow suit.REPORT ON INTERNATIONALECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Theintense spirit of nationalism in the newly independent countries is their greatest defense against victimization bySoviet economic pressure. . . . There isevidence that the Soviets have mademost of the major errors that characterized the experimental days of U.S.bilateral aid (such as over-concentration on short-term 'impact' and over-enthusiasm for monuments') , in roughlythe same order that the U.S. madethem four or five years earlier. . . . Butthe Free World can assist (the newlyindependent countries) in resistingSoviet interference by participating in their economic growth whether or notthe Communists are also doing so andby standing ready to ease the economicblows of any withdrawal of Soviettrade or loans.STEVENSON: These are visionarydays in every field. We have unlockedthe atom. We are laying bare thesecrets of man's heredity. New infinitevistas have opened in space, new infinite abysms are opening backward intime. We have seen a rocket hit themoon. We know its dark face. . . .How can we be content in such anage to keep our political thinking within the narrow bonds of class or raceor nation? How can we permit outdated ideology to obscure our identityas citizens of a common world? Western peoples must speak once again forman and for the human city. Theymay do more; they can begin to realizethe full promise of this abundant butdistracted world.LAK to Standard OilChancellor Lawrence A. Kimptonwill join the Standard Oil (Indiana)Company as soon as his successor asChancellor of the University has beenelected.In his new position, which wasannounced on May 3, Mr. Kimptonwill travel in the United States andabroad and will study the company'swidespread facilities and operations. Hewill report to president of the company John E. Swearingen. Mr. Kimpton has been a member of StandardOil's board for two years.Egyptian TreasuresThe Oriental Institute has declaredits scholarly intention to undertake afive-year program of the "exploration,excavation, and recording of antiquitiesin the Upper Nile area, primarily inthe area to be flooded by the watersof the Aswan High Dam." The objectof the rescue program is a 292-mile"open air" museum stretching fromAswan in the United Arab Republic tothe Third Cataract in the Sudan. TheJUNE, 1960 13region will be completely inundatedover the next five years by a lakeformed by the High Dam begun thisyear by the United Arab Republic.The administration of the OrientalInstitute's Egyptian Aswan High DamProgram has been placed in the handsof a committee of five scholars.Keith C. Seele, Oriental InstituteProfessor of Egyptology, was namedprogram director. Mr. Seele has alreadyleft for Cairo.The other members of the committeeare: Pierre Delougaz, Oriental Institute Associate Professor and curator ofthe Oriental Institute Museum; RichardC. Haines, Oriental Institute Instructorand Field Director, Nippur Expedition;Thorkild Jacobsen, Oriental InstituteProfessor; and John A. Wilson, AndrewMacLeish Distinguished Service Professor and the only American memberof UNESCO's Consultative Committeeof Experts in the international campaignto save the monuments of the UpperNile.Flood losses will be irreplaceable.The waters will submerge a score ofmajor temples and tombs and hundnedsof other known but unexplored sites.Still other temples, fortresses, paintings,and artifacts, as yet undiscovered, willbe lost for all time.Professor Wilson has attempted toconvey the grandeur of the treasuresfacing destruction: "There are somenames that ring great bells in the emotional memory of men: The Cathedralat Chartres, the Parthenon, the GreatPyramid, and the Taj Mahal. In asimilar class lie others like MachuPicchu in Peru, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, and Philae and Abu Simbel inEgypt. These are unique monumentsof man's glory." The isle of Philaeand the temple of Rameses II at AbuSimbel are two of the sites threatenedby rising waters.In announcing the Oriental Institute's program, Professor Seele said thegroup proposes to carry it out underprovisions contained in invitations issued by the United Arab Republic andthe Sudanese Government. In an unprecedented move, the two governments have made extraordinary offersto agencies undertaking the rescueoperation:—Excavators will be allowed to keepat least 50 per cent of their finds,except for certain items which areunique or essential for completing national collections. Ordinarily, excavators are unable to take antiquities fromthe country.—Excavators will be later permittedto work in certain areas heretoforeclosed to them.This project, although primarilyaimed at conservation, arid so requiring removal of only 20 per cent of existingstructures, will have a total cost of$106,586,000. The Federal Government is providing $28,312,000; theCity and State, $11,350,000. Privaterehabilitation will involve $30,000,000.New construction, principally in thecleared areas, will be an estimated$27,000,000; institutional construction,other than by the University, is $6,620,-000. Acquisition and clearance by theUniversity of the four blocks, CottageGrove to Ellis Avenues, 55th to 57thStreets, under the Neighborhood Redevelopment Corporation Act, will require $3,300,000.Although the program is visualizedas a five-year enterprise, Mr. Seele saidits scope and duration will depend uponthe funds that can be obtained to conduct it. He noted that it is fitting theInstitute should take the lead in theinternational rescue operation, "Sinceits founding in 1919 the Institute haspursued its task of investigating man'searly career where civilization first appeared—the Near East." The OrientalInstitute's current operations in theUnited Arab Republic are directed fromChicago House at Luxor, Egypt. Chicago House is the headquarters of theOriental Institute's Epigraphic Survey.The Oriental Institute's action followed close on a recent appeal madeby the Director-General of UNESCO,Vittorino Veronese:"'Egypt is a gift of the Nile'; forcountless students this was the firstGreek phrase which they learnt to translate. May the peoples of the worldunite to ensure that the Nile, in becoming a greater source of fertility andpower does not bury beneath its watersmarvels which we of today have inherited from generations long sincevanished."Hot TopicHere is a world where equilibriumis defined as a chaotic state and therainbow turns up as a thermometer.It is the world of high temperature.It begins at about 9,000 degreesFahrenheit where few solids can longresist becoming gases. The temperatures mount to the unfathomable extremes of the interior of stars thousands of times hotter than our sun.The secrets of harnessing the hydrogen bomb and of conquering the frigidvastness of space are hidden in thisstrange world.The normal standards of temperatureas we know them disappear. The mercury in the thermometer that reads98.6 degrees of normal temperature inthe human body vaporizes completelyat 670 degrees.Scientists have become increasinglyperplexed in searching for new stand ards of measurement in dealing withhigh temperatures.The first scientific meeting of its kindto take up directly the critical questionof how to measure high temperatureswas called at the University this Marchwith more than 500 scientists and investigators from government agenciesuniversity laboratories and private corporations throughout the world attending. Speakers from England, Germanyand the United States included astrophysicists trying to take the temperature of the stars, atomic scientiststrying to control the energy of theH-Bomb, rocket designers seeking anideal material for ballistic missiles.The idea for the symposium originated at the University of ChicagoLaboratories for Applied Sciences whichcarry on classified and non-classifiedresearch on many of the basic problemsfacing the nation. "We have reacheda point in high temperature researchwhere we no longer know what temperature is," said Thorfin R. Hogness,deputy director of the Laboratory forApplied Sciences. Other scientistsworking on problems in this area areencountering the same difficulties weare. How to define temperature in thisrange, how to develop instrumentswhich give reliable measurements, howto interpret those measurements."The symposium had these objectives:1. To promote a fuller understanding of the meaning of temperature andthe plasma state of matter.2. To provide a discussion forum toexplore the validity of the theoreticalpremises and to provide a critical review of experimental techniques foroptical spectrometric procedures for themeasurement of high temperatures.3. To formulate areas of agreementand disagreement among scientistsworking in the field of high temperaturemeasurements, in order to highlight theareas worthy of further study.As part of the Symposium program,the University of Chicago opened forinspection by the scientists the high-temperature research laboratory operated by the University's Laboratory forApplied Sciences in an electric generating station originally built to providepower for the city's now defunct streetcar system.Experiments at the high temperaturelaboratory are conducted at temperatures higher than those produced onthe surface of the sun. The scientiststhere pioneered in developing the practical means for creating temperaturesup to 25,000 degrees Fahrenheit andhave reproduced many of the conditionsencountered by missile and satellitere-entry into the atmosphere. The facilities are now being used for basic studiesin controlling the heat of nuclear fusion.14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFESTIVALOF THEARTS, 1960The sixth annual Festival of the Arts opened at noon onFriday, April 22 in Hutchinson Court with a fanfare ofbrass players and the voices of the University Glee Club.Students brought their lunches out onto the grass and sun.They thumbed through the special four page FOTA editionof the Maroon which listed more than fifty arts eventsscheduled for the next nine days: this was the most ambitiousprogram yet planned by a Festival committee.Participating in the events were actress Cornelia OtisSkinner, author Jessamyn West, British art film producerand winner of Cannes Film Festival Awards John Read.Four outstanding young American poets read from theirpoetry: Robert Mazey, Donald Justice, Peter Everwine andJohn Logan. The Neville Black Dance Company and theChicago Ballet Guild presented dance programs. Musichighlights were a performance of Bach's "A MusicalOffering" by the Bach Society, a program of Renaissanceand Baroque Music by the Collegium Musicum, a chambermusic concert and a jazz concert. Blackfriars presented itsannual show, "Silver Bells and Cockle Shells." International House gave an exhibition and the Festival ofNations; there were the Florence James Adams PoetryReading contest, student and professional art exhibits, aWUCB performance of "The Misanthrope," a gallerycrawl downtown with a chartered bus leaving from IdaNoyes, and, of course, the Beaux Arts Masquerade Ball.The theme of the costumes this year was characters fromgreat cinema productions. Who won first prize in the contest? Cyrano de Bergerac, complete with his white plume.FINE ART IS THAT IN WHICHTHE HAND, THE HEAD, AND THEHEART GO TOGETHER— RUSKINJUNE, 1960 15.//VrPOductipfv To «iRRICEOF POWER: LAmerica tine* 1946HERBERT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELTAtlaseSj Anecdotes and Annie BesantThis article, by a spokeswoman of theUniversity of Chicago Press, is illustratedwith jacket designs from Press publications,both hardcover and Phoenix Paperbacks.Its author has these and other books torecommend for your summer reading list,but, in the timeless tradition of the"institution" of the Press, she willremain anonymous.IT IS A popular misconception that university pressespublish only books with titles like "The Socio-Economic Approach to Disteleological Influences onPre-Renaissance Religious Dynamics— A Re-Evaluation." Therefore it mav come as quite a shock to manythat one of the University of Chicago Press books for Mav,1960, is THE PRIVATE LIFE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES.This is an enlarged and revised edition of a 1933 publication by Vincent Starrett, of the Chicago SundayTribune "Books Alive" column. It is a delightful pasticheon literary research, containing such treasures as a detailedexamination of what kind of woman Sherlock's housekeeper must have been, and a story written by Mr.Starrett in the style of the master. ' Who knows, whenSherlock has been still further sanctified bv time, someearnest PhD candidate may take this work very seriously.One of the pleasures of university publishing is thatit is possible to produce books like this, for the connoisseur,which commercial publishers must often pass by. Anotherpleasure is that it is possible to devote more time to theactual production of the books and to give more thoughtto design. The University of Chicago Press is unique in that it wasnot an afterthought in the development of the Universitybut was part of Dr. Harper's original conception of whathe wanted his institution to be. He intended his Universityto do valuable work and he intended that interested peopleall over the world should be able to read about it. So withtypical acumen, he had the Press established within thefirst year while the money was flowing and before therewas time for argument to set in. The Press began operations in 1892 and by 1899 it had published a book whichstill reverberates around the world, John Dewey's THESCHOOL AND SOCIETY.At no time was the Press seen as a parochial operation.We naturally aim to publish the best of the work being donehere on campus but our authors come from other faculties,too, both here and abroad, or may even be non-academics.Our books go round the world, even penetrating the IronCurtain in large numbers. China has been an avid customer for the last three years, buying all the medical bookswe publish and also such oddly assorted volumes as THEALCAE OF ILLINOIS, THE COMPLETE GREEKTRAGEDIES and, of all things, THE GREAT EB (Encyclopedia Britannica).The output of the Press is now over eighty books a yearand thirty-two journals. Over half a million books a yearleave the warehouse for world wide distribution. Operatingas an academic department, without endowment, it is almostentirely self-supporting and is a leading force in seriouspublishing. Serious publishing does not, however, precludereadability. We feel that education is a communicabledisease, and that the important things our authors have tosav deserve to be read by the largest possible number ofliterate people. While we do not set our sights on thebest-seller list and none of our books has yet been madeinto a Broadway musical, we do feel that we are fulfillingan important function in producing books of lasting interest that can be enjoyed outside of ivory towers.Our spring list this year has a variety of books that youmight care to pack with the sneakers and tennis racketsto give your mind a little exercise too, over the summer.To those of you who go on a steadv diet of science fictionfor the vacation period, we can only apologize. We havenothing for you, really, unless you would like to study themagnificent," but factual, PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS com-16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEpiled at Yerkes Observatory under the direction of Dr.Gerard P. Kuiper. This is the first comprehensive atlasof the moon in fifty years and contains 280 of the finestphotographs of the fifty-nine percent of the moon that isvisible to us. These photographs are assembled on sheetsmeasuring YoVz x 19 inches and are indexed and numberedto allow careful study of each strip. The scale is twentymiles to the inch and the whole is overwhelmingly impressive. It is a major publishing feat but it is not, strictlyspeaking, a book, so we cannot recommend it for summerreading. Anyway, in its looseleaf container it weighs abouttw mtv-five pounds and vou should have a large telescopealong, too, so you probably would not want it on a familytrip-Early this spring we published THE CONSTITUTIONOF LIBERTY by Friedrich A. Hayek, professor of socialand moral science at this University. In this book, Professor Hayek, who styles himself "an unrepentant old Whig"analyzes the ethical foundations of a free society in whichliberty is the source and condition of all moral values. Heexamines the institutions that Western man has developedto secure individual liberty and discusses the relations between a free-enterprise system and a socialist one. Hegives a full account of the present-day welfare state, itspossibilities and its dangers and tests the principles of free-do n by applying them to today's critical economic andsoi ial issues. This book set off widespread controversy andits defenders and attackers were equally vehement. It washailed as the successor to John Stuart Mill's essay OnLiberty. (This also happened to Mr. Hayek's The Road toSerfdom which we first published fifteen years ago andwhich is available in a Phoenix paperback.) Although thecritics have disagreed violently about whether or not Professor Hayek's conclusions are correct, they have agreedthat his is a voice that should be heard.Myron Lieberman's THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC EDUCATION was another spring publication that caused astir Mr. Lieberman is director of basic research for theEd icational Research Council of Greater Cleveland andedi. cation consultant for The Nation. He has taught inpublic high schools, at the Universities of Illinois and Oklahoma and at Yeshiva University so he is well qualified toadd his comment to one of today's burning topics. Heclaims that the reform of the public schools is a matterfor the teaching profession to handle, and advocates thestrengthening of teacher organizations. He suggests thatthe structure of the medical profession might well beimitated in the training and selection of teachers. Heasserts that the issues of content and methodology are vastlyoverrated in importance and that what is needed is a managerial revolution. He criticizes local control and employer-emnloyee relationships and has succeeded in writing a mostpr. vocative book which has avoided all the argumentswhich have become shopworn over the past few years. Amust for teachers to read, this book will come as a reliefto many parents who may have been feeling that the unsatisfactory state of the schools, along with everything else,is All Their Fault.For a change of pace we suggest another of our lighterbooks, THE ANATOMY OF THE ANECDOTE, by LouisBrownlow who, in his eighty years, has heard and toldmany a good story. He grew up with the Civil War talesthat were told to him by his family, who had lived throughit, and many years in Washington have kept him in touchwith well-known figures in various administrations. Thisis 'listory with more than a dash of folklore. It is charmingly illustrated by Rainey Bennett and if vou would become better acquainted with Mr. Brownlow, his two-partbiography, A PASSION FOR POLITICS and A PASSION FOR ANONYMITY, was also recently published by us.We could perhaps next turn to THE AMIABLE HUMORIST by Stuart M. Tave which traces the growth of the ideaof humor as a gentle thing. Mr. Tave, who is associateprofessor of English here at Chicago, tells how the good-natured Addison and Steele and others of their day oustedthe savage wit of the Restoration period and proved thatone could laugh at something else besides knaves and fools.It is always particularly pleasant in the holiday period,to read about someone else being highly active. And therecertainly can have been few busier women than AnnieBesant. In THE FIRST FIVE LIVES OF ANNIEBESANT, Arthur H. Nethercot tells the first part of thetale of this extraordinary Victorian beauty who was feminist, socialist, occulist, theosophist and an assortment ofother -ists, all of which she accomplished while still havingtime left over to captivate such men as Charles Bradlaughand Bernard Shaw. Mr. Nethercot, professor of English atNorthwestern University, has a fascinating subject in thiswoman who would have been outstanding even today,when the career woman is an accepted fact, but who waswholly phenomenal in the Victorian England in which shegrew up. It was not easy for a woman then to become aworld figure and she had to fight her way out of the roleof parson's wife to do so, which made it doubly hard. Inthe next volume, Mr. Nethercot will round out the storyof her astonishing influence in India where she became atone time, president of the Indian National Congress andfirm friend of Mahatma Gandhi.For history lovers the Chicago History of American Civilization series presents the many facets of America's growthin a most palatable form. Professor Daniel J. Boorstin hasedited the series and he savs of it that "it aims to makeeach aspect of our culture a window to all our historv."Three new titles have been published this May. THEMEXICAN WAR, by Otis A. Singletarv, associate professorof American history at the University of Texas, is a dramatic account of a war that was never too popular andwhich has been overshadowed by the tremendous volumeof work on the Civil War. This book demonstrates howthe problems involved in waging the war were peculiarlyAmerican and are still with us in any warlike enterprise.AMERICAN LABOR is written for the series by HenryPolling, a don of Queen's College, Oxford and expert inBritish labor. His transatlantic view enables him to seewith great clarity just what it is that has shaped the American Labor force so differently from any other and whythe American worker has been able to achieve the world'shighest standard of living. AMERICAN PHILANTHROPYby Robert H. Bremner is a good companion piece to Mr.Pelling's book because the waves of immigrants who becamethe labor force set up the problems which called for asense of responsibility among those already established.JUNE, 1960 17Nor were all philanthropists innocent of exploitation; theirgood deeds could sometimes be interpreted as conscienceprickings. Robert Bremner is associate professor of. historyat Ohio State.Other subjects in the series range from THE BIRTHOF THE REPUBLIC bv Edmund S. Morgan, through THEPERILS OF PROSPERITY by William E. Leuchtenburg toAMERICAN FOLKLORE by Richard M. Dorson. Whatever your particular interest in the evolution of your country, vou are likelv to find it dealt with in this series.Of recent years the Press has published several books ofimportant modern verse. John" Logan teaches at NotreDame University, is editorial director of the Poetry Seminarin Chicago and has published in the New Yorker, SaturdayReview, Poetry and other well-known journals. His previous book, A Cycle for Mother Cabrini, established himas a front rank poet and his new GHOSTS OF THEHEART will confirm his right to this position. The variation in mood and treatment is most striking in Mr. Logan'swork.". . . Clouds catching several lights of seaAnd those of the losing sun, and scuddingAt times like bunches of scrubbed wool with softTrapped light about the sky. When we arrivedLate at night the island lay like moneyIn the story on the velvet prince'sPouch, or like drops of rain upon the tongueOf a black flower."Lyricism such as this in his poem "Honolulu and Back"alternates with the crispness of such lines as"we rode to Jersey on a motor scooter.My tie and tweeds looped in the winds.I choked in the wakeof the Holland Pipe, and cops,under glass like carps, eyed us."from "A Trip to Four or Five Towns."We published this March one book in particular that onlya Press such as ours could attempt. This is a long narrativepoem, THE MIDDLE PASSAGE, by Louis O. Coxe, coauthor of the play "Billy Budd" and Robert P. TristramCoffin Professor of Poetry at Bowdoin, currently FulbrightLecturer at Trinity College, Dublin. This book is a blend ofpoem and illustration so perfectly achieved that they seemto be simultaneous creations. The tale is of a slave runthrough the Middle passage from Africa to Havana andwhat it did to the souls of the men who were on it. It isa tale of New England's guilt in those days and of oneyoung man who epitomizes it, Canot, who". . . must haveNight after night on that first middle passage,Died out of youth, out of innocence, romanceAnd— it may sound foolish, out of the real-Died into Power . . ."18 This is an unforgettable poem, just as the drawings whichaccompany it are haunting. Covin Stair, the illustrator, handwrote the text, too, which gives added character to thestory. Melville lovers will find that this book has all thepower of one of his novels.For them, too, we recommend THE LONG ENCOUNTER by Merlin Bowen, associate professor of the humanities in the College. Mr. Bowen contends that Melville'swritings are best seen as so many dramatic representationsof the encounter between the individual and all that is setover against him— nature, mankind and God. In the courseof his discussion the author presents significant new interpretations of Melville's works, the most striking of whichis his view of Billy Budd.JAPAN'S AMERICAN INTERLUDE is the story of theAmerican Occupation of Japan told from the Japanese viewpoint, bv a man who is singularly well qualified to see bothsides. Kazuo Kawai is Japanese-born, American-educatedand was foreign editor of the leading Tokyo daily NipponNews, both during the war and under MacArthur. He isnow professor of political science at Ohio State University.japan's future role in the balance of world power will certainly be determined by the results of this unique piece ofsocial engineering, and Mr. Kawai's judgments are conciseand always fair.For those who like a major summer reading project, thefirst two volumes of EVOLUTION AFTER DARWIN editedbv Professor Sol Tax who was chairman of the DarwinCentennial Celebration last Fall, appeared this May. Theyare "Evolution of Life" and "Evolution of Man;" the finalvolume will be "Issues in Evolution." Readers of the magazine have a start in the third volume, as they have alreadyseen Sir Julian Huxley's address which appears in it.At vacation time, naturally, paperbacks have particularappeal and, as the first University Press to enter this field,we have by this time assembled a varied list. Some arereprints of our most popular books, some are originals.Most of the Chicago History of American Civilizationbooks are available in paperback and in the Phoenix list wefind such titles as MAN AND THE STATE bv JacquesMaritain; THE SATIRES AND EPISTLES OF HORACE,a sparkling translation by Smith Palmer Bovie; VIKINGSOF THE PACIFIC, an account of the Stone Age seamenwho settled Polynesia, by Peter H. Buck; THE PROFESSIONAL THIEF by Edwin H. Sutherland (not recommended for reading under the Careers for Bovs heading)and THE DAY OF THE CATTLEMAN by Ernest S. Osgood, a good antidote to too many TV Westerns.From our backlists, there are a few more intriguing titles.ATOMS IN THE FAMILY by Laura Fermi is a warmaccount of life with a genius.OWEN WISTER OUT WEST is a collection of the journals and letters of the famous author bv his daughter.STARS UPSTREAM, by Leonard Hall, of the St. LouisPost-Dispatch, is the story of a canoe trip down the CurrentRiver in the Ozarks, and the story of the people and thehistory along its course. WATER' WITCHING, USA, is asympathetic but scientific investigation of a persistent superstition, bv Evon Z. Vogt and Rav Hvman. SONS OF THESHAKING EARTH by Eric R. Wolf is a view of Mexicoand Guatemala bv an anthropologist with a gift for communicating his enthusiasm. ALL THE KINGS LADIES byJohn H. Wilson is about the charmers of the Restorationstage. For sports fans there is SPORTS IN AMERICANLIFE by Frederick W. Cozens and Florence S. Stumpf. Weeven can help out with children's reading with GOODBOOKS FOR CHILDREN by Mary K. Eakin which listsoutstanding books for young readers recommended by d>eBulletin of the Center for Children's Books, one of ourjournals.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE«i~id Ai—ors/irvii1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE: PRESIDENTS AND PEOPLE, 1929-1959: byWalter Johnson. Little, Brown and Company, 1960, Pp. 390, $6.00.It requires courage as well as a talentedmastery of the facts to present the politicalevents and ideas of three critical decades,1929 to 1959, in hardly more than 300pages. This, Professor Johnson lias accomplished, and has written with a succinctness, vividness, lucidity and pungent senseof reality, that will delight his readers andmake other authors filled with proper envy.The decades are critical: from the daysof prosperity in 1928, through the onsetof the terrible depression when the warveterans marched on Washington, the NewDeal, World War II, its stormy aftermathin Truman and Stalin, and its tranquilli-zation under Eisenhower.By what technique of historical writingtan a historian best make the onrush ofthirty years crowded with staggeringevents intelligible to himself and hisreaders? Professor Johnson has chosenthe most effective: he has virtually askedthe reader to join him in the White Houseand place himself there as a close observerof the Presidents on the job— Hoover,Fra iklin Roosevelt, Truman and Eisen-hov. er. Once here and intent, the spectator sees the onrush of the forces andproblems as they well up from an anxiousnation in a time of troubles and thediverse responses of the various Presidentsthereto, how their respective charactersWestle with them by way of their convictions, their grasp of the facts, their conscientiousness, their decisiveness, their flair">r public relations, and all the armory°f talents and qualities needed to getdec-ted and when in office, to compel orPwsuade colleagues and subordinates to carry out decisions— if they are made.Walter Johnson is interested in Presidentship: how to be great as the nation'ssupreme statesman within the constitutional status of Chief Executive, compelledfor effectiveness, to cooperate with theHouse and the Senate— rivals, headstrong.He demonstrates, in a glowing picture,the Presidents in operation in their combined roles, chief of state, legislativeleader, and head of their party. He confirms by his narrative the views held bypolitical scientists, the now indubitabletruth, that "it is on the greatness of awise and skilled President . . . that theprogress and survival of American democracy rest." And the free world is dependent on him also.The truth is that the weaknesses ofCongress and that body's apparent inability and lack of will to remedy them,as well as the feebleness of the politicalparties in definition and leadership, havethrust on the President the supremeleadership of America, almost unfettered,altogether personal. If he is wise anddecisive, America will thrive; if he is anamateur in this, the highest secular officeon earth, and lacks sincere conviction anda certain majesty of character, he can,above all by omitting to do what shouldbe done at the right moment, ruin thenation materially and morally. For thePresident has more power of personal,individual decision than even Khrushchevor Churchill at his height. It is not theplace for a nonentity.What a theme! It is pursued throughthe stock market crash of 1929; the appealto fear nothing but fear itself; the NewDeal's grappling with misery and chaosand outmoded shibboleths; the uglinessof Adolph Hitler and the rulers of Japan;the slap in the face that was heard aroundthe world, Pearl Harbor; the Americannation aroused and at war; the droppingof the first atomic bombs; the increase ofSoviet power and graspingness and theadvent of the "cold war"; the TrumanDoctrine, the Marshall Plan, Korea, theenfeeblement and the resurgence of Europe, the uprising of Asian, African andMiddle Eastern nationalism; the inventionof H-bombs and rockets that can movethem 7000 miles accurately in half an hour,man's leap into space, the realization too,that man's technological equipment canmake the earth wealthier than the dreamshe entertained a century ago. What anera!It is seen at its most dramatic as wellas authentic form from 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the White House.Herman Finer, Professorof Political Science,University of Chicago.LITERATURE AND THE AMERICANTRADITION: by Leon Howard. Double-day and Company, 1960, Pp. 354, $4.50.For more than three centuries now-half the stretch of time separatingChaucer's day and our own— men havebeen writing in English on this continentand so contributing to what we call American literature. But although they havedebated the matter for almost as long, critics are not yet agreed on what, essentially, makes that literature "American."Is there some distinctively American quality pervading this heterogeneous mass,some underlying national character thatlends its flavor to the whole? Leon Howard, in this short and highly readablehistory of American literature, thinksthere is and has been almost from thebeginning. He finds it in a persistentanti-theoretical, anti-logical temper, stubbornly practical and pragmatic (thoughpreferring intuition to ratiocination), andwith a settled "bias toward such materialand humane concerns as the architectureof fortune and the relief of man's estate."The best of America's imaginative writers,he feels, have exhibited a skeptical andempirical turn of mind and have sought( in Hawthorne's phrase ) a "wisdomtested by the tenor of a life" rather thanone backed by authority or the demonstrations of logic. Something of the sameskepticism and moderation informs Mr.Howard's own judgments in this book. Hehas no all-explaining theory to expound,his terms are large and flexible enoughto accommodate themselves to the particular facts yet firm enough to permit ameaningful and consistent relation of theseparticulars. With the vast amount ofground he has to cover in 350 pages, Mr.Howard is rarely able to give more than afew paragraphs to any one author, yetone is repeatedly astonished to see howperceptive and how just the estimate is.His concluding chapter is especially interesting in this respect, viewing as it doesthe literature of the past thirty years inthe perspective of the American past. Mr.Howard has written an honest, an unpretentious, and a frequently illuminatingbook.Merlin Bowen,Associate Professor ofHumanities, Universityof Chicago.SILVER ANSWER, by Marian Castle,William Morrow & Co., New York. Pp.346. $3.95.Marian Johnson Castle, '20, has livedmost of her adult life, with her husband,Edward, in Denver. Her ghost-townhobby has made her an authority on therough frontier mining days of Colorado.Her first best-selling novel, Deborah,didn't get as far west as the Rockies butThe Golden Fury, Roxanna, and nowSilver Answer, are all Colorado pioneerstories before the turn of the century.Silver Answer ( "There the silver answer rang — 'Not Death but Love.' "Elizabeth Barrett Browning) starts atOuray, in southwest Colorado withMelissa married to a handsome, young,no-good rounder who murders and makesthe obituary columns the same dayfollowing a mine cave-in. She becomesa minister's wife and, by rough, starvingstages the family arrives at Denver'sswank, comfortable St. James Church.Then the roof begins to crumble, amother-in-law arrives, delays the collapse,and you read the final 120 pages in onesitting.H.W.M.JUNE, 1960 19T. A. RBWQUICT CO SidewalksFactory FloorsMachineFoundationsConcrete BreakingNOrmal 7-0433¥at moWe operate our own dry cleaning plantTHREE HOUR SERVICE5319 Hyde Park Blvd.NOrmal 7-98581331 East 57th St.Ml dway 3-06021553 E. Hyde Park Blvd. FAirfax 4-5759GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street KEdzie 3-3186MODEL CAMERA SHOPLeica -Bolex - Rolleiflex - Polaroid1342 E. 55th St. HYde Park 3-9259NSA Discounts24-hour Kodachrome DevelopingHO Trains and Model Supplies-400Undivided ResponsibilityHere the conception of an ideacarried to its final printed formis made possible by each stepbeing performed under our own roof.Departments encompass art anddesign, photography, process color,plate making, single and multicolorpresswork, binding and shipping.Thus, the integrated operation ofthis organization backed with arecord of 30 years' reliability onmajor projects makes possible ourservice of undivided responsibilityPhotopress| INCORPORATED¦UJ^«1J!I.I.II1J!1MCongress Expressway at Gardner RoadBROADVIEW, ILL : COIumbus 1-1420 MemojmOne wild weekWant to make a fast trip West withme? Set your calendar for exactly oneweek— beginning Thursday, April 21st,and carry a light bag that will slip under your plane seat.Thursday, April 21: Denver lunch withfund committee of 25 including co-chairmen Maurice Brody, '23, MBA '43, andCharlotte Ayres Steere, '33, and DenverClub president Leslie A. Gross, '46, JD'49. Rode in Leslie's white foreign sportscar which he plans to race in some ofthose crazy Colorado events. At the timeit still had four shiny, unblemished fenders.Friday, April 22: Breakfast on theplane to El Paso; lunch with Dr. Albert H. Unger, '44 (specialist in allergies), chairman of the Club; dinner withsome forty alumni and guests; midnightparty with some of the gang at my Hilton Inn room to talk about yesteryearson the Midway.Saturday, April 23: Early breakfast onplane to Albuquerque; by rented car toSanta Fe; a late afternoon nap in DonaldMoyer's (PhD '54) new ranch house;a tour of the city in Don's new open-top foreign sports car— looming aboveits brilliant red body like a sphinx overjunior's toy fire truck. Dinner with thealumni of New Mexico at Bishop's Lodge,three miles from Santa Fe. Don Moyeris president of the club. Back to Albuquerque at 2:00 A.M.Sunday, April 24: By TWA to Los Angeles and dinner at the Pasadena Hunt-ington-Sheraton with Mary Leeman,western regional director from our SanFrancisco office, Marie Stephens, director of our Los Angeles office, and ArthurO. Hanisch, '17, a member of our LosAngeles board. We visited and madecampaign plans until after midnight.Monday, April 25: Met with the LosAngeles area fund committee. ChairmanJ. C. Leggitt, '43 has well over 100 committee members, largest in the historyof Southern California. Elizabeth RoeMilius, '28, president of the Club presided. She returns to Reunion on June11th when she will be cited for publicservice.Tuesday, April 26: Breakfast on theS. P. Daylight to Santa Barbara for Clubluncheon with former Chancellor Hutchins speaking about the program andplans of the Fund for the Republic(which has its headquarters in SantaBarbara). A record attendance withMinna Hansen, PhD '42, presiding.Dinner on the plane to San Franciscoand, finally, early to bed.Wednesday, April 27: Lunch withlarge Bay Area fund committee effectively organized and directed by fundchairman Ernest C. Olson, '41.Midnight jet for Chicago and a Thursday fund kick-off meeting for Chicagoarea workers. (See back cover.) Other spring club meetingsFebruary 26: Los Angeles receptionfor A. Eustace Haydon, Professor Emeritus, Comparative Religion, speaking 0n"Religion Down to Earth."March 3: San Francisco reception forDaniel J. Boorstin, Professor of Historyon his way back from the Orient.March 8: Indianapolis meeting withGeorge V. Bobrinskoy, Chairman, Department of Linguistics.March 19: Orlando-Winter Park reception for James M. Sheldon, Jr., Assistant to the Chancellor; meeting arrangedby Rudy D. Mathews.April 9: Buffalo annual meeting withKermit Eby, Professor, Social Sciences.May 1: Marin County (California Bayarea) cocktail party at home of Mr. andMrs. Ernest C. Olson.May 4: Lake County (Chicago North-shore) Club spring meeting with HarryKalven, Jr., Professor of Law.May 10: New York spring meeting atUnited Nations on "Aspects of Disarmament." Andrew Cordier moderatingdiscussions between Ambassadors Boland(Ireland) and Michalowski (Poland).May 22: Whiting reception for nationalAlumni Foundation Chairman, BuddGore, at the home of Richard S. Mc-Claughry, '21, local chairman.May 23: Philadelphia annual springmeeting with Dean Alan Simpson.May 17: Washington, D.C. annualmeeting with Gale W. McGee, PhD '47,Senator from Wyoming.May 25: Detroit annual meeting withWalter Johnson, Chairman, Departmentof History.Watch out for those vinesHarold R. Nissley, '25, AM '35, Cleveland, consulting engineer, recently visitedtwelve Japanese factories while serving asa consultant to Japanese consultants. Someof his observations:There is considerable paternalism inJapanese industry. Once an employee ishired the company assumes a moral obligation to the age of 55 when the employeeretires, usually with a modest pension. Toavoid round pegs in square holes manyshifts are frequently made and the manmay end up as a handy man in the factoryor an executive's home. Match-making forsingle employees with two-week honeymoon vacations is not unusual.Unions are strong in many companieswith semi-annual negotiations for bonusesrunning from 20% to 40% of the basewage. A man with fotir children receivesmore income than one with two.Harold was fascinated by the way theyshift gears in translating proverbs. Whenhe warned executives that "Caesar's wifemust be above suspicion" the interpretermade the point by saying, "An honest manwill not tie his shoes when walking througha cucumber patch."H.W.M.P.S. THIS IS OUR LAST ISSUE 'TILOCTOBER.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEA W. Sullivan House, 4575 Lake Park; architectSullivan; built in 1892: "delightful composition ofhighy refined elements in entrance, bays, windowsand cornice." LANDMARKSon the streetswhere we liveThirty-eight works of architecture in the city of Chicago have beendesignated as Chicago landmarks by the City's official Commissionon Chicago Architectural Landmark's. Although the buildings havehistoric interest, they were selected entirely for their significance andvalue as architecture. The buildings were awarded citations andplaques will be installed at their sites.Among the new landmarks are five homes in the Hyde Park-Kenwood area-only the central "Loop" area of the city won moreawards. Frank Lloyd Wright was the architect for two of this community's award winners. Architects for the others were Louis Sullivan,Ceorge Maher, and George Fred and William Keck.The community early recognized these architects and in additionto those now named landmarks, other homes designed by them dotHyde Park-Kenwood. Three of Frank Lloyd Wright's early buildingsare located in Kenwood, and one of his most famous and distinctivebuildings, Midway Gardens, which was located at Cottage Groveand 60th Street, was torn down during the 1920's. George Fred andWilliam Keck, who live in the landmark building for which theywere the architects, have built many other structures in this area,including the Pioneer Co-op, and the Hyde Park Neighborhood Club.photos by Anne PlettingerJUNE, 1960 2122 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMagerstadt House, 4930 Greenwood (above, right, and immediately below); architect,Maher; built in 1906: "graceful and skillful relation and expression of residentialelements, disposed naturally yet artfully." Maher's fame at one time exceeded Wright's.Keck Apartments, 5551 University; architects, G. F. and W. Keck; built in 1937: "adistinguished solution of the problems inherent in urban apartment building design."JUNE, 1960 23ts,«6i.SNjo'e'«so distinctive, cool and comfortableOUR WASHABLE SUMMER SUITSmade on our own exclusive models(shown) Our Cotton Seersucker Suits in ExclusiveNew Plaid Patterns. Tan or Grey* $35}in Tan-and-White or Grey-and-White Stripes, $32.50Our Tailored Suits oj Lightweight Dacron^ Polyester ,Rayon and Worsted in Mack, Navy, Blue-Grey,Tan, Dark Brown, Medium or Oxford Grey .Fine Stripes on Oxford or Blue-Grey,* $ 60Our Exclusive Brooksweave (Dacron^ Polyester andCotton) Suits in Medium Grey or Brown, Navy,Bamboo or Deep Tan . . . and Pin Stripes inMedium Grey or Brown,* $49.50Our Exclusive Cord Suits oj Dacron^ Polyester,Nylon and Cotton in Blue-and-Black or Brown-and-Black on White* $39.50All suits are coat and trousers.^Sample swatches sent upon request. f DuPont's trademarkESTABLISHED 1818igta f urntstungs, Hate 3rJf hoes346 MADISON AVE., COR. 44TH ST., NEW YORK 17, N. Y.1 1 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 6, N. Y.BOSTON • CHICAGO • LOS ANGELES • SAN FRANCISCO 07-23Edward A. Henry, '07, retired directorof libraries at the University of Cincinnati,sent in a 5-year membership renewal withthis optimistic note: "Maybe I'm hopefulto sign up for five years when I will be79 in May, but I feel that way. I am stillactive as librarian of the Coral GablesBranch Library of the University of MiamiSchool of Medicine." Mr. Henry's sister,Nell Henry, '12, SM '15, has been visitinghim in Coral Gables. Miss Henry, whofollowed her retirement from the Cleveland, Ohio, school system with a positionin the Lakeside Hospital, retired againon March 31. She will visit her friend,Ruth Reticker, '12, in Washington, D. C,before settling back to her favorite gene-ological studies.Jose Ward Hoover, '07, JD '09, of Chicago, is the secretary of the Merritt CreditBureau Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization which collects and loans fundsto needy students for re-payment withnominal interest rates.Beulah Armacost Hess, '10, of Baltimore, Md., plans to be at the reunionthis June.Elizabeth H. Webster, '13, lives in LakeForest, 111.L. Emma Brodbeck, '14, retired teacherwith the Womens' American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, has returned to Chicago after being out of the U. S. for40 years. Miss Brodbeck spent 35 yearsin Szechwan Province, West China, andthe last five years in Roxas City, Capiz,Philippine Islands, as directress of theFilamer Christian Institute.Lester R. Dragstedt, '15, SM '16, PhD'20, MD '21, chairman emeritus of thesurgery department at the University,writes: "I am now research professor ofsurgery at the University of Florida. Inaddition to my research, I teach physiology and surgery and have been givingmany lectures to medical societies in thesouthern states."Oscar F. Hedenburg, PhD '15, livesin Pittsburgh, Pa.Zena Kroger, '15, lives in Oak Park, 111.Julius W. Pratt, AM '15, PhD '24, hasbeen appointed the Robert D. Campbellvisiting professor of history and government at Wells College in Aurora, N. Y.,for the academic year 1960-61. Mr. Pratt24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEa Nass \qwshas been a visiting lecturer at Hobartand William Smith Colleges this year.Before 1926, he taught at the GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, North CarolinaState College, the U. S. Naval Academy,and Rutgers University. From 1926 to hisretirement in 1958, Mr. Pratt was professor of American history at the University of Buffalo; for 22 years of that period,he was chairman of the department ofhistory and government there; for sevenyears, dean of the Graduate School ofArts and Sciences. Mr. Pratt is the authorof a number of books and articles in thefield of U. S. diplomatic history.Harold P. Huls, '17, JD '21, Judge ofthe Superior Court of Los Angeles Countyin California, has been assigned to theAppellate Dept. of the California SupremeCourt for the year 1960.Richard M. Kuh, '17, of Northbrook,111., is a regional representative for theBear Stearns Co., stock brokers.K. M. Nelson, '17, MD '20, of Princeton, 111., writes: "At age £9 no change inpace. No time to think of retirement."Elinor Pancoast, '17, MA '22, PhD '27,of Baltimore, Md., will become professoremeritus of economics at Goucher Collegeafter 36 years on the faculty. Since 1954,she has been director of the MarylandWorkshop on Economic Education, heldeach summer for experienced teachers.Miss Pancoast has been preparing an inventory of services available in Marylandfor the Maryland Commission on Problemsof the Aging in preparation for a WhiteHouse Conference in 1961.Neil F. Sammons, '17, and his wife, theformer Helen Jamison, '17, are enjoyingtheir retirement, travelling all over theU. S. Mr. and Mrs. Sammons spent thewinter in Phoenix, Ariz., the spring inFlorida, and will spend the summer andearly fall in New England. Mr. Sammonswas formerly with Armour and Co. inChicago.E. Hurwitz, '21, is the director oflaboratories of the Metropolitan SanitaryDistrict of Greater Chicago.LeRoy D. Owen, '21, JD '23, is thenew president of the Los Angeles RotaryBrower Hall, '22, of Fort Lauderdale,Fla., writes that Ferd Kramer, '22, is thepresident of Draper and Kramer, realtorsin Chicago. "He is still playing excellenttennis," according to Mr. Hall. "In fact,he plays better now than he did in 1911." M. Hayes Kennedy, '22, JD '24, is thegeneral claims attorney and assistant general counsel for the Greyhound Corp.,bus transportation, in Chicago.A. T. Kenyon, '22, MD '26, is a professor in the department of medicine atthe University.Robert C. Matlock, '22, has started histhirteenth year in the electroplating business in Owensboro, Ky. He writes thatThomas E. Sandidge, '19, and William P.Sandidge, '29, are practicing attorneys inOwensboro, and that Dorothy DorsettFisher, '19, is a frequent visitor to hishome.Paul B. Sears, PhD '22, conservationistand botanist, will retire from the YaleUniversity faculty on June 30. Mr. Searsjoined the Yale faculty in 1950 when heestablished the country's first graduateprogram of research and instruction in theconservation of natural resources. He was,at various times, chairman of the firstscience dept., chairman of the Yale Nature Preserve, and a member of the committees on science and general educationand alcohol studies.Aileen C. Daugherty, '23, AM '43, ofLa Grange, 111., teaches English at theLyons Township High School and JuniorCollege in La Grange.Henry A. Kalcheim, '23, is the ownerof the Henry A. Kalcheim law firm inChicago.Tekla Black Wolf, '23, of Indianapolis,Ind., writes that she and her husband,Walter, are enjoying their nine grandchildren as well as their trips abroad. Sheand Mr. Wolf recently returned fromAfrica. "Conditions are not exaggeratedin the papers," she writes.24-29Herbert A. Sheen, '24, MD'30, a physician and surgeon, practices medicine inLos Angeles, Calif. He and his wife havesix children, aged eleven through 28, andfive grandchildren, five months to twoyears.Hazel Jenney Smith, '24, of New YorkCity, has retired from Batten, Barton, Dur-stine and Osborne to travel with her husband, Don. Mrs. Smith writes: "I am trying to organize a score-keeping system touse for politicians— local and national— bigand little. Seems it would be as useful asracing form or baseball records." Catherine Turner Winston, '24, and herhusband, Edward, live in the town of Lancaster, Calif., in the Antelope Valley onthe Mojave desert— not far from EdwardsAir Force Base, and 78 miles north ofLos Angeles. They own and operate aranch, specializing in fryers and capon-nettes. Mrs. Winston also manages theLancaster branch of the Antelope ValleyPress, a local newspaper. She writes thather Chicago Tribune experience "certainlypaid off."H. Adrienne Athanas, AM'25, lives inChicago, 111.Alfred S. Edler, '25, of Rock Island, 111.,is the national secretary of Modern Woodmen of America, a life insurance company.Carter V. Good, PhD'25, dean of theUniversity of Cincinnati College of Education and Home Economics, wrote thechapter on "Bibliographic Sources" for theEncyclopedia of Educational Research recently published by Macmillan and Co.Mr. Good is a former president of theAmerica Educational Research Assn., thenational organization of research specialistswho sponsor this 1600-page volume.Matthew Margolis, '25, is the treasurerof Margolis Bros. Florists, Inc., in Albany,N. Y., wholesale florists.Blanche S. Nielsen, '25, AM'51, teachesphysical geography at the North Side HighSchool in Fort Wayne, Ind., and at IndianaUniversity.Reuben G. Gustavson, PhD '25, professor of chemistry and advisor to thepresident of the University of Arizona inTucson, Ariz., was honored by approximately 50 students, former students andfriends for his outstanding contributionsto scientific education, research and philosophy at a dinner in the Bel Aire Roomof the Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicagoon April 11. Mr. Gustavson has been onthe staff of Denver University, was president of the University of Colorado duringthe war years, was vice-president of theUniversity of Chicago, chancellor of theUniversity of Nebraska and the first director of the Ford Foundation's Resources forthe Future, Inc. He is presently participating as a member of an internationaleducational advisory team for the Nigeriangovernment in Africa.Anna May Jones, '25, is chairman ofthe archives committee for the New YorkCity Personnel and Guidance Assn. Herstudy, "The First Fifty Years of theN.Y.C. Personnel & Guidance Assn." ap-JUNE, 1960 25peared in brief in the September, 1959,issue of the Personnel i? Guidance Journal.Bessie Knight, '25, writes, "Sorry Ican't be at the reunion in June. Greetings to all."Amy I. Moore, AM '25, of Gardner,Kan., has retired after 48 years of teaching, the last 25 of which were at theMorehead State College in Kentucky. MissMoore was elected to teach mathematicsin the Gardner School (Kan.) last fall. "Ihave enjoyed it," she writes.Otto H. Windt, '26, of Bartlett, 111.,was elected vice-president of product development and quality control at E. J.Brach & Sons, manufacturing confectioners, last October 12.Frank H. Carpenter, '27, is the vice-president of Jann & Kelley, Inc., newspaper representatives in Chicago. J. Elton Cole, PhD '29, director ofmanufacture of the Atomic Energy Division of E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co.,Inc., explosives department, has been appointed director of manufacture of theorganic chemicals dept. of that company.Charlotte Roehl, '29, AM '45, PhD '53,resigned from the Chicago Public SchoolSystem in June of 1959 and is leading a"lazy life" in Phoenix, Ariz.Chester C. Schroeder, '29, and TrevorD. Weiss, '37, MBA '38, have qualifiedfor the 1960 Million Dollar Round Tableof the National Assn. of Life Underwritersby selling a million dollars or more oflife insurance in 1959. Mr. Schroeder, acertified life underwriter, of Evansville,Ind., is a representative "for the Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co. Mr. Weiss,of Chicago, is with the MassachusettsMutual Life Ins. Co. Garfield Cox, PhD'29, who recently re_tired from the Graduate School of Businessat the U of C, writes that he and MrsCox now have a permanent address: "415W. 11th Street, Claremont, Calif., withinwalking distance of the Honnold Librarywhich serves all five of the Claremontcolleges, and of the Bridges Auditoriumwhich houses outstanding cultural programs. "Clarence H. Faust, AM'29, PhD'35,president of the Fund for the Advancementof Education and vice-president of theFord Foundation, will be the principalspeaker at commencement exercises atUnion College in Schenectady, N. Y., onMay 29. He also will be awarded thehonorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law atthe ceremony, and will be installed ashonorary chancellor of Union Universityagainst amalgamation. After World WarII, however, Roy Welensky, the presentprime minister of Nyasaland, went to London and demanded federation. Banda feltit was his duty to hold his people againstthis scheme. The settlers persuaded theBritish government to impose the federation upon Nyasaland. Banda determinedthat if he was right, his people would sendfor him. And they did-in 1957. The Africans wanted three things: self-government,secession from the federation, and therecall of Hastings Banda.Banda arrived in Nyasaland on July 6,1958. He travelled around the country,organized the people, formed a youthleague, organized the women into a political group. In three months, the countrywas on fire politically. Tension mounted;the European settlers were worried; Bandawas called in by the police. . . . Later, heand 1,003 others were arrested on thegrounds of the alleged massacre. Bandasays, "I would not plan a massacre ofwhite men. I was educated in a Scottishmissionary school. A white doctor advisedme to go to the University of Indiana; Imade friends there among the teachersand students. I came here. I have manyfriends among white people— both in thiscountry and in Britain. I have nothingagainst the European settlers. I'm notanti- European. I am anti-domination. Wewill have no masters because we meanto be our own masters in our own homes."'Patience, Dr. Banda! A few more months in jail and you too will be sh;In his first return to campus since his student days, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, '31,leader of the movement for the immediateindependence of Nyasaland and its secession from the Federation of Rhodesia andNyasaland, spoke before several hundredpeople at International House on April 19.Under the title, "The Massacre PlotThat Never Worked," he explained thatwhen his people recalled him to Nyasalandin 1958, he openly stated his goals: freedom and independence for his people andsecession from the Federation. On chargesof planning to massacre all Europeans inNyasaland, Dr. Banda was arrested andspent one year in a "white man's" prison.On this April 1, he was released.The year spent in prison, he says, was agood thing; it gave him the publicity heneeds for his campaign. "The British arevery, very fascinating people," accordingto Dr. Banda. "They are the only peoplewho sent me to prison one day and invitedme to Buckingham Palace the next."According to the doctor, he left Nyasaland as a boy of 13, went to South Africa,worked in the mines. Because he spokeEnglish (early education in a Scottish missionary school), he was promoted from thepits to a job in the offices of the miningcompany. Though a Presbyterian, he attended the African Methodist EpiscopalianChurch in his district. He flatly refused toattend the Dutch Reform Church, as Africans were compelled to do when unableto attend their own. The Bishop helped the boy get to the U.S.— first to WilberforceUniversity, then to the University of Indiana, and finally to the University of Chicago, where he received his *A.B.After graduation from the U of C, heattended Meharry Medical School in Nashville, Tenn., received his M.D. in 1937 andwent to Liverpool, England to practicemedicine. From 1953 to 1958, he was inGhana; in 1958, his people called himhome to Nyasaland. "What made themsend for me?" he asked. Dr. Banda answered his own question:In 1951, he led the opposition to ascheme proposing the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1923 there was a"stir" in Africa, a conflict between theBritish government and the white, European settler's government. The British government in London felt that the Africansshould be governed only until able togovern themselves. The European settlers,however, felt that the white man was inAfrica "not to teach, but to live, to makemoney, to rule." The conflict was betweenthe Colonial Office in London and the settlers in Africa. In 1923, the London officeproclaimed that the interest of the Africans must be followed. This proclamationwas repeated in 1931. The European settlers organized and demanded the amalgamation of Nyasaland, Northern andSouthern Rhodesia. In 1937, the ColonialOffice sent a commission to inquire intothe situation; in 1938, Bledsoe reported Cummings in The London Daily Express"Patience, Dr. Banda! A few more months in jail and you too will be shaking Mr. Maemillan's hand."26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEfor 1960-61. Mr. Faust, who was electedpresident of the Fund for Advancement ofEducation in 1951, joined the staff of theFord Foundation as vice-president withresponsibility for the Foundation's programin education in January of 1957. Beforeaccepting the presidency of the Fund, hewas dean of the Faculty of the Humanitiesand Sciences at Stanford University forthree years and also served for a time asacting president of that University. For thepreceding 17 years, Mr. Faust was on thefaculty at the U of C, where he was aprofessor of English, dean of the College,and dean of the Graduate Library School.Before embarking on his academic career,Mr. Faust was a clergyman, having beenordained as an Evangelistic minister in1934. As a writer on literary, theologicaland educational subjects, he has writtenmany articles; with Clarence Johnson, heis the author of Jonathan Edwards, published in 1935. He has been on the editorialboard of the Encyclopedia Britannica andis a member of the Modern LanguageAssn. and the Century Assn.30-38J. Howell Atwood, PhD '30, retires aschairman of the department of sociologyat Knox College in Galesburg, 111., in Juneand goes to the University of Sind inHyderabad, Pakistan on a Fulbrightaward, starting as a lecturer in sociologyin late July for the academic year 1960-61.Harry A. Broadd, '30, is a professor ofart at the University of Tulsa in Tulsa,Okla. Mr. Broadd has exhibited his paintings at the Art Institute of Chicago, theDetroit Institute of Art, in Laguna Beach,Calif., and at the Philbrook Art Centerin Tulsa.William R. Jordan, '30, a retired attorney, lives in Hinsdale, 111.Virginia Lane Watson, '30, lives inSummit, N. J. One of her sons is a juniorat M. I. T.; the other is in the StrategicAir Command.J. L. Wenk, '30, of Chicago, is an account executive with Brown and Bigelow,advertising agency.Leo R. Werts, '30, is on leave of absence from the U. S. Dept. of Labor for1$ months to serve as manpower consultant to the government of India throughan arrangement with the Ford Foundation.Jeanette Frank Blumenthal, '31, of Chicago, writes that her son, James, is in histhird year at the University.Florence B. Caird, '31, AM '38, ofSkokie, 111., is the principal of the JoyceKilmer Elementary School in Chicago.Russell L. Palm, '31, AM '38, of LaPorte, Ind., writes that his first grandchild, Ann Elizabeth Stratton, was bornon March 1.Norman D. Williams, '31, is the manager of sales service for the Pure Oil Co.in Chicago.Edward F. Lewison, '32, writes thathis son, John Edward, is a first-year student at the University.Edward J. Brown, '33, AM '46, is thechairman of the department of Slavic languages at Brown University in Providence, R. I. Mr. Brown is the author ofa study of contemporary Russian literature and literary regimentation in theSoviet Union, and of a number of articlesand reviews.Louis B. Newman, MD '33, is the chiefof the physical medicine and rehabilitation service at the Veterans' Administration Hospital in Chicago. Dr. Newmanspoke on "Basic Principles and Philosophyof Rehabilitation of the Disabled" at theInternational College of Surgeons in Chicago last fall.Herman E. Ries, Jr., '33, PhD '36, aresearch associate with the Standard OilCo., will be the chairman of the GordonResearch Conference on Chemistry atInterfaces (N. H.) from July 4-8. The program includes leading scientists from England, Holland, France and Russia. Mr.Ries lives in Chicago.Maurice Chavin, '34, JD '36, a contractspecialist with the office of the G-4 Section, U. S. Army Japan and 6th LogisticalCommand, was recently presented an outstanding superior rating certificate with asuperior performance award certificate atceremonies held at Camp Zama, Japan.John G. Neukom, '34, a partner in Mc-Kinsey & Co. in San Francisco, his wife,the former Ruth Horlick, '36, and theirson and daughter have been spending ayear in Europe. Mr. Neukom has beenlecturing to student bodies interested in.business management. He spoke at amanagement development institute sponsored by the Nestle Institute at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland; hegave four lectures, sponsored by Aluminium Ltd., at the University of Geneva.The Neukom family plans to return toSan Francisco in mid- June.George P. Smith, '34, of Bufford, Ida.,recently spoke before the members ofthe Greater Idaho Democratic FreedomsClub on "Social Implications of the Intercontinental Missile." Mr. Smith has beena group leader for the Eastern ScientificResearch Corp. until his retirement in1958.Howard Chandler, '35, AM '36, startedhis own book publishing firm in June of1958, with headquarters in San Francisco,Calif.Claire Danziger, '35, is the public relations consultant to the Chicago HeartAssn. A former Chicago newspaperwoman, she has also been assistant publicrelations director of the American DentalAssn.W. Edgar Gregory, '36, professor ofpsychology at the College of the Pacificin Stockton, Calif., has a brief article on"The Psychologist as Educator" in theJanuary, 1960, issue of the AmericanPsychologist.Alice Frances Whitcomb, AM '36, isthe executive director of ChristopherHouse, a Chicago settlement house.John C. Wooddy, '36, of New York, hasbeen appointed an actuary of the NorthAmerican Reassurance Co. Mr. Wooddyjoined the company in 1955 as assistantactuary and was appointed associate actuary in 1957. His new responsibilitiesalong with actuarial functions will includethe Group and Accident and Health Depts. BOYDSTON AMBULANCE SERVICEAuthorized Ambulance ServiceFor Billings HospitalOfficial Ambulance Service forThe University of Chicagophone NOrmal 7-2468NEW ADDRESS— 1708 E. 7IST ST.Catch Basin and Sewer ServiceBack Water Valves, Sump-Pumps6620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUEFAirfax 4-0550PENDER CATCH BASIN SERVICEPARKER-HOLSMANy c 9 "** ii " "Ji... ..IS? Y~^)mr"e"al't'oTs^Real Estate and Insurance1461 East 57th Street Hyde Park 3-2525Phone : REgent 1-331 1The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes1142 E. 82nd StreetCHICAGO ADDRESSING SPRINTING CO.Complete Service for Mail AdvertisersPRINTING— LETTERPRESS & OFFSETLetters • Copy Preparation • ImprintingTypewriting • Addressing • MailingQUALITY — ACCURACY — SPEED722 So. Dearborn . Chicago 5 • WA 2-4561tdwiM^YOOR COSTSIMPROVED METHODSEMPLOYEE TRAININGWAGE INCENTIVESJOB EVALUATIONPERSONNEL PROCEDURESJUNE, 1960 •27. a hand in things to comeRelax let science make you corafortableSome ordinary-looking liquids are mixed together. In minutes theyreact, and the mixture foams and rises to become one of today's finest cushioning materials— light, tough polyether foam. This is the magic of chemistry.People everywhere are enjoying the restful luxury of this newfoam. It can be tailor-made for any use . . . soft enough for the cushioning ofyour favorite chair or automobile . . . firm enough to give restful support in amattress ... or even firmer for the safety padding on your automobile dashboard. In thin sections, it's being used as an interlining for winter clothing andinsulation for sleeping bags. And because it contains countless tiny cells, thisfoam in rigid panels makes a highly effective insulation for walls and refrigerators.Many of the chemicals needed to produce these useful foams . . .polyethers to form the structure, fluorocarbons to expand the foam, silicone oilsto determine the cell size, and catalysts to trigger the reaction . . . are createdby the people of Union Carbide. Their continuing research in the ever-changingworld of chemistry promises to bring many more wonderful things into your life. Learn about the exciting work goingon now in chemicals, carbons, gases,metals, plastics, and nuclear energy.Write for "Products and Processes"Booklet L, Union Carbide Corporation, 30 East 42nd Street, New York17, New York. In Canada, UnionCarbide Canada Limited, Toronto.... a handin tilings to come28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMr. Wooddy '36 Mr. Probst '39The company's research activities will becarried out under his direction. Mr.Wooddy is also serving as an advisorycommissioner for general education at theMew York Community College.K. W. Bash, SM '37, will be workingin Tehran, Iran, for the World HealthOrganization until the end of 1961.Faith Stone Miller, PhD '37, and herhusband, James A., PhD '37, have beengranted Fulbright scholarships to do research in physiology at Turku Universityin Finland.Melvin Salk, '37, SM '38, writes thathis third child, Abbe Gail, was born onMarch 21. Mr. Salk and his family livein Wilmette, 111.Phyllis Greene Mattingly, '38, of FortCollins, Colo., is back in school again-studying German at Colorado State University, where her husband, John, is teaching and studying for his master's degreein engineering. The Mattingly \s two school-age sons, John and Jim, are also studyingGerman in a new program in the gradeschools of Fort Collins.Carl D. Strouse, MD '38, of Los Angeles, Calif., is working half-time as direc-to of clinics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital and devoting the other half of histime to the practice of internal medicine.Erik Wahlgren, PhD '38, was moderator of a panel discussion concerning thedevelopment of Scandinavian studies inthe U. S. at the annual meeting of theSociety for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, held in Ida Noyes Hallon May 6 and 7. This 50th meeting ofthe organization was held in Chicago tocelebrate the founding of the Society hereat the University in 1911. Mr. Wahlgrenis in charge of Scandinavian work in thedepartment of Germanic languages andlit* ratures at the University of Californiain Los Angeles.39-43Jerome Lawrence Ettelson, '39, a partner in the Chicago law firm of D'Ancona,Pflaum, Wyatt & Riskind, recently becamean officer and director of Holiday TravelHouse, Inc., in Chicago.Alvin C. Graves, PhD '39, attended theannual spring meeting of the Army Scientific Advisory Panel at the Dugway Proving Ground in Utah in April. This panelis c omposcd of 60 of the country's outstanding scientists, industrialists and educatorswho assist the Secretary of the Army andthe Chief of Staff in their joint responsibility to give the U. S. a ground fightingforce as effective, economical and progressive as scientific, technological and industrial resources permit. Mr. Graves is thedirector of the Test Division of the LosAlamos, N. M., Scientific Laboratory.Helen Miller, AM '39, retired fromteaching in June of 1958. She had beenat the Leyden Community High Schoolin Franklin Park, 111., for 32 years.George E. Probst, '39, AM '55, executive director of the Thomas Alva EdisonFoundation, has been named to the board°f directors of the National EducationalTelevision and Radio Center. From 1945 to 1954, Mr. Probst directed the NBCradio network program, "University ofChicago Roundtable," which twice wonthe Peabody Award. He was an assistantprofessor of American history and socialsciences in the College of the University.Mr. Probst was also chairman of the adulteducation committee of the National Assn.of Educational Broadcasters from 1951 to1954. He arranged, supervised, and administered production of prize-winningradio series such as "The JeffersonianHeritage," "The Ways of Mankind,""People Under Communism," and "Voicesof Europe." In 1952, he was chairmanof the U. S. Educational BroadcastingCommission during conferences with British, French, Italian and Swiss officialswhich organized the program of Fulbrightgrants for educational broadcasters inEurope. Presently an adjunct professorof history at New York University, Mr.Probst has been co-editor and co-authorof historical works including The PeopleShall Judge and The Jeffersonian Heritage.Robert P. Saalbach, AM 39, is an assistant professor of English at IndianaState Teachers' College in Terre Haute,Ind. Mr. Saalbach formerly held the sameposition at Arkansas State College inJonesboro, Ark.Charles Banfe, '40, of Santa Barbara,Calif., a captain with Pan American Airways flying to the Orient, is also the WestCoast editor of Fh/ing Magazine. Mr.Banfe was the first pilot to circle the globein a light plane. This summer, he plansto attempt a round-the-world speed recordin a Cessna 310D for the Cessna Co.,taking off from the 50th state, Hawaii.The Banfe family includes five children,three boys and two girls: Cheech, Susan,Peter, Juli, and Nicholas.Nathan Cooper, AM '40, a psychiatricsocial worker in private practice in Beverly Hills, Calif., recently presented a paperat the American Group PsychotherapyAssn. annual meeting in New York on"Combined Individual and Group Psychoanalytic Treatment of a SymbioticCharacter Disorder." He is the volunteer national chairman of the program committee of the Jewish Welfare BoardArmed Services Division. Mr. Cooper presented a paper on "Peak Experiences inthe Patient-Therapist Relationship" at therecent Regional American Academy ofPsychotherapy meetings in San Jose, Calif.His wife, Beatrice, is on the staff of theReiss-Davis Child Guidance Clinic in LosAngeles.Morton S. Postelnek, '40, MBA'59, whoreturned to campus to earn his degree inbusiness administration, is now a partnerin the certified public accounting firm ofSidney L. Gimbel and Co., Chicago.Hilda O'Brien Quy, '40, was married inParis, France, in 1948 and has lived thereever since. Her husband, an Englishman,works with a group of insurance companies. Mrs. Quy expects to be in theU. S. this summer.Evelina Ortiz, SM '41, PhD '46, recently resigned as a research associate inzoology at the U of C to accept an appointment as professor in the biologydepartment of the University of PuertoRico in Rio Piedras, P. R.Alan T. Prince, PhD '41, was made aFellow of the American Ceramic Societyin a ceremony opening the scientific society's 62nd annual meeting. Mr. Princehas written many important technicalpapers on his extensive ceramic research.He has made a number of basic contributions important to the manufacturersof refractories and to steel furnace operators. Among these contributions are hisdevelopment and improvement of industrial refractories, blast furnace slags, andopen hearth slags. Since 1946, Mr. Princehas been with the Canadian Bureau ofMines in Ottawa, Canada, where he isthe head of the physical and crystalchemistry section. He is past-chairmanof the American Ceramic Society's BasicScience Division and an active memberof that Society.William G. Stryker, AM '42, associateprofessor of English at the University ofRedlands in California, has received aFulbright grant to lecture on the Englishlanguage at the University of Helsinki,JUNE, J960 29Finland, for the 1960-61 academic year.Originally planning to study at CambridgeUniversity in England on a sabbaticalleave of absence this year, Mr. Strykerchanged his plans when the State Dept.announced his Fulbright award. He hasbeen granted a leave of absence from hisUniversity of Redlands post and also fromClaremont (Calif.) Graduate School wherehe has taught for the past four years.Ronald E. Cramer, '43, of Evanston,111., is the assistant treasurer and investment manager of the Allstate InsuranceCo. in Skokie, 111. Mr. Cramer and hiswife have four children: Greg, Chris,Randi and Jack.Allen B. Kellogg, PhD '43, is the chairman of the English department at IndianaCentral College in Indianapolis, Ind.44-49Jane Christie Epstein, '44, of Chicago,writes: "This entire winter-spring is beingspent on our U-High Class of 1940 Reunion. After 20 years we are delighted—and surprised— to be able to say that wehave found all 120 living members of ourclass, and all but one (Jere Mickel— anybody know where he is?) of the teacherswho were members of the U-High facultyat that time. The reunion will take placeJune 25th at the Quad Club; we expecta huge turnout and a tremendously successful evening. Part of the program will be old movies of the class that we're tryingto round up-any suggestions for locatingthese will be greatly appreciated! Variousoffices on campus have helped us a gooddeal but truly, most of our success todate has been due to my persistence intelephoning, writing, heckling, pursuingand in general driving people crazy! Ithink I should go into the private detection business when this is all over. . ."George E. Pfisterer, '44, has been nameddirector of executive recruiting for theChicago office of the management consulting firm, George Fry & Assocs.Gwendolyn L. Roddy, AM '44, wasmarried to Henry W. Ferguson, AM '42,in Bond Chapel in April of_ 1959. Mrs.Ferguson teaches English at the Du SableHigh School in Chicago. •Ann Steel Anderson, '45, lives in Wilmette, 111.Beverly Hill Hayter, '45, is a housewife in Chicago.Hugo C. Moeller, '45, MD '48, PhD '51,assistant professor of medicine at the University of California in San Francisco,presented a paper at the Fifth Argentinian Congress of Gastroenterology andlectured at the Institute of Gastroenterology in Buenos Aires, Argentina, inAugust of 1959.Frank J. Orland, SM '45, PhD '49, wasrecently elected a director of the International Association for Dental Research.Mr. Orland is also the director of theWalter G. Zoller Memorial Dental Clinicat the U of C and editor of the Journaloj Dental Research. Ina C. Altman Hines, '46, is a part-time secretary at the Weiss MemorialHospital in Chicago.Christine E. Haycock, '47, '48, of Newark, N. J., opened her office for the practice of general surgery in July, 1959. Shehas recently been promoted to the rankof major in the U. S. Army Reserve Medical Corps.Kenneth W. Klug, '47, MBA '51, ofGlen Ellyn, 111., is a research analyst withthe Super Market Institute in Ghicago.Guy G. Nery, Jr., '47, has been appointed credit-office manager for theIndianapolis, Ind., plant of Joseph T.Ryerson & Son, Inc., steel distributors.Leon F. Strauss, '47, of Glencoe, 111.,is a partner of Rothschild & Co., membersof the New York Stock Exchange. He alsoteaches a course in "Investments andSecurities" at the Glenbrook (111.) AdultEvening School. The Strausses have threedaughters, aged five, three and one.Rev. Francis T. Williams, AM '47, hasbeen an assistant professor in the NationalCatholic School of Social Service of theCatholic University of America in Washington, D. C, since September 1.Morris Janowitz, PhD '48, is the authorof The Professional Soldier: A Social andPolitical Portrait, published by The FreePress, Glencoe, 111., in April. Mr. Janowitzis on the faculty of the department ofsociology at the University of Michiganin Ann Arbor, Mich.June B. Mallan, '48, AM '58, of Deerfield, 111., teaches fourth grade at theDawes School in Evanston, 111.From New York Life's yearbook of successful insurance career men!JACK WILLIAMS-went from a variedcareer to uniform success!Jack Williams touched a lot of bases between his Pennsylvania birthplace and Oklahoma, where he joinedNew York Life. As a naval aviator, he saw actionthroughout the Pacific, won an Air Medal with fourgold stars. Home again, and after earning his collegedegree, he worked with a telephone company, then foran electronics manufacturer.As a Nylic Agent, Jack found immediate success— andsatisfaction. He feels his career gives him "a rare opportunity to serve my community and, at the sametime, to be compensated in a much better way than Ihave ever known before." His own talents and ambitions are the only limitations on his future income andservice to others.If you or someone you know would like informationabout such a career with New York Life, write : Education: Rutgers Univo.b., '4g JACK M.WILLIAMSNew York Liferepresentative,n,f'he Cimarron(Oklahoma City) Okla.General OfficeM'tary: U.S. Navy ,4Lieut., USNREmployment Record: JoinedN^c Oct. -52; Member sLyears. Star Cluh t ~of company -sleadi(ngani2ati0ny baaing agents)IVewXbrk. LifeInsurance (mjuc) CompanyCollege Relations, Dept. W751 Madison Avenue, New York 10, N. Y.30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEC. Harker Rhodes, Jr., '48, AM '51, isan associate in the Chicago law firm ofSonnenschein, Lautmann, Levinson, Rieser,Carlin, and Nath. Mr. Rhodes lives inGlen Ellyn, 111.Harry E. Groves, JD '49, is taking atwo-year leave of absence from his present position as dean of the Law Schoolat Texas Southern University in Houston,Tex., to be a visiting professor of constitutional law at the University of Malayain Singapore, starting with the term beginning August 15. Mrs. Groves is theformer Evelyn Apperson, '46.51-60Thomas T. Sugihara, SM '51, PhD '52,Clark University chemist, will attend aconference of the International AtomicEnergy Authority in Europe this fall. Theconference will be held in Copenhagen,Denmark, from September 6-17. At theconference, Mr. Sugihara will deliver apaper on "Radioactive Rare Earths fromFallout for Study of Particle Movementin the Sea." Mr. Sugihara has been amember of a sub-committee formed atthe request of the Atomic Energy Commission to study standards for waste disposal from Nuclear-powered ships. Calledthe Maritime Ship Subcommittee, it is adivision of the National Academy ofScience committee on the Effects ofAtomic Radiation on Oceanography andFisheries. Mr. Sugihara lives with his wifeand two children in Worcester, Mass.Sarah H. Zeeman, AM '53, of VillaPark, 111., is an assistant professor andchairman of the general nursing programat Loyola University in Chicago.An-Shih Cheng, '54, of New York City,is now on the staff of the food, drug andcosmetic division of the National BetterBusiness Bureau.Katharine R. Feiker, AM '54, is a supervisor at the Family & Children's Servicein Minneapolis, Minn. She is also a fieldinstructor for the University of Minnesota School -of Social Work.Robert Giedt, '54, '56, his wife, andtheir 15 month-old daughter, Kim, drovefrom Thousand Oaks, Calif., to their newhome in Minneapolis, Minn., where Mr.Giedt has a new position with the aeronautical division of the Minneapolis-Honeywell Corp.Davis B. Bobrow, '55, '56, is a fellowi the political science section of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Bobrow is working onhis thesis on the political and economicrole of the military in Communist Chinaand the U.S.S.R. Last summer he wason the staff of the Center for InternationalStudies, doing research on the militaryaspects of the Chinese Communes.Raymond J. Corsini, PhD '55, has beennamed a partner of Daniel D. HowardAssocs., industrial psychologists in Chicago. Mr. Corsini is an authority on groupcounselling techniques and is the authorof several books in the field. He is apast president of the Individual Psychology Assn. of Chicago.Lt. Edward C. Gernat, AM '55, has recently been assigned to the FitzsimmonsGeneral Hospital in Denver, Colo., aschief of the psychiatric social work sectionof the neuro-psychiatric service at thehospital.George W. Joseph, JD '55, teaches atthe Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle,Pa. Mr. Joseph has written articles andbook reviews published in law reviews.Coleman Seskind, '55, '56, SM '59, MD'59, is completing his internship at SanFrancisco General Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., and will start a clinical pathology residency at the National Instituteof Health in Bethesda, Md., in July.Mark Shapiro, '55, of Cincinnati, Ohio,recently received his master's degree inHebrew letters (with honors) from HebrewUnion College in Cincinnati. Mr. Shapirowas ordained a rabbi on May 28.Walter Hart, MBA '56, is the production co-ordinator for the Barton Distilling Co. in Chicago.Ronald G. Harvey, SM '56, has returnedto the University to obtain the Ph.D.degree, which he expects to receive thisJune.Bruce M. Hill, '56, of Chicago, is working for his Ph.D. degree at Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif.Theodore C. Owen, PhD '56, is thehead of the English department at Kansas State Teachers' College in Emporia,Kan.Lee G. Pondrom, SM '56, PhD '58, endshis air force tour this June and will jointhe physics department of Columbia University next fall as an instructor.Seymour Siegel, '57, who is an assistantprofessor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New YorkCity, is spending his sabbatical year inJerusalem, Israel.David S. Watson, PhD '57, has beenpromoted to associate professor of history at Denison University in Granville,Ohio, where he joined the faculty as aninstructor in 1954.Aristide Zolberg, '58, gave a lectureon "The Political Situation in the IvoryCoast" for the Boston University AfricanResearch and Studies Program in February. Mr. Zolberg recently returned froma year's study in Africa on a Ford Foundation fellowship.Katherine M. Koenig, '58, and BurnettH. Radosh, '53, were married on March26. Mr. and Mrs. Radosh live in Arlington, Va., where Mr. Radosh is a firstlieutenant in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the U. S. Army.Theodore Ruhig, AM '58, is the assistant director of the labor education division at Roosevelt University in Chicago.Esther L. Benuck, '59, of Chicago, isin Jerusalem, Israel, studying French atthe Hebrew University. Miss Benuck plansto return to the U. S. in August and tothe University of Chicago in October.David A. Spetrino, '59, of Oak Park,111., is presently attending the U of CLaw School.Patricia Elaine Watson, '59, is a primary teacher at the Walter Scott Schoolin Chicago.Rachel Shupakewitz, '60, teaches Hebrew on television— WTTW, Channel 11,Chicago's educational TV station. BEST BOILER REPAIR &WELDING CO24 HOUR SERVICELicensed • Bonded • InsuredQualified WeldersSubmerged Water HeatersHAymarket 1-79171404-08 S. Western Ave.. ChicagoSince 1885ALBERTTeachers' AgencyTh*Collwide belt>g«.pal In placement service for USecondary and Elementary.onage. Call or write us at37 South Wabash Ave.Chicago 3, III. liversity.Nation-RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING and DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. MOnroe 6-3192UNIVERSITY NATIONAL BANK1354 East 55th Street* ' j4 4tna*t$. 6tut6"MemberFederal Deposit Insurance CorporationMUseum 4-1200YOUR FAVORITEFOUNTAIN TREATTASTES BETTERt Swift & Company7409 So. State StreetPhone RAdcliffe 3-7400JUNE, 1960MemorialCatherine A. James, AM '03, of Cincinnati, Ohio, died in December.Edward B. Landis, AM '03, died onMay 24, 1958 in Concord, Calif.Percy S. Rawls, '03, of Woodland Hills,Calif., died on April 6.Walter F. Dodd, PhD '05, of Chicago,died on April 15 in Barrington, 111. Mr.Dodd was a senior member of the lawfirm of Dodd, Edmunds and Mack andthe author of ten books on the law. From1908 to 1910 he taught at Johns HopkinsUniversity, from 1910 to 1915 at the University of Illinois, from 1915 to 1917 atthe U of C and from 1927 to 1933 atYale University.Mary Ella Robinson Thurston, '05, ofOakland, Calif., died on December 28.Vernon C. Finch, '08, professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin andco-author of widely used college ^ textbooks, died in Madison, Wise, on October 23 at the age of 76.Robert M. Toms, '08, of Detroit, Mich.,died on April 6.R. D. Rumsey, '09, of Oklahoma^ City,Okla., died recently.Robert W. Savidge, '09, of La Jolla,Calif., died on March 19.Herschel G. Shaw, '10 (Class of '09),of Banning, Calif., died on February 1.Ivan J. Markel, MD '11, of Elkhart,Ind., died recently.Raymond James Daly, '12, JD '14, ofGlencoe, 111., died in Minneapolis on January 20. Mr. Daly, who retired in 1955,was a member of the New York and Chicago stock exchanges.William J. Crain, AM '15, of Cary,N. C, died on September 23.William L. Zabel, AM '18, of Spokane,Wash., died several years ago.Frank P. Breckinridge, '19, a Chicagoinvestment counselor, died on April 7 inChicago. Mr. Breckinridge, a former Republican precinct captain, had served astreasurer of the National Conference ofChristians and Jews. While at the U of C,he was a member of the Three QuartersClub, Owl & Serpent, and Blackfriars,of which he was Abbot.Ephraim F. Gottlieb, '19, died in November in Chicago.Victor Dwight Hill, '20, a member ofthe classical languages department at OhioUniversity in Athens, Ohio, died in Juneof 1958.Lloyd H. Koch, '20, of St. Ansgar, Iowa,died recently.John W. Mochel, '20, of Downers Grove,111., died on April 12.Severin J. Gertken, SM '24, of Saskatchewan, Can., died on March 10.Paul E. Schmidt, '25, of Chillicothe,Ohio, died in 1953. Jarvis C. Davis, AM '26, died in Green-castle, Ind., on September 30.Clarence H. Salter, AM '27, of Springfield, 111., died on April 12.Harold L. Eisenstein, '29, of Chicago,died recently.O. Lillian Barton, AM '30, of Normal,111., died recently.Walter O. Kraeft, '30, died on March30.Alex Louis Johnsonius, AM '31, of Lock-port, 111., died in April of 1959.Ina McCurdy, AM '33, of Moline, 111.,died on April 10.Cecil R. Morales, AM '33, of Rio Pied-ras, Puerto, Rico., died recently.Donald J. Hughes, '36, PhD '40, a member of the U of C teajm that developedthe atomic bomb, died in April in Upton,N. Y. Mr. Hughes was one of the signersof the Franck report, which had advisedagainst the use of the first atom bomb.Ruth Packard, AM '41, of Wenatchee,Wash., died on April 14.Alice A. Smith, AM '42, of St. Louis,Mo., died on December 18, 1958.Elfriede M. Ackermann, PhD '43, ofChicago, died on June 5, 1958.William H. Alexander, '43, of Oklahoma City, Okla., died on April 3.Laura Schrimmer Kruh Murray, '48,AM '50, of Chicago, died in March.Louise M. Quinn, AM '48, of SanLeandro, Calif., died in February.Edward William Geldreich, PhD '52,of Lemon Grove, Calif., died on March 25.William E. Vogelback, MBA '52, ofChicago, died on April 17.STROZIER, WALLACE, PAEPKE, RUMLRobert M. Strozier, PhD '45, presidentof Florida State University, died of a heartattack at Billings Hospital on April 20. Mr.Strozier was dean of students at the University until he resigned in 1957 to acceptthe presidency of Florida State. He hadreturned to Chicago to address the Wayfarers Club; had spent the evening withthe Kimptons and other friends; and spentthe night in the home of Hyde Parkfriends when the attack came. He wasrushed to Billings Hospital, where he diedearly on Wednesday morning.Assuming that no dean of students canbe universally popular, Mr. Strozier camethe closest during his many years on thequadrangles. He was doing an excellentjob at Tallahassee. He is survived by hiswife, the former Margaret Burnett, AM'39, and three children: Robert, 19;Charles, 15; and Ann, 12.Elizabeth Wallace, professor emeritus inthe department of romance language andliterature, died in her home town, Minneapolis, on April 10. She would have been95 on May 4. Miss Wallace was one of theearly members of President Harper's faculty. Since her retirement, she had beenactive in many civic fields; she publishedher autobiography and other books andhad travelled extensively. Always interestedin Chicago Club activities in Minneapolis,Miss Wallace was an honored guest atevery event. Walter P. Paepcke, chief executive ofH-cer of the Container Corp. of America anda trustee of the University, died in Billin„sHospital on April 14 at age 63. MrPaepcke was largely responsible for thedevelopment of Aspen, Colo., as a culturalcenter. The University cooperated withhim in some of the educational areas ofthis development. He sparked and to alarge extent financed the Aspen Institutefor Humanistic Studies, which was dedicated to the improvement of human relations.Beardsley Ruml, PhD '17, the economistwho originated the pay-as-you-go salarywith-holding plan under which Americanspay the federal income tax, died in Dan-bury, Conn., on April 18. Mr. Ruml wasdean and professor of education at theUniversity from 1930 to 1934, when hebecame the "idea man" for the R. H.Macy & Co. organization. He had beenchairman of the Federal Reserve Board ofNew York, as well as a government advisor.THE HARVARD SCHOOLFOR BOYS4731 South Ellis AvenueGradesandCollege PreparatoryFor full details on curriculumconsult school bulletinOAkland 4-0394 OAldand 4-0395LEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: HYde Park 3-9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED °FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVERPOND LETTER SERVICE, Inc.Everything in LettersHooven Typewriting MimeographingMultigraphing AddressingAddressograph Service MailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones: 219 W. Chicago AvenueMl 2-8883 Chicago 10, IllinoisSince 1878HANNIBAL, INC.Furniture RepairingUpholstering • RefinishingAntiques Restored1919 N. Sheffield Ave. • LI 9-718032 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEINDEX TO 1959-60 ARTICLESMonth Year PageA Literature from the Land, Bernardo Bianco-Gonzalez October 59 16Allison, Samuel K.; Piatt, John R.; Steinbach, H. Burr; andJohnson, Warren C, Brave Old World Revisited February 60 3Alumni Collect Pan American Art October 59 11Alumnus/ a: A Special Report, Editorial Projects for Education, Inc.. .April 60 7Among the 40,000 Citizens of No Country, Belden Paulson February 60 19A Rockefeller Chapel Concert Rehearsal January 60 3Atlases, Anecdotes and Annie Besant, University of Chicago Press June 60 16Bianco-Gonzalez, Bernardo, A Literature from the Land October 59 16Blueprint for Today and Tomorrow November 59 4Boorstin, Daniel J., and Samuels, Ernest, Two Prize-WinningHistorians December 59 14Brave Old World Revisited, Samuel K. Allison; Warren C. Johnson;John R. Piatt; and H. Burr Steinbach February 60 3Canada, U.S., and the Seaway, Harold M. Mayer October 59 8Can Unions be Democratic? Joel Seidman and Bernard Meltzer. .December 59 5Darwin Centennial Celebration, The January 60 16Denney, Reuel, The Leisure Society May 60 7Editorial Projects for Education Inc., Alumnus/a: ASpecial Report April 60 7Evolutionary Vision, The, Sir Julian Huxley January 60 18Fern, Alan M., 'Students Need the Real Thing' November 59 13First Play in a Season of Originals December 59 2Here the Struggle is Economic October 59 14Hutchins, Robert M., Power and Responsibility June 60 9Huxley, Sir Julian, The Evolutionary Vision January 60 18Is Politics Corporation Business? A Seminar May 60 15Johnson, Warren C; Allison, Samuel K.; Piatt, John R.; andSteinbach, H. Burr, Brave Old World Revisited February 60 3Kimpton, Lawrence A., The Public and Private University January 60 6Landmarks on the Streets Where We Live June 60 21Law and the Attainment of our National Goals, Seminar June 60 3Law's Dedicatory Year June 60 1Leisure Society, The, Reuel Denney May 60 7Lorie, James H., Sixty-Six Men and Chicago's Graduate Schoolof Business February 60 16Mayer, Harold M., Canada, U.S., and the Seaway October 59 8Meltzer, Bernard D. and Seidman, Joel, Can Unions beDemocratic? December 59 5Messages from Space, John A. Simpson May 60 13Nash, Manning, On the Continuing Prevalence of Witches December 59 11Pargellis, Stanley. The Spirit of a City.' Chicago March 60 3Paulson, Belden, Among the 40,000 Citizens of No Country February 60 19Piatt, John R.; Allison, Samuel K.; Johnson, Warren C;Steinbach, H. Burr, Brave Old World Revisited February 60 3Power and Responsibility, Robert M. Hutchins June 60 9Public and Private University, The, Lawrence A. Kimpton January 60 6Public Image of the College^ The, A Seminar November 59 8Samuels, Ernest and Boorstin, Daniel J., Two Prize-WinningHistorians December 59 14"Saturation Study" : Mayan Project October 59 13Seidman, Joel and Meltzer, Bernard D., Can Unions beDemocratic? December 59 5Simpson, John A., Messages from Space May 60 13Sixty-Six Men and Chicago's Graduate School of Business,James H. Lorie February 60 16Smith, Bob, Something to Cheer About March 60 15Something to Cheer About, Bob Smith. March 60 15Soviet, U.S. Strengths Compared, A Seminar March 60 7Spirit of a City : Chicago, The, Stanley Pargellis March 60 3Steinbach, H. Burr; Johnson, Warren C.; Piatt, John R.; and Allison,Samuel K., Brave Old World Revisited February 60 3'Students Need the Real Thing/ Alan M. Fern November 59 13Teachers and their Students May 60 19Two Prize-Winning Historians, Daniel J. Boorstin andErnest Samuels December 59 14University of Chicago Press, Atlases, Anecdotes and Annie Besant June 60 16Witches, On the Continuing Prevalence of, Manning Nash December 59 11Said Chancellor Kimpton*I am speaking in a different capacity today than previously, for now I am talking to you as one alumnus to others.I have been associated with the University for fourteenyears and you will not, I hope, hold it against me that over solong a time I did not acquire the Chicago degree that distinguishes you. My right to consider myself an alumnus arisesout of the feelings of affection and pride I share with you.Once you have known our University you can be happy withno other.We love our University because it has built a truly greattradition of nobility in purpose and performance. We want toassure a future of equal brilliance. Aspirations and high standards are essential to such a university as ours. But the meansto realize those aspirations and to achieve those standards arejust as essential.Today the contributions of the alumni are vital to theprogress of the University, representing as they do an appreciable resource in size, and particularly valuable in kind. Theyrepresent a large proportion of the unrestricted money theUniversity receives and can apply in its own discretion as itsgeneral welfare requires.I hope that the zeal with which you present the cause ofthe University will meet with the generous response it merits.At the "kick-off" meeting of theChicago area campaign committee,April 28, in the Downtown Club Make your check payable toThe University of Chicago andmail to 5733 University Ave., Chicago 37