¦ UNIVERSITY/ ofMAGAZINEFEBRUARY 1960<£fBrave Old World Revisited*?/^^^ f '^ UNIVERSITYCracaqoMAGAZINE ^Jl5733 University AvenueChicago 37, IllinoisMidway 3-0800; Extension 3244EDITOR Marjorie BurkhardtFEATURES3 Brave Old World Revisited4 Samuel K. Allison7 John R. Piatt9 H. Burr SteinbachII Warren C. Johnson16 Sixty-six Men and Chicago'sGraduate School of BusinessJames H. Loriel9....Among the 40,000 Citizens of no CountryBelden PaulsonDEPARTMENTSI Memo Pad13 News of the Quadrangles23 Class News32 MemorialsPHOTO CREDITSPages 3-12, 14-15: Lee BaltermanThe University of ChicagoALUMNI ASSOCIATIONPRESIDENT John F. Dille, Jr.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Howard W. MortADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTRuth G. HalloranPROGRAMMING Lucy Tye VandenburghALUMNI FOUNDATIONDirector John A. PondChicago-Midwest Area Florence MedowREGIONAL OFFICESEastern RegionW. Ronald SimsRoom 22, 31 E. 39th StreetNew York 16, N. Y.MUrray Hill 3-1518Western RegionMary LeemanRoom 318, 717 Market St.Sari Francisco 3, Calif.EXbrook 2-0925Los Angeles BranchMrs. Marie Stephens1195 Charles St., Pasadena 3After 3 P.M.— SYcamore 3-4545MEMBERSHIP RATES (Including Magazine)I year, $5.00; 3 years, $12.00Published monthly, October through June, by theUniversity of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733University Avenue, Chicago 37, Illinois. Annualsubscription price, $5.00. Single copies, 25 cents.Entered as second class matter December I, 1934,at the Post Office of Chicago, Illinois, under theaci of March 3, 1879. Advertising agent: The American Alumni Council, 22 Washington Square, NewYork, N. Y. article by C. Herman Pritchett, Chairmanof the Political Science Department. Itdealt with the two-term constitutionallimit of U.S. Presidents. Said Pritchett:There is of course some question as tohow much careful thought went into the22nd Amendment. It was proposed in1947 by the Republican 80th Congressto lock the barn door after F.D.R.'s unprecedented elections to office . . .The political analysts who thought the22nd Amendment would turn Eisenhowerinto a lame duck, grossly erred. . . . Itwas thought that as an outgoing Presidenthe would lack the political power to makehis program effective. But this view miscalculated the tremendous resources available to any President, whether on his firstday or his last day in office.The President has incomparably the bestrostrum in the country. He is the bestnews source. He has the appointing power, the removal power, the veto power. Hecan act. He can project a sharp, clearimage on the screen of public attention.In contrast, Congress is a shapelessblur, a mass organization which can ratifyor oppose, but which is almost impossibleto organize for a coherent program of constructive action except through executiveleadership . . .Mr. Eisenhowers [success proves] thata President's effectiveness need not bediminished during the second term byreason of the 22nd Amendment. Mr.Eisenhower suggests, indeed, that in onerespect the amendment improves his situation. He cannot be accused of seekingto further personal, political ambitions.Does the Eisenhower experience provethat there are no dangers in the two-termlimit? Mr. Eisenhowers peculiarly favorable position is unlikely to be duplicatedby future Presidents. His military reputation and his statinlargely above his party give him enormouipopular resources. Moreover, apart fromthe labor bill and his recent Russian gambit, his second term policy has been largelya negative one— against spending, againstinflation, against more defense appropriations. This kind of a policy, executed byinaction and vetoes, does not fully testpresidential powers and policy leadership.Further, the Eisenhower experience doesnot furnish a basis for appraising the mostserious objection to the two-term limit:the possibility that at some future nationalcrisis the amendment may prevent there-election of an experienced Presidentthe majority of the electorate wants toretain. If such a crisis ever occurs, therewill not be time to knock the two-termlimit out of the Constitution. A changein the national leadership contrary to thepeople's wishes thus may be forced uponus.The real question posed by the 22ndAmendment, it now seems, is not that ofa lame duck President. It is whether thepossibility of electing a President for athird term should not be left to the wisdom of the people at the time the choicemust be made, and not decided for themin advance.Miami Club MeetingSixty-one alumni and friends in theMiami area dined together on December9th for a program featuring Jay F. W.Pearson, PhD'32, president of the University of Miami. Presiding was the clubchairman, Irving Muskat, '25, PhD'27.There were door prizes furnished by PanAmerican World Airways where vice-chairman, Juan Horns, Jr., '37, is an officer.Secretary-treasurer of the club is Mrs.Patricia Vail Watson, '35. H.W.M.Club programs for FebruaryTHURSDAY, FEB. 4. NEW YORK CITY. University of Chicago businessmen's luncheon at the Downtown Athletic Club honoring W. Allen Wallis,Dean, Graduate School of Business.FRIDAY, FEBri9. CLEVELAND. Evening reception for George V.Bobrinskoy, Chairman, Department of Linguistics at the Cleveland Engineering Society.THURSDAY, FEB. 25. NEW YORK CITY. All-alumni cocktail hour tomeet and hear Alan Simpson, Dean of the College. Time and place to beannounced.FRIDAY, FEB. 26. WASHINGTON, D.C. Luncheon honoring Alan Simpson, Dean of the College, at the Peking Restaurant downtown.SUNDAY, FEB. 28. ALBANY. Reception, 3 to 5 P.M. for Alan Simpson, Dean of the College, at the home of Dr. and Mrs. Raymond Harris,196 Shaker Road. Honored guest, Thomas Hale Hamilton, AM'40, PhD'47,President, State University of New York.MONDAY, FEB. 29. TACOMA-SEATTLE meeting with Philip M. HauserChairman, Department of Sociology. Time and place to be announced.SATURDAY, MARCH 5. PORTLAND meeting with Chairman Philip MHauser.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEe Old World RevisitedIn his book, Brave New World in 1932, AldousHuxley created a mechanical world characterized bymechanical decisions; in Brave New World Revisited, he decided that this was no scientific Utopiaafter all. Ten years after the appearance of the firstof Huxley s books, with the achievement of the firstself-sustaining nuclear chain reaction on December2, 1942, science could overnight proclaim a rulingposition in world affairs. Has the crown been a heavyburden? Has this new sceptre been wielded wisely?These are the questions the scientists ask themselves,and this issue of the Magazine features some of theirsearching comments.They find a changing world, their own fields of studyexpanding at a rate far faster than their abilities tokeep up with them, their old laboratories growing intobillion-dollar plants, and the necessity of governmenthelp, if not intervention, also growing. Is this a BraveNew World? They are agreed to a man that it is not.Is it a scientific Utopia? Well, some of them havedreams . . .The illustrations are photos of the labs : Kent, Jones,the Research Institutes . . . all taken late at night.These are the places where the lights burn latest, asthe time schedule on the graph from the cyclotronshown at the head of this page proves. The radiationpatterns from similar graphs appear on this month'scover.Accelerator Building— "The Pit"Samuel K. Allison, Frank P. Hixon distinguishedService Professor of Physics began his experiments on nuclear fission prior to the War. Amember of the physics faculty for nearly 30 years,he participated in the work on the first nuclearreactor. He here takes a scientist's view of theworld science has created:It is probable that, at the present time, more people arethinking about scienee and seientists than ever before inhuman history. What they are thinking about science andscientists covers the gamut of consideration between theextremities of vilification and adulation. The present waveof publicity for members of my profession may be said tohave begun with the horrors of the atomic bombings whichaccelerated the end of the war with Japan.As the public gazed upon the creatures who had usheredinto the world this appalling new force, they saw a groupof unbelievably voung men, rather dishevelled and unconventional as to dress, who exuded a surprising self-confidence, dispensing advice on politics, public morals, andmilitary policy with a lack of modesty which did not exactlybecome them. Nevertheless they possessed a certain naiveearnestness, a disarming frankness, which rang true, andin changing atomic energy from military to civilian controlthrough the McMahon bill they, with the world's mostpoorly financed Washington lobby, confounded the professional politicians.Just as the public concern over science began to taperoff, the advent of Sputnik I refocussed the spotlight ofpublic interest. This time people became alarmed lest ourscientists were too few in number, specifically that theymight be inferior in quality and quantity to their Russiancounterparts. Thus a healthy reappraisal of our educationalsystem got under way.During the earlier part of this period of public concern, avery natural reaction of the scientists, who, being human,enjoyed favorable public attention, was to remain relativelysilent about the frightfulness of the chain reaction as a warweapon, and give lectures and hold conferences on the"peaceful uses of atomic energy." But the impact of atomicenergy on the technology of peace has been certainly lessthan revolutionary. Electric power from uranium is, afterall, just electric power, possibly more available in theremote places of the earth, possibly competitive in cost oreven cheaper than electricity from coal, but not essentiallyTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEnew. Radioactive drugs facilitate medical research, andradioactive emanations gauge the thickness of steel sheet inmodern mills, but these should be classed as significant butnot revolutionary technological advances.I believe that in the next decades the military, ratherthan the peaceful consequences of the fission of U-235will more profoundly alter the organization of society. It isutterly revolutionary that a single airplane can transport abomb which will burst with the energy of 6 million tons oftrinitrotoluene, and can lethally contaminate 7000 squaremiles of the earth's surface with radioactivity. I wonder ift ose who criticize science and scientists adversely for hav-ing produced such devices, are cognizant that there is acertain probability that their effect on war has been sogreat as to stop it—which would realize one of the dreamsof mankind throughout the ages.A lecturer from the Rand Corporation, one of the government-sponsored planning agencies, visited the Universityrecently and defended the opposite hypothesis, namely thatatomic warfare is the logical extension of international political adventures of the great powers and that future nuclearwar, or even wars, are not only possible, but probable. Thelecturer did not have the temerity to suggest that the UnitedStates would itself launch a surprise nuclear attack and tripo; such a war. He did not envisage a nuclear war initiatedb the British, for here the case is only too clear. The resortto force, viewed bv Britons with increasing horror after theirPyrrhic victories in the first and second World Wars, wasfor them permanently buried under the 7000 square milesemi-lethal fall-out of the 1954 hydrogen bomb. No saneparliament could contemplate exposing Great Britain to thecalculated risk of a superbomb exploded on, or even near,the British Isles. The recent ill-advised conventionalweaponed attack in Egvpt mav have been the last subsidinggrowl of the lion.The lecturer placed the danger entirely on the Russianside, inferring that a nuclear attack on Western Europe, oron the United States was even probable, the first leading toan ; volvement through our NATO obligations, the secondmaking our retaliation automatic. Elsewhere in his lectures,he assumed that the Russians were lucid political and military planners, having a Randsky Corporation as intelligentas its American counterpart, vet to establish his mainthesis he was forced to postulate that the Russians couldcommit what, in my opinion, would be a completely insaneact. I repeat, and in the very words of the Rand Corporation, that "it is possible and even probable" that we will getthrough the present turbulent times into a long period whichhistorians may call the "pax nrania". It is permissible tohope that President Eisenhower's succinct summary "thereis no alternative to peace" will prove correct.Bi ; if such be the case, it calls for no unmitigated re-joicii i •, to the contrary, it raises a host of problems. Wemay anticipate that as realization spreads that the ultimatecatastrophe must be avoided at all costs, the major nations,m addition to abstaining from warlike acts, will eye withmcreased concern small, non-nuclear wars or even insurrections which could explode into nuclear war. As we haveseen in the Korean war, while a public show of mutual vilification was staged, behind the scenes it was quietly decidedthat the local war had to end, and the fuse sputtered outbefore the bomb was detonated. And later, in spite of thebelligerent histrionics from Formosa and Communist China,4uiet descended on the Formosa Straits.We ¦ cgin to see that one of our major problems in thenew a ¦ will be to devise a new mechanism for the inter-Penetr.aion of national boundaries, and for the dissolutionaJ>d establishment of political ties, in short for politicalchange. Although exceptions may be adduced, the principal^BRUARY, I960 agent for large scale political change in the past has beenwar, and the decisions reached on the battlefield could frequently be defended as salutory. A good case can be madefor the argument that it was fortunate the Norman invasionof England succeeded at Hastings. The independence ofthe North American colonies was attained through war, andit is doubtful whether a haven for millions of underprivilegedEuropeans would have been opened without that militarydecision. Violence, on a less formal plane, marked theemergence of the ideals of Liherte, Egalite and Fraternite ina corrupt France incapable of peaceful reform. It is futileto argue that the need for this type of change has conveniently vanished with the opening of the era of thepax mania.THE DREADFUL PENALTY FOR failure to find amechanism other than war for such change will be the creation by frustration of psychotic nations from which psychoticleaders will emerge. In the uranium age, an insane nation, ora nation wholly subservient to an insane leader, constitutes amortal threat to humanity; for without sanity, a secretlyprepared nuclear war, though suicidal, is possible. It canbe seen that the obligatory international restraints of theuranium era must be accompanied by an international barof justice. Those forbidden to strike out for themselves musthave the assurance that justice may be obtained throughinternational political action.What changes in diplomatic procedures can be anticipatedwhen the resort to force has been renounced? It is doubtfulthat anv sharp discontinuity in the training of professionaldiplomats will be needed; after all, it has not been thehabit of statesman to invoke the threat of war in most controversies. There will be a greater recognition of the necessity for freezing certain problems too acute for solution atthe conference table. The diplomat will have to developan instinct for detecting the appropriate moment for reopening a frozen issue. It is probable that a deaf ear will beturned to the cries of outraged nations demanding instantredress of their wrongs, because the peril of unleashing thefinal holocaust will in most cases lengthen the period ofdeliberation which precedes action.Another less serious consequence of the pax urania will bethe absence of the stimulus of war to encourage invention,exploration and discovery. Man is a combative being, andwhen fighting for his life or the existence of his clan, or evencontemplating the future destruction of his feared and therefore hated enemv, he shows an enhanced inventiveness andinitiative. The supreme example is the accelerated exploitation of nuclear fission, but a less spectacular instance is thedevelopment of precision machining which mav be directlylinked to the desire to produce a rifle that will shoot straight.Were it not for the fact that the great circle route fromthe industrial centers of Russia to North America passesthrough the polar cap, our knowledge of these regions woulddepend largely on the ill-organized expeditions of privateenthusiasts. Thus it will be the proper concern of governments of the uranium age to see that support is availablefor essentially non-military and also for essentially noncommercial developments. The successful subsidy of scienceduring the cold war will probably be extended into thepax urania which I am hopefully anticipating.IN THE PRECEDING REMARKS I have attempted topoint out that in our general uncertainty about the futurewe should not lose sight of one of the probabilities, namelythat the Manhattan Project actually stopped total wars. If thisshould happily be the case, should we sanctify the scientistswho made the bomb? I take a very dim view of sanctifica-tion in general, and as one of the scientists involved, wouldcertainly advise against it in this case. The motives forworking on the bomb during the war were extremely varied.Some embraced the opportunity as a method of avoidingthe draft. Some, particularly those who had recently emigrated from Europe, were goaded on by a terrible fear,amounting in some to certainty, that the Germans wereahead in the development and that Hitler would, with thebomb, rule the world. Some were simply fascinated bythe scientific problems involved and were swept up in theexcitement of a great scientific and technological breakthrough. Some hoped to save the lives of their sons or theirfriends' sons who would soon have to take part in theplanned invasion of Japan. Although it was widely believed that the nuclear bombs would end the then currentwar, I cannot remember any discussion of the possibilitythat they would outmode permanently the basest of allsocial activities. All this is very commonplace and veryhuman; in the infinite complexity and vast irony inherentin human activities Shakespeare was only half right whenhe wrote:The evil that men do lives after themThe good is oft interred with their bones.Sometimes it is the other way around, and we all may clingto the hope that such is the present case.There is a curious ambivalence in the public attitudetoward science and scientists. On the one hand federalappropriations for science encounter no serious opposition,the National Science Foundation's budget is annually in creased, and all over the world in the awakening of backward countries the need for scientists is acutely recognized,Yet a poll of high school students conducted recently byPurdue University, revealed that a career as a professionalscientist is unfavorably looked upon by a majority of theseyoung people, and I believe they voice a background ofpublic skepticism.But, the truth is science and scientists human assets,They have to a large extent stopped the degradation ofhuman beings to mere sources of power— the rickshaw runner is becoming picturesque rather than practical. They arerapidly shortening the number of hours that the great bulkof humanity must work at repetitive and mind-dullingactivities to produce the food we eat and the objects wewear and use. And yet science is more than this— muchmore. It is an activity of the human mind— an exercise ofintelligence of the highest order. As its understanding ofour surroundings grows and expands, the scientific audience(which is rapidly expanding despite the current uproarover the lack of scientific education) can derive intellectualpleasure and stimulus at the new conquests of nature's laws.No truer words were ever spoken than those contained inthe statement that man does not live by bread alone. Theintellectual excitement when the new Russian moon rosein the southwest and set in the east moved us as no exhibition of conventional armament could ever accomplish.Our present day technologists tell us to look forward tothe day of automatic factories, where the materials of ourcivilization are going to be made by electronically controlled machines, untouched by human hands. The presentfive day work week will shorten to four, to three, to what?The problem of using the idle time will steadily mount. Mypoint is that our humanists, that is, our artists, our researchers, our physicists have already solved the problem of idletime— for them there isn't any. Instead of striking for a38 hour week, they regret that there are only 168 hoursper week for scholarship, for the creation of new things orideas, or for the discovery of more aspects of nature.These people are the intelligentsia, although the wordhas a slightly bad ring because the Russians use it too.These are the people from whom we must learn how toprofit by the forthcoming release from repetitive drudgery.The prestige of the pure artists and scientists must be raisedamong the people, for it is they who point the way to alife where work and play are one. As the clock ticks on,the future becomes the present with terrifying speed. Canwe change the habits of centuries in the next decades? Itwill be difficult, but we have no choice but to try.6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEJohn R. Piatt, professor of physics, has been onthe faculty at Chicago since 1945. He has conducted extensive studies of optics, dyes, the design of an infra-red voice communications system,and molecular spectroscopy. At present he is measuring the patterns of light waves absorbed by largeorganic molecules as a tool in determining theirphysical and chemical properties. He here liststhree lessons about science which we should alllearn :Science no longer needs to be explained just to laymenand citizens and children; it now needs to be explained tostatesmen and philosophers and even to scientists themselves! The poor scientist can never keep up with thehundred thousand research papers that are published everyyear, and so he becomes a layman too, in every field buthis own, and an important part of the mass audience. Therew !1 have to be writing up as well as writing down. Thereis going to be a need and an audience at every level ofsophistication from the nursery school to the graduate school.What I want to pick out and discuss here are threeparticular qualities of basic science— not of technology, butof basic science— that I think a citizen in a scientific societyshould be shown over and over until he begins to feel themfor himself. The first quality I have in mind is the excitement of science; the second is the sweep of science; andthe third is the incompleteness of science.TO SAY THAT BASIC SCIENCE IS exciting may soundlike a contradiction. We are used to the really spectacularex itements of the engineers with their radar and rockets, andthi life-and-death excitements of the doctors— the biologicalengineers— with their white coats. By contrast, the intellectual excitement of a man sitting over a microscope in a university basement, tracking down a clue, may seem prettytame. But I would remind you that there are two intellectual excitements that are not tame at all and that we remember all our lives. One is the thrill of following out a chainof reasoning for yourself. The other is the pleasure ofwatching several strongly individualistic personalities argueabout their deepest conviction. That is to say, the thrill ofa detective story and the pleasure of watching a play byBernard Shaw. These are exactly the excitements I wouldcl m basic science has to offer.vloreover these intellectual thrills in science are notsomething distant or alien, but something closely continuouswith our everyday thinking. It is true that science is com-FEBRUARY, 1960 plex. This is because so many men have been building itup for so long. Nevertheless every individual step in it isa little inference as simple as looking out at the weatherand deciding whether or not to take a raincoat. When welook at a celebrated rocket engineer like Werner von Braun,we see a man running a big complex organization anddealing with incredible horsepower. But when we lookat a fundamental scientist like James Van Allen, the university professor whose tiny satellite equipment detectedthe radiation belts around the earth, what we see is essentially a man stepping to the door of his planet to see howthe temperature is outside.What is essential in any science storv is the little chainsof everyday inference— the reasoning. It may surprise many-people to know that the chain of new scientific reasoningin a whole research study is frequently less complex thanan everyday business decision or a crossword puzzle or agame of chess. It would have a salutary effect on our attitudes if for 24 hours we could cross out the words "science"and "scientist" wherever they appear, and put in their placethe words "Man reasoning." Even in the mathematicalsciences, like phvsics, it is the reasoning that comes first, theequations second; and the equations will not save the theoryif the reasoning is wrong. It cannot be said too often thatscience is not mathematics, but reasoning; not equipment,but inquiry.The master at demonstrating reasoning to a mass audiencewas Conan Doyle. It would not be far wrong to think ofevery science story as his kind of detective story, with itspuzzles and its suspense, its false leads and frayed tempers,and its brilliant Sherlock Holmeses and its half-brilliantInspector Lestrades and its admiring Doctor Watsons. Itis interesting to remember that Galileo himself used a verysimilar group of characters to explain his reasoning to a massaudience. Science is the greatest of all detective stories, acontinued yarn that holds its audience for life, with thedisagreements of the characters nowadays just as conspicuous and as amusing as ever.THE OTHER EXCITEMENT IN science that I mentioned was this excitement of personalities. Biography andbelles lettres have hardly touched the field of science. Thereis valuable literary work to be done here. We need a goodbiography of G. N. Lewis, whose department turned out halfof the best physical chemists in America. We need one ofWilliam Moffitt, the witty and brilliant theoretical chemist atHarvard, whose death last year at 33 was a loss far greaterthan the loss of any headlined baseball plaver or moviestar. We need to put our senior teachers, James Franckand Joel Hildebrand, and Percy Bridgman, on Caedmonrecords, like poets, for posterity. There are many storiesto be found in the sequences of brilliant teachers andbrilliant pupils; at Chicago we are fond of pointing outthat three Nobel Prize winners, this year and last, got theirPh. D.'s with Fermi at the University of Chicago.The second quality I would like to get across to a massaudience is what I call the scope or sweep of science. Bythis I mean the great range of problems covered, the rangeof the methods of work, and the wide range of the implications. For illustration, I have selected biophysics, one ofthe border areas of physics. It is one of the active frontsthat have radiated out from the atomic physics of thirtyvears ago. In one direction these fronts include the newand rich and spectacular sciences of space phvsics, nuclearphvsics and solid state phvsics. In the other direction, theactivity runs instead along several of the borderlines withthe older disciplines, giving us the somewhat quieter fieldsof chemical physics, biophysics, and psychophysics, all ofthem largely confined to the university laboratories.These latter areas are not sharply separated. I myselfstarted out in chemical physics, studying the light absorption of dyes and similar molecules. I found that this ledme to a study of chlorophyll which was a biological molecule and therefore biophysics. And then it led me to astudv of the visual pigments of the human eve, which arethe first elements struck by light in the psychological actof vision, and therefore psychophysics.The third of the qualities that I would want to conveyto the intelligent layman is the incompleteness of science.inevitable small gaps, the data that one could still go onAll science has gaps in it. The most familiar are the taking, the unexamined minor assumptions or the unresolvedquestions. Most of these do not bother us, because werealize that a scientific age is an age of tentative conclusionsand working rules that may well have to be changed later.Yet it is important for us to emphasize this incompleteness,especially to the voting, because thev have hopes andaspirations and thev want an open-ended story, with something left for them to do when thev finally take our places.What is not so often realized is that science is incompletein more serious wavs, with gaps that scientists themselves,tied to their own narrow specialties, hardly realize theexistence of. In some ways, for all its diversity, science isnarrower now than it has ever been before. Few of themen who work on photosynthesis know anything aboutphysics; few of the men who work on nervous tissue knowany organic chemistry; few of the men who work on thebrain have any understanding of the mind. There areexceptions. An Enrico Fermi or Edward Teller or HaroldUrev can work on stars or nuclei or molecules, just as hisfancy stirkes him. A John von Neumann can work onquantum mechanics as well as the theory of games. A PercvBridgman can work on solids as well as logic. But for everysuch man, there are hundreds who spend their lives repeating the kind of experiments they did for their Doctor'sdegree.Even the intellectual leaders are blind to some fields. Forover a century, some of the greatest physicists, Young andMaxwell and Helmholtz and Schrodinger, thought it of thegreatest importance to study human visual perception.Today, I daresay not one of the twenty leading physicists inthis country would have even a casual interest in thissubject. Likewise, interest in the philosophy of phvsics hasdropped almost to zero among the bright voung men; yetthis field mav simply be waiting for a new Ernst Mach whowill stir it up and pave the way for another revolution likerelativity. And we have all noticed such blind spots in themore technical fields, where it has suddenly been discovered,for instance, how badlv everyone has been neglectingoceanography, an area perhaps of central importance forour future food and resources.IT IS A THRILLING THING TO BE participating asactor or observer in the scientific revolution of our times, asscience enters and transforms the life of man. Some are depressed by the hard work that must be done to make a world,and by the constant threat of failure and catastrophe. Somesay philosophy has failed. I think this is only a momentarylapse between the old philosophy and the news that risesalready in the laboratories. I think this century marks inhistorv a revolution in man's outlook even more profound,if possible, than the accompanying revolution in scienceand technology. Man has suddenly found himself. He hasexplored all the earth and stepped outside it. He taps thesun's source of energy and stands ready to manipulate theweather and use the oceans. He measures back to thebeginnings of time and out to the ends of space, and seeshis own sudden emergence, a thinking creature spun outof light and air and water and holding power in his hand,vet probably only one of millions of such creatures on otherworlds.And the power man holds is not only technical power,but something far greater still, evolutionary power. Hecreates new species of plants and animals, halts or speedsup evolution, manipulates heredity like chemistry, andprepares to turn his own flimsy organism into whateverfantastic and brilliant and powerful form he most desires.The whole future is open-ended, waiting for us. From nowon, in every century, men will look back and say, this wasthe one.8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE//. Burr Steinbach, professor and chairman of theDepartment of Zoology, describes his scientificinterest as "The nature of animal electricity andtht distribution of salts between living and nonliving matter."' He is extremely active in academiccouncils and societies, and here reflects on publicpolicy-making for and about scientists:Policy making involves a decision by someone or bysome group about a course of action. More and more dothe formers of political policy follow the proverb whichstates, "In the multitude of counselors there is safety." Noteplease that it is not wisdom, but safety. This is a veryimportant aspect of the advisory committee system. Majorobvious advantages are (a) the system allows a widespreadgathering of information, (b) it allows a tacit delegationof responsibility for bad decisions without detracting fromthe decision makers' glory when a good conclusion isreached, and (c) perhaps most important, since committeesare very slow indeed, the need for a decision is frequentlylong gone by, by the time a committee report is in.Now the function of scientists as the guardians and producers of the facts, providers of the raw materials uponwhich decisions must be based, is very clear indeed. Theymust provide the facts and theories. If science ever covereda ! of human activity, policy making would be very simple.In such a Utopian state, the role of the scientist would beprecisely what it is now (and certainly no better)— thepurveyor of the basic information. A computer would bethe decision maker and the only function of committeeswould be to explain why the computor couldn't possiblyhave made a mistake.I would feel a little more comfortable if I thoughtmachine-made policies were in the dim and distant future.Unfortunately, the trend as I have noted, is toward a sys-tematization of decision making. The organization manconcept has large components of automatic decision making.We give our students objective examinations to decide theircompetence and we make surveys to show that girls and1 ovs of all ages enjoy sex. All these modern inventions arereally applications of the idea that, given the facts, theplan will follow.UNFORTUNATELY FOR AUTOMATICITY, and fortunately for mankind, two things get in the way and I hopethev continue to do so.1. The area of facts is rarely co-extensive with the areaof policy need (e.g. the scientific facts of population problems, genetics-mutation, ecological niches, etc. do not addup to a complete picture of the population problem).2. Scientific facts are part of an evolving system just asis society an evolving system itself. In effect, any computorvould be out of date the minute it was programmed.If science itself is recognized— if not fully comprehended— bv policy making bodies, the role of scientists in policymaking in the present-day world is more ambiguous. The lamentable state of affairs is at least partly the fault of thescientists themselves— especially the so-called pure scientistswho cherish their virginity so jealously. They have aided inspreading the myth that being scientists, they can think noother way. All of us at one time or another have heardversions of the probably apocryphal story of the high ranking officer who, on seeing the first atomic explosion, remarked, "My God, the long hairs have done it, now we'llhave to take it awav from them."I firmly believe that scientists can be as capable of considering the broad facets of a national or internationalproblem as our lawvers, even though they, the scientists,may know what they are talking about— in selected areas.History is replete with instances of scientists functioningadmirably in public affairs, even though some, such asLavoisier literally lost their heads when their policies became unpopular.Scientists function actively now in many different waysin helping form public policy. In one life science agencyof the Federal Government alone there are about a thousandindividual scientists involved in decisions regarding whatscientists get supported and which funds go to given areasof science.At this level of participation the role of the scientist isstraight forward and clear and invaluable. It is a good wayof determining plans for use of, sav, Federal funds fordirect support of science. However, the mere existence ofthese groups is dependent upon some general policy thathas alreadi) been formulated. In the case of our example,a decision was made already that science should be supported by Federal funds. Decisions in this general levelare not made bv scientists necessarily, or even usually, andit is pertinent to inquire into the role of scientists in generalpolicy formation.Some Federal offices represented by cabinet posts makeextensive use of scientists. For example, the Departmentof Defense and the Department of Health, Education andWelfare, the latter notably through its National Institutesof Health.The one area of government in the executive branchwhere scientists might do the most lasting good is theFEBRUARY, 1960 9Accelerator Building— Control RoomDepartment of State, which appears very remiss in usageof bodi science and scientists as all will well know whofollow the variegated fate of scientific and agriculturalattache programs.This lack of usage for scientists in the Department ofState is odd in historical perspective when one remembersthe remarkable success of Benjamin Franklin as ambassadorin no small part due to his acceptance as a scientist as wellas a political representative of the nation.NOW THE REST OF WHAT I have to say may besummed up in a series of propositions— or perhaps they arebetter characterized as articles of faith.1. The continuous production of and dissemination ofthe facts and principles of sciences is the most importantsingle function of the scientists of this country and theworld at large. No advisory or policy making activitiesshould be allowed to jeopardize this.2. Specialists should continue to review their fields ofinterest and if necessary, plead their special cases. Forexample, if practicing Oceanographers feel they are notproperly supported they should raise their voices (andindeed they have as we all know).3. Scientists themselves should promote the formation ofpolicy-level, non-operating groups or committees withinbroad areas such as the life sciences, physical sciences andso forth. These groups should have the responsibility ofevaluating the relative needs of the special areas of scienceand make appropriate reports which may be used by operating agencies in their policy formation if they so desire.Such groups should be non-operating i.e., they should nothave money to give away!4. Scientists should sit with other scholars from all areasof intellectual activity to consider problems relating to education and the support of research in general. These groupsshould also have no money to give away.5. Scientists should contribute their powers of orderlythought, comprehension and judgment to top policy levelconsiderations, Federal and otherwise. They should not feel compelled to stick to science just because of specialtraining.How do we stand on these points today?We are well off at the first level. We have many goodscientists producing important work and these same scientists sit on review panels and committees. There are goodmeans of primary publication, many meetings and symposia and good abstract and review journals.With respect to the second point, we are well off onpaper but not doing so well in practice. There are manymany special scientific societies but they are rarely activein attempting to promote the orderly planning within theirfields of interest.-GOING A STEP MORE GENERAL, to my third point,we are again well oft on paper. We have the institutes ofPhysics and Biology, the American Chemical Society and soforth. These groups have been active in taking care of thematerial needs of scientists within their purview but there islittle evidence that they assist much in facilitating orderlyplanning within the special branches of science. In myopinion they have been remiss in not assisting in thisin-house policy consideration. In many respects, the taskhas been taken over for them by the policy advisory groupsof the Federal agencies such as the Councils of the NationalInstitute of Health and the Divisional Committees of theNational Science Foundation. This I consider to bo unwiseconcentration of power in a Democracy, even though theFederal Committees are doing a magnificent unselfish job.But they should not be the only groups deciding whetheror not Taxonomy is a neglected area or whether or notMedical Sciences is now so large that it is the tail waggingthe whole dog of biology.At the still more general levels, the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science and the National ResearchCouncil come to mind as private organizations of scientists.On the Federal side we have the President's Science Advisory Committee and other advisory groups. Here again,however, they, and especially the non-government groups,seem to act mostly by grappling with problems as they comeup— not trying to see the problems before they arise. Crashactions rather than the more gentle and prolonged thoughtful planning for problems that will arise in the future. Wereally suffer from a lack of high-level crystal balling!At the most general level we do find good scientistsserving freely in important posts. We also have a lot offerment these days about creating a cabinet post in science,a fate I hope never overtakes us. Not because the scientistscould not do a good job but because science is not an areaof interest in the governmental sense but is an all-pervadingprinciple that should spread in all agencies. The isolationof science at a top policy level would do no real goodand might further tend to set scientists aside from theirnon-scientific brethren.What to do? Several things could be suggested. Scientificsocieties, preferably through their Institutes if present,should insist that funds be raised to support ScienceCouncils that do not have to worry about running journals,or holding big meetings or supporting science, that canspend their time considering the best orderly developmentof their field against the background of increasing numbersof students, increasing dollars for support of research andincreasing demands on their time.One thing does seem clear. The organization and thesupport of science is growing at an exponential rate whilethe thinking of scientists about the organization of scienceand its support in the future travels in a fine pedestrianlinear fashion. Already our fates are being settled by non-scientific groups in increasing proportion.10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWarren C. Johnson, former dean of the Divisionof Physical Sciences, is now in charge of specialscientific programs for the University. These include the Argonne National Laboratory, the Chicago Midway Laboratories, the Institute for AirJfeapons Research and the Air Forces SystemsResearch Laboratory . . . all operated by the University. He comments on the new liaison betweenthe government and universities:It became increasingly evident during the War that aclose relationship between scientists and engineers locatedin industry and in the universities was an effective type ofoperation for the solution of many of the problems pertaining to the prosecution of the War. The Manhattan District established several of these laboratories for the purposeof forwarding the War effort, in the application of nuclearscience to the realization of the production of nuclearbombs. Some of the best minds from industry and theuniversities were collected in these laboratories, whichemerged from the War with unquestionable success— infact, it can be stated with great success. Also, at the endof the War, it was evident that the applications of atomicenergy for peaceful purposes would grow into a vastendeavor, particularly for civilian power, for the industrialuses of isotopes, and for basic research in most areas ofscience and technology. There was also the need for maintaining our military strength, not only in terms of weaponsbut in military propulsion reactors as well.Immediately following the War, the Manhattan Districtestablished three of these laboratories as national laboratories; it retained its weapons laboratory at Los Alamosand the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. The AmesLaboratory was a going concern and was maintained assuch and later expanded. The Livermore Laboratory wasestablished some years later for the purpose of enhancingour position in weapons. The Atomic Energy Act of 1946established the Atomic Energy Commission and the conditions for its operations, responsibilities, and control offissionable materials.I would like to deal with only one category of the Atomic-Energy Commission's laboratories, which has frequentlybeen termed as multi-program laboratories, and include thelollowing:The Ames Laboratory at Ames, IowaThe Argonne National Laboratory at Lemont, IllinoisThe Bookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New YorkThe Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, CaliforniaThe Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CaliforniaThe Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory at Los Alamos,New MexicoThe Oak Ridge National Laboratory at Oak Ridge,Tennessee.The multi-program laboratories are those laboratories thatcarry out research and development work in several differentareas such as physics, chemistry, metallurgy, biology andmedicine, reactor development, reactor engineering, chemical engineering, applied mathematics, etc.The multi-program laboratories have grown and flourishedthe past thirteen years, during which period they havemade many notable contributions to numerous areas withinthe Atomic Energy Commission's framework of interestand responsibility, as defined by the Atomic Energy Act. In the area of the basic sciences the multi-program laboratories have served several purposes. In addition to theirsupport of the developmental programs within the laboratories, much of which must initially be preceded by extensive research investigations, they have served as centers ofcooperation and interaction with the universities. The toolsof fundamental science have become so extensive and costlythat there are few, if any, universities today that can affordto acquire them. This situation is particularly true in theareas of high-energy physics, nuclear chemistry, low-energynuclear physics experiments that need lots of neutrons,certain studies in metallurgy, as well as in the general fieldof biology and medicine. Before the War, a researchinvestigator could get along quite well and make a notableimpression in terms of scientific contributions with theexpenditure of only a few hundred, at the most a fewthousand, dollars for equipment and materials. The otherextreme today is the need for high-energy accelerators thatcost thirty million dollars (as a down payment), if one isto push the frontier of physics forward. The researchprograms that require the use of such costly equipmentalso demand relatively large teams of investigators, technicians, engineers, and other supporting personnel, in contrast to the era of not so many years ago when the loneinvestigator was predominant and successful.The multi-program laboratories have the unique opportunity to interact with the universities through the equipmentthat is available to them whether it be a cyclotron, a research reactor of relative high neutron flux, a proton orelectron high-energy accelerator, or the unique facilities inbiology and medicine for handling large numbers of ex-Accelerator Building— "The Pit"FEBRUARY, 1960 11perimental animals needed for an evaluation of the effectsof radiation and its attendant diseases. Without thesecenters for basic scientific investigations, the country'sscientific productivity and stature would suffer immeasurably in that we would not be in a position to compete onthe scientific forefront.THE UNIVERSITIES NEED THE multi-program laboratories as much, if not more, than the multi-program laboratories need the universities. The universities need the use ofthe equipment that is available in these laboratories if theyare to continue to remain leaders in scientific research and toprovide training and stimulation for promising young menand women who will become the leaders in science tomorrow. At the same time the multi-program laboratoriesneed the universities through interaction with their facultiesand they likewise need the products of the universities forfuture employment in order to maintain their strength andwelfare. As soon as the multi-program laboratories fail tointeract with the universities, they will tend to decay andif these laboratories should become unavailable to the universities, basic science in the country will thereby suffer.The opportunity for interaction, as expressed here, is, inmy opinion, the most important reason for the existence ofthe multi-program laboratories and for maintaining them as strong institutions, not only for the atomic energy programper se, but for the general health of science in the countryas well.On the other side of the scientific and technologicalspectrum, if one may refer to it as such, are the applied anddevelopmental research programs. It is equally importantthat we develop nuclear power for civilian and military purposes. The former is aimed at eventual economic nuclearpower and the latter at specific missions with economic poweras a secondary or minor objective. Here, again, the cost ofthese developmental programs is so great that no singleindustry can afford to use its own funds for such purposes.In fact, the initial stages of these developmental programsmay be so exploratory in character that industry finds itdoes not possess sufficient competent personnel to cope withthem in such a highly specialized venture and, furthermore,• it may find the risk too great for even long-term financialreturns. The multi-program laboratories, and in particularthose laboratories that bear the name "National", have asone of their prime obligations the prosecution of reactorconcepts, at least to the point where industry will finditself in a position to use some of its own funds, as wellas those from Government, for completing the engineeringand design work necessary for the achievement of the finished product. In this way, the multi-program laboratoriescan be of great assistance to the development of the nuclearpower industry in this country. I do not believe that industry can or, what is more important, should absorb allof the reactor development programs that are being supported by the AEC, or by other Government Agencies.In looking at these two rather general objectives asdescribed here, it is evident that the multi-program laboratories may well serve as connecting links between thebasic sciences on one hand and industry and Governmenton the other. These laboratories are interdisciplinary intheir organization in that they can bring to bear on anygiven problem related to nuclear energy the talents of themost capable and experienced scientists and engineers.Their interaction with the universities on one hand andwith industry on the other, coupled with the inherentpotentiality of their own staffs, present an interplay oftalents that is unique in this country. These laboratoriesrepresent one of our most valuable national assets; a substantial part of their uniqueness and strength lies in the factthat they are not operated directly by the Federal Government but by contractors who have experience in the basicsciences, engineering and technology, and in administration.The history of our country is such that in times of emergency we look to our scientists and engineers, and otherswith special experience and talents, for advice and assistance. During the Civil War, President Lincoln was responsible for the formation of the National Academy of Sciences,a group of individuals to whom he could look for advice inthe prosecution of the War. In World War I, the NationalResearch Council was established for a similar purpose.As early as a year and a half prior to our entrance intoWorld War II, the National Defense Research Committeewas established, and a little later the Committee on MedicalResearch joined it in the formation of the OSRD (Officeof Scientific Research and Development ) . In meeting theseemergencies time has always been to our advantage. It isnot likely that time will favor us so well in the future. Justas for the military protection of our country we have planes"on flight" at all times, it is equally important that we havestrong national laboratories "on flight", so that they will beavailable as going concerns with the scientific and technological strength to become engaged in any important program, whether it be related to the field of atomic energyoi to a number of other fields one can readily imagine asbecoming of national importance.12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENEWS OF THE QUADRANGLESStudent loan affidavitThe board of trustees of the University of Chicago voted in mid-January tooppose the affidavit of disbelief thatmust be taken by students asking forloans under the 1958 National DefenseEducation Act.The affidavit requires the student toswear or affirm that he does not believein, is not a member of and does notsupport any organization that believesor teaches overthrow of the Government by force or violence or by anyillegal or unconstitutional method.That law also requires students tolake an oath of allegiance to the UnitedStates. The trustees distinguished between the oath and the affidavit, deciding that the oath was "clear andsimple" and "lies within the Americantradition.""The affidavit does not," Glen A.Lloyd, trustee chairman said in explaining the University's position."It could lead to star-chamber investigations into a man's beliefs, and togovernmental interference in the con-luct of universities."The board instructed ChancellorKimpton to join with other educationalinstitutions that oppose the affidavit. Itannounced that the University wouldpull out of the Federal student loanprogram at the end of the academicyear in June if Congress did not changethe law.The University explained in a statement that President Eisenhower hadindicated in a news conference Dec. 2,1959, that he would favor repeal of theaffidavit requirement. It said thatArthur S. Flemming, Secretary of theDepartment of Health, Education andWelfare, was also opposed to it.The University also noted that "lead ers of educational institutions and organizations" had expressed oppositionto the requirement.It said that the reasons cited bythese sources included charges that theaffidavit was "superfluous" and "injuresAmerica's stature abroad" and was "legally unworkable."Safari into spaceEver since the first scientist walkedup the side of a mountain to discovercosmic rays in 1912, cosmic ray researchers have been going on safaris toout of the way places to get their data.University of Chicago cosmic ray explorations by Marcel Schein and othershave taken place from the arctic to theantarctic in North and South America.Mr. Schein's last major expedition outside the United States took him to theisland of Guam in the Pacific in 1956.A government-sponsored University of Chicago "safari into space" to huntfor the most powerful cosmic rays inthe universe is now in its final monthof preparations. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and theOffice of Naval Research, the scientificexpedition will attempt to use theworld's biggest balloons to seek datathat may open up an "entirely new fieldof physics." The Navy, which willprovide fleet support, has dubbed theoperation, "Skyhook 60."These are the developments in theelaborate international preparations forthe experiment:1. The U.S. Navy announced thatthe aircraft carrier USS Valley Forge(CVS-45) has been assigned to theexpedition.2. A launching time late in Januaryhas been set.3. The general location was decidedto be the vicinity of the West Indiesin the Caribbean.After defeating the University of Miami in its first round (180-150), the Universityof Chicago team was defeated by the University of Kansas on the General ElectricTV College Quiz Bowl. For its efforts the team won $2,000 in scholarship moneyfor the University and two weekends of New York luxury during its appearance.FEBRUARY, 1960 13At registrationthe line formsBursar'sBursar'sBookstore en d at tfnAd Building— outside Registrar'swhich isLibrary Catalogue Roomalways14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAd Building— Registrar'sa long waysaway. 4. One of the balloons— taller thanthe 41-story Prudential skyscraper indowntown Chicago — was successfullytested this December when it was released in South Dakota and landed inMississippi.5. Scientific capsules constructed atthe University of Chicago for the balloons were completed, except for film.6. A University of Chicago scientistleft the day after Christmas by air forEngland to pick up a 2,800 poundbundle of $100,000 worth of specialfilm which was flown back to thecampus for the capsules.The emulsion blocks are especiallydesigned to record primary cosmic raysor nuclear particles that achieveenergies as high as 10,000 Bev (billionelection volts) on their plunge towardearth. Research at these high energieshas been almost nonexistent thus far.7. Meteorological preparations specified the release of three hundredweather balloons in the weeks preceding the launching to determine the rightmoment in the upper atmosphere forthe experiment.The objectives of the experiment,according to phvsics professor MarcelSchein, may be put this way: "To keepthe largest amount of film danglingfrom the world's biggest balloons atthe edge of space for the longest possible time to record cosmic rays of thehighest possible energies." In 1954,one of Schein's unmanned balloonsgathered evidence of energy of 10 million billion electron volts. This contrasts with the 25 billion electron voltswhich is the limit that man-madeequipment has been able to generateso far.As the very high energy cosmic rayspenetrate the photographic emulsionsat high altitudes, they will collide withthe nuclei of the emulsion to causeshowers or "jets" of other fast particles,producing a chain of nuclear interactions recorded in the photographicblocks. From this record scientists hopeto be able to learn more about physicallaws ranging from the nature and behavior of the smallest elementary particles to the creation of cosmic radiation on a galactic scale.While there are theories to explaininteractions of nuclear particles at lowenergy levels, there is no satisfactoryexplanation of particle behavior atthese extremely high energies, energiesreaching more than 100 times the 25-Bev energy produced by the Cern accelerator at Geneva— the world's largestaccelerator. The formation of a moresatisfactory relativistic theory of veryhigh energy phenomena may be animportant outcome of this project.Sending up an unusually large blockof emulsion to very high altitudes for a long period of time provides definiteadvantages. The large area of the blockappreciably increases the number ofhigh energy primary particles detected.Because it is a stack of emulsion sheets,the nuclear events can be traced inthree dimensions rather than just two.And the depth of the emulsion blockallows detection of many completeevents, that is, the entire chain of secondary interactions started by eachprimary particle.The high altitude is required so thatprimary particles will be captured before they have collided with particlesin the atmosphere and become secondary particles of lower energy. Thelonger the balloon remains aloft, thegreater the number of events that canbe recorded; thus a balloon has distinct advantages over a rocket in thisrespect.An earth satellite cannot be usedbecause it would pass through the VanAllen radiation belts that would fogthe emulsion.The area of the launch has beenselected because it is near the equatorwhere the earth's magnetic field isstrongest. This field provides a barrierto low energy cosmic rays up to about10 Bev, effectively filtering them out.Following the flights the blocks willbe flown to Chicago for processing, expected to require about two months.They will then be divided and distributed to cosmic ray groups in theU. S. and abroad. It is estimated thatthe groups will require about two years,working full time, to analyze the datafully.Wilson fellowshipsThe Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation has announced a$102,000 grant to the University toassist advanced students and "tostrengthen graduate programs in general." The University of Chicago wasone of six American universities to receive more than $100,000 from a totalaward of $1,934,000. Graduate schoolsof 75 universities in the United Statesand Canada shared in grants announcedby Dr. Hugh Taylor, president of thefoundation at Princeton, New Jersey.Dr. Taylor said the funds are to begiven in the form of a $2,000 subsidyfor each Wilson Fellow currently enrolled in the respective graduateschools. Chicago has 51 Wilson Fellows. Three-quarters of each ($2,000)grant is to be used for "assisting beyondtheir first year any students genuinelyinterested in a teaching career, whetheror not thev earlier received WilsonFellowships." The remaining quarteris "to be available at the discretion ofthe institution, for strengthening itsgraduate programs."FEBRUARY, 1960 15Sixty-six men and Chicago'sGraduate School of Business"Leadership has too long remained with the practitioners/7James H. Lorie, Associate DeanGraduate School of BusinessThere are only six graduate schools of business. Following is the philosophy of education of our Graduate Schoolof Business as told to the University of Chicago CitizensBoard at a recent luncheon.The Citizens Board is some 400 Chicago business meninterested in the progress of the University. To their bimonthly luncheons they invite University officers, deans,heads of departments, and faculty to discuss the variousareas of the University.TJL HE enormous productivity of the American economyhas astounded anyone who has studied it. Many havetried to account for it, but they can succeed only partly.Measurement of changes in the quantity of inputs whichgo into our economy accounts for only a little over half ofthe changes in outputs. Almost half of our increased productivity has to be accounted for by changes in the qualityof inputs— primarily the quality of people who work.Some of these workers work on the production line,on the receiving dock, and at the typewriter. Many, however, work in management, and much of our increasedproduction and productivity can be attributed to increasesin the quality of management. This conclusion seems especially reasonable when we realize that the function ofmanagers in a free enterprise society is to be sensitive tochanges and to adapt to them effectively.I am not going to allege that business education is primarily responsible for the improvement in the quality ofbusiness management. I am going to say that it can bevery important. The large-scale support given to studiesof business education by the Ford Foundation and theCarnegie Foundation is evidence of recognition of its importance. These studies have just been completed and theresults have just been published. The Ford report is HigherEducation for Business (Robert Aaron Gordon and JamesEdwin Howell; Columbia University Press); the Carnegiereport is The Education of American Businessmen (FrankC. Pierson and others; McGraw-Hill Publishing Company) .The generosity of both of these reports to the educationalprogram at the Graduate School of Business of the Uni versity of Chicago makes its very pleasant to dischargemy responsibility to call them to your attention.It has taken the authors of these reports several yearsand many hundreds of pages to report on the status ofAmerican business education and the directions in whichit should move. In the brief time alloted me, I can do littlemore than indicate some of the main lines of developmentin American business education and the directions whichwe at the University of Chicago think that business education should take in the future.A BRIEF HISTORYThe first business school in a university in this countrywas founded in 1881 at the University of Pennsylvaniathrough the generosity of Joseph Wharton. The secondbusiness school was founded in 1898 at the University ofChicago, not in response to the philanthropy of any individual, but in response to the foresight of William RaineyHarper, the first president of the University, and J. Lawrence Laughlin, the first chairman of its Department ofPolitical Economy.In that same year, on the West Coast, the business schoolat the University of California was founded. During thenext two decades, the birth rate for business schools wassmall but steady and at a level of one or two per year. Thebusiness schools at Harvard and Northwestern werefounded in 1908.Very rapid growth in the number of business schoolsand in the number of students in them followed WorldWar I. Although there are only six exclusively graduateschools of business at the present time, there are 157schools of business and 435 departments of business throughwhich degrees in business can be earned. Thus, there arein colleges and universities in this country at the presenttime 592 different programs in business which lead tospecialized degrees. About 200,000 students are in theseschools or in these departments, and in a recent yearover 45,000 degrees in business were conferred. The onlyfield of education in which more degrees were conferredwas Education.The development of university education in business inEurope did not begin until the 1920's. The first majorbusiness school in Europe was founded in Stockholm. Rapiddevelopment in business education in Europe did not begin16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEuntil the end of World War II. Business schools in Europehave been influenced very greatly by patterns previouslydeveloped in this country.The intense interest of European educators as well aseducators from other continents in business education isreflected by some recent history at the University of Chicago. During the past year, we have had visitors frommore than twenty countries and from all the continents.These men have come to visit us to see what our approachto business education is. Further, one of our faculty members recently spent a year in Europe on behalf of the StateDepartment to help universities there in developing effective business schools.THE FOUR APPROACHESWithout much distortion, I think that business schoolsin this country can be classified into four groups accordingto their approaches to business education.1. The first, which is prominent in the state universitiesand in many other schools in this country, is an institutional approach. Students, largely undergraduates, are exposed, to descriptions of business institutions and currentbusiness practices. Students learn what a retailer is andhow many there are and whether they are growing; whata wholesaler is; what a commodity exchange is; what theMidwest Stock Exchange is; and other things of that sort.This education is not theoretical, not even particularlyvocational; it is largely descriptive.2. The second approach, which has many adherentsboth in undergraduate and graduate schools, is that ofemphasizing learning to make decisions through practice.Students can't of course make actual business decisions,but they can pretend that they are making business decisions by the consideration of cases. The case is an abbreviated and simplified description of an actual businesssituation which implicitly or explicitly calls for a decision.Any theoretical or analytical ability which is created by aconsideration of cases is incidental— the main point beingthat decisions must be made about complicated things onthe basis of imperfect information.The use of cases in order to create facility and skill indecisions-making was initiated in business schools after ademonstration of their usefulness in law school?. (The casemethod in law schools had been started at Harvard in1870 by Christopher Columbus Langdell and had been sosuccessful that it came to dominate legal education in theUnited States.)The case serves a different function in law schools, thanit does in business schools. The use of cases in law schoolsis part of the movement in American education to go tooriginal sources. In science, this meant going to the laboratory; in history, to original documents; in law, to the caseswhich are the source of much of our law. In businessschools, going to cases did not mean going to the sourcesof relevant knowledge for making business decisions; itmeant a vicarious and attenuated apprenticeship— the onlykind available to academic institutions responsible for business education.3. The third approach is based upon the scientificanalysis of business decisions— not only the way in whichthey are reached, but also the ways in which they shouldbe reached. Economists, psychologists, sociologists, andstatisticians collaborate in an examination of the decisionmaking process. They try to find the kinds of informationthat are needed, the ways in which this information canbe transmitted rapidly, completely, and accurately, andthe ways in which it should be interpreted in order toformulate objective rules for business decisions. Thisapproach has much to commend it in that it indicates the relevance of scientific disciplines for the analysis ofbusiness problems. It is most useful when there is a constant interplay between the disciplines and the theorieswhich are erected in the actual data of business life.4. The fourth approach, one which is followed ratherfaithfully at the University of Chicago, has much in common with the third approach. We believe in the scientificanalysis of decision-making and of decision rules, but ourresearch and teaching go beyond business decisions. Weconsider not only the scientific analysis of business decisions in finance, marketing, industrial relations, and production but also analyze the total environment of businessand the ways in which this environment inhibits or fostersbusiness growth and efficiency.The breadth of this conception of our appropriate rolehas led us to undertake a variety of studies which wouldbe inappropriate for an institution limiting itself to aconsideration of business decisions alone. For example,with the support of the Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry, the School recently conducted a studyof the economy of metropolitan Chicago. This is the firstsuch study to be conducted in this country, and the results will be available in book form before the end of thisyear.Recently, again with the support of the Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry, we undertook a studyof the effect of the law in Illinois which prohibits branchbanking. The William Volker Fund and the Relm Foundation recently made a joint grant to the School for researchon the economy of the state of Michigan, which is one ofthe two states in the United States with declining employment. There may be lessons for all of us in an understanding of the reasons for the course of the Michigan economy.OUR PHILOSOPHY t^OF EDUCATIONI would like to turn now to a rather detailed examination of the philosophy and program of the Graduate Schoolof Business at the University of Chicago. My reason forexamining our own institution at such length is not onlybecause I think it best and know it best but also becausethere is strong evidence to indicate that business educationin the country as a whole is veering toward the directionin which we are travelling.Approximately three years ago, when Allen Wallis became Dean of the School, we were confronted with anappalling responsibility. For a number of years we hadtalked about all the things that we would like to do butwere unable to do because of limited resources. WhenAllen Wallis became Dean, Chancellor Kimpton, with theconsent of the Board, agreed to place at our disposal additional resources equal to the income on an endowment of$10,000,000. Freedom, especially when joined with power,is sobering. Before spending our money, we studied verycarefully the course that we should take and developeda ten-year program.One of the things that it seemed profitable to do wasto study the history of professional education in other fieldsto see whether there were lessons for us. In each profession, whether it be medicine, law, engineering, or militaryscience, there has been a remarkably consistent patternof development.Shortly after members of a profession recognized themselves as being professional, somebody advanced the ideathat specialized training would be appropriate. The firsttype of specialized training to appear in each professionwas apprenticeship. Lawyers learned to be lawyers byworking in law offices, engineers learned to be engineers byworking with engineers, and doctors learned to be doctorsby working with doctors.FEBRUARY, 1960 17The second stage was to transfer this system of apprenticeship to a formal educational institution. In medicine,this transfer took the form of creating schools of medicinewhere teachers were medical practitioners who took time-off from their daily rounds to go to the hospital where theschool was located and let students follow them aroundthe wards to see what happened. Students would examinepatients in order to learn what names were conventionallyapplied to what symptoms and what groups of symptoms.Students learned through observation what forms of treatment were commonly adopted to cope with diseases ofvarious names. This system of apprenticeship was admirable in preventing new mistakes but had little to recommend it as a means for creating new knowledge. Nevertheless, this system was the predominant method of medicaleducation in Western Europe and in this country until thebeginning of this century.The inadequacies of this system as a means for developing medical science and well-trained practitioners werefirst recognized in Germany. German schools of medicineunderstood sooner than any others that apprenticeship wasnot a good way to enable men to learn for themselves andto adapt to unforeseen situations after the period of formaltraining was ended.German medical education, therefore, adopted a totallydifferent point of view. Instead of having practitioners asteachers, they had professors. Instead of having the classroom in the wards of hospitals, classrooms came to consistof lecture halls and laboratories. Instead of going at onceinto the diagnosis of actual diseases and their treatments,students underwent a long period of prior scientific training. They were required to study bacteriology^ biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology before they were exposed topatients.Only after mastering the basic scientific material werethey permitted to try to apply this material to the diagnosisand treatment of disease. It became apparent fairly soonthat the Germanic system was superior not only in developing new knowledge through research but also in developingskilled practitioners.FUNDAMENTAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGEThe superiority of the German system was apparent notonly to Germans but also to men in other countries. By theend of the second decade of this century, the Germanicsystem of medical education predominated in WesternEurope and in this country. This development has progressed farthest at the University of Chicago, where theMedical School is a part of the Division of BiologicalSciences, where doctors and the faculty do not have privatepractice, but are full-time professors who treat -patients,teach students, and do research.Similar developments from apprentice systems to scientific study can be observed in other professions as well.This is certainly true in engineering, architecture, and law.It is true even in military science. You may have noticedWithin the last few weeks that the Naval Academy hasrevised its curriculum so that a great deal more attentionis paid to the basic sciences and a great deal less to navalhardware and the tactics of the last war.We believe that there are fundamental reasons for thiskind of evolution in the various fields of professional education and that these reasons apply with equal validity tobusiness education. Let me tell you why.The main reason for emphasis in professional graduateschools on fundamental scientific knowledge and procedures is that in any profession of importance the learningprocess is life-long. With special reference to business, it is clear that what will be needed in order to cope withbusiness problems, twenty, thirty, or forty years from nowis not now known. It will have to be learned between nowand then.In order to determine the most effective function of auniversity graduate school, it is necessary to decide howthe university can best contribute to the efficiency and profundity of this lifelong educational process. Fortunately,the kinds of things which the University can do best arealso the kinds of things which should be done earliest inthe process of effective education for business responsibility.A university has its greatest comparative advantage inteaching underlying scientific knowledge and procedures;it has least advantage in trying to teach the detailed application of this knowledge. It has its greatest advantage inteaching such basic disciplines as mathematics, statistics,accounting, economics, law, psychology, and sociology; ithas least competence in teaching the current practice, techniques, and language of business. Conversely, businessitself is relatively poorly equipped to teach underlyingscientific knowledge and is relatively well equipped to teachthe current practices in the business community.Consequently, in the first part of our graduate businesscurriculum, men study the basic disciplines; after studyingthese disciplines, they learn how they can be applied tothe solution of business problems in the various functionalfields such as finance, marketing, personnel administration,industrial relations, and production management. Theylearn how these sciences and methods of analysis can beused to understand what motivates people, how best theycan be taught to communicate with each other, how theirperformance can be evaluated and predicted, how interrelated processes can be scheduled and controlled, etc.Our students learn these things, typically, at high levels ofgenerality. We believe that this method of formal education best equips a man to continue his education throughexperience once he has left the educational institution. Heis better equipped to put his untidy and unpredictable experience into a meaningful framework; he is enabled tolearn better from his reading and what he should read; heis acquainted with new sources of new knowledge; he issensitized to important questions implicit in what he seesand does during the course of his business career. Thismethod of business education is capitalistic in the sensethat its fruits are most apparent and abundant after thepassage of years.We leave training in the systems and procedures of individual business to business itself. We do this not becausesuch training is unimportant but because other kinds oftraining are also important and are the kinds that we arebest equipped to provide.This philosophy and curriculum require that our facultymust to a substantial degree come from the basic disciplines. Our faculty consists of 66 men who have come tous from all over the United States and the world. Theyare mathematicians, statisticians, accountants, economists,psychologists, lawyers, sociologists, and anthropologists. Inaddition, they are men who have studied intensively marketing, finance, personnel and production problems. Theyfocus their disciplines upon these problems and with surprising frequency learn new and important things aboutthem.In business alone among important fields of endeavor,leadership has too long remained with the practitioners.We believe that only by getting scientists who are interested in the study of business can business schools properlyfulfill their function of leadership in the development ofnew and important knowledge and its application to business management.18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAMONG THE 40,000CITIZENS OFRefugee camp near Naples¦Refugee home on SardiniaBY BELDEN PAULSON NO COUNTRYIn the summer of 1957 Belden Paulson, AM'55, andDon Murray, an American actor, created HELP, aproject to resettle and rehabilitate displaced persons stagnating in a refugee camp near Naples. Theobstacles have been formidable . . . and one of theworst has been the refugees themselves.IN JANUARY 1958, MARIO WAS sitting in a refugeecamp near Naples. He played cards all day, or drank wine, orslept, or just idled. He suspected everyone, had no faithin anyone, lived for the day because he could not foreseeany tomorrow outside of a refugee camp. He had transferred from one camp to another since 1945 and had beenrejected by 14 commissions for emigration to every placefrom the U.S.A. to Colombia. He knew he was no goodbecause 14 commissions had told him so. He believed thateach year more in camp— each day-was sapping his last bitof humanity until one day he no longer would be a manbut one statistic among thousands that had lived and diedin a refugee camp.There are 40,000 refugees like Mario still in camps inWestern Europe. They are the first generation of postWorld War II refugees, who have been in camps five tothirteen years. Some of them are original displaced personsfrom the War. The larger number are escapees from Communism behind the "Iron Curtain" or from Yugoslavia. Included are even displaced persons from the Spanish CivilWar. They have been screened and rejected for emigrationby many governments for poor health, uneconomic families,FEBRUARY, 1960 19inadequate skills, or controversial past. They are supposedto be the bottom of the barrel, the "hard core."Immediately after the War millions of refugees foundnew homes, assisted by international, national and nongovernmental agencies. But in 1952 the International Refugee Organization was terminated, and governmental interest dwindled as new problems of the atomic age arose andpost- War humanitarianism and the propaganda value of thefirst escapees from Communism wore off.The refugees still in camps are citizens of no country,have little chance to work, must live completely off theState which administers the camp, and must seek handoutsof charity. They cannot easily integrate into the economyof the country where their camp is because of local unemployment, overpopulation, no housing, unusable skills. Theyare stigmatized as rejects with "there must be somethingwrong with them or they woudn't still be in camp." Nowa new generation has been born in the camps. A refugeein Italy once took his five children to Rome; their comment:"This is a big camp, isn't it?"DON MURRAY AND I pooled five years of experienceworking with refugees in Europe, principally with homelesscave-dwellers and political refugees around Naples. UponDon's return to the United States, he overnight became oneof America's most promising young movie actors (a role inBus Stop, with Marilyn Monroe, rocketed him to suddenfame). I returned to take doctoral studies in internationalrelations at the University of Chicago.One evening in 1957 Don and I met in my prefabapartment at 61st and University to reminisce over ourexperiences in Europe. Don and I decided to utilize ideaswe had been developing, and organize a project in Italy,where we knew refugees personally and where they haveperhaps the worst lot in Europe because of local unemployment. Our basic assumption was and is that many of these"impossible" refugees still can work, if they are first rehabilitated and adequately assisted at the beginning. Ouridea is to tie the problem of refugees to the poverty ofunderdeveloped areas, thereby enlisting the cooperation ofgovernments from two directions.The project name selected was HELP— Homeless European Land Program.HELP would buy a piece of land— the most secure investment—and gradually branch from agriculture into smallindustries. From the camps it would bring heads of families first and only a few at a time, to transform virgin pasture into a thriving farming and diversified community. Thework would be done only as fast as the refugees becameacclimated to working again. The final goal is completeindependence for the refugees— each to receive a plot ofland or a share in a small industry, and a house. As hecould repay with a portion of his income, new refugeeswould be helped.HELP would be no panacea for the total refugee problem, but serve as a pilot project. It would show that therefugees still are capable of work and self-help. It wouldstimulate the interest of the particular government and localpeople in these homeless people, not only for humanitarianreasons, bat because there are local benefits. Through experiment it would develop a pattern for helping retugeesthat can be used by others elsewhere. Through publicitymedia it would focus public awareness on one of the greathumanitarian problems of the world.The ideas had to be tested for soundness. Don and I,later joined by a" young American volunteer farmer, wentto Italy in May, 1957, to: 1 ) see if the refugees were able and willing to undertakesuch a project;2) gain assurance of cooperation by governmental authorities;3) locate a community in a backward part of Italy.Six weeks of going up and down the peninsula, talkingwith refugees in three camps, seeing officials, and visitingcommunities, brought these conclusions: many of the refugees no longer had the "guts" or strength to leave thecamps, but a few were enthusiastic for the project and ifit worked many others would come around; the publicauthorities had little faith in the refugees and were reluctant to get involved in any "experiments" but they woulda. cooperate, including a loan for each refugee family from ajoint United Nations-Italian Government account; the depressed area with most economic possibility was the islandof Sardinia, where recent elimination of malaria opened upnew opportunity, which in turn could be exploited withstrong subsidies from the Italian Government.The end of July another American farmer, came over toserve as farm manager. In October, I and my family arrived, to be followed by two American volunteers. Soonthereafter, the land contract was signed, the first machinerywas bought, and additional refugees were moved fromcamp. Eventually 25 families were brought to Sardinia.Obstacles have been formidable. Financing, of course,was a problem. Don and his actress wife, Hope Lange, didnot buy furniture for their home so the project could haveinitial capital from their income. The Brethren and Congregational Christian Churches agreed to support projectpersonnel and provide legal and administrative services.Such agencies as CARE, Heifer Project and Church WorldService offered supplies. But the comment of the well-heeled foundations was: "Go out and prove your ideas andthen we will talk." We well knew that once the ideas"worked," governments also would talk; the critical timewas the creative risk-taking period. Moreover, criticsviewed our pilot project in terms of the over-all problem ofEurope saying: "There are 40,000 refugees. What good ishelping 25 families?" This was a reason few projects hadbeen organized even to help 25 families, not to mention toprove that such refugees were capable of being helped.But even considering these few families, the contention wasthat they had been too long in camps; they were too demoralized to be rejuvenated into self-sufficiency.THERE IS A "REFUGEE PSYCHOLOGY" that peopleoutside of refugeedom cannot pretend to understand. Afterfive years and more in camps, they say, we cultivate our ownconcept of "normal." In camp, work has little dignity because payment is low and life is for free anyway, so he whoworks is "exploited" and idleness is normal. Life in camp is amargin of subsistence where health certificates are forged,stealing is felt necessary, loneliness and close living assurepromiscuity. So mutual disrespect and mutual suspicion arenormal. There is no hope, no reason to save for the future orto preserve one's health. Commissions from governmentscome to the camps and give us belief we will be emigrating, but we never hear further. Distrust of all promisesand all people is normal. Camp life is simple, for we eatand ]ive together and have no money. But we eat, and adoctor takes care of us, and our children go to the campschool. So why leave the camp? When people come withschemes for a new life we do not bother any more. Werespond that we are waiting to go to America, which isanother way of saying we will have camp security for life.20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBv refugee standards, only a "crackpot" leaves camp tofind a new life in Sardinia, or one with compelling personalreasons (debt, broken love affair, supposed "in" with theAmericans).As we learned later, the real intention of a good numberof the refugees for coming to Sardinia was to "get a quickbuck" and then "take off". Several hoped to cash in onUN-AAI liquidation money (an "integration sum" grantedto help refugees get started in the economy), which probably thev could not have done on their own, and then moveon. One hoped to save a little of his subsistence money inSardinia and then flee to France. Few expected to resettlein Sardinia.During the years of communal living in camps, the refugees evolved some interesting attitudes toward one anotherthat apparently were adapted to mutual survival. Oneseems to be an unwritten code "not to speak against otherrefugees" to the outsider. This is surprising in that in campthey cheat each other, steal, molest each other's women.But these activities are so widespread that there are notvery many refugees who can hold up their heads unblemished. Therefore as refugees they seem to face the outsideas one and what goes on among them is known only to theparticipants.They brought this attitude to Sardinia, causing muchdifficulty the first months of the project. We wanted totreat them as individuals, working with each to resolve hisparticular problems. We wanted the refugees themselves,in the interest of swift development of the project and tominimize our role as holders of authority, to disciplinebad behaviour of one another. Instead the project evolvedas a kind of "management vs. labor" contest. Whatever wesuggested, they viewed as "the refugees" rather than asindividuals. When they wanted something they would propose it as a "refugee demand", the implication being thatour rejection would induce their return to camp en masse.Thus we had to balance our sense of justice and good sensein administration with understanding of how far we couldgo without actually pushing them to return to camp, whichwould terminate the whole experiment.ln the winter of 1957, several months after setting up theproject, our own faith in the project faced its most severetest. All that the critics had said about refugees seemedvalid. The refugees would not work. We seemed unableto build their faith in themselves or us or the future; theydistrusted our motivation for helping them and searchedfor our "real interest." Thev complained loudly that theworld owed them a living and that if they did not get it inSardinia they would return to camp. The attitude of thelocal people toward the refugees was uneasy, and localCommunists called us spies and the refugees every nameexcept bona fide refugees. At Christmas a crisis developed.I he refugees were asking for more money, although atthe time their short hours were not worth the cost of subsistence. They immediately wanted the loan from the UN-Italian Government fund, which would liquidate them fromall further public assistance as refugees. The Americansdid not favor the loan until assured that one day the refugees could stand on their own feet. Late one night a refugee became sick. His two sleeping mates merely buriedtheir heads under the covers and waited for the Americanvolunteers to come, call a doctor, and clean up. High pointwas a refugee losing control and slugging one of the American volunteers. A pacifist, the volunteer asked the refugeeif lie were through and the refugee walked away unbeliev-in r. The refugees were returned to camp for Christmas,rest, and medical exams. The morning of departure the\'threatened not to come back, saying camp life was easierthan seeking a new life in Sardinia.FEBRUARY, 1960 Progress that can be seenEnglish conversation classChristening of project's first child(Bel at left, with Don Murray)21During this period of seeming project failure, my personal situation was equally bleak. My wife, who was withme in Sardinia with our year old son, contracted hepatitis,which subsequently led to our separation for six monthswhile she recovered in the United States.All of the refugees returned to Sardinia in January withone new refugee. We began to see a gradual change inthe attitude of the refugees.It is difficult to determine the inner forces at work thatgradually changed this attitude. Perhaps the two most important factors were constant nearness to us in all of ouractivities, and actual concrete results developing from eachplan laid out. When we spoke with various officials inSardinia for all kinds of planning, often at least one refugeeaccompanied us, so that he could testify to what happened.Our simple ways of living, in considerable part on almostthe same level as of the refugees, fostered some identification. Along with this personal contact, words and plansbecame concrete. Seeds that were not supposed to growbecame some of Sardinia's best crops. The block industrythat never could sell blocks received some- good orders.Refugees who thought "they were working for us" received,on the basis of long-term repayment, their own land orother property and then the first homes. /As this trust toward the project. generally and us specifically evolved, it has brought some interesting manifestations. When the first refugees were asked to. decide theirfuture vocation, most picked the land, and not necessarilyafter much thought. Their desire was to get their handson something tangible. Once they possessed it, they feltthey no longer depended upon us or plans or the future,for this they could see. Gradually however, increasing interest has developed in such vocations as small industries.These are in their beginning stages and the ramificationsare not easily visible, but the refugees now are more capable of trusting us and our plans. They see that patiencemay yield a more profitable future than immediately goingon the land.Our last visit to the camps we utilized this interestingdevelopment by bringing two of the Sardinia refugees withus. When they arrived at the gate of the Aversa Camp andsaw the usual row of idle refugees sitting on the wall gazing into space, they almost cried out in astonishment: "MyGod, these people are desperate! How could they want tostay here!" They entered the camp and many refugeescrowded around as though seeing an old friend after a longjourney. Now the Sardinia refugees think much as we thinkbut they also know the refugee psychology. As the camprefugees expressed doubts and cynicism about the project,the Sardinia refugees pointed out step by step what hadhappened. And so came about the dramatic situation ofrefugees who not many months before had been too faithless to believe a planted seed would grow, now explainingto others of their kind that they too could find a new life.An event that summer crystallized this trend towardgradual breakdown of the refugee in-group code, and increasing responsibility toward other refugees. One of therefugees— the least self sufficient and most discontent— buttonholed one of the many visitors to the project and gave alengthy criticism of the project. The visitor was both naiveand in a hurry, and after several brief questions to twoother refugees— who expressed positive views on what theywere finding in Sardinia— left the project with an evaluationbased mainly on the first refugee's views. Later it waslearned that the visitor might have official connections andcould jeopardize the future of all of the refugees in Sardinia. What followed is in a recent project report:Two of the refugees, two of the most successful, came to ustwo days later and were very concerned that this visit might damage the project. For the first time in the project's history,they spoke very strongly against another refugee, suggestingthat perhaps he should return to camp. This in effect ushersin a new era here. The code of the refugees whereby they neverspeak against one another although they have plenty to speakabout, broke down. They had gained sufficient confidence in usto pit themselves with us against a fellow refugee. It was not byaccident two of the most successful came; they have the mostto preserve now. The refugee "radicals" of six months ago arebecoming conservatives.We called a meeting without him. We said the time hadcome in the project for judgment on one of the refugees, butnot by us; by the refugees themselves. Most of the refugeesspoke up, airing plenty of previously unknown material abouthim and also about themselves in a truly amazing "letting go."The discussion began with a tone of invective against him butat a certain point it became almost charitable; that perhaps eachrefugee should put in a day or two to help him get his fieldsplanted!The consensus arrived at by the refugees was first that at timesthey would have to judge their fellows when the very community's life was at stake; and that he should be given one morechance. A refugee was appointed to find out what this personreally wanted from the project.A second meeting was called three days later, this refugeealso present to defend himself. We hope the problem has beenresolved.HELP has had unusual opportunities to reach a widepublic because of Don and Hope Murray. Don, in collaboration with a former German refugee, Fred Clasel, wrotea drama set in the camps of Italy describing the refugeepsychology. Called For I Loved Strangers it was used twoyears ago as the Christmas drama on television's Playhouse90, starring Don and Hope, and viewed by an estimated20 million Americans. On March 5, 1958, the popular TVshow This Is Your Life featured my life and my wife andI were flown to Hollywood from Sardinia. A plea for support on this program brought over $80,000.I am happy to report that the original objectives of theproject seem to be reaching fulfillment. This project, reallybegun as a small seed of an idea by two individuals, nowhas won the confidence of governments and the UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees. The UN hasdecided to increase its already considerable financial participation in it. And it is appointing me to its staff asRefugee Consultant to help bring the project to fulfillmentand to advise on enlarging the idea for a general solution.Interest has developed not only for application of this basicpattern to other refugees in Europe, but as a means to attack the explosive Arab refugee problem of the Near East.Today Mario is seeking a future in Sardinia. With another refugee he directs a concrete block machine whichproduces 1,000 blocks a day and hires four local workers.•He rises early because the machine must be gassed up andmaterials must be readied. He works hard, for he mustset an example for the local workers and he must produce 500 blocks a day to break even. His house is underconstruction. Around the house he has put some fruittrees and he is planting a garden with another refugee.Sunday mornings early, he returns to his machine to waterthe blocks so the cement hardens well. Then he walksalong the river, selecting beautiful pebbles to set in cementfor his house floor. And he contemplates the future: whowould he marry in Simaxis, how many more blocks couldhe produce with an additional worker. He sees one of theAmerican volunteers doing chores and he waves affectionately. Across the river are some cows behind barbed wireand his mind returns to refugee camps. He wonders whysome people are refugees while others remain untouchedand free. In any case, he is in Sardinia, and he is writinga refugee friend in camp to find a way to join him. '22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE00-20Joseph C. Ewing, '00, JD'03, recentlywrote the Magazine, wondering who ofhis classmates were "still around." Wesent him a list and received this reply(which we thought many alumni fromthe turn of the century classes mightenjoy): "I do not recall too many ofthem, but I find it interesting to readthe names of Charles Scribner Eaton, ('00),Florence Cathcart Fowle, ('00), WilliamS. Harman, ('00), Edith M. Kohlsaat, ('00),Ormsby Elroy Pettet, ('00), and Edwin D.Solenberger ('00). I knew all these people and some of them intimately. WilliamS. Harman was my fraternity brother. Hisfamily was in the coal business while hewas still in school at the fraternity house.I notice he continues in the wholesalecoal business as the Harman Coal Company. He or his relatives were in thecoal business while we were in schooltogether for two or three years. CharlesS. Eaton, Edwin D. Solenberger, andOrmsby Pettet were notables in certainactivities. I think Mr. Pettet was onthe track team and Mr. Solenberger wasbusy with his social inclinations evenwhile he was in the University. While Iwas working on the Chicago papers asa reporter I used to eat at the Kohlsaatrestaurant. Corned beef hash was as specialty with a poached egg on top. Thisand other things brought swarms of newspapermen and other eaters into the Kohlsaat establishment. I suppose Miss EdithM. Kohlsaat is a member of that family.It is not surprising to know that Mrs.Hubert Fowle (Florence B. Cathcart) isliving in Thetford, Vt., and is in the business of hand loom weaving. It probablywould be that or maple sugar and syrup."Grace Myers De Costa, '02, celebratesher 55th wedding anniversary on February 22. She and her husband have aFEBRUARY, 1960 ason and two daughters, and eight grandchildren.Edward M. Kerwin, '05, of River Forest,111., is senior vice president of E. J. Brach& Sons, confectionery manufacturers.Irene T. Powers, '07, has retired fromteaching at the Calumet High School inChicago.Lincoln K. Adkins, '09, SM '11, is retired and living in La Crosse, Wise, afterhaving taught mathematics for 44 years.John C. De Wolfe, '09, JD'10, hasretired and is living in Oak Park, 111.Elizabeth Connor, '10, retired from thelibrarianship of Mount Wilson Observatory in 1950 after 34 years there. Sincethen, she has written articles on astronomyfor Britannica lunior and has engaged ineditorial work. Miss Connor lives in Pasadena, Calif.Herman J. Erhorn, '10, of Omaha, Nebr.,is in semi-retirement as a real estate dealerand home builder.Harry O. Latham, '10, a semi-retiredbanker and broker, lives in New York City.Charles T. Maxwell, '10, is a physicianand surgeon in Sioux City, Iowa. Hewrites that he is "still working seven daysa week and enjoying it."Ruth Delzell Allen, '12, lives in Evanston, 111.Margery Oliver Beem, AM'13, of Hinsdale, 111., is a copywriter for John W.%Shaw Advertising Agency in Chicago.Ruth Morse Calkins, '14, has recentlyreturned from a nine-week cruise aroundAfrica, stopping at various cities for safariinto the national game preserves for wildanimals. Mrs. Calkins lives in Chicago.Sarah Reinwald Levinson, '14, of Chicago, won a European trip for two in anational General Foods 25-word contestin 1957. In 1958, she had an articlepublished in the Sunday Magazine of theChicago ^Tribune, In 1959, she was chairman of judges in fiction of an all-campus Newscontest at the Medill School of Journalism,Northwestern University. Mrs. Levinsonand her husband, Benjamin, recently travelled in Israel and Europe. Their son,Daniel, '48, '54, MD'54, is practisingmedicine in Seattle, Wash. "Twin daughters, formerly U of C students, are marriedto a doctor and an engineer respectivelyand live in Glencoe, 111."Jeannette Thielens Phillips, '14, is a fieldrepresentative for the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Chicago.Myrtle Davis Snider, '14, lives on a 400acre farm in Kersey, Colo.A. E. Kanter, '15, SM'16, MD'17, isprofessor and chairman of the departmentof obstetrics and gynecology at the Chicago Medical School and is professor andchairman of the department of gynecologyof the Cook County Graduate School ofMedicine.George S. Lyman, '15, of Highland Park,III, is vice president and art director ofRoche, Rickerd & Cleary, Inc., an advertising agency in Chicago.Emma Newell Seaton, '15, retired fromteacher training work at Wayne Universityin Detroit, Mich., in 1954. Now living inWinter Haven, Fla., she keeps busy withchurch and club activities.Rex VanBronstein, '15, has retired as superintendent of schools in Richmondville,,N-Y-William H. Wiser, '15, and his wife, theformer Charlotte Viall, '14, have had toreturn to the United States from their workin India because of ill health. Their present address is Spear Convalescent Home,Markeysburg, Pa.Rheua S. Pearce, '16, is teaching in anelementary public school on the NavajoReservation in Toadlena, San Juan County,New Mexico.Beatrice Teller Spachner, '19, of Highland Park, 111., is chairman of the Auditorium Theater Restoration and Development23Massachusetts Mutual Home OfficeChicago men in good companyChicago men who are policyholders, fieldrepresentatives or staff members of theMassachusetts Mutual are in good company. . . with a good Company.You will like the Massachusetts Mutual,one of a small group of life insurance companies known and respected as the "OldNew England Companies."Since the Massachusetts Mutual LifeInsurance Company was founded in 1851, its management has been sound and conservative, its policies progressive and liberal,and its practices always dedicated to thebest interests of its policyholders.Massachusetts Mutual representatives —most of them husbands, fathers and homeowners — are men of high character. Theyare successful men, the kind you like toknow and do business with, the kind youare glad to welcome into your home.MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL Life Insurance CompanySPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS « ORGANIZED 1851Some of the Chicago U. alumni in Massachusetts Mutual service:Chester A. Schipplock, '27, Chicago Petro Lewis Patras, '40, ChicagoMorris Landwirth, '28, Peoria Theodore E. Knock, '41, ChicagoTrevor D. Weiss, '35, Chicago Jacob E. Way, '50, Chicago Rolf Erik G. Becker, OaklandJens M. Dellert, ChicagoJesse J. Simoson, Niagara Falls24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBEST BOILER REPAIR &WELDING CO24 HOUR SERVICELicensed • Bonded • InsuredQualified WeldersSubmerged Water HeatersHAymarket 1-79171404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoSince 1865ALBERTTeachers' AgencyThe belt In placement service for University,College, Secondary and Elementary. Nationwide patronage. Call or write us at37 South Wabash Ave.Chicago 3, 111.RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING and DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. MOnroe 6-3192UNIVERSITY NATIONAL BANK1 354 East 55th StreetMemberFederal Deposit Insurance CorporationMTJseum 4-1200FEBRUARY, 1960 Committee at 90 E. Congress St., Chicago5, 111. She writes that the committee'would welcome suggestions from interested alumni and will be glad to answerquestions regarding this project."Stella M. Johnson, '20, retired as principal of the Park Manor School in Chicagoin 1956, after 47 years with the ChicagoPublic Schools.Lucia Tower Troy, '20, MD'26, is staffphysician at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis and is professor of psychiatryat the University of Illinois College ofMedicine. Dr. Troy lives in BeverlyShores, Ind.21-26Louis Bloom, '21, is a part-time clerk-typist at the Park View Home for the Aged,Chicago.Wilberna Ayres Moran, '23, of Chicago,is the president of the Musicians Club ofWomen, "perhaps the oldest music club inthe U. S., having been organized in 1875."Frances A. Mullen, '23, AM'27, PhD-'39, is a major participant in the annualmeeting of the American Ortho-psychiatricAssociation in Chicago, February 25 to 27.In a session on Special School Problemsfoi the Emotionally Disturbed Child, MissMullen will present a paper on "Principlesof Agency-School Cooperation in a Program for Emotionally Disturbed Children."She is the principal organizer of a workshop on "Communicating Mental HealthPrinciples to School Cuidance Counselors,"and is assistant superintendent in charge ofspecial education for the Chicago Board ofEducation.Helen Robbins Bittermann, '24, is educational consultant in the department ofeducational services of the Illinois BellTelephone Co.Elizabeth Davis Burford, '24, AM '26,has been a caseworker with Child andFamily Services in Chicago since 1952.Harold E. Downey, '24, retired in Juneof 1958 after more than 30 years on thestaff of the American National Red Cross.He lives in Alton, 111.George P. Guibor, '24, MD '28, of Ottawa, 111., attended the Geriatric meetingand also the American Medical Associationmeeting in Atlantic City, N. J., last June.Lettie Greever Hutton, '24, of Hickory,N. C, became a public school teacher in19.53, when her three daughters finishedcollege. During the summers she has travelled to California, the Canadian Rockies,Alaska, Nova Scotia, Mexico and Europe.She hopes to travel around the world thiscoming year.Kathryn E. O'Neill, '24, retired in Julyof 1957 after 38 years of teaching in theChicago Elementary Schools.Elizabeth L. Pape, '24, teaches at theAustin High School in Chicago.Bertha James Rich, '24, AM '26, andher husband, Daniel Catton Rich, '26, livein Worcester, Mass., where Mr. Rich is thedirector of the Worcester Art Museum. Oftheir four children, two are alumni of theU of C. Michael James Rich, MBA '51, Edna E. Eisen, '28, SM29, PhD'48,professor of geography at Kent StateUniversity, is a contributor to the newGolden Book Encyclopedia for grade-school children, published by Simon andSchuster, Inc. Miss Eisen has served ascontributor to Compton's Picture Encyclopedia and to the World Book Encyclopedia for 15 years. In addition, she isa consultant for the Cram Map Co.Keeping herself "on the map," MissEisen has made several extensive studiesof the geography of the U. S. In 1935,she wrote Our Country from the Air, oneof the first publications based on an airview of the U. S. She is a frequent contributor to professional journals andwrote her doctoral dissertation on "Educational Land Use in Lake County,Ohio." During World War II, Miss Eisentrained a group of people in militarymap making for the Army Map Service.She was the ninth woman to receive aPh.D. in geography from the Universityof Chicago, and is one of very fewwomen anywhere with such a degree.lives in Wilmette, 111., and is a partner inthe Chicago accounting firm, Ira Rubel &Co. Penelope Rich, '57, is a caseworkerfor the Cook County Department of Welfare, Chicago.Wilfred C. Tsukiyama, '24, was appointed Chief Justice of the State SupremeCourt of Hawaii by Governor William F.Quinn of Hawaii. Mr. Tsukiyama, a Republican, was an unsuccessful candidatefor the U. S. Senate in the elections held25last summer. He has served as a countyattorney, territorial senator and state senator.Simon Benson, '25, SM '29, PhD '31,retired last July as associate professor ofbiology at Wayne State University in Detroit and is now in Stockholm, Sweden.Katherine Whitney Curtis, '25, chief ofthe Leave Activities Office, Special Services Branch of Special Activities Division,Headquarters U. S. Army, Europe, hasbeen elected to the Helms Athletic Hallof Fame in Los Angeles. Mrs. Curtis isthe originator of "synchronized swimming".While teaching physical education at theU of C, she introduced underwater stuntsand swimming to the rhythm of background music in her swimming classes. In1934, she presented a water ballet as oneof the attractions at the Chicago World'sFair. Shortly afterwards, Mrs. Curtis wroteRhythmic Swimming, a text book stillwidely used in colleges and by the American Red Cross water clinics. She organized co-educational swimming teams andsynchronized swimming for competition.The 1960 Olympic Games in Rome arescheduled to include international demonstrations of the sport. In 1942, she leftChicago for an overseas assignment as aRed Cross Rest Home director in NorthAfrica. As peace in Europe opened upborders for the off-duty soldier sightseer,U. S. Army Special Services established aLeave Activities Office to organize tourstailored to the three-day pass and to advise commercial travel agencies seekingmilitary trade. This is the office Mrs. Curtis organized and now heads.Erling Dorf, '25, PhD '30, professor ofgeology at Princeton University, has beennamed a distinguished lecturer of theAmerican Association of Petroleum Geolo-DJ3JE LITHOGRAPHYFine Color Work • Quality Book ReproductionCongress Sf Expressway at Gardner RoadBroadview, Illinois CO/umbus 1-1420Since 1878HANNIBAL, INC.Furniture RepairingUpholstering • RefinishingAntiques Restored1919 N. Sheffield Ave. • LI 9-7180LEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: HYde Park 3-9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVER Mr. Miller '39gists, which makes six awards annually tooutstanding lecturers in the geologicalsciences. Recipient of a grant from theNational Science Foundation for geologicalresearch in Yellowstone National Park, hehas also led expeditions to Venezuela,Mexico, Labrador, and India. Mr. Dorf isa consultant to Life Magazine's scries on"The World We Live In."John A. Morrison, '25, SM'27, PhD'38,noted lecturer and consultant on the geography of the USSR, recently received acertificate of honorary membership to thestaff and faculty of the Army's GeneralStaff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kans.Mr. Morrison has been a student of Sovietgeography for 30 years and taught the firstWe operate our own dry cleaning plantTHREE HOUR SERVICE1331 East 57th St.Ml dway 3-06021553 E. Hyde Park Blvd. FAirfax 4-57595319 Hyde Park Blvd.NOrmal 7-9858GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street KEdzie 3-3186MODEL CAMERA SHOPLeica -Bolex - Rolleiflex - Polaroid1342 E. 55th St. HYde Park 3-9259NSA Discounts24-hour Kodachrome DevelopingHO Trains and Model Supplies Mr. Foss '38course on the geography of the USSR atthe U of C in 1931. He is currently working on a geography of the USSR for theMcGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Martha Gase Wright, '25, and her husband, Henry Wright, live in Arnold, Md.Their son, Paul, old enough to vote now,is "a very busy senior at the University ofMaryland." Their daughter, Marjorie is asophomore at Swarthmore, studying on aNational Merit Scholarship. Their son,Jack, a commercial and portrait artist, isengaged to a student nurse. And theirdaughter Carol, who lives in Chicago, isthe mother of the Wright's three grandchildren. Mrs. Wright writes that she now'picks and freezes wild strawberries, et al,and constructs anacrostics for sale to puzzle magazines."Edwin J. DeCosta, '26, MD'30, wasrecently elected president-elect of the Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and also of the Chicago Gynecological Society. He is associate professorof obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University Medical School and is attending obstetrician and gynecologist atPassavant Memorial Hospital, Chicago.Mrs. DeCosta is the former Mari H. Bach-rach, '25.E. T. Hellebrandt, '26, professor of management at Ohio University, is teachingthis year in Lausanne, Switzerland. Hewill tour "around the world before returning to Athens in September of 1960."28-35Charles H. Schutter, '28, AM'39, PhD-'43, is a principal in the Chicago publicschool system.Allen P. Wikgren, '28, AM'29, PhD'32,is spending winter quarter, 1960, at Achi-mota University, Ghana, under the AfricanUniversities Exchange Program, sponsoredby the Ford Foundation. Aside from teaching and lecturing, he will organize a centerfor the study of the ancient African versions of the Bible.26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEEdwin H. Lussky, '29, is a caseworkerat the Cook County Hospital in Chicago.Franklin E. Wales, '29, is minister of theFirst Congregational Church in Dundee,111.Bruce E. Wheeler, AM'29, is now director of Title X, National Defense Education Act, in the office of George T. Wilkins,Superintendent of Public Instruction of theState of Illinois.Dorothy Leggitt, '30, AM '33, supervisor of intermediate grades in the ParkRidge public schools, Park Ridge, 111.,taught at the University of Kentucky lastsummer.Virginia Krugman Wegner, '30, lives inHinsdale, 111.Zachary Felsher, '31, MD'36, of Chicago, is assistant professor of dermatologyat Northwestern University Medical School.Helen F. Isbitz, '32, AM'50, teachessecondary school for the "educable mentally handicapped" for the Chicago Boardof Education.Peter Newton Todhunter, '32, JD'37, apartner in the Chicago law firm of Todhunter and Ickes, is engaged in the "general practice of law." A good deal of hispractice has to do with "the working outof technical assistance, 'know-how' andpatent licensing arrangements between U.S. corporations and foreign corporations,particularly Australian. I take frequenttrips to Australia in this connection."Wallis Austin, '33, of Oak Park, 111., isthe employment manager of the WesternElectric Co. in Chicago, makers of Belltelephones.Lawrence D. Haskew, AM'34, vicepresident of the University of Texas inAustin, Tex., is one of 18 educational lead-eis elected to the editorial advisory boardof Overview, a new magazine for all educational administrators.Theodore K. Noss, AM'34, PhD'40, ischairman of the division of the socialsciences at C. W. Post College, Greenvale,L. I., N. Y., and is assistant director of theNaval Reserve Officer's School in NewYork City.Robert W. Wadsworth, '34, AM'43, ishead of the acquisitions department at theUniversity of Chicago, not at the ChicagoPublic Library, as was reported in the December issue.Charles L. Asher, '35, chief analyticalchemist with the Pabst Brewing Co. inPeoria Heights, 111., is a member of theTroop 17 Boy Scout Committee. His sonCharles is a Star Scout. The Asher's oldestchild, Linda, is at Teacher's College inRiver Forest, 111. Their youngest child,John, is "struggling with arithmetic" in thefourth grade.Orville T. Bright, '35, AM'39, retired assuperintendent of schools in Lake Bluff,111., on July 1, 1959.Rachel H. Cummings, '35, of Rockford,111., retired as a regular kindergarten teacher and is now doing substitute teaching.Marian Gentz Johnson, '35, lives in Hinsdale, 111.Maurice I. Kliers, '35, is rabbi of theSouth Side Hebrew Congregation. Hisdaughter entered the University last fall.Veronica Camutz Rodman, '35, writes: "After spending four weeks touring theNational Parks, Bryce, Zion and both rimsof the Grand Canyon with my sister, Elizabeth M. Camutz, '28, in July and August,I came home and got ready for my marriage to Samuel P. Rodman on August 20and then spent my honeymoon in theSmoky Mountain National Park. My husband has operated a gas station on 64thPlace and Kedzie (Chicago) for manyyears."Frederick H. Bair, Jr., '35, is self employed as a consultant on urban planningand economic development.Edward Jackson Baur, '35, AM'38, PhD'42, of Lawrence, Kans., is a professor ofsociology and anthropology at the University of Kansas. He was promoted to "full"professor in September, 1959.Robert M. Grogan, '35, is a geologistwith the Development Department of E. I.du Pont de Nemours and Co. Mr. Groganlives in Swarthmore, Pa.Ruth Hadden, '35, retired from teachinglast June 12. She has taught in the Evanston Elementary Schools since September,1923.George V. Kempf, '35, JD'37, of Montrose, Colo., is district judge of the 7thJudicial District.Clifford G. Massoth, '35 of Harvey, 111.,is the public relations officer for the IllinoisCentral Railroad.Albert Parry, '35, PhD'38, is chairmanof the department of Russian studies atColgate University in Hamilton, N.Y. Heis completing a book on Soviet science,missiles and rockets, which will be published by Doubleday and Co. of N.Y. inMay. Mr. Parry is a regular contributor tothe weekly magazine, Missiles and Rockets,in which he writes two periodical columns:"Soviet Affairs" and "Moscow Briefs." LastSeptember, he served for a week as avisiting member of the faculty of the U. S.Army War College.Louis A. Wagner, '35 is chairman of thescience department of Lake View HighSchool in Chicago. Mrs. Wagner, the former Frances Rose Bonnem, '35, is chairmanof the primary department at the Trumbull School.John Zeltin, '35 is the minister of St.Paul's Lutheran Church in Vallejo, Calif.36-41Albert N. Corpening, '36, is pastor of theRogers Park Baptist Church of Chicago.Mr. Corpening is a member of the KiwanisClub of Rogers Park and president of theRogers Park-Northtown Ministerial Association.Garrett Hardin, '36, professor of biologyat the University of California in SantaBarbara, is the author of Nature and Man'sFate, published recently by Rinehart andCo., Inc. The 375-page work explores theentire evolutionary debate from CharlesDarwin's time to the present and surveysman's future in light of recent biologicallaws. The biologist's views on atomic radiation, economic completion, defective inheritance, eugenics and human waste and 60YDST0N AMBULANCE SERVICEAuthorized Ambulance ServiceFor Billings HospitalOfficial Ambulance Service forThe University of Chicagophone NOrmal 7-2468NEW ADDRESS— 1 708 E. 7 1 ST ST.PENDERCatch Basin and Sewer ServiceBack Water Valves, Sump-Pumps6620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUEFAirfax 4-0550PENDER CATCH BASIN SERVICEPARKER-HOLSMAN, HiimumiiutniiiiiiiiiiimHu... — ,1 c ?........y........„ ...£.....« iReal Estate and Insurance1461 East 57th Street Hyde Park 3-2525Phone : REgent 1-331 1The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes1142 E. 82nd StreetCHICAGO ADDRESSING SPRINTING CO.Complete Service for Mail AdvertisersPRINTING—LETTERPRESS & OFFSETLetters • Copy Preparation • ImprintingTypewriting • Addressing • MailingQUALITY — ACCURACY — SPEED722 So. Dearborn • Chicago 5 • WA 2-4561LOWIR YOUR COSTSIMPROVED METHODSEMPLOYEE TRAININGWAGE INCENTIVESJOB EVALUATIONPERSONNEL PROCEDURES&$gp^ ;FEBRUARY, 1960 27. . a hand in things to comeReaching into a lost world. . . for a plastic you use every dayMassive creatures once sloshed through endless swamps, feeding onhuge ferns, luxuriant rushes and strange pulp-like trees. After ruling for 100 millionyears, the giant animals and plants vanished forever beneath the surface withviolent upheavals in the earth's crust. Over a long period, they gradually turned intogreat deposits of oil and natural gas. And today, Union Carbide converts these vastresources into a modern miracle— the widely-used plastic called polyethylene.Millions of feet of tough, transparent polyethylene film are used eachyear to protect the freshness of perishable foods such as fruits and vegetables. Scoresof other useful things are made from polyethylene . . . unbreakable kitchenware, alivewith color . . . bottles that dispense a fine spray with a gentle squeeze . . . electricalinsulation for your television antenna, and even for trans-oceanic telephone cables.Polyethylene is only one of many plastics and chemicals that UnionCarbide creates from oil and natural gas. By constant research into the basic elements of nature, the people of Union Carbide bring new and better products intoyour everyday life. Learn about the exciting workgoing on now in plastics, carbons, chemicals, gases, metals,and nuclear energy. Write for"Products and Processes"Booklet H, Union CarbideCorporation, 30 E. 42nd St.,New York 1 7, N. Y. In Canada,Union Carbide Canada Limited,Toronto.... a hand.in things to come28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEone-world theories are among the fundamental topics discussed in relationship tonature. The last chapter of the book, entitled "In Praise of Waste," was publishedrecently in the Saturday Evening Post asone of the series on "Adventures of theMind," written by distinguished thinkersand scholars from all fields.Lester J. Newquist, '36, has been admitted as a partner in the banking firm,Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., NewYork City. Mr. Newquist joined the firmipon his graduation from the University.i !e has been in charge of the investmenti search department since 1947 and amanager of the firm since 1953.John G. Tanner, SM'36, is the chiefsolenoid design engineer with the Whit-taker Controls Division of the Telecomputing Corp. in Los Angeles, Calif. Mr.Tanner is a member of the AmericanSociety of Metals, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, theAmerican Chemical Society, and Sigma Xi.Mabel Crabtree, '37, of Oak Park, 111.,teaches the sixth, seventh and eighthgrades for the Oak Park-River ForestCouncil of Churches.William W. Haggard, PhD'37, is nowpresident emeritus of the Western Washington College of Education.Frances Jewett, PhD'37, of Geneva,111., was married to Edwin H. Lyon, Jr.on April 2, 1959. Mr. Lyon is in thereal estate business in Naples, Fla.; theLyons spent part of the year in Naplesand part in Geneva. Mrs. Lyon is writinga book for teen-agers with Clare L. Mc-Causland, PhD'37.Robert U. Shallenberger, '37, is regionalvice president in charge of the new metropolitan sales region established by Mutual>l New York, Life Insurance Company.Laurence L. Sloss, PhD'37, is vice-president elect of The Society of EconomicPaleontologists and Mineralogists. Mr.Sloss was a member of the faculty of theMontana School of Mines for nine years.He is now a full professor of geology atNorthwestern University in Evanston, 111.Riley Sunderland, '37, is the co-authorof a book on the U. S. military activitiesin China during the last year of the PacificWar. The book, entitled, Time Runs Outin China-Burma-India, is Mr. Sunderland'sthird volume on the history of the U. S.\rmy in the China-Burma-India Theatre.The other two volumes are: Stilwell's Mission to China and Stilwell's CommandProblems.Maurice Criz, '38, MA'41, and his wife,the former Shirley Camac, '40, write: "Son,Henry (13) is an accomplished violinist andis beginning to concertize. He won theLyon and Healy Chicagoland contest thisyear (prize: one year's music lessons), andthe Grand Prize of the Little Stars musiccontest on WGN-TV." Mr. Criz is a financial consultant.Martyn H. Foss, '38, has been appointedassociate director of the Particle Accelerator Division at the Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, 111. Mr. Foss has beenassociated with the design of a multi-billion volt "atom smasher" which enablesscientists to take apart the atom and ex- MR. HILL '41plore the fundamental nature of matter andenergy. He joined Argonne as an associatephysicist in 1955, and has pioneered theearly design of the Zero Gradient Syn-chroton (the "atom smasher").George M. Messmer, '38, JD'40, recentlyreturned from a six week trip to Europe,where he picked up his family, who spentthree months abroad visiting Mrs. Mess-mer's relatives in Norway and Sweden.They all then travelled to Germany, wherethey visited Mr. Messmer's family. Then,on to Austria, Italy, Spain (where 16 yearold Gyda practiced her Spanish), Franceand England and then, New York City,where Mr. Messmer attended a businessconvention. The Messmer family includesMr. Messmer, his wife Gyda, daughtersGyda (16) and Joanne (15), and sonStephen, who celebrated his eleventh birthday in Germany.Francis S. Nipp, AM'38, of Chicago isan assistant editor for the EncyclopaediaBritannica.Violet Szantay, '38, is vice president ofthe Santay Corp., plastic molders, Chicago.Galen W. Ewing, PhD'39, is head of thechemistry department at New MexicoHighlands University.Seymour H. Miller, '39, recently joinedthe staff of the American Bankers Association as assistant to the secretary of theEconomic Policy Commission. Mr. Millerhad previously been an economist with theFederal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.He studied at the University of Paris from1948 to 1950 and did graduate work ineconomics at Columbia University, wherehe received a PhD in 1957. His principalfields of study have been money and banking, business cycles, international trade andfinance, statistics and economic theory.Robert R. Moyer, '39, has been appointed manager of technical service, resinproducts, for Monsanto Chemical Company's Plastics Division in Springfield,Mass., after serving as assistant director ofthe technical service there.Judith G. Pool, '39, PhD'46, is a research associate in the department of medi- MR. MILLER '49cine at Stanford University School of Medicine after a year as a Fulbright researchscholar in Oslo, Norway. Her field ofspecial interest continues to be blood coagulation.Marjorie Sue Berger, '41, is assistantdirector of city planning at the AmericanSociety of Planning Officials, Chicago.Betty M. Brahe, '41, is employed as atechnical staff member in the R and Dorganization at Sandia Corp., the primecontractor to the Atomic Energy Commission at Albuquerque, N. M.James R. Hill, '41, was recently appointed a vice-president of Leo BurnettCo., Inc. (advertising agency). Mr. Hilllives with his family in Winnetka, 111.James R. Lawson, '41, is the MitchellTower chime-master and the chapel carillonneur at the Rockefeller MemorialChapel at the University.William H. Lovell, '41, is corporate director of personnel with the Chicago Rawhide Manufacturing Co., manufacturers ofsynthetic leather and rubber. Mr. Lovelllives in Mt. Prospect, 111.Betty Evans Price, '41, of Indianapolis,Ind., is the owner of Econ-O-Wash, coinlaundries.42-45Paul C. Irvine, MD'42, served in theUnited States Navy Medical Corps from1943 to 1947. He was a resident andfellow in ophthalmology at NorthwesternUniversity from 1947 to 1949, and hasbeen in the private practice of ophthalmology in Highland Park, 111., since 1949.Dr. Irvine teaches in the department ofophthalmology at Northwestern. He andhis wife have "two children: 9 , a Highland Park High School sophomore, and $ ,in the sixth grade."Melvin M. Newman, '42, MD'44, associate professor of surgery at the StateUniversity of New York's medical center,has assumed the duties of chief of surgeryFEBRUARY, 1960 29t a. rehnquist co Sidewalks? Factory FloorsMachineFoundationsConcrete Breakingmm NOrmal 7-0433POND LETTER SERVICE, Inc.Everything in LettersHooven Typewriting MimeographingMultigraphing AddressingAddressograph Service MailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones: 219 W. Chicago AvenueMl 2-8883 Chicago 10, Illinois , . at free-care National Jewish Hospital inDenver, Colo. Dr. Newman has been incharge of the State University of NewYork's thoracic surgery service at KingsCounty Hospital since 1956. He has collaborated with other members of the surgical staff in experimental work on problems of the use of the heart-lung machine(which allows circulation of blood to continue during open heart surgery) and hasdone research in the pulmonary development in newborn animals. Dr. Newman ismarried and has two children.Raymond C. Wanta, '43, recently joinedthe staff of Booz- Allen Applied Research,Inc., Bethesda, Md., as a meteorologist.He had previously been a research meteorologist in the Office of Meteorological Research, U. S. Weather Bureau.Gertrude Himmelfarb, '44, PhD'50, isthe author of Darwin and the DarwinianRevolution, published by Doubleday andCo., Inc. The book is a discussion of thescientific status of Darwin's theories, theevidence upon which they were based,and the logic of their structure.Paul S. Russell, '44, SM'45, MD'47, aclinical associate in surgery at the HarvardMedical School, does research and maintains a surgical practice at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Heand his wife have three children: Kate,five; Paul III, two; and Allene, five months.Edward A. Campbell, '45, field architectwith Perkins and Hill, architects and engineers, is presently on campus as field architect supervising the construction of theUniversity High School building.46-52Carl A. Olson, MBA'46, controller ofInternational Steel Corp., is teaching acourse on "CPA Problems" in the EveningCollege of Evansville College in Evansville, Ind.Harvey G. Rose, '46, MBA'48, writes:"Joined the mass migration to the suburbsand now live in beautiful Glenview (111.)—one block from the forest preserves." Mr.Rose is the owner of Harvey Rose Accessories, manufacturers of ladies belts andaccessories. Morrison A. Rudner, SM'46, is a biologyteacher and an administrative assistant atthe Fenger High School in Chicago.Gerald S. Specter, '47, JD'5l, is anattorney and agent for the Acacia MutualLife Insurance Co., Chicago.Eve Spiro Jon Jones Bonner, '48, SM'48,PhD'53, private psychological consultantand writer, has written The Single Mother?to be published soon. Mrs. Bonner livesin Chicago.Bernard Gordon, AM'48, is an economistwith the Department of City Planningof the City of Chicago.Craig S. Rice, '48, MBA'51, of OlympiaFields, 111., is an account executive withLeo Burnett Co., Inc., advertising agency.Stuart D. Boynton, '49, of Chicago, wasmarried to Alice Tyson recently in NewYork.Jacob Cohen, PhD'49, of Bowling Green,Ohio, is returning to teaching this yearafter spending a year doing research inthe area of moneyflows accounting undera Ford Foundation faculty research fellowship. The work is being continuedunder a Social Science Research Councilfaculty research grant.Robert D. DaVee, '49, is vice presidentand sales manager of Masi, an art studioand printing company in Chicago.Bernard Stuart Holzman, '49, of Floss-moor, 111., is president of the Albert GivenManufacturing Co., manufacturers of men'strousers, East Chicago, Ind.Hubert W. Joy, '49, SM'52, is presentlyin Los Angeles, Calif., working as a spacetechnologist at Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.Chester Lach, '49, has been appointeddirector of the Hathaway Home for Children in Los Angeles, Calif. HathawayHome is known throughout the nation asone of the pioneers in the developmentoi treatment procedures for emotionallydisturbed children. For the past sevenyears, Mr. Lach has been a staff memberat Camarillo State Hospital, where has hasbeen working with emotionally disturbedchildren in a residential setting.Francis M. McDermott, MBA'49, whoserved as technical advisor to the directorof the Bureau of Research and Development of the Federal Aviation Agency,was recently named executive director ofthe Air Traffic Control Association inWashington, D. C.Bernard Miller, AM'49, is a registeredrepresentative of Westheimer & Co., investment brokers. Mr. Miller first enteredthe investment business in 1949 withBache & Co., in Chicago. He later became president and general manager ofMetropolitan Broadcasting of Chicago,operating Station WMOR-FM. He hasalso worked as a television producer forJules Power Productions, producing the"Lunchtime Little Theater," "The HappyPirates," and other shows.Burton H. Robin, '49, is a researchchemist in the research laboratory of theNalco Chemical Co., Chicago. Beforejoining Nalco last September, Mr. Robinwas a research chemist at the Visking Co.Kenneth Craddock Sears, Jr., '49, is abudget analyst with the Chicago Land Clearance Commission, working on slumclearance and urban renewal. Mr. Searsis married; he and his wife are the parents of Michael Patrick, one year old.Max J. Putzel, '49, AM '52, a memberof the U of C faculty, is president of theExperimenter's Association of The Experiment in International Living. Last summerhe attended the eleventh annual international meeting of The Experiment, heldin Grenoble, France.Laurence Kaufman, '50, AM'53, is anaccount executive for the Stral AdvertisingCo., Chicago.Marilyn Kolber Levion, '50, and LeonL. Levion, '49, JD'52, live in Zanesville,Ohio, with their two-year old child. Mrs.Levion does part-time work as an interiordecorator; Mr. Levion is an attorney.Jay E. Raeben, AM'50, the executivevice-president of Teletalent, writes thathis company has obtained exclusive use inthe U. S. of the remarkable closed circuitpiojector, Eidophor.George T. Resnikoff, '50, associate professor and director of the department ofindustrial engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology, writes that PatrickStippes, '43, is associate dean of thehumanities at Stanford University and thatHerman Rubin, '43, '44, SM'45, PhD'48,has recently gone to Michigan State University as professor of mathematics.Margaret Bekelya Suhr, '50, and herhusband, Norman Suhr, '50, AM'54, livein Pennsylvania with their three children.Mr. Suhr is a research geologist andteacher at Pennsylvania State University.Before moving to Pennsylvania, they livedin the South, where Mr. Suhr did fieldgeology for a mining company.Wesley P. Bois, '51, is sales managerfor the Industrial Oil and Varnish Co. inChicago Heights, 111.Charles A. Bouc, '51, is an instructorin mechanical engineering at the NavyPier branch of the University of Illinois.Mr. Bouc lives in Wheeling, 111.Solon B. Cousins, AM'51, of North-brook, 111., is the personnel director ofthe YMCA of Metropolitan Chicago.Matthew Dillon, Jr., '51, married Clarissa Flint last June 20. He is coachingthe English-Speaking Union team for thetrip that he won last year. He and hiswife hope to spend next year in England-she teaching and he attending CambridgeUniversity.Robert A. Neidorf, '51, AM'55, hasbeen appointed an instructor in the department of psychology at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pa.S. Marvin Rife, PhD'51, was promotedto full professor of education and psychology at the University of Rhode Islandon July 1, 1959.Robert C. Koch, SM'52, PhD'55, hasbeen promoted to assistant manager ofthe chemistry department of the NuclearScience and Engineering Corp., Pittsburgh,Pa. Mr. Koch has been associated withthe company since 1957; he has been incharge of the radiochemistry section andsupervisor of research and developmentactivities in reactor technology. He wasformerly associated with the WestinghouseBettis Atomic Power Division.30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEIrwin Kushner, '52, is one of the 97Rell Telephone Laboratories engineers whoI ave received master of electrical engineering degrees from New York Universityafter completing a two-year program of. dvanced study at the university's graduatecenter at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill,N. J-Harry S. Olin, '52, MD'57, and GraceBelson Olin, MA'54, of Allston, Mass.,are the proud parents of Jonathan A.,born September 10.53-59Lorena Kemp, PhD'53, who teachesat West Virginia State College in Institute, W. Va., was one of approximately100 representatives of the American Association of University Women attendingthe Thirteenth Conference of the International Federation of University Womenin Helsinki, Finland, from August 3through August 10, 1959.Lois Ablin Kriesberg, AM '53, teachesat V. ¦ isjht Junior College in Chicago. Herhusband, Louis, '47, AM '50, PhD '53,works with the National Opinion ResearchCenter on the U of C campus.Eunice A. Lenz, AM '53, is associatedirector of nursing service at the Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago.Lawrence S. Lerner, '53, SM'55, wrotein response to our request for news:"Hottest tip of information is my marriage December 11th to Narcinda A. Reynolds, SM'59. Best man was Donald E.Butterfield, '53. Don is now doing a surgical residence at Boston City Hospital,Ravin-: received his M.D. at Harvard in195 b Cindy and I are working on ourPhD 's— she in physical chemistry and I inphysics. I have been doing defense-oiiented research at the University's Institute for Systems Research for the lastyear and a half. Much to my surprise,I find the combination of investigatingthe band structure of bismuth and thinking of ways and means of shooting downICBM's a pleasant and stimulating one."Arlene E. Petersen, '53, is director ofconsumer research at North Advertising,Inc., Chicago.Douglas E. Sturm, '53, has been appointed assistant professor in the depart-mt > of religion at Bucknell Universityin Lewisburg, Pa. From 1954 to 1956,Mr. Sturm served as executive secretaryfor Christian Action in New York City.In 1956, he resumed his studies in "ethicsand society" at the U of C Divinity School.Maurice Swiryn, AM'53, is the principalof the Henry Nash Elementary School inChicago. Mr. Swiryn is also the director-owner of the Tamarak Day Camps.Bernard J. Del Giorno, '54, '55, MBA'55,l? a training supervisor for the RepublicSteel Corp., iron and steel manufacturers,Chicago.Audrey Rubovits Loewenthal, '55, ofHighLmd Park, 111., writes: "Our familyDec c a threesome with the arrival ofAnn- (m September 26, 1959."Jack N. Summerfield, AM'55, recentlyaccepted a position as the county welfare administrator of Douglas County, OregonState Public Welfare.Kenneth Basa, '56, is a research assistant while working for his master'sdegree in bacteriology at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He expects toreceive his degree next year, and thenhopes to go on for a PhD.Virginia Olesen, AM'56, is completingwork for the doctorate in sociology atStanford University, where she holds aHaynes Fellowship in the Social Sciences.Estelle Rogers, AM'56, is clinical coordinator of nursing education at the St.Francis Hospital in Evanston, 111.Arthur J. Siedler, SM'56, PhD'59, hasbeen appointed chief of the division ofbiochemistry and nutrition of the American Meat Institute Foundation, a scientific research institution at the U of C.During his eight years of research at theFoundation, Mr. Siedler's accomplishmentshave included development of importantinformation on the nutritional benefitsderived from the use of animal fats infeeds, on the chemistry of meat color,on the nutritional composition of meat,and on the biochemical role of nucleicacids in controlling cell growth in thebody.Arthur Levin, '57, is presently a medicalstudent at Northwestern University Medical School.Jack W. Owen, MBA'57, is the assistant secretary of the Council on Administrative Practice, American Hospital Association, Chicago. Mr. Owen and his wifeare the parents of Linda Susan, bornrecently.Michael J. Regan, Jr., MBA'57, is anaccountant in the Comptroller's Office,City Hall, Chicago.Albert Repa, AM'57, is on the staff ofRoche, Rickerd & Cleary, Inc. (advertisingagency), Chicago, as copywriter on theWilson Sporting Goods account. Mr. Repawas previously the merchandising editorfor Building Supply News Magazine andwas copywriter for Marshall Field & Co.and J. C. Penney Co., New York.Sue Esther Wienhorst, AM'57, has beenMr. Kushner '52" 45H tit-few* « appointed an instructor in English at Gettysburg College in Gettysburg, Pa.Martin P. Cornelius, Jr., MBA'58, is aresearch associate in the manufacturingresearch department of the InternationalHarvester Co., Chicago.Carol June Ebert, '58, of Hammond,Ind., is stationed in West Berlin as acivilian employee working as recreationdjrector with the U. S. Army. Miss Ebert'saddress is: Special Services Division, Hq.Berlin Command, Apo No. 742, New York,N. Y.Louise Harney, AM'58, teaches in theChicago Public Schools.Irene Kenneth, '58, of Chicago, teachessecond grade in the Homewood (III.) Public Schools.Rudolf Kraus, AM'58, is teaching sociology at the University of Wisconsin Extension Center in Green Bay, Wise.Genevieve N. Lopardo, '58, of Chicago,is a first-grade teacher for the Du PageBoard of Education.Robert H. Wellington, MBA'58, hasbeen elected vice-president in charge ofthe Wheel Division of Griffin Wheel Co.,a subsidiary of American Steel Foundries.Mr. Wellington joined Griffin Wheel in1946. He became assistant to the vicepresident in 1952, general sales managerin 1956 and assistant to the presidentin 1958. He lives in Barrington Hills, III,with his wife, Marjorie, and their fourchildren: Charles, Robert, Christian andJeanne.Maurice Bush, '59, is teaching highschool chemistry and mathematics in theChicago Public High Schools.Robert Alan Groh, MBA'59, of Berwyn,111., is a staff trainee at the WesternElectric Co., Inc., manufacturers of Belltelephones.David M. Israelstam, '59, of River Forest, 111., is presently in medical school atWestern Reserve University in Cleveland,Ohio.Rose Mary Jacobs, AM'59, is nationalfield director of market research at BeeAngell & Associates, Inc., of Chicago.Mr. Wellington "580&\FEBRUARY, 1960 31AAemortafAmbrose Pari Winston, '97, of Austin,Tex., died on December 4.George Gaylord, '01, of San Marino,Calif., died on February 15, 1959.Florence Turney McKee, '01, died inUrbana, 111., on December 9. Mrs. McKeetaught at the Francis Shimer Junior College in Mount Carroll, 111., for 30 years.Her late husband, William Parker McKee,was dean of the school.William Everton Ramsey, '01, of Chicago, died on July 8.Grace Rigby Cameron, '02, died duringthe winter of 1959 in Vicksburg, Miss.Mrs. Cameron and her husband, EdwardR. Cameron, moved from Baton Rouge,La., to Vicksburg, Mrs. Cameron's girlhood home, last summer. During tjieirresidency in Baton Rouge, Mrs. Cameronwas in charge of the chemistry libraryat Louisiana State University.Clarence A. Richards, MD'02, of Rhine-lander, Wise, died on November 14.Walter Fred Eggemeyer, '05, of Richmond, Ind., died on July 10.John Ray Ewers, '05, died in Februaryof 1958 in Babson Park, Fla.Erville Bartlett Woods, PhD'06, died inHanover, N. Hamp., on May 30, 1959.Annie Nadine Holden, '07, died onDecember 16.Marion Simon Berger, '08, died on January 3 in Chicago.Julia E. Gilbert, '08, died on July 8.Louis A. Newberger, '09, died in St.Louis, Mo., on November 21.Allen N. Wiseley, Jr., '11, MD'13, diedon November 2 at South Laguna, Calif.. Edward M. Arnos, '12, of Toledo, Ohio,died on November 9.Harry G. Pamment, MD'13, of Toledo,Ohio, died on November 14.Stanley R. Pierce, '14, of Mount Prospect, 111., suffered a heart attack anddied on Christmas day at the age of 67.He had retired as an investment brokerand lived alone since the death of hiswife, Ruby, in 1956. "Snitz," as he wascalled by his teammates, was fullback onthe 1913 undefeated football team whenNels Norgren, '14, was captain. This teamscored 124 points against conference teamswhile they were scoring 27. Mr. Piercewas also a graduate of University HighSchool. He left his entire estate, approaching a million dollars, to the University withthe hope that it would be used in erectinga building for educational purposes in hisname.Paul Murphy, AM'15, of Caldwell,Idaho, died on April 13, 1959.Axel R. Olson, '15, died on December22, 1954. He had been professor of chemistry at the University s of California inBerkeley. Mabel B. Ellis, AM'16, of Claremont,Calif., died on October 18.Clara Dorothy Kneedy, '16, died inTheilman, Minn., on October 13.Robert I. Rizer, MD'16, died on November 13 in Wayzata, * Minn.Ansgar A. Apell, '17, died on October 18in Chicago.Bertha R. Craig, '20, of South Pasadena,Calif., died on November 24.Ralph C. Epstein, '20, research professoroi economics in the University of BuffaloSchool of Business Administration, diedon November 21 in Buffalo, N. Y. Mr.Epstein was the author of many booksand more than 50 scientific papers in thefields of economics and international relations. He had a long record of governmentservice, during the latter part of whichhe was named special consultant to theWar Department.Esme E. Rosaire, '20, SM'21, PhD'26,of Dallas, Tex., died on September 21.Paul Terry, PhD'20, who retired inJune of 1958 as professor and chairmanemeritus of the University of Alabamadepartment of educational psychology andmeasurements, died on November 27. Mr.Terry had been associated with the University of Alabama since 1927.C. L. Bennighof, SM'22, of Phoenix,Md., died in May of 1958.Glenn I. Conner, '24, died on April 24,1959.Margaret L. Brew, '26, SM'35, PhD'45,died on November 21, 1959. Miss Brewhad been professor and head of the department of textiles and clothing at New YorkState College of Home Economics at Cornell University in Ithaca, N. Y., until thetime of her death. .Cora deGraff Hcfneman, '26, formermember of the Chicago Board of Education and an active civic worker, diedon December 10 at the age of 85. Mrs.Heineman was in the Class of '96, andwas the 68th student to enroll in the University of Chicago.Charles H. Thuermer, MS '27, died onNovember 20 at his home in Madera,Calif. Mr. Thuermer taught chemistry atLane Technical High School in Chicagofor 23 years. He moved to California inJune of 1958.C. Barrett Brown, PhD'28, of Nashville,Tenn., died on October 14.Maud M. Henrichs, '28, died on October 21.Caroline Coleman, AM'29, of Berkeley,Calif., died in Bombay, India, while on afive-month visit in the Far East. MissColeman retired recently after a 30-yearcareer in the physical education department of the University of California.Juliet B. Comstock, '30, of Chicago, died on January 6, 1959.Ethel Williams Forbes, AM'32, died onOctober 23 in Santa Cruz, Calif.Arthur C. Boyce, PhD'33, died on August 30 in Duarte, Calif.Terrence A. Kleckner, AM'33, died onOctober 25, 1959 in Indianapolis, Ind.Nicholas E. Lanning, MD '35, died onOctober 16.John Joseph Schommer, '09, Chicago'sfamed athlete of the first decade, diedfrom a heart attack on January 11, on hisway to the hospital from the UniversityClub of Chicago, where he was preparingto attend a trustee's meeting of the IllinoisInstitute of Technology. He would havebeen 76 on January 29th.John won his first letter on the Midwayin track in 1906 and went on to be thefirst of three twelve-letter athletes. (NelsonNorgren ^and "Shorty" Desjardien werethe other two. Norgren alone survives.)John Schonimer was center and captainof the 1908 basketball team that won thefirst national championship. Said the Cap& Gown: "Captain Schommer provedhimself far and away the greatest basketball player in the country." This team,the following year, with John as center,won its second national championship.And in March, 1959, John Schommer waselected the first athlete to the BasketballHall of Fame.In 1908 he was chosen for the Olympictrack team but declined to continue graduate work in chemistry at Armour Institute(now Illinois Institute of Technology). Hebecame professor of engineering and bacteriology, athletic director and coach atthat institution. He also became one ofthe nation's foremost football and basketball field officials.In 1949 he retired as professor of industrial chemistry, athletic director, anddirector of placement at Illinois Instituteof Technology but remained as development officer and a trustee. He is survivedby his widow, Jessie Hollecker Rogers,whom he married in 1946. His first wife,Elsie Steffen, sister of the late JudgeWalter Steffen (John's varsity teammate)died in 1945.John was active in civic and nationalaffairs and was cited by the Alumni Association in 1943 for his unselfish civicleadership. Last June, John presided athis fiftieth anniversary class reunion and,as usual, was at the speakers' table at theannual dinner of the Order of the C. Hewill be missed at this year's reunion forhe seldom if ever missed returning to thequadrangles to join his many friends atthese annual programs.32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBill McDonald delivers a policy for $250,000after only 8 months of selling life insuranceBill McDonald had a fine record as an enlisted man andcommissioned officer in flight engineering. After his discharge, Bill wanted a career where his initiative wouldenable him to get ahead fast. A job where his earningswould be directly related to his efforts and ability.A leading Sacramento employment agency told Bill that''fe insurance selling — and specifically, life insuranceelling with New England Life — would give him the bestopportunity to realize his ambitions. He went to ourGeneral Agent in Sacramento and was impressed by whatthis company could do for him. He was especially interested in the training and supervisory support which wouldquickly prepare him to enter the more challenging areas ofestate and business security planning.Bill has done an outstanding job. This quarter-milliondollar policy is representative of the kind of performanceThese Chicago University men are New England Life representatives:GEORGE MARSELOS, '34, Chicago JOHN R. DOWNS, C.L.U., '46, ChicagoROBERT P. SAALBACH, '39, Omaha HERBERT W. SIEGAL, '46, San AntonioAsk one of these competent men to tell you about the advantages of insuring in the New England Life.that brought him our Rookie of the Year Award for 1959.If a career like Bill McDonald's appeals to you, theremay be a place for you with New England Life. Men whomeet and maintain our requirements get a regular incomeright from the start and can work practically anywhere inthe United States.For more information, write Vice President JohnBarker, 501 Boylston Street, Boston 17, Massachusetts.NEW ENGLAND{^VflM/WJt/ Mj M. JL M-t BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTSTHE COMPANY THAT FOUNDED MUTUALLIFE INSURANCE IN AMERICA— 1835125th Anniversary of Our CharterTEACHING BY TVBell System facilities meet a new need. Already a vital link in fillingeducators' requirements within a locality, state or across the nationAn interesting current development in education is the use oftelevision for instruction— both inclassrooms and in the home.Evidence that a shortage of qualified teachers is developing coincideswith the need for some way to meetthe awakened interest in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and education in general— from the elementaryschool to the college level.Many educators, in studying thetwin problem, are thinking more andmore about the possibilities of Educational TV in their teaching programs.In transmitting TV lessons andIccHTrcs from place to place, variousmeans are available. Closed circuitEducational TV systems betweenschools may be required. Or connection between broadcasting stations indifferent cities. Or a hook-up between closed circuit systems and oneor more broadcasting stations.Whatever distribution of TV isneeded, in city, county, state, oracross the country, the Bell Telephone Companies are equipped toprovide it. They have the facilitiesand years of know-how. And the on-the-spot manpower to insure efficient, dependable service.For over three years, the local BellTelephone Company has providedthe closed circuit ETV network HELPING TO TEACH . . . HELPING TO LEARN. Classroom scene in Cortland, N. Y.This is one of the schools now using Educational TV. More than one TV receivercan be used where teachers wish to accommodate larger classes at one sitting.which successfully serves thirty-sixschools in Washington County,Maryland.In Louisville, Kentucky, telephone company facilities now connect five elementary schools. InNew York State, they serve a highschool and seven other schools inthe Cortland area.In San Jose, California, they linkfour schools with the campus of SanJose State College. And in Anaheim,California, eighteen schools areserved by TV.The largest of the many currenteducational TV projects is calledContinental Classroom. The Bell System is one of the business organizations which support it.In this great "classroom," abouthalf a million people get up earlyeach weekday to view a half-hourlecture on Modern Chemistry ontheir TV sets at 6:30 A.M. This32-wcck college course goes fromcoast to coast over Bell System lines.The Bell Telephone Companiesbelieve their TV transmission facilities and know-how can assist educators who are exploring the potentialvalue of educational television.They welcome opportunities towork with those interested in thispromising new development.BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM